Relevant bibliographies by topics / Travel cost methods

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Travel cost methods'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Travel cost methods"

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Morozova, Irina. "A Travel Blog as a Space for Creation and Communication of Travel Models." Folia Turistica 40 (September 30, 2016): 119–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4022.

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Purpose. The purpose of this article is to present the variety of travel models which are conveyed and promoted by amateur travel blogs. Methods. The research sample was constituted on the bases of selected Polish travel blogs which promote travel models. The basic criteria for the selection of these particular blogs was the representativeness and popularity among readers. The testing method was content analysis of selected blogs. Findings. The present study suggests a classification of travel blogs. The research hypothesis claiming that the authors of travel blogs publicize travel models was confirmed. Research and conclusions limitations. The study is focused only on amateur travel blogs which are written in Polish. During the process of research, the author focused on a range of topics of the posts as well as on the publication genres. The present study includes blogs about world travels, travelling with children as well asdogs and low-cost travels. Practical implications. The results of this study indicate a wide range of possible future research studies regarding travel blogs from different perspectives. Originality. This article attempts to establish the definition of a travel model and the main characteristics of a travel blogger which aspire to become a travelebrity. A classification of travel blogs using the 'travel model' key is also provided. Type of paper. The article presents the results of empirical research conducted by the author.
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Milon, J. Walter. "Travel Cost Methods for Estimating the Recreational Use Benefits of Artificial Marine Habitat." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 20, no. 1 (July 1988): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025681.

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AbstractThe growing popularity of marine recreational fishing has created considerable interest in artificial marine habitat development to maintain and enhance coastal fishery stocks. This paper provides a comparative evaluation of travel cost methods to estimate recreational use benefits for new habitat site planning. Theoretical concerns about price and quality effects of substitute sites, corner solutions in site choice, and econometric estimation are considered. Results from a case study indicate that benefit estimates are influenced by the way these concerns are addressed, but relatively simple single site models can provide defensible estimates. Practical limitations on data collection and model estimation are also considered.
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Chintantya, Dea, and Maryono Maryono. "Comparing Value of Urban Green Space Using Contingent Valuation and Travel Cost Methods." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 07008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183107008.

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Green urban open space are an important element of the city. They gives multiple benefits for social life, human health, biodiversity, air quality, carbon sequestration, and water management. Travel Cost Method (TCM) and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) are the most frequently used method in various studies that assess environmental good and services in monetary term for valuing urban green space. Both of those method are determined the value of urban green space through willingness to pay (WTP) for ecosystem benefit and collected data through direct interview and questionnaire. Findings of this study showed the weaknesses and strengths of both methods for valuing urban green space and provided factors influencing the probability of user’s willingness to pay in each method.
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SMITH, V. KERRY. "Taking Stock of Progress with Travel Cost Recreation Demand Methods: Theory and Implementation." Marine Resource Economics 6, no. 4 (January 1989): 279–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/mre.6.4.42628824.

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Merciu, Florentina-Cristina, Alexandru-Ionuţ Petrişor, and George-Laurenţiu Merciu. "Economic Valuation of Cultural Heritage Using the Travel Cost Method: The Historical Centre of the Municipality of Bucharest as a Case Study." Heritage 4, no. 3 (September 12, 2021): 2356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030133.

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Because heritage buildings represent a special category of goods due to characteristics such as uniqueness and irreversibility, they are associated with multiple possibilities of use. This article aims to present a complex analysis of the values associated with using heritage buildings in the historical center of Bucharest and their correlation with corresponding conservation measures using the travel cost method. The authors used two computation methods: the zonal travel cost and the individual travel cost methods. The application of Bravais–Pearson’s coefficient of linear correlation confirmed that the demand for a cultural heritage site is inversely related to the travel costs and distance. The results reflect that the demand also depends on other factors, such as the satisfaction level of the tourist experience and tourists’ income and motivations. The study highlights the usefulness of the travel cost method, which facilitates analyzing the relationship between the significant value of using historical monuments and the extremely important conservation process in the current context, marked by socioeconomic dynamics that determine many reuses of cultural heritage.
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Roden, David B. "Forecasting Travel Time." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1518, no. 1 (January 1996): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196151800102.

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If travel time and speed are to be used as critical performance measures in congestion management systems and air quality analysis procedures, existing modeling techniques will need to be enhanced. Many of the simplifying assumptions that are built into traditional modeling techniques are described. Several relatively simple enhancements to existing models that can greatly improve the model's ability to estimate travel time and speeds are identified, and more advanced methods that could be considered as part of major model redevelopment efforts or detailed air quality studies are suggested. One of these methods involves simulation techniques. The problems and issues of integrating simulation models with travel demand forecasting techniques are outlined, and it is concluded that modeling speed is considerably more difficult than modeling volumes. The bottom-line criterion for any model enhancement is that the procedure supports decision makers in a timely and cost-effective way. This criterion is likely to limit the types of enhancements that are possible.
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Hu, Beibei, Yue Sun, Huijun Sun, and Xianlei Dong. "A Contrastive Study on Travel Costs of Car-Sharing and Taxis Based on GPS Trajectory Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 9446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249446.

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The emergence and development of car-sharing has not only satisfied people’s diverse travel needs, but also brought new solutions for improving urban traffic conditions and achieving low-carbon and green sustainable development. In recent years, car-sharing has had competition with other ways of getting around, as the acceptance of car-sharing has grown, notably taxis. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore car-sharing travel costs advantages from the perspective of consumers and discover the competitive and complementary spaces between car-sharing and other modes. Therefore, taking Beijing as an example, this paper uses GPS trajectory data based on car-sharing orders to design a travel cost framework of car-sharing and taxis. We calculate and compare the travel cost difference between these two modes under different travel characteristics. The results indicate that car-sharing is a more economical way for consumers to travel for short or medium lengths of time, while people are more inclined to take taxis for distances of long duration. Compared with on workdays, at the weekend, the cost advantage of car-sharing is greater for long-distance trips. Moreover, the cost advantage of car-sharing increases gradually with the increase in travel distance. In addition, the travel costs of car-sharing and taxis are also affected by peak and off-peak traffic periods. Compared with off-peak periods, it is more cost-effective for travelers to take taxis during peak traffic periods for various travel distances. From the perspective of the travel cost, it is of great theoretical significance to discuss the substitution (market competition) and complementary relationship (market cooperation) between car-sharing and taxis in a detailed and systematic way. It provides methods and ideas for the comparative cost calculation of car-sharing and other travel modes. This paper also provides enlightenment and guidance for the development of car-sharing. Enterprises should implement differentiated pricing, designing different charging methods for different traffic periods, travel miles, and rental times, and set up additional stations in the surrounding areas of the city. Relevant government departments should also strictly manage the market access of car-sharing, and add or open car-sharing parking lots in centralized areas and for specific periods.
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Wang, Chunxia, Jun Bi, Qiuyue Sai, and Zun Yuan. "Analysis and Prediction of Carsharing Demand Based on Data Mining Methods." Algorithms 14, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a14060179.

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With the development of the sharing economy, carsharing is a major achievement in the current mode of transportation in sharing economies. Carsharing can effectively alleviate traffic congestion and reduce the travel cost of residents. However, due to the randomness of users’ travel demand, carsharing operators are faced with problems, such as imbalance in vehicle demand at stations. Therefore, scientific prediction of users’ travel demand is important to ensure the efficient operation of carsharing. The main purpose of this study is to use gradient boosting decision tree to predict the travel demand of station-based carsharing users. The case study is conducted in Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China. To improve the accuracy, gradient boosting decision tree is designed to predict the demands of users at different stations at various times based on the actual operating data of carsharing. The prediction results are compared with results of the autoregressive integrated moving average. The conclusion shows that gradient boosting decision tree has higher prediction accuracy. This study can provide a reference value for user demand prediction in practical application.
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Blakemore, Frederick, and Allan Williams. "British Tourists' Valuation of a Turkish Beach Using Contingent Valuation and Travel Cost Methods." Journal of Coastal Research 246 (November 2008): 1469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/06-0813.1.

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TATANO, Hirokazu, Kiyoshi KOBAYASHI, and Jyun'ichi BABA. "Valuation of Recreation Benefits by Travel Cost Methods with Reference to Stay Length Distribution." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 625 (1999): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1999.625_113.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Travel cost methods"

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Gailis, Janis. "A Consumer Surplus Estimate of Peace & Love festival in Borlänge : A Travel Cost Approach." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Nationalekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-13846.

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This thesis uses zonal travel cost method (ZTCM) to estimate consumer surplus of Peace & Love festival in Borlänge, Sweden. The study defines counties as zones of origin of the visitors. Visiting rates from each zone are estimated based on survey data. The study is novel due to the fact that mostly TCM has been applied in the environmental and recreational sector, not for short term events, like P&L festival. The analysis shows that travel cost has a significantly negative effect on visiting rate as expected. Even though income has previously shown to be significant in similar studies, it turns out to be insignificant in this study. A point estimate for the total consumer surplus of P&L festival is 35.6 million Swedish kronor. However, this point estimate is associated with high uncertainty since a 95 % confidence interval for it is (17.9, 53.2). It is also important to note that the estimated value only represents one part of the total economic value, the other values of the festival's totaleconomic value have not been estimated in this thesis.
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Williams, Jeff T. "Utah Boating and Fishing Survey: Applying Contingent Valuation and Travel Cost Methods to Estimate Recreational Values in Northern Utah for the Bear River Water Development Project." DigitalCommons@USU, 1994. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4517.

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The intent of this thesis is to compare contingent valuation methods (CVM) and travel cost methods (TCM) to estimate consumer surplus for boaters and anglers in northern Utah. TCM results are about three times that of CVM. Several limitations are noted, specifically that CVM solicits given willingness to pay (WTP for specific reservoir sites. TCM analyzes aggregated trips to reservoirs with a wide array of site characteristics.
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Simões, Paula Marisa Nunes. "The recreational use value of a national forest." Doctoral thesis, FEUC, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/23334.

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Tese de doutoramento em Economia, apresentada á Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra , sob a orientação de Luís Cruz e Eduardo Barata.
National forests and woodlands are some of the environmental public resources that provide a diversity of goods and services to society. Supporting, regulating, provisioning and cultural services are all known to contribute to human well-being. As these services are not traded in regular markets because of the public or semi-public characteristics of the resources involved, their values are largely unknown. However, a deeper knowledge of the related benefits’ value is expected to help to enhance management practices. The research described in this dissertation concentrates on the analysis of the benefits related to recreational activities enjoyed in national forests and in understanding the demand for these environmental services. The research was motivated by the perception that these values are largely unknown, particularly in Portugal. Bussaco National Forest was chosen as the case study area, but the conclusions are likely to be adapted and extended to other national forests. Two non-market valuation techniques, the travel cost method and the contingent behaviour method, are used to estimate the recreational use benefits. The travel cost method, which belongs to the group of revealed preferences techniques, is used to analyse the actual behaviour and enables us to estimate recreational use values in current conditions. The individual version of the method is identified as the most accurate in the present context as we analyse the recreational demand of a forest visited by people living at different distances from it. From the management perspective, it is also important to address how people would behave if new hypothetical conditions were to be observed. It is particularly important to predict the effects on demand resulting from changes in forest access costs and from the deterioration of current conservation conditions due to a forest fire. The contingent behaviour method, which belongs to the group of stated preferences techniques, is applied jointly with the travel cost method to assess the effects of these changes. Count data models corrected for endogenous stratification and ordered models are used in the analysis of the actual visit behaviour. Travel cost, substitute cost, income per capita, visit motivations, on-site time and visit distribution during the year were identified as the main explanatory variables of demand. Price and income elasticity of demand computed using count data models are low. This result is supported by the ordered models, as results show that the change in income/price must be quite significant to modify demand levels. Considering only the current users, the forest recreational use value estimated for the past three years is about €106 700. A count data model and a pseudo-panel specification is used to combine contingent and observed travel behaviour. The analysis reveals that visitors are sensitive to price and quality changes and that in the forest fire scenario the intended number of trips would be seriously reduced, thus imposing an important welfare loss. There are evidences of hypothetical bias in answers to future behaviour if current conditions do not change and signals of strategic bias when changes in management options are in view. There are no signals of these biases when the quality changes are exogenous.
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Kinell, Gerda. "What is water worth? : recreational benefits and increased demand following a quality improvement." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9225.

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This study focuses on valuation of natural resources and particularly valuation of the quality of a natural resource. The aim is to value an improvement of water quality, measured as sight depth, in the bay Himmerfjärden in the Stockholm archipelago. It is desirable to attain a value of a one metre sight depth improvement in Himmerfjärden and to analyse how a sight depth improvement affects the demand for travelling to Himmerfjärden. A condtional logit model is applied to obtain these values from survey data. The benefits of a one metre sight depth improvement in Himmerfjärden, will yield 162 260-1 599 420 SEK per year, adjusted to the price level of 2007. The estimated value depends on how travel time is treated and whether a commute variable is included or not. Furthermore will a one per cent sight depth improvement in Himmerfjärden increase the demand for travelling to Himmerfjärden with approximately 0.13-0.18 trips on a given choice occasion. These results indicate that there are values attained to the quality of a natural resource.

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Zargari, Shahriar Afandizadeh, Hamid Mirzahossein, and Yi-Chang Chiu. "QUICK LINK SELECTION METHOD BY USING PRICING STRATEGY BASED ON USER EQUILIBRIUM FOR IMPLEMENTING AN EFFECTIVE URBAN TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT." SVENCILISTE U ZAGREBU, FAKULTET PROMETNIH ZNANOSTI, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622737.

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This paper presents a two-stage model of optimization as a quick method to choose the best potential links for implementing urban travel demand management (UTDM) strategy like road pricing. The model is optimized by minimizing the hidden cost of congestion based on user equilibrium (MHCCUE). It forecasts the exact amount of flows and tolls for links in user equilibrium condition to determine the hidden cost for each link to optimize the link selection based on the network congestion priority. The results show that not only the amount of total cost is decreased, but also the number of selected links for pricing is reduced as compared with the previous toll minimization methods. Moreover, as this model just uses the traffic assignment data for calculation, it could be considered as a quick and optimum solution for choosing the potential links.
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Haywood, Luke, and Martin Koning. "The distribution of crowding costs in public transport: New evidence from Paris." Elsevier, 2015. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A37008.

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Whilst congestion in automobile traffic increases trip durations, this is often not the case in rail-based public transport where congestion rather leads to in-vehicle crowding, often neglected in empirical studies. Using original survey data from Paris, this article assesses the distribution of comfort costs of congestion in public transport. Estimating willingness to pay for less crowded trips at different levels of in-vehicle passenger density we cannot reject a simple linear relationship between crowding costs and density. We apply our results to the cost-benefit analysis of a recent Parisian public transport project.
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Yeh, Chia-Yu. "THREE ECONOMETRIC APPLICATIONS OF NON-MARKET VALUATION." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1037827614.

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Griffin, Caroline. "The ecological and economic analysis of beach management strategies in Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26025.

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Coastlines are particularly susceptible to the necessary trade-offs which occur between different ecosystem services. Should the areas be managed for biodiversity or for people? Where sandy beaches are found there is usually a management decision to be made between managing for recreation or for biodiversity. Many popular tourist beaches (particularly those with a Beach Award) are often groomed with mechanical equipment to remove any stranded seaweed and associated litter which can get entangled in the wrack. This is likely to be having a negative impact on coastal biodiversity, with wide ranging implications for the entire habitat, including the intertidal zone, sand dunes and shorebirds. Beached wrack should be allowed to naturally decompose providing a habitat for numerous species of macro-invertebrates. These macro-invertebrate communities not only include many endemic species found exclusively along the strandline but they also provide a very rich source of food for shorebirds. The re-mineralised nutrients resulting from the decomposed macrophytes should then become available to provide a rich source of nutrients to dune, strandline and marine ecosystems populations of the strandline. In previous studies grooming has been shown to have a negative impact on the invertebrates of the strandline and this study reveals that tidal range has an effect on the impacts of grooming with a higher tidal range having a more negative impact on the invertebrates. A study to observe the impacts of grooming on both adult plant and seed bank communities of the sand dunes found that grooming is having a negative impact on these populations. Grooming is predominantly driven by beach managers who aspire to gain Beach Awards in order to attract tourists to their beaches. Using non-market valuation in the form of a stated preference choice experiment and a travel cost model, it was observed that Beach Awards are not valued by beach goers but are instead influenced to visit a particular beach by good bathing water quality, high levels of biodiversity and low levels of litter. It was also shown that stranded seaweed on the beach does not deter visitors. Future management suggestions include attempting to reduce the confusion arising from the presence of multiple beach awards by either removing them altogether or by making their criteria more clear and direct with consistency in their design and designation. Bathing water quality should be completely removed from the Beach Award system and real-time information in the form of electronic signage and a publicly available App should replace it.
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Voltzenlogel, Thomas. "Cinémas profanes : une constellation (Danièle Huillet, Jean-Marie Straub, Harun Farocki, Pedro Costa et quelques autres...)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRACO21.

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Ce travail de recherche tente de redéfinir l’émancipation intellectuelle et sensible que permettent certaines expériences cinématographiques. « Le spectateur, pour l’auteur, n’est autre qu’un autre auteur » écrivait Pasolini. Danièle Huillet et Jean-Marie Straub, Harun Farocki et Pedro Costa (mais également Jean-Claude Rousseau,James Benning, Robert Kramer, ou parmi les jeunes cinéastes, Wang Bing, Albert Serra et Lisandro Alonso) inventent des dispositifs cinématographiques qui profanent le cinéma. En déconstruisant le langage cinématographique, en mettant au jour leur« armature artistique », les films profanes libèrent et transmettent des énergies, des capacités d’imagination et de production (ou création). Les cinéastes profanes ne se déclarent pas éducateurs ou enseignants. Leur fonction n’est pas de communiquer un message, de donner une leçon ou de transmettre un savoir au spectateur. Ils considèrent le spectateur comme un égal, « un collègue éventuel ». Ils disséminent les traces de leur travail dans leurs films. Le spectateur peut alors recueillir ces traces afin de reconstruire une méthode de production, de fabrication, d’un film. La transmission d’une méthode (ou d’une énergie créative) nécessite une rencontre entre un cinéaste qui a l’intention de transmettre – par la bande – un savoir faire, une manière de représenter, de mettre en image une expérience, et un spectateur qui reconnaît dans les traces la maîtrise de l’auteur et souhaite l’exproprier de ce savoir faire
This research work tries to redefine sensitive and intellectual emancipation that allows some cinematographic experiments. "The Viewer, for the author, is other than another author" wrote Pasolini. Danièle Huillet and Jean-Marie Straub, Harun Farocki and Pedro Costa (but also Jean-Claude Rousseau, James Benning, Robert Kramer, or among young filmmakers, Wang Bing, Albert Serra and Lisandro Alonso) invented cinematographic devices that profane film. By deconstructing the film language, by updating their "artistic frame", profane films release and transmit energy, imagination and production (or creation) capabilities. Profane filmmakers do not declare themselves educators or teachers. Their function is not to communicate a message, give a lesson or to transmit knowledge to the Viewer. They consider the Viewer as an equal, "a potential colleague. They spread the traces of their work in their films. The spectator can then collect these traces in order to reconstruct a method of producing, manufacturing, a film.The transmission of a method (or a creative energy) requires an encounter between a filmmaker who intends to pass - band - know-how, a way to represent, implement image a viewer who recognizes in traces the mastery of the author and wishes to expropriate this know-how and experience
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Carneiro, Deborah Quindere. "Caracter?sticas econ?micas do valor de uso e de n?o uso de parques sobre dunas." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18256.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Esta disserta??o teve como objetivo estimar os valores de uso, n?o-uso e o valor econ?mico total de unidades de conserva??o que protegem o ecossistema de dunas, atrav?s dos m?todos de Valora??o Contingente e do Custo de Viagem. O m?todo de Valora??o Contingente ? capaz de estimar o valor de n?o-uso de um recurso natural atrav?s da utiliza??o de um mercado hipot?tico que consiste em um cen?rio ambiental fict?cio em que o bem ambiental sofre varia??es em suas quantidades e os indiv?duos expressam suas prefer?ncias declarando quanto estariam dispostos a pagar (ou aceitar) para garantir a continuidade (ou a perda) da provis?o do bem. Neste estudo, foram aplicadas duas formas de pagamento para o mercado hipot?tico da t?cnica de Disposi??o a Pagar (coletiva/obrigat?ria e individual/volunt?ria) com o objetivo de identificar a demanda da popula??o por investimentos p?blicos nas unidades de conserva??o costeiras urbanas, para testar a efici?ncia de ambas formas de pagamento e para captar os votos de protesto dos entrevistados, na tentativa incorporar nas an?lises a verdadeira disposi??o a pagar dos entrevistados pela a manuten??o e conserva??o das unidades de conserva??o. Os resultados mostraram maiores lances de disposi??o a pagar para a forma de pagamento coletiva e obrigat?ria, pois em pa?ses em desenvolvimento as pessoas atribuem ao governo o financiamento da conserva??o de paisagens naturais. A diferen?a entre os valores de n?o-uso estimados pelas duas formas de pagamento foi de R$8,2 milh?es (3.5 milh?es) e isso representa a demanda da popula??o local por investimentos p?blicos na conserva??o das ?reas costeiras. O M?todo do Custo de Viagem foi utilizado para estimar o valor de uso das dunas, obtido a partir dos gastos incorridos pelos visitantes ao visitar as ?reas de dunas e o somat?rio deste valor ao valor de n?o-uso representa o valor econ?mico total agregado pela paisagem de parques dunares. Paisagens dunares geram anualmente um montante de R$ 800.428,46 por hectare (US$ 339,049.67). A maior contribui??o para esse montante econ?mico ? do parque visitado por turistas, em que o valor agregado pela recrea??o ? 53 vezes maior que o parque visitado por moradores. Embora turistas e moradores reconhe?am os benef?cios de alguns servi?os proporcionados por este ecossistema, ambos atribuem maior valor ? contempla??o da paisagem natural e ? recrea??o ao ar livre. A estimativa desse valor para os diferentes tipos de p?blico oferece ? gestores um justificativa econ?mica para direcionar uso e conserva??o de ?reas de dunas, subsidia na tomada de decis?o atrav?s de an?lises de custo benef?cio no processo de formula??o, acompanhamento e avalia??o de pol?ticas p?blicas e auxilia a investigar como os benef?cios variam de acordo com os tipos de visitantes. Portanto, o uso de estimativas do valor do meio ambiente nesta disserta??o, identificou o valor econ?mico intr?nseco das ?reas de dunas ?s ?reas naturais e o valor agregado pela sua exist?ncia e, portanto, permite que se dimensione a import?ncia dos investimentos em sua conserva??o e restaura??o, podendo ser utilizada como indicador para direcionar pol?ticas e distribui??o de investimentos para a conserva??o dos mesmos. Outro aspecto importante na aplicabilidade de metodologias de valora??o ambiental ? a contribui??o que o uso desse instrumento traz para o debate cient?fico sobre os problemas t?cnicos existentes nas metodologias
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Books on the topic "Travel cost methods"

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Willis, K. G. Estimating wildlife conservation site benefits using a travel cost method. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Dept of Town and Country Planning, 1987.

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Dobbs, Ian. On adjusting for truncation and sample selection bias in the individual travel-cost method. Newcastle upon Tyne: Countryside Change Unit, Dept. of Agricultural Economics & Food Marketing, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1993.

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Dobbs, Ian M. The individual travel-cost method: Estimation and benefit assessment with a discrete and possibly grouped dependentvalue. Newcastle upon Tyne: Countryside Change Unit, Dept. of Agricultural Economics & Food Marketing, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1991.

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Bateman, I. J. An introduction to the estimation of the welfare benefits of non-priced recreation using the travel-cost method. Newcastle upon Tyne: Countryside Change Unit, Dept. of Agricultural Economics & Food Marketing, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1992.

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Associates, Cambridge Energy Research. Cost-effective deepwater development: Seeing the forest from the "trees". Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge Energy Research Associates, 2001.

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Genesove, David. Validating the conjectural variation method: The sugar industry, 1890-1914. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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Lerche, I. Inverse and risking methods in hydrocarbon exploration: A compendium. Essex, UK: Multi-Science Publishing Co., Ltd., 2005.

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You tian yuan you kai cai de gui mo jing ji li lun ji qi ying yong yan jiu. Beijing Shi: Jing ji guan li chu ban she, 2005.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Allowance trading offers an opportunity to reduce emissions at less cost : report to the Chairman, Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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Institute of Medicine (U.S.), United States. Office of the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, and Assessing the Human Health Effects of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill (2010 : New Orleans, La.), eds. Assessing the effects of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill on human health: A summary of the June 2010 workshop. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Travel cost methods"

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Ouma, Paul, Peter M. Macharia, Emelda Okiro, and Victor Alegana. "Methods of Measuring Spatial Accessibility to Health Care in Uganda." In Practicing Health Geography, 77–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63471-1_6.

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AbstractEnsuring everyone has access to health care regardless of demographic, geographic and social economic status is a key component of universal health coverage. In sub-Saharan Africa, where populations are often sparsely distributed and services scarcely available, reducing distances or travel time to facilities is key in ensuring access to health care. This chapter traces the key concepts in measuring spatial accessibility by reviewing six methods—Provider-to-population ratio, Euclidean distance, gravity models, kernel density, network analysis and cost distance analysis—that can be used to model spatial accessibility. The advantages and disadvantages of using each of these models are also laid out, with the aim of choosing a model that can be used to capture spatial access. Using an example from Uganda, a cost distance analysis is used to model travel time to the nearest primary health care facility. The model adjusts for differences in land use, weather patterns and elevation while also excluding barriers such as water bodies and protected areas in the analysis. Results show that the proportion of population within 1-h travel times for the 13 regions in the country varies from 64.6% to 96.7% in the dry period and from 61.1% to 96.3% in the wet period. The model proposed can thus be used to highlight disparities in spatial accessibility, but as we demonstrate, care needs to be taken in accurate assembly of data and interpreting results in the context of the limitations.
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Mishan, E. J., and Euston Quah. "Travel cost method." In Cost-Benefit Analysis, 256–59. Sixth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351029780-48.

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Miller, Eric J. "Transportation Modeling." In Urban Informatics, 911–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_47.

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AbstractInformatics are rapidly and radically transforming urban transportation in ways not seen since the introduction of the automobile over a hundred years ago. Near-ubiquitous smartphone usage, pervasive cellular and Wi-Fi connectivity, powerful and cost-effective computing capabilities, advanced GIS software and databases, advanced platforms for managing and scheduling service operations, etc., are combining to enable the introduction of new mobility services and technologies that are increasingly disrupting conventional trip-making behavior and the “rules of the game” in terms of transportation network operations and the regulation of system performance. The implications of these major informatics-driven changes for transportation modeling are equally disruptive and major. These include changes in: travel behavior; transportation system performance; the data available for model development and application; and modeling methods. Each of these broad areas of impact are discussed in this chapter.
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López-Pintado, Orlenys, Marlon Dumas, Maksym Yerokhin, and Fabrizio Maria Maggi. "Silhouetting the Cost-Time Front: Multi-objective Resource Optimization in Business Processes." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 92–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85440-9_6.

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AbstractThe allocation of resources in a business process determines the trade-off between cycle time and resource cost. A higher resource utilization leads to lower cost and higher cycle time, while a lower resource utilization leads to higher cost and lower waiting time. In this setting, this paper presents a multi-objective optimization approach to compute a set of Pareto-optimal resource allocations for a given process concerning cost and cycle time. The approach heuristically searches through the space of possible resource allocations using a simulation model to evaluate each allocation. Given the high number of possible allocations, it is imperative to prune the search space. Accordingly, the approach incorporates a method that selectively perturbs a resource utilization to derive new candidates that are likely to Pareto-dominate the already explored ones. The perturbation method relies on two indicators: resource utilization and resource impact, the latter being the contribution of a resource to the cost or cycle time of the process. Additionally, the approach incorporates a ranking method to accelerate convergence by guiding the search towards the resource allocations closer to the current Pareto front. The perturbation and ranking methods are embedded into two search meta-heuristics, namely hill-climbing and tabu-search. Experiments show that the proposed approach explores fewer resource allocations to compute Pareto fronts comparable to those produced by a well-known genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization, namely NSGA-II.
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Badola, Ruchi, Syed Ainul Hussain, Pariva Dobriyal, Thounaojam Sanggai Leima, Amanat Kaur Gill, Aditi Dev, and Sneha Thapliyal. "Assessment of Recreational Services of Natural Landscapes in third World Tropics using the Travel Cost Method." In Wilderness of Wildlife Tourism, 17–34. Oakville, ON; Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017.: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315365817-3.

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Chuang, Kai-Hsiang, Frank Kober, and Min-Chi Ku. "Quantitative Analysis of Renal Perfusion by Arterial Spin Labeling." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 655–66. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_39.

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AbstractThe signal intensity differences measured by an arterial-spin-labelling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiment are proportional to the local perfusion, which can be quantified with kinetic modeling. Here we present a step-by-step tutorial for the data post-processing needed to calculate an ASL perfusion map. The process of developing an analysis software is described with the essential program code, which involves nonlinear fitting a tracer kinetic model to the ASL data. Key parameters for the quantification are the arterial transit time (ATT), which is the time the labeled blood takes to flow from the labeling area to the tissue, and the tissue T1. As ATT varies with vasculature, physiology, anesthesia and pathology, it is recommended to measure it using multiple delay times. The tutorial explains how to analyze ASL data with multiple delay times and a T1 map for quantification.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.
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von Morze, Cornelius, Galen D. Reed, Zhen J. Wang, Michael A. Ohliger, and Christoffer Laustsen. "Hyperpolarized Carbon (13C) MRI of the Kidneys: Basic Concept." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 267–78. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_16.

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AbstractExisting clinical markers for renal disease are limited. Hyperpolarized (HP) 13C MRI is based on the technology of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and provides new avenues for imaging kidney structure, function, and most notably, renal metabolism, addressing some of these prior limitations. Changes in kidney structure and function associated with kidney disease can be evaluated using [13C]urea, a metabolically inert tracer. Metabolic changes can be assessed using [1-13C]pyruvate and a range of other rapidly metabolized small molecules, which mainly probe central carbon metabolism. Results from numerous preclinical studies using a variety of these probes demonstrated that this approach holds great potential for monitoring renal disease, although more work is needed to bridge intelligently into clinical studies. Here we introduce the general concept of HP 13C MRI and review the most relevant probes and applications to renal disease, including kidney cancer, diabetic nephropathy and ischemic kidney injury.This chapter is based upon work from the PARENCHIMA COST Action, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
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Kohsaka, Ryo, Kaho Naganawa, and Yasushi Shoji. "Why People Visit Zoos: An Empirical Approach Using the Travel Cost Method for the Higashiyama Zoo, Nagoya, Japan." In Aquatic Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Services, 101–7. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0780-4_8.

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Ish-Shalom, Oren, Shachar Itzhaky, Noam Rinetzky, and Sharon Shoham. "Run-time Complexity Bounds Using Squeezers." In Programming Languages and Systems, 320–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72019-3_12.

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AbstractDetermining upper bounds on the time complexity of a program is a fundamental problem with a variety of applications, such as performance debugging, resource certification, and compile-time optimizations. Automated techniques for cost analysis excel at bounding the resource complexity of programs that use integer values and linear arithmetic. Unfortunately, they fall short when execution traces become more involved, esp. when data dependencies may affect the termination conditions of loops. In such cases, state-of-the-art analyzers have shown to produce loose bounds, or even no bound at all.We propose a novel technique that generalizes the common notion of recurrence relations based on ranking functions. Existing methods usually unfold one loop iteration, and examine the resulting relations between variables. These relations assist in establishing a recurrence that bounds the number of loop iterations. We propose a different approach, where we derive recurrences by comparing whole traces with whole traces of a lower rank, avoiding the need to analyze the complexity of intermediate states. We offer a set of global properties, defined with respect to whole traces, that facilitate such a comparison, and show that these properties can be checked efficiently using a handful of local conditions. To this end, we adapt state squeezers, an induction mechanism previously used for verifying safety properties. We demonstrate that this technique encompasses the reasoning power of bounded unfolding, and more. We present some seemingly innocuous, yet intricate, examples where previous tools based on cost relations and control flow analysis fail to solve, and that our squeezer-powered approach succeeds.
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Epping, Lennard, Esther-Maria Antão, and Torsten Semmler. "Population Biology and Comparative Genomics of Campylobacter Species." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 59–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_3.

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AbstractThe zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter is the leading cause for bacterial foodborne infections in humans. Campylobacters are most commonly transmitted via the consumption of undercooked poultry meat or raw milk products. The decreasing costs of whole genome sequencing enabled large genome-based analyses of the evolution and population structure of this pathogen, as well as the development of novel high-throughput molecular typing methods. Here, we review the evolutionary development and the population diversity of the two most clinically relevant Campylobacter species; C. jejuni and C. coli. The state-of-the-art phylogenetic studies showed clustering of C. jejuni lineages into host specialists and generalists with coexisting lifestyles in chicken and livestock-associated hosts, as well as the separation of C. coli isolates of riparian origin (waterfowl, water) from C. coli isolated from clinical and farm-related samples. We will give an overview of recombination between both species and the potential impact of horizontal gene transfer on host adaptation in Campylobacter. Additionally, this review briefly places the current knowledge of the population structure of other Campylobacter species such as C. lari, C. concisus and C. upsaliensis into perspective. We also provide an overview of how molecular typing methods such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome MLST have been used to detect and trace Campylobacter outbreaks along the food chain.
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Conference papers on the topic "Travel cost methods"

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Dewanti, Diah Setyawati, Arifin Suryo Putranto, Weisya Ananda Putri, and Baehaqi F. Wahyuni. "A Value of Tourist Demand: A Travel Cost Methods for Three Destination in Java Island." In International Conference on Creative Economics, Tourism & Information Management. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009857600350039.

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Thakur, Bharat, and Robello Samuel. "Deep Learning for Downhole Data Prediction: A Cost-Effective Data Telemetry Through Data Analytics." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200870-ms.

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Abstract Accurate real-time downhole data collection provides a better understanding of downhole dynamics and formation characteristics, which can improve wellbore placement and increase drilling efficiency by improving the rate of penetration (ROP) and reducing downtime caused by tool failure. High-speed telemetry through wired drill string has enabled real-time data acquisition, but there are significant additional costs associated with the technology. Data-driven techniques using recursive neural networks (RNN) have proven very efficient and accurate in time-series forecasting problems. In this study, we propose deep learning as a cost-effective method to predict downhole data using surface data. Downhole drilling data is a function of surface drilling parameters and downhole conditions. The downhole data acquired using relatively inexpensive methods usually have a considerable lag time depending on the signal travel length. So, the first step in the proposed method is syncing the downhole data and surface data. After the data are synced, they are then fed into an RNN-based long-term short memory (LSTM) network, which learns the relationship between the surface parameters and downhole data. LSTM networks can learn long-term relationships in the data, thus making them ideal for time-series forecasting applications. The trained model is then used to make predictions for downhole data using the given surface data. The median error for the prediction of downhole data using surface data was as low as 3% in this study. The study suggests that the developed model can accurately predict downhole data in real-time. The model is also very robust to the amount of noise or outliers present in the data and can predict downhole conditions 50–60 ft ahead with reasonable accuracy. It was observed that the prediction accuracy varied from well to well and drilling depths. The results demonstrate how deep learning can be cost-effectively employed for downhole data prediction. This paper presents a novel method for using surface data to predict downhole data by employing deep learning. The method can be deployed in real-time to aid in wellbore placement and improve drilling performance.
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Hu, Liman, Binghai Zhou, and Yang Li. "An Energy Saving Scheduling Method for Just in Time Material Handling in Mixed-Model Assembly Line." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2985.

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Driven by the green logistics, automated guided vehicle (AGV) has been widely accepted as a new transportation tool for in-house logistics, which enables a timely supply of parts to the designated workstations with less energy consumption. However, the existing scheduling methods for AGV scheduling are designed to minimize inventory or cost without explicitly considering energy saving. To fill the gap, this paper proposes an AGV scheduling model for energy saving in a mixed-model assembly line, where AGVs can have variable travel speeds. A mixed-integer model is constructed and an exact solution procedure is provided. Simulation studies are performed to investigate the main factors that determine the energy consumption and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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De Filippo, Allegra, Michele Lombardi, and Michela Milano. "How to Tame Your Anticipatory Algorithm." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/150.

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Sampling-based anticipatory algorithms can be very effective at solving online optimization problems under uncertainty, but their computational cost may be prohibitive in some cases. Given an arbitrary anticipatory algorithm, we present three methods that allow to retain its solution quality at a fraction of the online computational cost, via a substantial degree of offline preparation. Our approaches are obtained by combining: 1) a simple technique to identify likely future outcomes based on past observations; 2) the (expensive) offline computation of a "contingency table"; and 3) an efficient solution-fixing heuristic. We ground our techniques on two case studies: an energy management system with uncertain renewable generation and load demand, and a traveling salesman problem with uncertain travel times. In both cases, our techniques achieve high solution quality, while substantially reducing the online computation time.
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Jadudova, Jana. "TRAVEL COST METHOD OF EVALUATING CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES." In SGEM2017 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/53/s21.127.

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King, Graeme, Ian Phiri, and John Greenslade. "Strain Based Design Versus Preheat for Hotbit Pipelines." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33289.

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The first buried hot bitumen (hotbit) pipeline is now operating successfully in the Alberta oil sands north of Fort McMurray and more are on the way. These hotbit pipelines are designed to transport raw, undiluted bitumen to a central refining plant at temperatures up to 140°C. They are constructed in winter when the ground is frozen allowing heavy construction equipment to travel across the watery muskeg terrain without sinking. Construction continues even when atmospheric temperatures fall as low as −30°C. Hotbit pipelines are buried with more than 1.2 m of cover, which can prevent them from expanding when they are heated from their locked-in installation temperature to their operating temperature of 140°C. Large longitudinal compressive stresses induced by this restrained thermal expansion combined with high hoop tensile stresses due to internal pressure produce stresses in the pipe wall that exceed the maximum allowable combined stress of 90%SMYS specified in North American pipeline codes (ASME B31.4 and CSA Z662). Two methods are available to handle these high combined stresses in hotbit pipelines. The first method is to expand the pipe during construction by preheating it to a temperature of approximately 90°C and then locking in the expansion by backfilling the pipeline trench before the pipe has had a chance to cool. By limiting the positive temperature differential between installation and operation to approximately 50°C, this method keeps thermally induced axial compressive stresses low enough that the combined stress does not exceed the allowable limit of 90%SMYS specified by pipeline codes. In the second method, the pipeline is still constructed in winter but without preheating. Temperature differentials and thermally induced axial compressive forces are much higher than in the first method and carefully engineered restraint is require to prevent the pipe from failing by pushing out of the ground at bends or by either lateral or upheaval buckling of long straight sections in muskeg swamps and bogs. This method requires strain-based design principles to show that, when the pipeline is first heated to its operating temperature, large thermally induced compressive stresses in the pipe wall are acceptable because they dissipate without causing failure when the pipe steel yields. Both methods are technically acceptable but require specialized pipeline engineering skills to implement them successfully. The first method incurs the cost of preheating and increased construction costs due to reduced pipe lay rates while the second method incurs the cost of more robust restraint systems, particularly at bends. Details of both methods are presented and discussed to determine which of the two methods has the least cost and the least risk.
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Dhandapani, S., and M. M. Ogot. "Energy Recovery Systems in a Bipedal Walking Robot." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0104.

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Abstract The minimization of energy consumption plays a key role in the design of walking machines. As these vehicles tend to carry their own energy source, a reduction in energy consumption results in machines which can not only travel further, but require smaller actuators that typically yield a reduction in vehicle weight and cost. This paper examines how spring-damper (SD) systems, incorporated within the limbs of walking machines, can be used to transfer a portion of the energy typically dissipated, from one step to the next. Unlike previous efforts which have concentrated on hopping machines, this paper examines walking machines which have a definite multi-limb support phase. Two methods, active and passive locking, are developed and applied to a five-link biped. Dynamic simulations demonstrate that energy consumption can be reduced by 34%.
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Piehl, Henry, Aleksandar-Saša Milaković, and Sören Ehlers. "A FEM Based Potential Theory Approach for Optimal Ice Routing." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54649.

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Shipping in ice covered regions has gained high attention within recent years. Analogous to weather routing, the occurrence of ice in a seaway affects the selection of the optimal route with respect to the travel time or fuel consumption. The shorter, direct path between two points — which may lead through an ice covered area — may require a reduction of speed and an increase in fuel consumption. A longer, indirect route, could be more efficient by avoiding the ice covered region. Certain regions may have to be avoided completely, if the ice thickness exceeds the ice-capability of the ship. The objective of this study is to develop a computational method that combines coastline maps, route cost information (e.g. ice thickness), transport task and ship properties to find the optimal route between port of departure A and port of destination B. The development approach for this tool is to formulate the transport task in form of a potential problem, solve this equation with a finite element method and apply edge detection methods and line integration to determine the optimal route. The functionality of the method is first evaluated with simple test problems and then applied to realistic transport scenarios.
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Jagannathan, Srinivasan, Neil Stewart, and Graham Jack. "A Non-Intrusive Pipeline Leak Detection Service Using Pressure-Wave Analysis." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78343.

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Product losses from pipelines, whether attributed to acts of man or nature, amount to operator losses of approximately USD 133 billion annually [1], not even considering costs associated with remediation, environmental damage, and reputational harm. When an incident occurs, pipeline operators need to minimize the event by quickly and accurately locating and quantifying the pipeline loss and its cause. Having this detailed knowledge enables determination of the best method for dealing with possible issues while helping minimize remediation costs, pipeline downtime, and the impact of the work on surrounding infrastructure. Currently, most systems for pipeline leak detection are limited to either listening methods, which require being online and monitoring both pipeline ends at the moment the leak occurs, or intrusive methods that require the insertion of a pig into the pipeline. Both of these techniques are restricted in usage because access should be available to both ends of the pipeline. Additionally, for the intrusive method, the pipeline should be piggable and, for the listening method, the instrumentation should be able to communicate with a central data processing point placed at both pipeline ends as they rely on travel time difference between signals received at either end of the pipeline. The method this paper describes is a proven, nonintrusive technology that can be used by pipeline operators to identify losses quickly and safely with a repeatable and verified high level of accuracy. It monitors the signature response of a generated fluid hammer and resulting pressure wave transiting within the pipeline and analyzes the reflected signature wave and pressure data to extrapolate both the location and magnitude of the loss with all pipeline parameters taken into account. The method enables operators to detect, locate, and quantify the loss of pipeline inventory in a safe and cost-effective manner without having to stop production, beyond the temporary closing of a mainline valve, or risk tools or personnel, due to exposure to pressurized fluids, before performing any intervention at the leak site.
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Filippo, Allegra De, Michele Lombardi, and Michela Milano. "The Blind Men and the Elephant: Integrated Offline/Online Optimization Under Uncertainty." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/674.

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Optimization problems under uncertainty are traditionally solved either via offline or online methods. Offline approaches can obtain high-quality robust solutions, but have a considerable computational cost. Online algorithms can react to unexpected events once they are observed, but often run under strict time constraints, preventing the computation of optimal solutions. Many real world problems, however, have both offline and online elements: a substantial amount of time and information is frequently available (offline) before an online problem is solved (e.g. energy production forecasts, or historical travel times in routing problems); in other cases both offline (i.e. strategic) and online (i.e. operational) decisions need to be made. Surprisingly, the interplay of these offline and online phases has received little attention: like in the blind men and the elephant tale, we risk missing the whole picture, and the benefits that could come from integrated offline/online optimization. In this survey we highlight the potential shortcomings of pure methods when applied to mixed offline/online problems, we review the strategies that have been designed to take advantage of this integration, and we suggest directions for future research.
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Reports on the topic "Travel cost methods"

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Richmond, Paul, Adam Potter, David Looney, and William Santee. Terrain coefficients for predicting energy costs of walking over snow. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41602.

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Predicting the energy costs of human travel over snow can be of significant value to the military and other agencies planning work efforts when snow is present. The ability to quantify, and predict, those costs can help planners determine if snow will be a factor in the execution of dismounted tasks and operations. To adjust predictive models for the effect of terrain, and more specifically for surface conditions, on energy costs, terrain coefficients (ƞ) have been developed. By applying knowledge gained from prior studies of the effects of terrain and snow, and by leveraging those existing dismounted locomotion models, we seek to outline the steps in developing an improved terrain coefficient (ƞ) for snow to be used in predictive modeling. Using published data, methods, and a well-informed understanding of the physical elements of terrain, e.g., characterization of snow sinkage (z), this study made adjustments to ƞ-values specific to snow. This review of published metabolic cost methods suggest that an improved ƞ-value could be developed for use with the Pandolf equation, where z=depth (h)*(1 - (snow density (ρ0)/1.186)) and ƞ=0.0005z3 + 0.0001z2 + 0.1072z + 1.2604. This paper provides data-driven improvements to models that are used to predict the energy costs of dismounted movements over snow.
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Schreiner, D. F., D. A. Willett, D. D. Badger, and L. G. Antle. Recreation Benefits Measured by Travel Cost Method for the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System and Application to other Selected Corps Lakes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada153787.

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Niles, John S., and J. M. Pogodzinski. Steps to Supplement Park-and-Ride Public Transit Access with Ride-and-Ride Shuttles. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1950.

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Public transit ridership in California declined in the five years before the pandemic of 2020–21 and dropped significantly further after the pandemic began. A sharp downward step in the level of transit boarding occurred after February 2020, and continues to the date of this report as a result of the public-health guidance on social distancing, expanded work-at-home, and a travel mode shift from public transit to private cars. A critical issue has come to the foreground of public transportation policy, namely, how to increase the quality and geographic reach of transit service to better serve the essential trips of mobility disadvantaged citizens who do not have access to private vehicle travel. The research focus of this report is an examination of the circumstances where fixed route bus route service could cost-effectively be replaced by on-demand microtransit, with equivalent overall zone-level efficiency and a higher quality of complete trip service. Research methods were reviews of documented agency experience, execution of simple simulations, and sketch-level analysis of 2019 performance reported in the National Transit Database. Available evidence is encouraging and suggestive, but not conclusive. The research found that substitutions of flexible microtransit for fixed route buses are already being piloted across the U.S., with promising performance results. The findings imply that action steps could be taken in California to expand and refine an emphasis on general purpose microtransit in corridors and zones with a relatively high fraction of potential travelers who are mobility disadvantaged, and where traditional bus routes are capturing fewer than 15 boardings per vehicle hour. To be sufficiently productive as fixed route replacements, microtransit service technologies in the same or larger zones need to be capable of achieving vehicle boardings of five per hour, a challenge worth addressing with technology applications. Delivery of microtransit service can be undertaken through contracts with a growing set of private sector firms, which are developing processes to merge general purpose customers with those now assigned to ADA-required paratransit and Medi-Cal-supported non-emergency medical transport.
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HEISER, J., and T. SULLIVAN. THE BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY PERFLUOROCARBON TRACER TECHNOLOGY: A PROVEN AND COST EFFECTIVE METHOD TO VERIFY INTEGRITY AND MONITOR LONG TERM PERFORMANCE OF WALLS, FLOORS, CAPS, AND COVER SYSTEMS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/794044.

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Dy, Sydney M., Julie M. Waldfogel, Danetta H. Sloan, Valerie Cotter, Susan Hannum, JaAlah-Ai Heughan, Linda Chyr, et al. Integrating Palliative Care in Ambulatory Care of Noncancer Serious Chronic Illness: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer237.

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Objectives. To evaluate availability, effectiveness, and implementation of interventions for integrating palliative care into ambulatory care for U.S.-based adults with serious life-threatening chronic illness or conditions other than cancer and their caregivers We evaluated interventions addressing identification of patients, patient and caregiver education, shared decision-making tools, clinician education, and models of care. Data sources. We searched key U.S. national websites (March 2020) and PubMed®, CINAHL®, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (through May 2020). We also engaged Key Informants. Review methods. We completed a mixed-methods review; we sought, synthesized, and integrated Web resources; quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods studies; and input from patient/caregiver and clinician/stakeholder Key Informants. Two reviewers screened websites and search results, abstracted data, assessed risk of bias or study quality, and graded strength of evidence (SOE) for key outcomes: health-related quality of life, patient overall symptom burden, patient depressive symptom scores, patient and caregiver satisfaction, and advance directive documentation. We performed meta-analyses when appropriate. Results. We included 46 Web resources, 20 quantitative effectiveness studies, and 16 qualitative implementation studies across primary care and specialty populations. Various prediction models, tools, and triggers to identify patients are available, but none were evaluated for effectiveness or implementation. Numerous patient and caregiver education tools are available, but none were evaluated for effectiveness or implementation. All of the shared decision-making tools addressed advance care planning; these tools may increase patient satisfaction and advance directive documentation compared with usual care (SOE: low). Patients and caregivers prefer advance care planning discussions grounded in patient and caregiver experiences with individualized timing. Although numerous education and training resources for nonpalliative care clinicians are available, we were unable to draw conclusions about implementation, and none have been evaluated for effectiveness. The models evaluated for integrating palliative care were not more effective than usual care for improving health-related quality of life or patient depressive symptom scores (SOE: moderate) and may have little to no effect on increasing patient satisfaction or decreasing overall symptom burden (SOE: low), but models for integrating palliative care were effective for increasing advance directive documentation (SOE: moderate). Multimodal interventions may have little to no effect on increasing advance directive documentation (SOE: low) and other graded outcomes were not assessed. For utilization, models for integrating palliative care were not found to be more effective than usual care for decreasing hospitalizations; we were unable to draw conclusions about most other aspects of utilization or cost and resource use. We were unable to draw conclusions about caregiver satisfaction or specific characteristics of models for integrating palliative care. Patient preferences for appropriate timing of palliative care varied; costs, additional visits, and travel were seen as barriers to implementation. Conclusions. For integrating palliative care into ambulatory care for serious illness and conditions other than cancer, advance care planning shared decision-making tools and palliative care models were the most widely evaluated interventions and may be effective for improving only a few outcomes. More research is needed, particularly on identification of patients for these interventions; education for patients, caregivers, and clinicians; shared decision-making tools beyond advance care planning and advance directive completion; and specific components, characteristics, and implementation factors in models for integrating palliative care into ambulatory care.
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