Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Travel cost method'

This thesis uses zonal travel cost method (ZTCM) to estimate consumer surplus of Peace & Love festival in Borlänge, Sweden. The study defines counties as zones of origin of the visitors. Visiting rates from each zone are estimated based on survey data. The study is novel due to the fact that mostly TCM has been applied in the environmental and recreational sector, not for short term events, like P&L festival. The analysis shows that travel cost has a significantly negative effect on visiting rate as expected. Even though income has previously shown to be significant in similar studies, it turns out to be insignificant in this study. A point estimate for the total consumer surplus of P&L festival is 35.6 million Swedish kronor. However, this point estimate is associated with high uncertainty since a 95 % confidence interval for it is (17.9, 53.2). It is also important to note that the estimated value only represents one part of the total economic value, the other values of the festival's totaleconomic value have not been estimated in this thesis.

Tese de doutoramento em Economia, apresentada á Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra , sob a orientação de Luís Cruz e Eduardo Barata.
National forests and woodlands are some of the environmental public resources that provide a diversity of goods and services to society. Supporting, regulating, provisioning and cultural services are all known to contribute to human well-being. As these services are not traded in regular markets because of the public or semi-public characteristics of the resources involved, their values are largely unknown. However, a deeper knowledge of the related benefits’ value is expected to help to enhance management practices. The research described in this dissertation concentrates on the analysis of the benefits related to recreational activities enjoyed in national forests and in understanding the demand for these environmental services. The research was motivated by the perception that these values are largely unknown, particularly in Portugal. Bussaco National Forest was chosen as the case study area, but the conclusions are likely to be adapted and extended to other national forests. Two non-market valuation techniques, the travel cost method and the contingent behaviour method, are used to estimate the recreational use benefits. The travel cost method, which belongs to the group of revealed preferences techniques, is used to analyse the actual behaviour and enables us to estimate recreational use values in current conditions. The individual version of the method is identified as the most accurate in the present context as we analyse the recreational demand of a forest visited by people living at different distances from it. From the management perspective, it is also important to address how people would behave if new hypothetical conditions were to be observed. It is particularly important to predict the effects on demand resulting from changes in forest access costs and from the deterioration of current conservation conditions due to a forest fire. The contingent behaviour method, which belongs to the group of stated preferences techniques, is applied jointly with the travel cost method to assess the effects of these changes. Count data models corrected for endogenous stratification and ordered models are used in the analysis of the actual visit behaviour. Travel cost, substitute cost, income per capita, visit motivations, on-site time and visit distribution during the year were identified as the main explanatory variables of demand. Price and income elasticity of demand computed using count data models are low. This result is supported by the ordered models, as results show that the change in income/price must be quite significant to modify demand levels. Considering only the current users, the forest recreational use value estimated for the past three years is about €106 700. A count data model and a pseudo-panel specification is used to combine contingent and observed travel behaviour. The analysis reveals that visitors are sensitive to price and quality changes and that in the forest fire scenario the intended number of trips would be seriously reduced, thus imposing an important welfare loss. There are evidences of hypothetical bias in answers to future behaviour if current conditions do not change and signals of strategic bias when changes in management options are in view. There are no signals of these biases when the quality changes are exogenous.

This study focuses on valuation of natural resources and particularly valuation of the quality of a natural resource. The aim is to value an improvement of water quality, measured as sight depth, in the bay Himmerfjärden in the Stockholm archipelago. It is desirable to attain a value of a one metre sight depth improvement in Himmerfjärden and to analyse how a sight depth improvement affects the demand for travelling to Himmerfjärden. A condtional logit model is applied to obtain these values from survey data. The benefits of a one metre sight depth improvement in Himmerfjärden, will yield 162 260-1 599 420 SEK per year, adjusted to the price level of 2007. The estimated value depends on how travel time is treated and whether a commute variable is included or not. Furthermore will a one per cent sight depth improvement in Himmerfjärden increase the demand for travelling to Himmerfjärden with approximately 0.13-0.18 trips on a given choice occasion. These results indicate that there are values attained to the quality of a natural resource.

This paper presents a two-stage model of optimization as a quick method to choose the best potential links for implementing urban travel demand management (UTDM) strategy like road pricing. The model is optimized by minimizing the hidden cost of congestion based on user equilibrium (MHCCUE). It forecasts the exact amount of flows and tolls for links in user equilibrium condition to determine the hidden cost for each link to optimize the link selection based on the network congestion priority. The results show that not only the amount of total cost is decreased, but also the number of selected links for pricing is reduced as compared with the previous toll minimization methods. Moreover, as this model just uses the traffic assignment data for calculation, it could be considered as a quick and optimum solution for choosing the potential links.

Coastlines are particularly susceptible to the necessary trade-offs which occur between different ecosystem services. Should the areas be managed for biodiversity or for people? Where sandy beaches are found there is usually a management decision to be made between managing for recreation or for biodiversity. Many popular tourist beaches (particularly those with a Beach Award) are often groomed with mechanical equipment to remove any stranded seaweed and associated litter which can get entangled in the wrack. This is likely to be having a negative impact on coastal biodiversity, with wide ranging implications for the entire habitat, including the intertidal zone, sand dunes and shorebirds. Beached wrack should be allowed to naturally decompose providing a habitat for numerous species of macro-invertebrates. These macro-invertebrate communities not only include many endemic species found exclusively along the strandline but they also provide a very rich source of food for shorebirds. The re-mineralised nutrients resulting from the decomposed macrophytes should then become available to provide a rich source of nutrients to dune, strandline and marine ecosystems populations of the strandline. In previous studies grooming has been shown to have a negative impact on the invertebrates of the strandline and this study reveals that tidal range has an effect on the impacts of grooming with a higher tidal range having a more negative impact on the invertebrates. A study to observe the impacts of grooming on both adult plant and seed bank communities of the sand dunes found that grooming is having a negative impact on these populations. Grooming is predominantly driven by beach managers who aspire to gain Beach Awards in order to attract tourists to their beaches. Using non-market valuation in the form of a stated preference choice experiment and a travel cost model, it was observed that Beach Awards are not valued by beach goers but are instead influenced to visit a particular beach by good bathing water quality, high levels of biodiversity and low levels of litter. It was also shown that stranded seaweed on the beach does not deter visitors. Future management suggestions include attempting to reduce the confusion arising from the presence of multiple beach awards by either removing them altogether or by making their criteria more clear and direct with consistency in their design and designation. Bathing water quality should be completely removed from the Beach Award system and real-time information in the form of electronic signage and a publicly available App should replace it.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Esta disserta??o teve como objetivo estimar os valores de uso, n?o-uso e o valor econ?mico total de unidades de conserva??o que protegem o ecossistema de dunas, atrav?s dos m?todos de Valora??o Contingente e do Custo de Viagem. O m?todo de Valora??o Contingente ? capaz de estimar o valor de n?o-uso de um recurso natural atrav?s da utiliza??o de um mercado hipot?tico que consiste em um cen?rio ambiental fict?cio em que o bem ambiental sofre varia??es em suas quantidades e os indiv?duos expressam suas prefer?ncias declarando quanto estariam dispostos a pagar (ou aceitar) para garantir a continuidade (ou a perda) da provis?o do bem. Neste estudo, foram aplicadas duas formas de pagamento para o mercado hipot?tico da t?cnica de Disposi??o a Pagar (coletiva/obrigat?ria e individual/volunt?ria) com o objetivo de identificar a demanda da popula??o por investimentos p?blicos nas unidades de conserva??o costeiras urbanas, para testar a efici?ncia de ambas formas de pagamento e para captar os votos de protesto dos entrevistados, na tentativa incorporar nas an?lises a verdadeira disposi??o a pagar dos entrevistados pela a manuten??o e conserva??o das unidades de conserva??o. Os resultados mostraram maiores lances de disposi??o a pagar para a forma de pagamento coletiva e obrigat?ria, pois em pa?ses em desenvolvimento as pessoas atribuem ao governo o financiamento da conserva??o de paisagens naturais. A diferen?a entre os valores de n?o-uso estimados pelas duas formas de pagamento foi de R$8,2 milh?es (3.5 milh?es) e isso representa a demanda da popula??o local por investimentos p?blicos na conserva??o das ?reas costeiras. O M?todo do Custo de Viagem foi utilizado para estimar o valor de uso das dunas, obtido a partir dos gastos incorridos pelos visitantes ao visitar as ?reas de dunas e o somat?rio deste valor ao valor de n?o-uso representa o valor econ?mico total agregado pela paisagem de parques dunares. Paisagens dunares geram anualmente um montante de R$ 800.428,46 por hectare (US$ 339,049.67). A maior contribui??o para esse montante econ?mico ? do parque visitado por turistas, em que o valor agregado pela recrea??o ? 53 vezes maior que o parque visitado por moradores. Embora turistas e moradores reconhe?am os benef?cios de alguns servi?os proporcionados por este ecossistema, ambos atribuem maior valor ? contempla??o da paisagem natural e ? recrea??o ao ar livre. A estimativa desse valor para os diferentes tipos de p?blico oferece ? gestores um justificativa econ?mica para direcionar uso e conserva??o de ?reas de dunas, subsidia na tomada de decis?o atrav?s de an?lises de custo benef?cio no processo de formula??o, acompanhamento e avalia??o de pol?ticas p?blicas e auxilia a investigar como os benef?cios variam de acordo com os tipos de visitantes. Portanto, o uso de estimativas do valor do meio ambiente nesta disserta??o, identificou o valor econ?mico intr?nseco das ?reas de dunas ?s ?reas naturais e o valor agregado pela sua exist?ncia e, portanto, permite que se dimensione a import?ncia dos investimentos em sua conserva??o e restaura??o, podendo ser utilizada como indicador para direcionar pol?ticas e distribui??o de investimentos para a conserva??o dos mesmos. Outro aspecto importante na aplicabilidade de metodologias de valora??o ambiental ? a contribui??o que o uso desse instrumento traz para o debate cient?fico sobre os problemas t?cnicos existentes nas metodologias

The intent of this thesis is to compare contingent valuation methods (CVM) and travel cost methods (TCM) to estimate consumer surplus for boaters and anglers in northern Utah. TCM results are about three times that of CVM. Several limitations are noted, specifically that CVM solicits given willingness to pay (WTP for specific reservoir sites. TCM analyzes aggregated trips to reservoirs with a wide array of site characteristics.

Whilst congestion in automobile traffic increases trip durations, this is often not the case in rail-based public transport where congestion rather leads to in-vehicle crowding, often neglected in empirical studies. Using original survey data from Paris, this article assesses the distribution of comfort costs of congestion in public transport. Estimating willingness to pay for less crowded trips at different levels of in-vehicle passenger density we cannot reject a simple linear relationship between crowding costs and density. We apply our results to the cost-benefit analysis of a recent Parisian public transport project.

Ce travail de recherche tente de redéfinir l’émancipation intellectuelle et sensible que permettent certaines expériences cinématographiques. « Le spectateur, pour l’auteur, n’est autre qu’un autre auteur » écrivait Pasolini. Danièle Huillet et Jean-Marie Straub, Harun Farocki et Pedro Costa (mais également Jean-Claude Rousseau,James Benning, Robert Kramer, ou parmi les jeunes cinéastes, Wang Bing, Albert Serra et Lisandro Alonso) inventent des dispositifs cinématographiques qui profanent le cinéma. En déconstruisant le langage cinématographique, en mettant au jour leur« armature artistique », les films profanes libèrent et transmettent des énergies, des capacités d’imagination et de production (ou création). Les cinéastes profanes ne se déclarent pas éducateurs ou enseignants. Leur fonction n’est pas de communiquer un message, de donner une leçon ou de transmettre un savoir au spectateur. Ils considèrent le spectateur comme un égal, « un collègue éventuel ». Ils disséminent les traces de leur travail dans leurs films. Le spectateur peut alors recueillir ces traces afin de reconstruire une méthode de production, de fabrication, d’un film. La transmission d’une méthode (ou d’une énergie créative) nécessite une rencontre entre un cinéaste qui a l’intention de transmettre – par la bande – un savoir faire, une manière de représenter, de mettre en image une expérience, et un spectateur qui reconnaît dans les traces la maîtrise de l’auteur et souhaite l’exproprier de ce savoir faire
This research work tries to redefine sensitive and intellectual emancipation that allows some cinematographic experiments. "The Viewer, for the author, is other than another author" wrote Pasolini. Danièle Huillet and Jean-Marie Straub, Harun Farocki and Pedro Costa (but also Jean-Claude Rousseau, James Benning, Robert Kramer, or among young filmmakers, Wang Bing, Albert Serra and Lisandro Alonso) invented cinematographic devices that profane film. By deconstructing the film language, by updating their "artistic frame", profane films release and transmit energy, imagination and production (or creation) capabilities. Profane filmmakers do not declare themselves educators or teachers. Their function is not to communicate a message, give a lesson or to transmit knowledge to the Viewer. They consider the Viewer as an equal, "a potential colleague. They spread the traces of their work in their films. The spectator can then collect these traces in order to reconstruct a method of producing, manufacturing, a film.The transmission of a method (or a creative energy) requires an encounter between a filmmaker who intends to pass - band - know-how, a way to represent, implement image a viewer who recognizes in traces the mastery of the author and wishes to expropriate this know-how and experience

Logistics is typically defined as the design and operation of the physical, managerial and informational systems needed to allow goods to overcome space and time. Traditional models and methods for logistic system design and management focus on the optimization of the techno-economic performances. However, logistic activities are distinguished by a huge environmental impact. For instance, the final energy consumption for freight transportation reached in recent years the alarming value of 13% of the total end-use energy worldwide, equal to 40 EJ per year. Thus, innovative techniques for logistic system design and management have to guarantee these system overall sustainability not only from a technical and economic perspective but also from an environmental viewpoint. To this end, multi-objective optimization is of strong help. This is a mathematical programming technique to systematically and simultaneously optimize a collection of objective functions, often conflicting among them. Considering this scenario, aim of this Ph.D. thesis is to develop, propose and validate innovative multi-objective models and methods for design and management of sustainable logistic systems simultaneously optimizing the system technical performance, economic profitability and environmental impact. The developed models fully manage the material flow from suppliers to assembly or manufacturing areas and from these to final customers through the distribution, storage and retrieving activities among and within the logistic actors. An original decision support system is proposed to jointly minimize the operating cost, carbon footprint and delivery time in the design of multi-modal multi-level distribution networks considering the most relevant features of the delivered products. Concerning warehousing systems, both design and operation problems are tackled. A multi-objective optimization model is developed to determine the warehouse building configuration, namely length, width and height, which simultaneously minimizes travel time, total cost and carbon footprint objective functions. These two latter are estimated through a lifecycle approach. All the activities related to warehouse building installation and operating phases are evaluated both from an economic and an environmental perspective. Warehousing system operation is analyzed by means of storage assignment strategy. A time and energy based strategy is proposed to jointly minimize the travel time and the energy required by the material handling vehicles to store and retrieve the unit loads. Proper vehicle motion configuration and unit load features are considered to accurately model the objective functions. Finally, the presented models and methods are tested and validated against case studies from the food and beverage industry. The results demonstrate that a tremendous environmental impact reduction is possible at negligible technical and economic performance worsening.
La logistica viene tipicamente definita come l’insieme di quelle attività di progettazione e gestione di sistemi fisici ed informativi necessari per consentire alle diverse tipologie di merci di superare lo spazio ed il tempo. I modelli ed i metodi tradizionali per la progettazione e gestione dei sistemi logistici si focalizzano sull’ottimizzazione delle prestazioni tecnico-economiche. Tuttavia, le attività logistiche si contraddistinguono per un elevato impatto ambientale. Solo per citare un esempio, il consumo di energia per il trasporto merci ha raggiunto negli ultimi anni il 13% dell’energia complessivamente utilizzata su scala mondiale, pari cioè a 40 EJ annui. Gli approcci innovativi per la progettazione e gestione di sistemi logistici devono necessariamente garantire la loro sostenibilità non solo da un punto di vista tecnico ed economico, ma anche da quello ambientale. A tal fine, l’ottimizzazione multi-obiettivo è di notevole aiuto. Questo metodo di programmazione matematica permette di ottimizzare sistematicamente e simultaneamente un insieme di funzioni obiettivo spesso contrastanti tra loro. Alla luce di questo scenario, lo scopo di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di sviluppare, proporre e validare modelli e metodi multi-obiettivo innovativi per la progettazione e la gestione di sistemi logistici sostenibili ottimizzando contemporaneamente le loro prestazioni tecniche, economiche ed ambientali. I modelli sviluppati permettono di gestire nella sua interezza il flusso di materiali dai fornitori ai reparti di fabbricazione o assemblaggio e da questi ai clienti finali attraverso le necessarie attività di distribuzione, stoccaggio e prelievo all’interno e tra gli attori della catena logistica. E’ stato sviluppato un sistema per il supporto decisionale atto a minimizzare contemporaneamente il costo operativo, la carbon footprint ed il tempo di trasporto di reti distributive multi-livello e multi-modali prendendo in considerazione le più importanti caratteristiche dei prodotti trasportati. Per quanto riguarda i sistemi di immagazzinamento e stoccaggio, questa tesi affronta sia le tematiche di progettazione sia quelle operative. Un modello di ottimizzazione multi-obiettivo è proposto per definire la configurazione degli edifici atti allo stoccaggio merci, ovvero la loro lunghezza, larghezza ed altezza, al fine di minimizzare il tempo di prelievo, il costo totale e la carbon footprint. Queste ultime due funzioni obiettivo sono state valutate considerando l’intero ciclo di vita del magazzino. Tutte le attività relative alle fasi di installazione ed esercizio dell’edificio vengono contabilizzate sia da un punto di vista economico che ambientale. Per quanto concerne la gestione operativa di un sistema di immagazzinamento, questa tesi affrontata il problema dell’assegnazione dei prodotti ai vani di stoccaggio. Si è definito un modello di ottimizzazione multi-obiettivo per minimizzare contestualmente il tempo e l’energia necessari alle attività di prelievo e stoccaggio. Per modellare opportunamente le funzioni obiettivo temporali ed energetiche sono stati valutati accuratamente sia i profili di moto dei veicoli per lo stoccaggio merce sia le caratteristiche dei prodotti da immagazzinare. Per concludere, i modelli ed i metodi presentati sono stati validati e testati con casi studio provenienti dall’industria alimentare. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano come sia possibile ridurre drasticamente l’impatto ambientale di questi sistemi logistici a scapito di un trascurabile peggioramento delle prestazioni tecnico ed economiche.

En France, les sites récréatifs sont généralement en accès libre, ce qui explique qu’ils soient souvent encombrés, notamment quand ils sont attractifs et proches des zones peuplées. L’équilibre de fréquentation est alors non optimal en raison d’un effet externe de congestion. Or, la plupart des modèles qui expliquent le comportement récréatif, omettent la congestion ou l’introduisent comme une variable explicative exogène, alors qu’elle est le résultat d’un équilibre de Nash. Notre modèle théorique formalise la fréquentation optimale et la fréquentation d’équilibre, dans un modèle de choix discrets répétés à deux sites. Il permet de décomposer l'effet externe de congestion en deux sous-effets, respectivement liés à la participation et à ta répartition des visites entre les sites. A l’équilibre, les individus participent trop et visitent trop le site de meilleure qualité. Afin d’appliquer ce cadre théorique, une enquête sur la fréquentation de 43 sites récréatifs littoraux du sud de la Bretagne a été réalisée auprès de 1079 résidents et touristes. Des modèles de choix discret répétés ont été estimés pour expliquer la participation et le choix de sites récréatifs. Lorsque ces estimations sont conduites à l’équilibre de Nash, la congestion diminue l’utilité de la visite à un site. On a enfin simulé l’impact de différentes modalités de tarification des sites sur l’équilibre de participation et de répartition des visites entre les sites, ainsi que sur le bien-être collectif. Seule la tarification simultanée d’un nombre suffisant de sites permet d’augmenter le bien-être collectif en diminuant la participation
Open-access is probably the main cause of crowding on recreational sites. Then visitation equilibrium is not optimal because of an externality of congestion. Although, most or recreation demand models omit this explanatory variable or introduce it as exogenous whereas it is me result or a Nash equilibrium. We develop a theoretical framework to derive visitation equilibrium and visitation optimum in a two sites random utility model with participation. We find that congestion leads to two external effects: a first effect due to the repartition of visits and a second linked to participation. At equilibrium, we show that participation is too high and that the high quality site is too much visited. To apply this framework, a survey on visitation of 43 recreational sites has been conducted. 1079 tourists and. Residents have been interviewed. Random utility models have been estimated to explain participation and site choice. When models are estimated at the Nash equilibrium, congestion has a negative impact on utility. Finally, we simulate the impact of different kinds of taxes, on participation, on the repartition of visits and welfare. Only the simultaneous taxation of a sufficient number of sites increases the welfare by dropping participation

The theoretical part of the graduation theses describes the theoretical basis of the exist broad issue and involves the basic processes and methods of bookkeeping and creating of the final accounts at accounting period of the year 2009 in accordance with actual legislation. The practical part of the graduation theses includes practical application of the theoretical basis onto the concrete company. The output of the graduation theses will be the methodology of accounting and creating of the final accounts at accounting period of the year 2009 for the concrete company.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1986.
Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 260-273).

碩士
健行科技大學
國際企業管理研究所
102
This study main purpose is analysis Taoyuan county Dasi Chihu cultural background has what attraction and recreation benefit to the tourist. In this study use Travel Cost Method research Dasi Chihu’s recreation benefit, and Contingent Valuation Method analysis non-use value. Use questionnaire method to investigate visiting tourist at the Dasi Chihu, to analysis Dasi Chihu tourism development now, and sustainable management in the future The international community has become a global village for a long time, can be said without borders. As network communication, tourism developed, sightseeing, culture, frequent information exchange between countries unhindered. In countries tourism perspective, Taiwan’s tourism development so far, the country’s tourism image in tourists seems to be limited(2010)Wen Bin Wei. Cited examples such as:Paris, France-Arc de Triomphe, Rome-Colosseum, etc. These tourists, often limited to a simple shopping, eating and watching. So place the unit in order to attractions character, and therefore focuses on the opportunities for sustainable development. In this thesis, use Taoyuan county Dasi Chihu for example, the average consumer surplus (CS) under TPOIS model, TNB model, and On-Site poisson model were NT 2293, 2308, 1748, respectively. The values of willingness to pay of Dasi Chihu were also calculated as follows: option value was NT 156.4 per-year per-person, existence value was NT 181.3 per-year per-person, and bequest value was NT 195.9 per-year per-person.

碩士
國立中興大學
應用經濟學系所
99
After reconstruction based on the subsidy of the heritage reuse program, the five sugar refineries at Xihu, Huwei, Zongye, Hualien and Taitung rich in unique characteristics and natural, historical or cultural landscape have become new scenic spots of Taiwanese’s recreational tours. In this study, we used the Travel Cost Method (TCM) to evaluate the tourism demand for tours at five sugar refineries at Xihu, Huwei, Zongye, Hualien and Taitung and corrected the problems such as truncation and endogenous stratification from questionnaire samples by means of the Poisson Model for development of the empirical model about travel demands，and the samples were divided into high-income group and low-income group、local-group and non-local group for test. The findings in this study are: (1)Motivation for tourism，the five sugar refinery in the clear preference for high-income tourist to participate in activities of sugar，followed by the cultural and creative products and historical buildings attracted to sugar tourism，clear preference for low-income tourists take the multiple destination trips； to live in groups, the non-local people to travel the main motivation for the sugar to visit historical buildings, the local people''s motivation to take Sugar tours are mainly to participate in activities and enjoy the cultural and creative products. (2) On the demand function, In comparison with the sugar activities, multi-destination trip reduce travel demand to said sugar refinery per yeay :0.109 times(the overall sugar)、0.834 times (Xihu)，but in terms of sugar Huwei，multi-destination trip Increased travel times 0.823 times；Cultural and creative products significantly reduce the travel demand to said sugar refinery per yeay :0.128 times(the iii overall sugar)、1.304 times(Zongye)，but in terms of sugar Huwei，multi-destination trip Increased travel times 1.086 times；historical buildings and the environment significantly reduced travel demand to said sugar refinery per yeay :0.163 times(the overall sugar)、0.279 times(Xihu) and 0.280 times(Zongye)。 It can be seen from this study that the people of different income and residence have significantly different travel motivations, and motivation in addition to organizing tourist activities the other three factors are reducing the demand for sugar tourism，sugar refinery may be considered to hold more activities to increase demand for tourism. All of which should be considered as one part of tourism advertised by the specific local governments and the competent authorities and be completely planned for future exploitation of these sugar refineries.

碩士
國立中興大學
森林學系所
97
Forest with multiple benefits for human, and public benefits of forest are very important in forest management. However, many public benefits of forest cannot be estimated by the rule of demand and supply, therefore, most researches used the non-market valuing method monetizing it. The purpose of this study was to evaluate public benefits of forest by contingent valuation method and travel cost method. Study area is located in Hsinhua Experimental Forest, a protect forest for water conservation and a tourism spot. Data were collected by questionnaire and totally 634 valid questionnaires were obtained （inculding the front side with entrance fee 319; the back side without entrance fee 315）. Using the linear regression model, I established the demand function for the study area, and compared the value between the front and back side in Hsin-hue Forest Station. The results showed that the WTP of front side is higher than backside. The recreation benefit in back side is 711.95 NT per year per one, and 583.69 NT per year per one in front side. The results will provide quantitative values for public benefits in forest management.

碩士
國立臺北大學
自然資源與環境管理研究所
103
Since Ramsar Convention signed in 1971, more and more countries paid attention to wetland conservation. Mangrove wetlands are relatively an unique type in wetland environment, mainly because the plants adapted to brackish water and tides. Compared to other wetland types, it provides much more ecosystem functions, including coastal protection, tsunami resilience and erosion, and also is indicative of coastal changes and climate change. However, Danshuei River Mangrove Wetland (GRMW)is often cluttered with trash and polluted with waste water and heavy metal, severely dangering the local species . 　　Therefore, this study values the recreational benefits of GRMW. Not only at current state, we also incorporated contingent behavior method to estimate the recreational benefits of two scenarios, if environmental quality improve doubled and if the travel cost increase 10%. The empirical results show that at current environmental conditions the recreational benefit is $885 per person per visit. With environmental quality improve, the recreation benefits is $1,639 per person per visit and benefits increased 1.8 times. It says that if its environmental quality improves, the public will get a higher benefit. With travel costs increase 10%, the recreational benefit is about $680 per person per visit, reducing 54% of benefit. We can see that if travel costs increase in small range, it only influences the recreational benefits a little.

碩士
國立中興大學
高階經理人碩士在職專班
104
Bed and Breakfast (B&B) hosts in Taiwan used to serve guests with their spare rooms. Now most hosts build stand-alone houses to serve guests, and the industry has become a small sized hotel industry. The total revenue of the B&B industry has increased rapidly. However there has been little study on tourists’ demand for B&B. This study samples guests in three B&Bs in Ching-Zing area to get information of their consumption. I use travel cost method and the truncated Poisson model to analyze the data. I hope the information could be helpful to understand the demand for B&B.

Midmar is built on the Umgeni River, KwaZulu-Natal and is 1060m above sea level. The river starts as a small stream in Loteni and has a total catchment area of 906 square kilometres and an annual rainfall of 1016 mm. Midmar provides a multitude of benefits classified as either onsite use benefits or non-use benefits. This dissertation focuses on environmental economics and is concerned with assigning a monetary value to a given environmental good, namely, recreation at Midmar. This entails estimation of the demand curve for recreation at Midmar, and using this curve, establishing the consumer surplus attached to Midmar. The Individual Travel Cost method is used to investigate the nature of recreational demand at Midmar and essentially, measures the economic value of recreation use here. In addition, an examination as to whether consumers enjoy any consumer surplus associated with recreational demand is undertaken. The survey undertaken concludes that recreational visitors to Midmar enjoy a consumer surplus of approximately R71 per visit. Total consumer surplus for Midmar during 1999 was estimated to be R4.9 million. This suggests that the actual price paid by visitors to Midmar understates the true value attached to such a visit and hence, park management needs to be aware of this. Finally, this dissertation emphasizes the importance and potential use of research such as this which could assist and guide future planning and decision making in South Africa.
Thesis (M.Comm.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系碩士班
101
In recent years Taomi li in Nantou region is domestic of emerging tourist attractions, Taomi have rich in ecological resources, often attract large quantity the stream of customers to tourism, A while ago and outside the city there is a new transport link - 6th National Highway, Let Taomi li is number of visitors to fast growing. Because the tourists in gradually increase, the major purpose of this study the application of travel cost method assess 6th National Highway of the recreation economic benefits in Taomi community, the application of travel cost method assess to concrete recreation economic benefits. This study used questionnaires, according to tourists as object in Taomi community, used random sampling distribution, the total is recovery of 341 valid questionnaires. The information obtained through descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, one-way ANOVA and regression analysis, statistical method, that the results of this study: Basic personal background and Tourists'' behavior in difference analysis of companion, spend time and kilometers are significantly different; Basic personal background and Tourists'' speed in difference analysis of transportation costs and souvenir are significantly different. Regression analysis used highest R2 in linear, this study is every tourist of recreational value for money is 1973.8 NT dollars, According to Taomi li official Provided 71% of visitors to 340,630 visitors in 2012, empirical estimates that in 2012 6th national highway of the recreation economic benefits in Taomi community about 672,335,494 NT dollars, about reach up to more than nine hundred million business, this shows 6th national highway affect in Taomi community should not be underestimated.

碩士
中華大學
建築與都市計畫學系碩士班
91
By the development of traffic technology, the travel time between every city is shortening. The scale of transportation economy makes people centralize in the city, and the city on the one hand is suffered the pressure with a large population, then on the other hand also faces the worsen problem of externality in environment quality. Consequently, the city residents are more active in promoting environment quality and raising the sprit level. The city residents increase the demand for leisure activities, and the government and non-government club planning the position for tourism, and promote the development the tourism business. The potential of development of tourism is with economic benefits, thus the purpose of the research is that apply the travel cost to estimate the tourism economic benefits. The area and nature resource in Taiwan is limited; consequently, it must to be careful to develop the tourism resources for gaining the maximum benefits. The scenic spot in Taiwan are lacking the complete evaluation plan, and most of environment resources are not deal with in market. Consequently, it needs to calculate by Non-Market Valuation Method to estimate the total social value or to evaluate the change of social welfare. The research focused on Nei-Wan, though the evaluation of tourism and make up relative researches with travel cost method, this research evaluate the Compensation Variation and Equivalent by using the traditional maxima the effect of customer and the distribution of time, travel times of travelers, the choice of travel location and the time of travel in Non-Market Valuation Method. Though the questionnaire, 267 sightseers’ dates are gathering to evaluate the indirect effect function. Analysis and compare the level and travel method of sightseers’ dates to offset focusing on total economic evaluation. Discuss the travel cost effect by main factors (educative level), and the influence factors. This research evidenced that the most important influence factor in sightseers travel is distance, and the evidence is the same as other references. To show the influence areas in each tourism positions, the research gathered that CV was 1486.02 dollars and EV was 1464.41 dollars. It showed that the tourism is will to spent 1475 dollars to Nei-Wan. This method can be applied other relative scenic resorts for different scenic resorts comparison, and be applied in different period of time for the present and the past comparison.

Dissertação de doutoramento na área científica de Economia, orientada pelo Professor Doutor Luís Cruz e pelo Professor Doutor Eduardo Barata e apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra.
National forests and woodlands are some of the environmental public resources that provide a diversity of goods and services to society. Supporting, regulating, provisioning and cultural services are all known to contribute to human well-being. As these services are not traded in regular markets because of the public or semi-public characteristics of the resources involved, their values are largely unknown. However, a deeper knowledge of the related benefits’ value is expected to help to enhance management practices. The research described in this dissertation concentrates on the analysis of the benefits related to recreational activities enjoyed in national forests and in understanding the demand for these environmental services. The research was motivated by the perception that these values are largely unknown, particularly in Portugal. Bussaco National Forest was chosen as the case study area, but the conclusions are likely to be adapted and extended to other national forests. Two non-market valuation techniques, the travel cost method and the contingent behaviour method, are used to estimate the recreational use benefits. The travel cost method, which belongs to the group of revealed preferences techniques, is used to analyse the actual behaviour and enables us to estimate recreational use values in current conditions. The individual version of the method is identified as the most accurate in the present context as we analyse the recreational demand of a forest visited by people living at different distances from it. From the management perspective, it is also important to address how people would behave if new hypothetical conditions were to be observed. It is particularly important to predict the effects on demand resulting from changes in forest access costs and from the deterioration of current conservation conditions due to a forest fire. The contingent behaviour method, which belongs to the group of stated preferences techniques, is applied jointly with the travel cost method to assess the effects of these changes. Count data models corrected for endogenous stratification and ordered models are used in the analysis of the actual visit behaviour. Travel cost, substitute cost, income per capita, visit motivations, on-site time and visit distribution during the year were identified as the main explanatory variables of demand. Price and income elasticity of demand computed using count data models are low. This result is supported by the ordered models, as results show that the change in income/price must be quite significant to modify demand levels. Considering only the current users, the forest recreational use value estimated for the past three years is about €106 700. A count data model and a pseudo-panel specification is used to combine contingent and observed travel behaviour. The analysis reveals that visitors are sensitive to price and quality changes and that in the forest fire scenario the intended number of trips would be seriously reduced, thus imposing an important welfare loss. There are evidences of hypothetical bias in answers to future behaviour if current conditions do not change and signals of strategic bias when changes in management options are in view. There are no signals of these biases when the quality changes are exogenous.

Cultural ecosystem services (CESs) are a particular type of intangible benefits that derive from ecosystems and contribute to human well-being. Due to their intangibility, the evaluation of CESs is particularly challenging. Therefore, this is a topic that can be further explored in the current literature. On the one hand, there is no real market for these services to easily estimate their monetary value; on the other hand, their intangible effects make investigations very complex. The research project comes from the idea of developing a support model for the public administration, in order to provide a useful tool to highlight the potential and resources provided by the territory. The purpose of this thesis is to explore different methods for the assessment of CESs: quantitative models for an economic estimation; and qualitative models for the study of contents related to the use of CESs. Within the category of CESs, the tourist-recreational function for outdoor activities was selected as the object of study, with particular reference to the agro-forestry area. This function has been declined according to two specific thematic strands in the field of outdoor recreational activities: the recreational hunting function; the visit to the protected areas. For the first research line, the territory of the province of Siena in Tuscany (Italy) was chosen as the study area. The choice to develop part of the investigation in Tuscany is firstly due to the fact that in this region hunting is very relevant as a recreational activity. Secondly, the regional administration is promoting both: a sustainable hunting model to help manage the high load of ungulates that has negatively impacted on agricultural and forestry productions; and a slow tourism policy to reduce the tourist flow to the big cities, creating new job opportunities in the rural area thanks to the enhancement of CESs. In this perspective, the Tuscan territory will be transformed into a tourist product, where the evaluation of CESs can represent a useful tool for combining territorial development and protection. The model for the economic assessment of the recreational hunting function was developed in the following steps. Initially, a series of meetings were held with local and national sector associations and regional administration offices responsible for the management of hunting activity. Sector associations and regional offices collaborated to: develop a questionnaire to determine hunting habits; and disclose the survey through their social channels. The investigation was addressed to all hunters resident in Tuscany, who during the 2018-2019 hunting season had hunted in the province of Siena. In the next step, based on the data collected, the hunters’ consumer surplus was estimated using the travel cost method. In addition, a detailed analysis of the annual expenditures for hunting activities was performed. The findings show that hunting has now become an elitist and almost exclusively recreational activity, and that it is no longer seen as an income supplement for rural communities. Moreover, by economic estimation of the recreational hunting function, the financial importance of this type of CES can be easily communicated to non-experts. Indeed, it has been found that the annual recreational hunting value for the entire territory of Tuscany is approximately between a minimum of EUR 68 million and a maximum of EUR 170 million. This value far exceeds that of the current Tuscan forest production, which is around EUR 25 million each years. In conclusion, knowledge of the economic value of CESs provides an essential foundation for planning effective management and development policies for the local territory. As regards the second research line, i.e. visit to protected areas, the Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) was chosen as the study area. The Plitvice Lakes National Park is one of the most important naturalistic areas for international flows in Central Europe. At the same time, it is attracting increasing interest from the local population. The aim of the research project was to develop a flexible methodology for the analysis of the demanding management of protected areas, taking into account the perspective of visitors. The main reason for this complexity lies in the trade-off that exists between conserving natural ecosystems and promoting tourist visits for economic reasons. Methodologically, a complex system of several tools was implemented. First of all, TripAdvisor reviews on “Plitvice Lakes National Park” were scraped. Second, a sentiment analysis was performed, assigning each review a score. After that, a rapid automatic keyword extraction (i.e. a particular type of natural language processing procedure) was applied to extrapolate the main keywords from the reviews. Based on former results, the analysis of definitely positive and decidedly negative reviews made it possible to identify strengths and weaknesses of the tourist destination studied on the basis of visitors’ opinion. In parallel, the multidimensional scaling method and cluster analysis were used to explore potential combinations or groups of words that share similar schemes of appearance. In this way, it was possible to derive the main elements perceived by the reviewers that should be considered for an effective and rational management of the protected areas. Based on previous results, it is clear that visitors are especially sensitive to management aspects. For this reason, an online questionnaire was designed to determine how visitors perceive certain topics related to the theme of the visit system. In the survey, visitors were invited to indicate their level of priority on a variety of management issues. Subsequently, the results achieved were compared to the priorities assigned by the managers in the current Plitvice Lakes National Park Management Plan 2019-2028. The findings of the study proved that visitors to nature-based destinations are interested in discussing and contributing to the management of these places, and not only to appreciate the natural landscapes and beauties. Consequently, it seemed appropriate to involve visitors as protected area stakeholders to obtain their views on management issues. Briefly, social media data analysis combined with online questionnaires for visitors proved to be a comprehensive survey method. This methodology has made it possible to collect useful and practical information for those involved in the management and planning of protected natural areas. In conclusion, this thesis sought to explore a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods for assessing recreational functions within the CES category. Actually, a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis would lead to building a more accurate framework for CESs. Furthermore, relying on different sources of investigation, a solid foundation of knowledge can simplify and improve the efficiency of natural heritage management, taking human activities into account as well. For this reason, it is essential that those who manage the natural resources linked to CESs invest in preliminary studies, in order to make effective investment and planning efforts.

This thesis explores the theoretical basis of non-market valuation techniques; discusses in detail, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and the Travel Cost Method (TCM); highlights the advantages and disadvantages of various non-market valuation techniques and their suitability under different conditions; and identifies the Contingent Valuation Method as the most appropriate non-market valuation technique to apply to Pekapeka Swamp, the case study site. The overall objective of the study is to apply the most appropriate non-market valuation technique to estimate the total economic value (TEV) of the restoration and preservation of Pekapeka Swamp and to test Hawke’s Bay Regional Council’s (HBRC) restoration programme for the Pekapeka Swamp using economic efficiency criteria. An appropriate contingent valuation mail survey questionnaire was designed to elicit responses to the dichotomous choice (DC) and open-ended valuation questions, and to collect socio-economic data and information on households’ attitude towards the environment. Responses to the survey questionnaire were analysed (using ordinary least squares regression for the open ended question, and logistic regression, for the DC question) to identify the factors that influence households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the restoration and preservation of the Pekapeka Swamp and to estimate TEV. A number of functional forms of the logit and open-ended WTP models were fitted from which WTP functions were estimated. Households were asked a DC question followed by an open-ended question regarding the value they placed on the restoration and preservation of Pekapeka Swamp. Out of an initial mail-out of 958 questionnaires, an overall response rate of 46.13% was achieved after two follow-ups. Results from the final usable sample of 231, after removing protests and inconsistent responses, indicate that households in the Hawke’s Bay region would pay, on average, between NZ$30.00 and NZ$76.89 per annum for five years. Unit value ranges between NZ$17,898 and NZ$45,866 per hectare per year; and net present values for the restoration and preservation programme for Pekapeka Swamp based on our ‘best estimates’ range between NZ$5.05 million and NZ$18.20 million depending on the model and discount rate used.

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Económicas e Empresariais, 9 Dezembro de 2015 , Universidade dos Açores.
O estudo estima um valor económico de 59,95 euros por visita por pessoa, um valor agregado do recreio balnear de 7,9 milhões de euros para sete diversos espaços balneares do Concelho de Ponta Delgada e um total de 132 mil visitas anuais, utilizando o Método Custo de Viagem Individual Single Site, aplicando o modelo Binomial Negativa Truncada Zero. É importante destacar que no modelo final todas as variáveis associadas às características demográficas e socioeconómicas do indivíduo (à exceção das habilitações literárias e do rendimento) se revelaram significantes. A análise empírica tem por base a informação obtida através dos inquéritos ministrados a 1383 residentes em São Miguel com uma idade mínima de 16 anos, durante os meses de julho a setembro de 2014. Com base na sua tipologia e tipos cluster por que competem, os espaços foram classificados em três tipos, Suburbanos (Praia das Milícias e Praia do Pópulo), com forte enfâse na qualidade dos serviços; Estâncias Selvagens (Poças Sul dos Mosteiros, Praia dos Mosteiros e Praia de São Roque) cujos utilizadores manifestam forte preferência pela paisagem e natureza e Espaços Naturais Melhorados (Poços de São Vicente e Zona Forno da Cal) cujos utilizadores têm uma preferência concentrada nos fatores segurança e higiene. A segmentação dos visitantes, em grupo homogéneos com base nos fatores que determinam a escolha do espaço balnear, permitiu identificar cinco clusters: os “Mundanos”, os “Práticos”, os “Comodistas”, os “Seguros” e os “Exigentes”. O segmento com o maior número de visitantes é o dos “Exigentes”, maioritariamente feminino (64%), apresentando uma média de idade de 39 anos e atribuindo a maior valorização às componentes “Natureza e Ambiente” e “Serviços”.
ABSTRACT: This study’s estimates an economic value of 59,95 euros visit person, an aggregated recreation value for seven different baithing sites, located in the municipality of Ponta Delgada, of 7,9 million euros and a total of 132 thousand annual visits, using the Single Site Individual Travel Cost Method and applying the Binomial Negative Truncated Zero Model. It is important to emphasize that in the final model all the variables related to the individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics (except for the education and wage) were proved to be significant. The empirical analysis is based on the information retrieved from the surveys administered to a total of 1383 residents in São Miguel Island, with a minimum age of 16, during the months from July to September 2014. Based on its typology and type of cluster for which they compete, the bathing spaces were classified into three types, Suburban (“Praia das Milícias” and “Praia do Pópulo”), with a strong emphasis on the service quality; Wildlife Areas (“Poças Sul dos Mosteiros”, “Praia dos Mosteiros” and “Praia de São Roque”) whose users express strong preference for landscape and Natural Rehabilitated Spaces (“Poços de São Vicente” and “Zona Forno da Cal”) whose users reveal a special attention to the health and safety factors. The visitor’s segmentation into homogenous groups based on the factors that determine the choice of the bathing space allowed to identify five clusters: The "Mundane", The "Pragmatic", the "Babbit", the "Forewarned", The "Demanding". The profile of the largest number of visitors is the "Demanding", mostly females (64%), with an average age of 39 and attributing the highest appreciation to the "Nature and Environment" and "Services" components.

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Económicas e Empresariais, 11 de Dezembro de 2015, Universidade dos Açores.
A dissertação tem como objetivos a análise da satisfação e o valor do recreio para residentes do concelho de Ponta Delgada, abrangendo um conjunto de sete espaços balneares com tipologias diferentes situados na costa sul e norte da Ilha de São Miguel. Um inquérito presencial foi aplicado durante os meses de Verão de 2014 a uma amostra de 1388 indivíduos residentes da Ilha de São Miguel. A vigilância, a bandeira azul e a paisagem são os atributos que mais contribuíram para a satisfação dos visitantes. Os Poços de São Vicente Ferreira são o espaço que proporciona um melhor nível de satisfação geral na maioria dos atributos à exceção da recolha de resíduos, a higiene dos balneários e a qualidade da água. As áreas prioritárias de intervenção no conjunto das áreas balneares, identificadas a partir do diagnóstico de Importance Performance, são a higiene dos balneários, a recolha de resíduos, a qualidade da água, a informação ambiental e os serviços de bar/restaurante. [...].
ABSTRACT: This study explores the satisfaction and recreational value for residents of Ponta Delgada’s bathing areas, embracing a total of seven bathing areas with different features located in the south and north shore of São Miguel Island. An on-site survey was applied to a sample of 1388 residents in São Miguel Island, during 2014 summer months. The surveillance, Blue Flag and landscape are the most satisfying attributes to visitors. The bathing area that provides greater overall satisfaction levels was the Poços de São Vicente Ferreira, excepting the waste collection, washrooms cleanliness and water quality features.To identify the importance of several attributes related to de visit experience and measure the satisfaction, an Importance Performance Analyses was applied. This diagnostic identifies areas that demand greater intervention such as the washrooms cleanliness, waste collection, water quality, environmental information and bar/restaurant services. [...].

Dissertação de mestrado em Economia e Política do Ambiente
The study focuses on the common trade-offs between nature conservation and economic development, tourism in particular, in the case of Phu Quoc island, Vietnam; this is a problem poor and developing countries are often faced with due to severe budget constraints. Applying methods of economic valuation to non-market goods, the island environmental values are estimated as the direct use for recreational purposes and the indirect use for improving environmental condition. The field data was collected simultaneously through the administration method of a questionnaire online and on-site to tourists while a different questionnaire was applied through face to face interviews to local residents. The travel cost method reveals that the recreational value is equal to over 63 million dollars per year. The contingent valuation outputs the total annual economic values of nature conservation at nearly 1 million dollars to tourists and also reveals that tourists aren’t willing to pay to improve the environmental program in Phu Quoc island. The result confirms the importance of nature as a recreational asset and explores the possibility for local authorities to apply market-based instruments through an environmental tax or a nature conservation fee to different subjects to promote the development of the area while protecting the natural environment.
Este trabalho estuda o compromisso entre conservação da natureza e desenvolvimento económico, em particular pelo turismo, no caso da ilha de Phu Quoc no Vietname. Este é um problema com que países pobres e em desenvolvimento se deparam frequentemente devido a fortes restrições orçamentais. Aplicando os métodos de valoração económica a bens que estão fora do mercado, os valores ambientais da ilha são estimados a partir do valor de uso directo para fins recreativos e valor de uso indirecto associado à melhoria das condições ambientais. Os dados de campo foram recolhidos simultaneamente através de um questionário pela internet e localmente junto dos turistas, enquanto um questionário diferente foi aplicado através de entrevistas pessoais a residentes locais. O método do custo de transporte revelou que o valor recreativo ascende a mais de 63 milhões de dolares por ano. A valoração contingente calcula um valor económico total anual da conservação da natureza de cerca de 1 milhão de dólares para os turistas e revela que os turistas não estão dipostos a pagar para melhorar o programa ambiental da ilha de Phu Quoc. O resultado confirma a importância da natureza como valor recreativo e explora a possibilidade de as autoridades aplicarem instrumentos baseados no mercado através de um imposto ambiental ou taxa de conservação da natureza a diferentes sujeitos para promover o desenvolvimento da área à medida que vão protegendo o ambiente natural.

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Económicas e Empresariais, 22 de Novembro de 2013, Universidade dos Açores.
As atividades suportadas por praias e áreas costeiras são uma parte crescente das atividades recreativas ao ar livre em comunidades insulares ou em áreas costeiras gerando oportunidades e benefícios económicos na área do lazer e do turismo. Foram associadas duas dimensões, por um lado a definição da curva da procura recreativa, segundo MCV (método de custo de viagem) e por outro, o estudo das preferências e da perceção da qualidade das praias (PPQP). Desta conjugação, associada ao princípio do utilizador-pagador, resulta um quadro de suporte à decisão de intervenção pública. O estudo de caso envolve as praias de Monte Verde, Areal de Santa Bárbara e Zona Balnear das Poças da Ribeira Grande, durante o verão de 2012 foram ministrados 304 questionários presenciais. A curva da procura recreativa, e respetivo excedente do consumidor foi determinada adotando o MCV individual segundo um modelo de Single Site agregando estes espaços balneares, de função distribuição de probabilidade binominal negativa truncada. As variáveis custo de viagem, idade, atributos da praia e dos seus espaços substitutos, e as PPQP contribuem para explicar o número de visitas revelando um comportamento adequado ao modelo económico subjacente. O valor do excedente do consumidor estimado por pessoa por viagem é de 50€. O estudo das PPQP envolvem determinar as razões para a escolha da praia, identificar perfis de utilizadores com base nessas razões, analisar a perceção da qualidade e explicar a possibilidade de ocorrência de visita à praia fora do verão, face às atividades de lazer preferidas. Perto de 70% dos indivíduos não estão dispostos a pagar para aceder a uma praia, mas os restantes concordam pagar o estacionamento num preço proposto de 0,45€/hora, o que abre uma hipótese de financiamento da intervenção pública.
ABSTRACT: The activities supported by beaches and coastal areas are a growing part of the outdoors recreational activities in island communities or coastal generating opportunities and economic benefits in the leisure and tourism. Two dimensions were associated, on the one hand the definition of recreational demand curve, according to MCV (travel cost method) and on the other, the study of preferences and perceptions of the quality of the beaches (PPQP). This combination, coupled with the user-pays principle, resulting in a support framework to the decision for public intervention. The case study involves the beaches of Monte Verde, Areal Santa Barbara and Zona Balnear das Poças da Ribeira Grande, during the summer of 2012 were administered 304 questionnaires in those locals. The demand curve recreational and respective consumer surplus was determined adopting the MCV individual according to a model of Single Site aggregating these bathing spaces with function probability distribution truncated negative binomial. The variables travel cost, age, attributes the beach and its substitute’s spaces, and PPQP contribute to explain the number of visits revealing appropriate behavior to the underlying economic model. The value of the estimated consumer surplus per person per trip is €50. The study of PPQP involve determining the reasons for choosing the beach, identify user profiles based on these reasons, analyzing the perception of quality and explain the possibility of visiting the beach outside of the summer considering favorite leisure activities. Nearly 70% of individuals are not willing to pay for access to a beach, but the remaining agreed to pay the parking in a proposed price of €0.45 / hour, which opens a possibility of financing the public intervention.

K. Kaprová (2019): Revealed preferences for outdoor recreation in natural areas - Czech and European perspective Abstract of the Doctoral Dissertation The dissertation thesis focuses on the investigation and synthesis of recreation welfare benefits associated with natural areas in the Czech Republic and in Europe. The dissertation thesis consists of five case studies. These represent various geographic levels of analysis: the level of one single recreation locality, the national level that takes into account large natural recreation sites in the Czech Republic (including protected areas), and a synthesis of results of studies on the European level. The methodological approach is based on the theory of environmental economics and employs non-market valuation techniques based on methods of revealed preferences, namely the hedonic pricing method and two types of travel cost modelling. In Study I, we examine how the presence and characteristics of urban greenery affect property prices in Prague. The results confirm that proximity to greenery and its area are important determinants of housing prices in Prague, which means that residents realize the positive values provided by urban greenery, including recreational ecosystem service. Benefits to residents differ with the type of greenery. Urban forests have the...