Relevant bibliographies by topics / Travel / Europe / Western

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Travel / Europe / Western'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Travel / Europe / Western"

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White, Kenneth J. "An international travel Demand model US Travel to Western Europe." Annals of Tourism Research 12, no. 4 (1985): 529–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(85)90076-3.

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Healy, Róisín. "An Irish Nationalist Perspective on Eastern Europe: William Smith O’Brien’s Travel Journals, 1861-1864." Studia Historyczne 61, no. 4 (244) (2021): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.61.2018.04.04.

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An Irish Nationalist Perspective on Eastern Europe: William Smith O’Brien’s Travel Journals, 1861-1864
 The travel journals of Irish nationalist politician William Smith O’Brien, challenge the claim by Lar-ry Wolff of a general western European condescension towards eastern Europe from the eighteenth century onwards. Hostility towards British rule in Ireland led Smith O’Brien to celebrate and identify with the Hungarians and Poles in their struggles against their imperial rulers during his travels in the 1860s. He concluded, however, that the Irish suffered more under Britain than these nations under either Austria or Russia.
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Bahreini, Mahboubeh, and Cahit Adaoglu. "Dividend payouts of travel and leisure companies in Western Europe." Tourism Economics 24, no. 7 (2018): 801–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618780867.

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This study examines the dividend payout determinants of travel and leisure companies in five Western European countries that are ranked among the world’s top 10 tourist destinations, namely, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The study analyzes the sector and carries out a comparative analysis of the subsectors. Panel data random-effects Tobit estimation methodology is used during a 10-year period (2005–2015). In addition to the traditional dividend determinants, sector and country-specific determinants such as leverage, asset intangibility, capital intensity (CI), and effective dividend tax rate are used. The estimation results demonstrate that company size, profitability, investment opportunities, and asset intangibility are positive drivers of dividend payout, whereas the leverage ratio and CI deter dividend payout. Additionally, the study provides international empirical evidence for the positive relationship between investment opportunities and dividend payout. This positive relationship, which is regarded as a puzzle, is unique for companies operating in the travel and leisure sector. The identification of unique dividend determinants and the recognition of differences among the subsectors help investors and managers to shape their investment and financial management decisions.
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Wilkins, Carys. "Holidaying behind the Iron Curtain: The material culture of tourism in Cold War Eastern Europe." Matkailututkimus 17, no. 2 (2022): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33351/mt.114552.

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During the Twentieth Century, foreign travel underwent a process of democratisation. Increasingly, through the development of package holidays to ever more far-flung destinations, leisure tourism for the first time allowed ordinary people to experience different cultures first hand. With the increased availability and affordability of foreign travel, actively promoted by travel agencies with strong left-wing political affiliations and supported and facilitated by international friendship societies, the number of western tourists visiting Eastern Europe multiplied through the 1960s and 1970s despite the Cold War. This paper will explore western tourism in Eastern Europe during the Cold War in a Scottish context through the material culture of travel collected during this period, focusing on the collection of Miss Eileen Crowford (1913 - 1990) held by National Museums Scotland. Miss Crowford was a life-long Edinburgh resident and an avid collector. Her collection spans the 20th century and includes a significant collection of costume jewellery, mass-produced decorative arts and travel souvenirs. Drawing upon previously unresearched material in the archive and objects acquired on her travels, both items that she bought and things that she was given or obtained as part of the travel experience, provides a case study through which to explore engagement with communist culture and politics in a Scottish context. This paper discusses how these trips were being marketed to prospective Scottish travellers, and how souvenir production and distribution, as well as conditions of access, reflect an often-mediated experience of the Soviet East.
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Polgár, Anikó. "Europe as an extended Greece: Travelogues by Karl Kerényi and Gábor Devecseri." Journal of Language and Cultural Education 9, no. 3 (2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jolace-2021-0019.

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Abstract This study is dealing with the travel notes and diaries in Hungarian and German from the 1950s and 1960s. The two examined authors are Karl (Károly) Kerényi (1897–1973) and Gábor Devecseri (1917–1971). Kerényi’s travel notes and diaries reveal the thoughts of a very wide-ranging scholar. Devecseri’s volume Crickets of Epidaurus, Sing (Epidauroszi tücskök, szóljatok) is actually a collection, condensed into the history of four trips: three to Greece and one to Italy. The present study examines the characteristics of these two perspectives, namely, the Western vs. the Eastern, the classic scholar’s vs. the scholarly poet’s using the contexts of travelogues and cultural memory as a point of departure. While for Kerényi, travel is a natural way of life, Devecseri travels and uses his idea based on his reading experiences as starting points. In the texts of both authors, we are confronted with both the archival and the current way of life of cultural memory.
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Krasheninnikova, Olga A. "Travellings Around Western Europe and Russia in A. T. Bolotov’s Memoirs." Two centuries of Russian classics 4, no. 4 (2022): 6–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2686-7494-2022-4-4-6-37.

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Based on the autobiographical notes of A. T. Bolotov, the article traces the main stages of the spiritual development of a Russian nobleman-landowner of the mid‑18th century through his travels in Western Europe and provincial Russia. Western civilization and culture, which the hero met while serving in Koenigsberg, gave a powerful impetus to the spiritual formation of the young memoirist. Returning to his small homeland and subsequent travels around Russia helped him gain a sense of root connection with his native soil through the creation of a family, communication with numerous relatives, through attachment to the family estate as a place of application of the creative forces of the soul. In the course of comparing the two stages of Bolotov’s life, the author of the article concludes that the small homeland is of great importance in the process of forming the personality of the hero of the 18th century during the era of the Russian Enlightenment. The author of the article proves that Bolotov was a type of character of the 18th century, harmoniously combining Western idealism (pietism) and Russian pochvenism. Particular attention is paid to the descriptions of the hero’s travels in provincial Russia, which are assessed as an original and innovative phenomenon in Russian travel literature of the late 18th – early 19th centuries.
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Ribadeau-Dumas, Florence, Florence Cliquet, Philippe Gautret, Emmanuelle Robardet, Claude Le Pen, and Hervé Bourhy. "Travel-Associated Rabies in Pets and Residual Rabies Risk, Western Europe." Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, no. 7 (2016): 1268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2207.151733.

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Cvorovic, Jelena, and Kathryn Coe. "“Visiting” Close Kin Abroad: Migration Strategies of the Serbian Roma." JOURNAL OF GYPSY STUDIES 1, no. 1 (2017): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/jgs.v1i1.527.

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The Roma/Gypsies are the largest, poorest and youngest ethnic group in Europe. During the past decade, the Roma from Central and Eastern Europe were of considerable public concern due to a large inflow of Roma emigrants into Western European countries. Applications for international protection submitted by the Roma from the Western Balkans became a substantial part of the asylum case-load at the EU level. More recently, however, a new wave of migrants, mostly from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, has found its way to Europe. As Serbia is classified as a safe country, Serbian nationals have limited chances of being awarded refugee status. Nevertheless undeterred, the Serbian Roma/Gypsies continue to travel to and apply for asylum in Western European countries. Using data from original fieldwork conducted among Serbian Roma women, we argue that their desire to travel and possibly reside in one of the more affluent Western European countries is connected to the fact that they have extensive kinship ties in those counties. Kinship ties, in brief, explain much of current Roma migration practices.
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Dwyer, Anne. "Of Hats and Trains: Cultural Traffic in Leskov‘s and Dostoevski‘s Westward Journeys." Slavic Review 70, no. 1 (2011): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.70.1.0067.

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The first train line connecting St. Petersburg with western Europe opened in 1862, providing the occasion for Fedor Dostoevskii and Nikolai Leskov to take positions in regard to train travel, cultural traffic, and Russia's insertion into modernity. Anne Dwyer's analysis of Dostoevskii'sWinterNotes on Summer Impressionsand Leskov's “From a Travel Diary” reveals an essential paradox. While Leskov is eager to foster the railroad, he switches hats with ease and offers pragmatic performances of an imperial identity based on his competency in the languages of the borderlands. In contrast, the nationalist Dostoevskii fulminates against train travel yet explores the ways in which modernity's onset changes human experience and literary possibilities. Their bifurcated yet equally ambivalent responses to modernity as emblematized by the railroad illuminate the diversity of attempts to articulate a Russian identity in relationship both to Russia's own people(s) and to western Europe in the modern age.
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Wojnowski, Zbigniew. "An unlikely bulwark of Sovietness: cross-border travel and Soviet patriotism in Western Ukraine, 1956–1985." Nationalities Papers 43, no. 1 (2015): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.953468.

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Focusing on the development of travel between the borderlands of Ukraine and Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe, this article explores what it meant to be Soviet outside the Russian core of the USSR between the mid-1950s and the mid-1980s. The cautious opening of the Soviet border was part of a larger attempt to find fresh sources of popular support and enthusiasm for the regime's “communist” project. Before the Prague Spring of 1968 in particular, official policies and narratives of travel thus praised local inhabitants who crossed the Soviet border for supposedly overcoming age-old hatreds to build a brighter future in Eastern Europe. By the 1970s, however, smuggling and cultural consumption discredited the idea of “internationalist friendship.” This encouraged residents of Ukraine to speak and write about the continuing importance of the Soviet border. The very idea of Sovietness was defined in national terms, as narratives of travel emphasized that Soviet citizens were inherently different from ethno-national groups in the people's democracies. Eastern Europe thus emerged as an “other” that highlighted the Soviet character of territories incorporated into the USSR after 1939, helping to obscure western Ukraine's troubled past and leading to the emergence of new social hierarchies in the region.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Travel / Europe / Western"

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Stergiopoulou, Eleni. "Occidentalism in Russian Travel Literature in the 18th Century: Example of Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-324093.

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Occidentalism in Russian Travel Literature in the 18th Century: Example of Nikolaj Mihailovič Karamzin Summary The purpose of this research is to explore how the national and cultural identity of Russia was constructed in the eighteenth century through the vehicle of travel writing. At the heart of this research is a close analysis of the travels of the Russian author Nikolaj Karamzin to the Western Europe. Karamzin's Letters of a Russian Traveller is a travelogue in the form of memoir in epistolary arrangement based on his travels through the states of Germany, Switzerland, France and England in 1789-1790. The era and the author chosen are justified by the graveness that the eighteenth century has for the history of the Russian literature. An era of major transformations in all social and cultural aspects of the till-then known Russian lifestyle set the ground for a move towards modernity. By travelling to the Western Europe and displaying the values and rich greatness of some aspects of the cultural, political and social lives, Karamzin proposes a set of alternative national ideals. These ideals would assist the country and the nation to get closer to the standards of the Western traditions and subsequently closer to 'paradise' and the 'perfect' life. As a contextual backup for the analysis of Karamzin's...
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Books on the topic "Travel / Europe / Western"

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Loretta, Chilcoat, ed. Western Europe. 7th ed. Lonely Planet, 2005.

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Western Europe. Oliver & Boyd, 1986.

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Association, Reader's Digest. In search of Western Europe. Reader's Digest, 1994.

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Frommer's Europe. Wiley, 2013.

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Jackson, Paul. Military airfields of Western Europe. I. Allan, 1994.

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Duncan, Garwood, ed. Mediterranean Europe. 8th ed. Lonely Planet, 2007.

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Inc, Fodor's Travel Publications, ed. Europe. Fodor's Travel Publications, 1991.

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Catholic shrines of Western Europe: A pilgrim's travel guide. Liguori Publications, 1997.

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D, Clout Hugh, ed. Western Europe: Geographical perspectives. 3rd ed. Longman Scientific & Technical, 1994.

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Rumney, Thomas A. The geography of Western Europe: A selected bibliography. Vance Bibliographies, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Travel / Europe / Western"

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Hu, Meng-yun, Eleonora Pantano, and Nikolaos Stylos. "How does Internet of Things (IOT) affect travel experience?" In Tourism marketing in Western Europe. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248753.0001.

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Abstract This chapter is a conceptual work by Mengyun Hu, Eleonora Pantano and Nikolaos Stylos addressing the subject of the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and how these have impacted on the reformulation of services provided and received. In this chapter, the authors suggest that the application of IoT has a significant impact on understanding the tourist experience, since it can reshape travelling experiences throughout the entire trip; they conclude with directions for both academics and practitioners in several tourism fields, such as destination management, hospitality, transportation and intermediaries.
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Andriotis, Konstantinos, and Carla Pinto Cardoso. "Introduction." In Tourism planning and development in Western Europe. CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620797.intr.

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Abstract This introduction first presents an overview of the tourism situation in Western Europe, highlighting some key economic tourism and travel statistics for each Western European country. It then introduces the chapters in this book that provides a thorough analysis of the nature of tourism development and planning in Western European countries.
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Barreal Pernas, Jesús, and Gil Jannes. "Comparison of international tourist profiles in the Spanish wine and olive oil PDOs." In Tourism marketing in Western Europe. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248753.0005.

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Abstract This chapter, by Jesús Barreal Pernas and Gil Jannes, deals with gastro-tourism in Spain and studies the international tourist profile in the Spanish wine and olive oil Protected Destinations of Origin (PDOs). Specifically, the study focuses on regions that have such PDOs and examines the differences and similarities among the profiles of international tourists that visit them. The study concludes with a classification of four clusters according to demographic, travel and motivational characteristics of tourists in the particular area.
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Zaim, Ilma Aulia. "Young British tourists' tourism-related information sources." In Tourism marketing in Western Europe. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248753.0002.

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Abstract This chapter is the work of Ilma Aulia Zaim and studies a specific market segment, young British tourists aged 18-35, and how these pursue tourism-related information sources that eventually affect their travel decision-making prior to visiting a destination. The study offers significant insight into destination management organizations(DMO)regarding young British travellers' characteristics and offers suggestions to them such as the types of information they should share on their websites and which of them are really valuable for the particular tourism market segment.
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Ren, Carina, and Elizabeth Cooper. "Being online off the beaten track: rhythms of connectivity and user-generated content in the marketing of Greenland." In Tourism marketing in Western Europe. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248753.0010.

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Abstract To better understand how Visit Greenland works in marketing Greenland as a tourist destination, the case of social media influencers is explored. To do so, a review of the social media marketing literature is provided which zooms in on social media marketing, tourism and social media influencers in tourism. Encapsulation and decapsulation is introduced as an analytical tool to explore the study's material and is presented in the following analysis. After a short introduction to our methodology and case, empirical material from interviews with professional social media influencers sponsored by the DMO to promote the destination is used to show how users negotiate online presence and social media content during their travels in Greenland. In conclusion, the trade- offs and balancing acts of being 'online' and 'off the beaten track' are discussed, seeing them as equally important but at times hard to reconcile.
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Gouzevitch, Irina, and Dmitri Gouzevitch. "Travelling Interchanges between the Russian Empire and Western Europe." In Travels of Learning. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3584-1_9.

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Hancock, James F. "Spice trade in the dark ages of Europe." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0012.

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Abstract This chapter narrates the state of world trade during the fall of the Western Roman Empire under waves of Germanic tribe movements during the 'Völkerwanderung' or Migration Period. It contains nine subchapters that are about the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, spice use in Europe during the dark ages, the level of western trade in the early medieval age, Mediterranean trade in the early medieval period, early medieval trade in Europe, the Radhanites: medieval tycoons, the rise of the Gotlanders, Rus' trade with the Muslims and Byzantines through Khazaria, and lastly, Rus' attacks on the Islamic and Byzantine Worlds.
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Ebbinghaus, Bernhard, and Jelle Visser. "A Guide to the Handbook." In Trade Unions in Western Europe since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-65511-3_1.

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Visser, Jelle. "Italy." In Trade Unions in Western Europe since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-65511-3_10.

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Visser, Jelle. "The Netherlands." In Trade Unions in Western Europe since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-65511-3_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Travel / Europe / Western"

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Nagy, Péter Artúr. "Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on the V4." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2020.proc.7.

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The aim of the research is to explore the development of trade relations between the Visegrád countries and their major Western European partners since accession to the European Union. The topic is currently an important one, as the Visegrád region is highly dependent on Western European countries, especially in the area of foreign trade. The research analyzed how the 2008-2009 global economic crisis and the subsequent sovereign debt crisis in Europe affected these trade relationships, i.e. did it cause significant changes in levels of relationship and/or trends. To answer this question, this paper used a time-series analysis method called Interrupted Time Series Analysis. As a result, statistically significant changes in the level and trend of foreign trade relations between the Visegrád countries and their Western European partners were detected. Finally, a more detailed breakdown of product groups also revealed which product groups are most responsible for slowing down the growth of trade relations.
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Sofyalıoğlu, Çiğdem, and Burak Kartal. "A Comparison and some Suggestions for Turkey’s and Eurasian Economic Community Countries’ Logistic Performance Index Scores." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00766.

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Turkey is a bridge between Asia and Europe and this fact provides an opportunity for Turkey, whose exports mostly go to Europe, to diversify its export markets. In this geography, cooperation and integration are needed to sustain and to flourish economic activities. In that sense, Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEc) is one of the most important economic integrations in the world considering the initiatives of becoming a Customs Union. EurAsEc includes five member and three observer countries while some other Eurasian countries are expected to join this community in the years to come due to its potential advantages. The members of are positive towards a cooperation with Turkey which has a strategic role in many important transport corridors within the Western Europe-Asia transit transport framework. Anyway, the development of international trade depends on logistic performance, logistic infrastructure and effectiveness of logistic sectors of the countries in this region. Therefore, Turkey and EurAsEc countries need to cooperate in overcoming logistics problems to develop international trade. Bearing that in mind, we compared logistic performance indexes of Turkey and EurAsEc countries in our study and we discussed what can be done to improve logistic activities in the region within the framework of mutual cooperation. The findings indicate that a better logistics infrastructure should be available throughout the EurAsEC countries and it is essential to adopt transit pass by EurAsEc countries and to improve the information technology infrastructure to accelerate customs transition.
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Çeştepe, Hamza, and Tamer Güven. "Disincentive Factors for Transformation of the Economic Cooperation Organization to Regional Integration: An Assessment Regarding Intra-regional Trade." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00745.

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In this study, the structure and level of intra-regional trade in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), which is a movement of regional cooperation founded in the Western and Central Asia region, has been analyzed. In ECO, with a share below its potential at the world trade, intra-regional trade is low relative to other regional integrations such as the European Union. However, the volume of intra-regional trade in the region countries, except a few countries, tend to increase in recent years. In this study, as a result of the evaluation made by the indices calculated, it was found that the region countries is in the position of more complementary economies in context of foreign trade; the countries has generally a high trade intensity with its neighbors; intra-industry trade in the region is at low level. As a result, although the level and structure of intra-regional trade in ECO region seems to be disincentive for the transformation to regional integration as of today, recent developments suggest that this obstacle will gradually diminish in the future. In addition, if some of advantages and potential of the region in terms of regional integration can be valued it does not seem very difficult to reach more advanced stages of integration for this cooperation movement.
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Van Brunt, Michael, and Brian Bahor. "Potential for Energy-From-Waste Carbon Offsets in North America." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3540.

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A carbon offset program is likely to be part of any future federal cap-and-trade program and is included in both the U.S. House of Representatives passed American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 and the Kerry-Boxer Senate draft greenhouse gas legislation. Internationally, Energy-from-Waste (EfW) facilities in emerging economies are eligible for carbon offset credits under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. These carbon offset credits can be purchased by developed countries, such as those in Western Europe, to help comply with their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. Although a similar mandatory market does not yet exist in the United States, there is a growing voluntary market in carbon offsets and a set of standards designed to provide some order to this market. One of the key players in the voluntary market is the Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS). Project types, such as EfW, that are eligible for credits under the Clean Development Mechanism are also eligible to generate voluntary carbon credits under the VCS. This paper reviews the current methodology for calculating offsets from EfW projects. The current methodology is very conservative, severely restricts the accounting for avoided landfill methane, and significantly underestimates greenhouse gas savings relative to life cycle assessments performed on waste management practices. The current methodology for offsets is compared and contrasted with a more realistic methodology more in line with life cycle assessment calculations. A review of the potential for EfW offsets under evolving state and federal programs and precedents for offsets generated based on avoided landfill methane is also completed.
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Birchenough, Eadred, James Munro, Jun Zhang, et al. "Online Application of Hydraulic Simulation Software to Gassco’s Subsea Pipeline Network." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90656.

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This paper addresses the on-line application of ATMOS SIM simulation software, integrated with ABB Network Manager WS500, to a subsea pipeline network of 7,800 km (4,847 mile) length — see Figure 1. The pipeline system is operated by Gassco Norway, and it delivers an annual volume of approximately 100 billion standard cubic meters of Norwegian gas to customers in Western Europe. One of the main challenges to such a great subsea pipeline system is the limited measurements available. For nearly all of the pipelines, the only location where flow, pressure and temperature are measured is at the inlet and outlet which could be more than 800 km (497 mile) apart. The following applications will be addressed in this paper: • IT architecture. User controls including Common Alarm List. • Data validation overview. • Pipeline inventory calculation. • Continuous calculation of settle-out-pressures for (sub)sections of pipelines to provide information for emergency shutdown systems. • Integration of ambient seabed temperatures as provided by UK Met. • Composition tracking including the possibility to track user specified trace components. • Estimated arrival times and volumes of “off-specification” gas. • Tracking of the parentage of batches such that the party responsible for off-spec gas can be identified (polluter pays principle). • Facilities to restart models from historic data with the possibility to remove erroneous inputs. • Continuous running of look-ahead cases based on user defined transient time series and nominations for contractual exit points. • Using larger network models to plan and monitor mixing of gasses to prevent off-spec gas. Comparisons between simulated and measured values will be made to illustrate the accuracy of the hydraulic models. In addition, the application of Maximum Likelihood State Estimation will be discussed to demonstrate its effectiveness in overcoming measurement errors.
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Rutsinskaya, Irina, and Galina Smirnova. "TEA PARTIES IN RUSSIAN PAINTING IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH – BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: REFLECTIONS OF EVERYDAY LIFE AND SOCIAL HISTORY." In NORDSCI Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2021/b1/v4/33.

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"Tea in Russia is not only the drink loved by millions of people but also a national symbol closely and inseparably connected with Russian culture. The dominance of realism in Russian fine art in the second half of the nineteenth – beginning of the twentieth century gave birth to the widespread popularity of genre painting which started playing a very special role in the country. It is not surprising that tea parties became common themes in these works. Over a cup of tea, the characters in the paintings perform everyday activities: chatting, contemplating, indulging in memories, while taking the opportunity to enjoy their favourite drink. Paintings are a unique and rarely used source for social history and culture studies as they allow us not only to reconstruct the everyday life of past eras, but also to study how contemporaries saw, perceived, and evaluated a variety of everyday practices. The research undertaken is descriptive and analytical with reference to the principles of historicism, academic reliability and objectivity that help to determine important trends and patterns and characterize the various social phenomena and developments that took place in Russia during the period under study. Unlike Western European painting, the representation of tea ceremonies on the canvases of Russian artists romanticizes both the philosophical aspect and the harmonizing function of the ceremony, but at the same time focuses attention on social issues, which obviously reflects the specifics of national consciousness. The present research is based on the analysis of eighty-two genre painting works by Russian artists (among them there are the well-known ones by: Ivan Bogdanov, Vasiiy Makovsky, Konstantin Makovsky, Vasily Perov, Konnstantin Korovin, etc.). They not only provide the audience with information about different aspects of everyday culture in Russia from the second half of the nineteenth to the beginning of the twentieth century but also trace the trends in the development of public consciousness and help to determine the main social problems that characterize the historical period and the attitude of society to them. The process of the democratization of society in the second half of the nineteenth century is reflected in the depiction of the ambiguous relationship between society and the church. The canvases draw attention to the place of tradition in the life of an individual and a family, the changing social role of the nobility which exemplifies the passing era, increasing interest in the way of life of the intelligentsia, and creating the image of the merchant as a new social class with a specific culture. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the nostalgic description of the tea party as a symbol of a bygone era of prosperity and a lost past prevails."
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Reports on the topic "Travel / Europe / Western"

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Gomez Garcia, Olga, Henry Mooney, David Rosenblatt, et al. Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin: Volume 10: Issue 1, May 2021. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003265.

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Countries around the world have endured over a year of extreme uncertainty in the context of the COVID-19 crisis, and economies in the Caribbean have suffered more than most. But with the increasing availability of vaccines and prospects for a resumption of international travel, light is emerging at the end of the Pandemic tunnel. With this in mind, The Inter-American Development Bank Caribbean1 Departments most recent Quarterly Bulletin reviews the latest available information regarding the crisis impacts on citizens, their economies, and key factors that will determine the speed and depth of recovery. As also discussed in previous editions, prospects for tourism-dependent economies will depend heavily on vaccine penetration and border normalization in source countries particularly the United States and Western Europe, while commodity-intensive economies could benefit from upward revisions to global demand growth estimates. All countries in the region can do much to support a rapid recovery through forward-looking policies aimed at ensuring they are well positioned to take advantage of post-Pandemic preferences with respect to travel and tourism, services trade, and investment. Our latest report considers these issues, what may lie ahead, and how counties can best position themselves for a recovery in 2021 and beyond.
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2

Iranzo, Susana, and Giovanni Peri. Migration and Trade in a World of Technological Differences: Theory with an Application to Eastern-Western European Integration. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13631.

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3

Beck, Aaron. RiverOceanPlastic: Land-ocean transfer of plastic debris in the North Atlantic, Cruise No. AL534/2, 05 March – 26 March 2020, Malaga (Spain) – Kiel (Germany). GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al534-2.

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Cruise AL534/2 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative as part of the JPI Oceans project HOTMIC and sought to investigate the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus of the cruise was on the horizontal transfer of plastic debris from major European rivers into shelf regions and on the processes that mediate this transport. Stations were originally chosen to target the outflows of major European rivers along the western Europe coast between Malaga (Spain) and Kiel (Germany), although some modifications were made in response to inclement weather. In total, 16 stations were sampled along the cruise track. The sampling scheme was similar for most stations, and included: 1) a CTD cast to collect water column salinity and temperature profiles, and discrete samples between surface and seafloor, 2) sediment sampling with Van Veen grab and mini-multi corer (mini-MUC), 3) suspended particle and plankton sampling using a towed Bongo net and vertical WP3 net, and 4) surface neusten sampling using a catamaran trawl. At a subset of stations with deep water, suspended particles were collected using in situ pumps deployed on a cable. During transit between stations, surface water samples were collected from the ship’s underway seawater supply, and during calm weather, floating litter was counted by visual survey teams. The samples and data collected on cruise AL534/2 will be used to determine the: (1) abundance of plastic debris in surface waters, as well as the composition of polymer types, originating in major European estuaries and transported through coastal waters, (2) abundance and composition of microplastics (MP) in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (3) abundance and composition of plastic debris in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates), (4) abundance and identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.
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