Journal articles: 'Travel in France (18th century)'

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Rutkowska, Małgorzata. "Pleasure and Instruction: Generic Conventions in Emma Hart Willard’s Journal and Letters, from France and Great Britain." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 28/1 (September 20, 2019): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.28.1.04.

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The purpose of the present paper is to analyse epistolary and descriptive conventions in Journal and Letters, from France and Great Britain (1833) by Emma Willard. The article argues that Willard attempts to combine the standards of 18th-century travelogue with its emphasis on instruction with a new type of autobiographical travel narrative which puts the persona of a traveller in the foreground. In this respect, Willard’s Journal and Travels, for all its didacticism, testifies to an increasing value attached to subjective experience, which was to become one of the distinguishing features of nineteenth-century travel writing.

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Landry, Nicolas. "Les dangers de la navigation et de la pêche dans l'Atlantique Français au 18e siècle." Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 25, no. 1 (January 31, 2015): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.240.

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A central theme in the historiography of the Ancien Régime in Canada has always been the ocean crossing between France and New France. Despite the advancement of scientific knowledge during the 18th century, navigation remained a major challenge for those wishing to travel from France to its overseas colonies. Storms were a constant threat, as was piracy and, for much of the era, war. Marine disasters were frequent and took a heavy toll among the officers, crews and passengers. More comprehensive research on shipwrecks during the French Régime in Canada is needed. The present article seeks to further our knowledge of the circumstances prevailing aboard endangered ships, how local authorities responded to the disasters on their shores, especially care for survivors and salvage of cargoes, and how they reported these events and challenges to Versailles.

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Møller, Peter Ulf. "En kur mod bændelorm og gallomani: Intra-europæisk ‘occidentalisme’ i den russiske 1700-talsforfatter Denis Fonvizins komedie Brigaderen og hans rejsebreve fra Frankrig." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 37, no. 108 (August 22, 2009): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v37i108.21998.

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A Cure for Tapeworm and Gallomania: Intra-European ‘Ocidentalism’ in the Russian Comedy The Brigadier by Denis Fonvizin and in his Travel Letters from France:Is Europe destined to remain a unit without unity, because of its endlessly differentiated cultural patterns and its divided, centrifugal past? This question seems to emerge as the bottom line of Hans Magnus Enzensberger’s observations from seven European countries, in his famous Ach Europa from 1987. In the microstructure of the disunity, we find national stereotypes as an element of intra-European discourses. Roman Jakobson discussed the complex of intra-European reciprocal images from a structuralist point of view. He proposed a systematic study of »national characterology« as an element in the discourses and mentalities of the various European nations.Inspired by both of these works, the present article is a minor investigation into a major area within intra-European relations, namely the east-west divide. It discusses two works by the Russian 18th century writer Denis Fonvizin, his comedy The Brigadier and his travel letters from France. Both are anti-western classics in Russian literature, greatly appreciated by conservative nationalists in Fonvizin’s days, and later famously applauded by Dostoyevsky. However, for both works it turns out, somewhat paradoxically, that Fonvizin took inspiration from the arsenals of newly imported European ideas and literature. The travel letters offer several examples of stereotypical negative characterisations from Western travel writing about Russia now being used by Fonvizin to describe the French. Holberg’s comedy Jean de France was popular on the Russian stage, and Fonvizin transferred the frenchified fop to a Russian setting with great success. Both of his works became tools for a budding Russian »Occidentalism« of the intra-European kind.

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Keshiknevis Razavi, Sayyed Kamal, Abbas Ahmadvand, and Mina Moazzeni. "Alexandria, the Threshold of Egypt: A Comparative Study on Volney and Jabarti's Idea of Alexandria in the Late 18th Century." Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 12, no. 1 (June 12, 2022): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jitc.121.05.

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Alexandria is the second-largest city in Egypt; this city is the threshold of Egypt and the first place by the sea where travelers encounter and create an idea of Egypt in their minds. Many western travelers, such as Hartmann Schedel, André Thevet, Jacob Peeters, Charles Perry, Volney, Dumont, and others have visited Alexandria and wrote reports on the City past and present, through which their opinions of the city can be accessed. Without a doubt, looking at Alexandria from a traveler's point of opinion differs from the opinions of a person who has lived there and observed the city from the inside. The question is how each of these two perspectives encounters the city. What questions have each of them asked and what answers have they given? And do these questions and answers come from their social and cultural background? Can a comparison of these two opinions provide a picture of the city to help better understand its history? It seems that the questions and answers of these observers come from their social backgrounds. At the same time Volney (1757-1820) lived in France, Abdul Rahman bin Hassan al-Jabarti (1825-1753) lived in Egypt. In this study, using an asymmetric macro-comparison method, we have attempted to evaluate the information in Volney's travelogue and Jabarti's ''Ajāeb-al Asār'' based on their perspective of the inside (Jabarti) and outside (Volney) of Alexandria. In his introduction to the late 18th century Alexandria, Volney seems to be much attached to the ideas from the French society, At the same time, Jabarti did not pay much attention to the question of Alexandria's urbanization and focused more on those who went to the city and left it. He laid the focus on the political and military situation of the city. Keywords: Alexandria, Volney, Jabarti, Egyptology, Travelogue, Travel Theory

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Wolfart, H. Christoph. "Lahontan’s Bestseller." Historiographia Linguistica 16, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1989): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.16.1-2.02wol.

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Summary Among the early descriptions of the Algonquian languages of New France, the Petit Dictionaire (1703) of the baron de Lahontan stands out, despite its modest size, as the first vocabulary to appear in print. Thanks to the remarkable success of his Nouveaux Voyages, to which it forms an appendix, Lahontan’s Algonquin (Ojibwa) vocabulary became very widely known, serving as either model or source for many successors (including, it appears, the first printed vocabulary for Cree). On the evidence of a set of verb stems exhibiting a common non-initial morpheme (*-êl-), Lahontan’s analytical approach appears consistent in the segmentation of the inflexional prefixes, but the morpheme which defines this set is variously recorded with either l or r. The further variation between the French and English editions of 1703 sheds some light on the editorial process, and the general congruence between the occasional Algonquin word in his travel narratives and those in the Petit Dictionaire seems to corroborate Lahontan’s account of his efforts at language learning. The political establishment and his Jesuit detractors notwithstanding, Lahontan’s Algonquin vocabulary proved to be as influential in its domain as his narrative and philosophical writings were in the intellectual and literary world of the 18th century.

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Zhdanov, Sergey S. "German Borders and Germany as a Boundary: Images of the Liminal Space in the Russian Literature of the Late 18th – Early 20th Centuries." Imagologiya i komparativistika, no. 14 (2020): 186–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/14/9.

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The paper examines the spatial images of German borders in the Russian literature of the late 18th – early 20th centuries. These ‘liminal’ descriptions of Germany come in several variations. The first is the image of the boundary as a syncretic and transit locus between Russia and Germany, i.e. between Us and Them respectively. Their features are mixed there as in cases of Karamzin’s Livonia or Skalkovsky’s Kurland. Secondly, the booundary can be presented as a certain point, reaching which the narrator / hero finds themselves in a new space, for example, Travemünde during a sea voyage or Eydtkuhnen when traveling by rail. The description of this conventional point follows several traditions in the travel literature. One was set up by N.M. Karamzin’s Letters of a Russian Traveler ”, when the voyager is aware of his transition into Their space and experiences an emotional uplift. Over time, however, this “attack of topophilia” becomes the object of a travesty game and ridicule of the literary tradition, as, for example, in Myatlev’s poem “Sensations and Comments by Madame Kurdyukova Abroad, Dans L’etranger”. Topophilia, interest in the Other, can also be encouraged by the feeling of getting into a more free locus, which marks Germany in particular and Western Europe in general as spaces of freedom (in the travelogues by K.A. Skalkovsky, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Another variant of a Russian traveler’s reaction to crossing the German border is frustration, which is felt in Fonvisin’s letters abroad. Their author feels disenchantment With each new point on the journey, D.I. Fonvizin feel inauthentic German space as the embodiment of the European Other. This generates a third variant of the German liminal locus, when the entire Germany becomes a border, a transitory, boring, semiotically empty place on the way to real Europe, for example, France (texts by D.I. Fonvizin, F.M. Dostoevsky and others). Probably, it determines the perception of the German nation as an average nation without any strongly pronounced characteristics. In addition, the situation of crossing the border with Germany can also be trivialized as opposed to Karamzin’s tradition, as in A.T. Averchenko’s travelogue. Along with topophilia, frustration and indifference in texts about the borders of Germany in the second half of the 19th century describe the motif of topophobia, fear of the Other in its version of the new German Empire, generating images of a latent or obvious threat, aggression, for example, in the texts by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N.A. Leikin. Finally, early travelogues of this period emphasise the internal borders between German lands, while by the early 20th century the images of the internal German borders fade and become trivial.

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7

Wilson, Anthony. "17th- and Early 18th-Century France." Musical Times 136, no. 1826 (April 1995): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1004174.

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Satapathy, Amrita. "The Politics of Travel: The Travel Memoirs of Mirza Sheikh I’tesamuddin and Sake Dean Mahomed." Studies in English Language Teaching 8, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): p66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v8n1p66.

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Representation of the East in 18th century western travel narratives was an outcome of a European aesthetic sensibility that thrived on imperial jingoism. The 18th century Indian travel writings proved that East could not be discredited as “exotic” and “orientalist” or its history be judged as a “discourse of curiosity”. The West had its share of mystery that had to be unravelled for the curious visitor from the East. Dean Mahomed’s The Travels of Dean Mahomed is a fascinating travelogue cum autobiography of an Indian immigrant as an insider and outsider in India, Ireland and England. I’tesamuddin’s The Wonders of Vilayet is a travel-memoir that addresses the politics of representation. These 18th century travelographies demystify “vilayet” in more ways than one. They analyse the West from a variety of tropes from gender, to religion and racism to otherness and identity. This paper attempts a comparative analyses of the two texts from the point of view of 18th century travel writing and representations through the idea of journey. It seeks to highlight the concept of “orientalism in reverse” and show how memoirs can be read as counterbalancing textual responses to counteract dominant western voices.

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Hilaire-Perez, Liliane. "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France." Technology and Culture 32, no. 4 (October 1991): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106156.

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Simon, Jonathan. "Mineralogy and mineral collections in 18th-century France." Endeavour 26, no. 4 (December 2002): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-9327(02)01467-9.

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Hilaire-Pérez, Liliane. "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France." Technology and Culture 32, no. 4 (October 1991): 911–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.1991.0003.

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Dębowski, Marek. "A HUNDRED YEARS OF RESEARCH ON THE 18TH‑CENTURY THEATRE IN POLAND AND FRANCE." Wiek Oświecenia, no. 38 (September 25, 2022): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0137-6942.wo.38.4.

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Among the modern researchers conducting studies on the 18th century, there is a widespread belief that research on Polish theatre of that era did not develop until the turn of the 1950s and 1960s. It is only part of the truth. The apogee of theatrical research coincided with those years, resulting from the 200th anniversary of the National Theatre, which was widely promoted by the authorities. However, the first diagnoses of Polish theatre scientists dealing with the 18th century are much earlier. Suffice it to recall Ludwik Bernacki’s monumental work, “Theatre, Drama and Music under Stanislaw August”, which the researcher published in Lviv in 1925. Bernacki’s research was closely related to the work of French theatre scientists, who conducted research on the scene and drama of the 18th century before the First World War. This article analyses and chronologically presents the last century of theatrical research and its methodological changes on the example of Polish and French history of 18th-century theatre.

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Vanek, Morgan. "The Uses of Travel: Science, Empire and Change in 18th-Century Travel Writing." Literature Compass 12, no. 11 (November 2015): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12280.

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Trujillo-González, Verónica C. "Le discours préfaciel au XVIIIe siècle à travers le Dictionnaire de l’Académie (1718) et le Dictionnaire de Trévoux (1721). Essai de classification." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 55, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 311–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.17014.tru.

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Abstract The 18th century was a very productive period from a lexicographic point of view. In that century, the French Academy published four new editions of their dictionary, being the second edition (1718) the one that included major revisions (1718). The Dictionnaire de Trévoux (1721) is also considered to be one of the pillars of 18th century lexicography in France, with eight published editions. The comparison of the prefaces of these two major pieces of French lexicography, in spite of their different conceptions, will allow us to establish the big strategical lines that have marked French Lexicography during the first part of the 18th century, as well as presenting how two of the most important dictionaries of the French 18th century are organized.

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Desbarats, Kate. "Time Travel to the 18th Century: Life In New World Settlements." Urban History Review 27, no. 1 (October 1998): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1016615ar.

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Albertan, Christian. "Stephane Roy (éd.), Making The News in 18th-Century France." Annales historiques de la Révolution française, no. 374 (December 1, 2013): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ahrf.12994.

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Butel, Paul, and François Crouzet. "Empire and Economic Growth: the Case of 18th Century France." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007096.

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Among the colonial powers of the early modern period, France was the last to emerge. Although, the French had not abstained from the exploration of fhe New World in the 16th century: G. de Verrazano discovered the site of New York (1524), during a voyage sponsored by King Francis I; Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec and Montreal (1535). From the early 16th century, many ships from ports such as Dieppe, St. Malo, La Rochelle, went on privateering and or trading expeditions to the Guinea coast, to Brazil, to the Caribbean, to the Spanish Main. Many French boats did fish off Newfoundland. Some traded in furs on the near-by Continent. Moreover, during the 16th century, sporadic attempts were made to establish French settlements in «Equinoctial France» (Brazil), in Florida, in modern Canada, but they failed utterly. Undoubtedly, foreign wars against the Habsburgs, during the first half of the 16th and of the 17th centuries, civil «wars of religion» during the second half of the 16th century, political disorders like the blockade of La Rochelle or the Fronde during the first part of the 17th century, absorbed the attention and resources of French rulers, despite some ambitious projects, like those of Richelieu, for overseas trade. As for the port cities they tried to trade overseas but they were isolated and not strong enough (specially during die wars of religion) to create «colonies». Some small companies, which had been started in 1601 and 1604, to trade with the East Indies, were very short-lived, and the French did not engage seriously in Asian trade before 1664.

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Fehér, Andrea. "The Hungry Traveller. 18th-Century Transylvanian Travellers and the Western Culinary Experience." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 66, no. 1 (February 2022): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2021.1.03.

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"The present article discusses food narratives from travelogues written by the Calvinist elite of Transylvania. The paper firstly presents attitudes toward travel and travel writing in 18th-century Transylvania and then offers examples about stories associated with food and foodways. In the first instance, we discussed the attachment of Transylvanians to familiar tastes, then we offered examples of food rejection, either culturally or confessionally motivated. The asymmetrically opposed constructions of these food narratives, the constant distinctions made by the authors between “our” food and “theirs”, suggest the importance of food in identity building. In the last part of our paper, we approached the social dimension of food, arguing that we are witnessing a cultural shift and the changing of the existing food regime, processes undergoing due to the increased number of travels, especially to Vienna. Keywords: 18th Century, Transylvania, travelogues, culinary history, food narratives. "

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Molnar, Aleksandar. "The light of freedom in the age of enlightenment (2): England and France." Filozofija i drustvo 22, no. 2 (2011): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1102129m.

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Although the philosophy (as well as the whole movement) of Enlightenment was born in the Netherlands and England in the late 17th and early 18th century, there were considerable problems in defying the freedom. By the mid 18th century, under the influence of ?national mercantilism? (Max Weber), the freedom was perceived in more and more collective terms, giving bith to the political option of national liberalism. That is why in the second half of 18th century this two countries have been progresively loosing importance for the movement of Enlightenment and two new countries emerged at its leading position, striving for democratic liberalism: United States of America and France. However, individual freedom faced not one, but two dangers during its philosophical and institutional development in the Age of Enlightenment: on the one hand, the danger of wanishing in the national freedom, and, on the other hand, the danger of becoming unbound and (self)destructive. The emerging (national) liberalism in England in the 18th century witnessed the first danger, while the second danger appeared in the wake of the Franch revolution. The French were the first in the Modern epohe to realise that the light of freedom is to powerful to be used without considerable precaussions in the establishement of liberal civil society. Therefore, some moderation hat to be taken into consideration. The idea of humanity, i.e. human rights, was at the end found as most helpful in solving the task of preserving individual freedom, without sacrifying social bonds between free individuals.

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Teissier, Beatrice. "Crimean Tatars in explorative and travel writing: 1782–1802." Anatolian Studies 67 (2017): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154617000060.

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AbstractThis article discusses the portrayal of Crimea, particularly Crimean Tatars and their culture, through the writings of nine men and women who travelled in the region in the late 18th century. These writers travelled in different capacities and represent a diversity of viewpoints; they include figures of the Russian academic and political establishment and western European travellers, with or without Russian affiliations. The article sets their writings in the context of the imperial Russian rhetoric of conquest associated with the annexation of Crimea in 1783 and Catherine II's tour of the area four years later. This rhetoric remains relevant today through the marked persistence of certain historic tropes in contemporary Russian attitudes towards Crimea. The article also discusses the writers’ responses to Crimea in the light of broader Enlightenment tropes in travel writing and ethnographic observation. It examines the extent to which the travellers’ accounts of Crimea were shaped by notions of ancient Greek heritage, Scythians and ‘Tartar hordes’, attitudes towards the Ottoman Empire (Crimea had previously been an Ottoman protectorate) and Islam, and 18th-century orientalism.

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Agratina, Elena E. "ART EXHIBITIONS IN THE 18TH CENTURY PARIS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 3 (2021): 148–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2021-3-148-172.

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For the first time in Russian historiography the article collects and systematizes information concerning art exhibitions in Paris in the eighteenth century, which makes it possible to identify the cultural and social significance of that phenomenon. Exposition activity is seen as a new and very significant phenomenon of cultural life at that time, a symptom of the democratization of art, which entailed the development of mass reflection on the role and significance of creative work in the form of a well-developed art criticism. A study of sources such as the minutes of the Royal Academy and the collection of critical reviews of art exhibitions (Deloigne’s Collection) at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris allowed seeing and appreciating the immediate reactions of contemporaries to metropolitan exhibitions of various scales. A wide variety of the public, as well as the renewed role of the viewer, overturned the idea of art as a luxury available only to the elite, and turned the visual arts in France into an asset of the nation.

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Demicheva, Taisiia M. "Library and Librarian in the Encyclopedia of D. Diderot and J. d’Alembert." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 69, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2020-69-2-158-165.

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The article discusses peculiarities of perception of library and librarian in France during the age of Enlightenment using the example of Encyclopedia of D. Diderot and J. d’Alembert. The author notes that this article considers the period of the 18th century before the French revolution and only on the territory of France. The author notes that the idea of continuity in obtaining and possessing the knowledge was built by enlighteners using the examples of public libraries in ancient times. The article focuses attention on the difference between the concepts of librairie/ bibliothèque and their transformation during the early Modern period. The author analyzes the main features and peculiarities of the librarian profession that were highlighted by French enlighteners, and their difference from the modern concept. The article emphasizes the question of the prestige of this profession in the 18th century. The author concludes that the understanding of the profession of librarian in the age of Enlightenment differs from the modern one. The study of the role of librarian in the 18th century allows to explore the features of the library in the Enlightenment, whose tasks included collection and transfer of knowledge.

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Petkov, Pavel. "CHINESE DAILY LIFE DURING THE 18th CENTURY IN JOHN BELL’S TRAVEL NOTES." Diplomatic Economic and Cultural Relations between China and Central and Eastern European countries 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.62635/f97v-9ceb.

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The article discusses John Bell’s travel account The Travels of John Bell (1719) and focuses on the passages in which the author discusses the daily lives of common Chinese people. The analysis demonstrates that Bell’s travelogue follows – to a certain extent – the established imagological trends characteristic of the 18th century and in doing so falls well within the cultural paradigm of the Enlightenment. At the same time, it becomes clear that the Scottish physician is no ordinary traveler: he manages to maintain a much more objective and level-headed attitude towards the East than many of his traveling contemporaries.

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Cameron, Vivian. "Gender and power: Images of women in late 18th-century France." History of European Ideas 10, no. 3 (January 1989): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(89)90131-9.

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Wang, Xinchi. "Enlightenment Response: A Study of Rational Spirit in the Works of Jean-Honoré Fragonard." International Journal of Arts and Humanities Studies 3, no. 4 (December 10, 2023): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijahs.2023.3.4.7.

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This paper utilizes Jean-Honoré Fragonard’s paintings, housed in collections across Europe and North America, as primary source material. Employing methods from art history, social art history, literary analysis, and intellectual history, the study aims to explore the connections between Fragonard’s artistic philosophy, the social context of 18th-century France, and the cultural trends of the time. The paper investigates Fragonard’s response to Enlightenment and rationality through his paintings. The results indicate that, situated in an era oscillating between Rococo and realistic styles, Fragonard’s works provide a glimpse into the social and cultural milieu of late 18th-century France. Driven by the spirit of reason, Fragonard created a series of landscapes and genre paintings. Simultaneously, his sensitivity to emotions rendered his works vivid and dynamic, embodying the collaborative interplay of sensibility and reason.

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Pomazan, Dmytro. "IMPACT OF RELIGIOUS CRISIS IN 18 CENTURY ON DEPLOPMENT OF “MAGICAL REVIVAL” PROCESS IN FRANCE." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 1 (2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2020.1.2.

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The purpose of the study is to unveil the religious crisis through the impact of the “Magical Revival” and esoteric secret organizations in France during the 18th century. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. In addition to general scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, special historical methods are used in the research: historical-comparative and historical-typological method, as well as for interdisciplinary sympathetic method was used for the complex study of esotericism as a religious component of society. The scientific novelty of the chosen question is in the formulation and development independent topic and holistic research problem. At the same time, in the historiography of the esoteric secret societies of Western Europe of modern times, the role of the religious crisis of the 18th century in the revival of “Magical revival” is not investigated. The analysed facts allow us to establish a clear link between the development of the 18th century religious crisis and the formation of esoteric secret societies in the context of the “Magical Revival” in the territory of nineteenth-century France. This is quite substantially demonstrated in the facts of anti-religious agitation and struggle, as well as in the context of increasing the number of occult organizations, as an alternative sacred form

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Demicheva, Taisiia. "French goose games of the mid 18th century as sources for the study of the anthropology of power (based on the State Hermitage collection) in Modern history." Metamorphoses of history, no. 27 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/s230861810023856-1.

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In this article we will focus on French board games of the mid-18th century – the Fortification Game and the New Marine Game. The purpose of this study is to analyze the discourse and symbolism of these engravings and consider the ideas that they conveyed. In this study, we are primarily interested not in the mechanics and rules of the game of goose, but in the symbolism and iconography used in XVIII century France. Our goal will be to analyze the discourse of the goose board game of the middle of the 18th century. The sources on which the study is based are kept in the Department of Western European Art of the State Hermitage. When conducting research, our methodology will be based on the principles of a new cultural history, a new political history and a history of mentalities. Considering these sources within the framework of the discourse of the Enlightenment, in conclusion it will be shown that these games carried powerful messages—sometimes hidden, sometimes overt—taking advantage of the printing medium to display endlessly adaptable iconography. Both the Fortification and the New Marine Game contained dedications that were of a military-patriotic nature. They served as a means of training, education, propaganda and promotion of the ideas of the imperial project to maintain the prestige of France on the world stage in the middle of the 18th century.

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ICHIKAWA, Hidekazu. "THE EARLY 18TH CENTURY FRANCE AND MAISON DE PLAISANCE : A study on the trend of architectural thought between France and Germany in 18th century enlightenment Part 1." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 64, no. 523 (1999): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.64.315.

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Jang, Jin-youp. "Brush Talks and Poetry Exchange in Travel Journals by the T’ongsinsa of 1711 and 1719." Research of the Korean Classic 57 (May 31, 2022): 235–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20516/classic.2022.57.235.

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This study aims to review the brush talks and poetry exchanges included in the 18th century travel journals produced by the T’ongsinsa (通信使, the Chosŏn envoy to Tokugawa Japan) of 1711 and 1719. First, the brush talks from the T’ongsinsa travel journals of each era were examined. The T’ongsinsa of 1711 produced three different records. Cho Tae’ŏk’s Tongsarok includes exchanged poetry—95 verses under 74 titles. Im Sukwan’s Tongsailgi contains an independent account of brush talk titled Kangguanp’iltam, while Kim Hyŏnmun’s Tongsarok only documented significant episodes from the brush talks and poetry exchanges. Regarding the T’ongsinsa of 1719, the letters exchanged while negotiating diplomatic procedures were included in Haesaillok by Hong Ch’ijung. Chung Hukyo‘s Pusanggihaeng, in its diary portion, provided summarized accounts of the brush talks and poetry exchanges that took place in each era, and then provided 74 verses of exchanged poetry and 11 verses of original rhymes written by the Japanese. Sin Yuhan’s Haeyurok contains nearly 70 entries in diary, and Munkyŏnjapnok provides 36 accounts of brush talks and poetry exchange, showing a clear difference from the records produced in the previous era. Three aspects of the inclusion of the brush talk in these travel journals—produced by the T’ongsinsa of 1711 and 1719—are noteworthy. First, the T’ongsinsa travel journals of this period include more accounts of brush talks, as more such talks were held then. Second, people were becoming more open to the idea of leaving records of the brush talks. The term “brush talk” (筆談) appears frequently in the travel journals of this era, implying its increased recognition as a mode of communication that could be distinguished from the spoken word. Such notion led to a greater focus on “what was being said” in the brush talks than the mere fact that they occurred. The third aspect relates to the characteristics of narrative style. There are two stylistic characteristics apparent in 18th century brush talks in T’ongsinsa travel journals: recapitulation and reproduction of conversation. The former was widely used in T’ongsinsa travel journals of this era, while the latter was partly employed in Pusanggihaeng, and openly utilized in Haeyurok. Haeyurok in particular strategically employed the records of the brush talks in relations to the purpose of writing his travel journal—an important characteristic succeeded by the travel journals of later eras, including Wŏn Chunggŏ’s Sŭingsarok. The most crucial trait of the records of brush talks in 18th century T’ongsinsa travel journals is that an active consciousness formed regarding the utility of “brush talks” as a means of communication, and that its end product came to be employed as an object “worth documenting.” These findings may well be given consideration when examining the accounts of brush talks from Chosŏn envoys’ travel journals produced in later periods.

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Randolph, John. "The Singing Coachman or, The Road and Russia's Ethnographic Invention in Early Modern Times." Journal of Early Modern History 11, no. 1-2 (2007): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006507780385044.

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AbstractScholars agree that the first modern ethnographic traditions surrounding Russia developed in travel accounts written by foreigners in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. These laid the foundations for a 'national turn' in Russian belles-lettres in the late 18th century. Yet scholars have paid relatively little attention to the history of the coach system, known as the iam, that made travel writing about Muscovy possible. Many foreign travelers—as well as Imperial Russian hommes des lettres —were fascinated by the figures of Russia's iamshchiki, the state peasants who manned the state-organized coach system. The lives and expressions of these coachmen were often taken as proxies for Russia's national character. This article describes this process, demonstrating how the iam system provided a practical as well as a symbolic frame for the making of early conceptions of Russian nationality.

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Pezda, Jan. "Tourism. Retrotopian Time-Travel (part one)." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 19, no. 2 (2021): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2021.2.9.

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The study historicizes the phenomenon of the tourism as a purely modern variety of the mobility of which inner morphology began to take form at the turn of the 19th century. First, the study draws on the innovative approach of Hasso Spode, historian of mentality, who has a profound influence over contemporary research of the history of tourism in German historiography. Using his theoretical framing, the study discloses how a travel that, from the late 18th century, had a diverse set of motives, experiences, ideas and practices, started to be cemented by a psychomental foundation: the tourist gaze. Then, the study interprets tourism as the product of spatialization of time and temporalization of space. Finally, the article, using Zygmunt Bauman´s theoretical conception of “retrotopia“, clips today´s form of tourism together with its primordial form and leads to the conclusion that tourism as a controversial phenomenon of modern times is endowed with human nostalgia, romance, a never-ending desire for authenticity as well as an eternal obsession with the idea of “progress” encompassing also utopian notions.

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Choi, Yoojin. "A Study on Marchande de Modes in the late 18th Century France." Journal of the Korean Society of Costume 65, no. 3 (April 30, 2015): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7233/jksc.2015.65.3.015.

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Bertrand, B., T. Colard, C. Lacoche, J. F. Salomé, and S. Vatteoni. "An Original Case of Tin Dental Fillings from 18th Century Northern France." Journal of Dental Research 88, no. 3 (March 2009): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034508329872.

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Charlier, Philippe. "Oldest medical description of a near death experience (NDE), France, 18th century." Resuscitation 85, no. 9 (September 2014): e155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.05.039.

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Maggetti, M., J. Rosen, and V. Serneels. "The Origin of 18th-19th Century Tin-Glazed Pottery from Lorraine, France." Archaeometry 57, no. 3 (April 8, 2014): 426–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12098.

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Bols, Peter E. J., and Hannelore F. M. De porte. "The Horse Catalyzed Birth of Modern Veterinary Medicine in 18th-Century France." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 41 (June 2016): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.04.003.

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Brennan, Thomas. "Taverns in the Public Sphere in 18th-Century Paris." Contemporary Drug Problems 32, no. 1 (March 2005): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090503200104.

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The 18th-century Parisian tavern was public space that lay beyond the private spheres of home, family, or corporate identity. Taverns, like markets or roads, were without inherent order, so they required the ordering of public authority. For much of the old regime, taverns illustrate the public sphere in its subjection to public control. A second public sphere, found in the coffeehouses of Britain and the cafés of France, was a place of intellectual and social exchange that gradually challenged the royal monopoly on public issues. Yet taverns demonstrated the evolution of a third public sphere from a space monopolized by royal control to one in which the populace constituted a public with its own discursive practices and norms. In their increasingly autonomous use of taverns, the people of Paris were developing a model of behavior that extended to the political life of the city during the French Revolution.

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Ricorda, Ricciarda. "Il confronto tra culture nelle relazioni di viaggio del secondo settecento italiano: Alberto Fortis e Saverio Scrofani." Acta Neophilologica 45, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2012): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.45.1-2.119-128.

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Travel writing is a literary space particularly promoting moments of cross-cultural contact. In 18th century, Enlightenment new ideas encourage the production of odeporics in Italian literature, while writers and readersʼ interest for this genre increases conspicuously. The article mainly focuses on two travel books suggesting some remarkable research cues, Viaggio in Dalmazia by Alberto Fortis and Viaggio in Grecia by Saverio Scrofani, considering the travellersʼ specific approach and depiction of local people and analyzing their capability to turn these experiences into occasions to get closer to the Others and to represent them.

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Tseng, Chin-Yin, and Xinchun Wang. "Scientists Among Merchants: Linnaeus’s “Apostles” Aboard Vessels of the Swedish East India Company and the Advancement of Scientific Travels." China and the World 03, no. 03 (September 2020): 2050010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729320500108.

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In its 82 years of existence, the Swedish East India Company, neither large nor powerful with regard to its economic significance, made an impact on the pursuit of scientific knowledge that lasted beyond the 18th-century maritime trade world. As the “apostles” of Carl Linnaeus traveled amidst the sailors and merchants aboard the vessels to Asia, these 18th-century naturalists reified the spirit of scientific research in its most primordial form: to collect as much material as quickly as possible, and, ideally, in a manner characterized by discipline, order, and efficiency. This type of systematized scientific travel developed in the 18th-century East Indian trade was carried over into the Swedish intellectual tradition in the 19th-century polar exploration and the early 20th-century geological-turned-archaeological expeditions in Asia, motivated by “curiosity” instead of “utility”. This was not necessarily by their own choice, but at the constraint of the historical reality that Sweden, following the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, lacked both the means and the motivation to harbor any military or colonial aspirations beyond her sovereign territory. Against the greater geopolitical scheme of things since the Age of Enlightenment, while commercial, political, and strategic motives informed the exploration of distant continents by the European powers, Sweden was forced to rely on a more modest, but certainly no less vigorous, motive — science itself.

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Krasheninnikova, Olga A. "Travellings Around Western Europe and Russia in A. T. Bolotov’s Memoirs." Two centuries of Russian classics 4, no. 4 (2022): 6–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2686-7494-2022-4-4-6-37.

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Based on the autobiographical notes of A. T. Bolotov, the article traces the main stages of the spiritual development of a Russian nobleman-landowner of the mid‑18th century through his travels in Western Europe and provincial Russia. Western civilization and culture, which the hero met while serving in Koenigsberg, gave a powerful impetus to the spiritual formation of the young memoirist. Returning to his small homeland and subsequent travels around Russia helped him gain a sense of root connection with his native soil through the creation of a family, communication with numerous relatives, through attachment to the family estate as a place of application of the creative forces of the soul. In the course of comparing the two stages of Bolotov’s life, the author of the article concludes that the small homeland is of great importance in the process of forming the personality of the hero of the 18th century during the era of the Russian Enlightenment. The author of the article proves that Bolotov was a type of character of the 18th century, harmoniously combining Western idealism (pietism) and Russian pochvenism. Particular attention is paid to the descriptions of the hero’s travels in provincial Russia, which are assessed as an original and innovative phenomenon in Russian travel literature of the late 18th – early 19th centuries.

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Martineau, France. "Perspectives sur le changement linguistique : aux sources du français canadien." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 50, no. 1-4 (December 2005): 173–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100003704.

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AbstractThis article examines the origins of Canadian French, focusing on it morphosyntax. This approach compares written sources, both literary and non-literary, for the 19th century, to oral sources, for the middle and end of the 20th century. While it is still possible to use oral sources from the 20th century as a baseline for written sources from the end of the 19th century, this approach is more problematic for earlier centuries. The negative adverbs pas et point are examined on the basis of a corpus of old Canadian French, and it is shown that the progression of pas with respect to point was more rapid in the context of verbal negation than in the context of argument negation in France, in New France, and in Canada. During the 18th century, even though the progression of pas, as compared to point, is parallel in France and in New France, it is nevertheless the case that certain regions of France that served as sources of immigration to Canada as well as certain social groups in New France use point more frequently. The 19th century sees a progression and a uniformization of the variant pas across all social classes in Quebec. In Ontario, the variant point was conserved until a later date in its southern border region.

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Sadoch, Elżbieta. "Tesori di arte sacra a Venezia e Padova nelle descrizioni dei viaggiatori polacchi del XVIII secolo." Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio 48, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 278–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v48i4.950.

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In the 18th century, Italian sanctuaries played an important religious and cultural role, especially in Venice and Padua. They were visited by Polish wanderers during their trips around Europe, for example: diplomatic missions, pilgrimages, educational or tourist trips. They recorded their impressions from visiting these places in the form of descriptions in diaries, journals and itineraries. Reading the reports from the expeditions provides valuable insights on the mentality, customs of upbringing, as well as the religious and aesthetic experiences of eighteenth-century adventurers. The article aims to present the ways in which the collections of sacred art were perceived by Polish travelers from the 18th century. The analysis of their accounts, especially the fragments concerning the sanctuaries in Venice and Padua, will serve to present the literary covenants used by Polish wanderers. It should also answer the questions which tendencies dominated in the travel literature of that time, what phrases and formulations were used, and what items were paid special attention to.

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Sztana-Kovács, Adrienn. "The Population of Fejér County in the 18th Century Through the Eyes of Foreign Travellers." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2014-0013.

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Abstract Lack of source material makes it difficult to examine the population history of the times of the Ottoman domination in Fejér county. Therefore it is inevitable to use memoirs, travel diaries, travel books and country descriptions penned by foreign travellers. In our study we are following the change of the image of the Hungarians, and the images of other ethnic groups as they appear in the memoirs of foreign visitors. In this paper we compare the descriptions of different ethnic groups inhabiting the county in the 18th century. We are interested in the following questions: first, how much of these descriptions are based on personal experience; secondly, to what extent these books reflect their authors’ experiences or they are rather influenced by stereotypes of their age or earlier periods

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Bardet, Nathalie. "The Mosasaur collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle of Paris." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.183.1.35.

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AbstractTaking advantage of the venue in Paris of the Third Mosasaur Meeting (May 2010), the mosasaur collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) have been entirely checked and revised. The French holotypes have all been restored and most specimens kept at the MNHN have been placed in the Paleontology Gallery as part as a small exhibition organized especially for the meeting. The MNHN mosasaur collections include specimens from the 18th, 19th and 20th century from France, The Netherlands, Belgium, the United States of America, Morocco, Syria, Jordan, Egypt and Niger. Most of the mosasaur specimens discovered in France – including most holotypes – are kept in Paris. Besides the French types, the MNHN collections include several important historical specimens from abroad, the most famous being undoubtedly the Cuvier’s ‘Grand Animal Fossile des Carrières de Maestricht’, type specimen of Mosasaurus hoffmanniMantell, 1829, recognized as the first mosasaur to be named. This work aims to briefly present most of these specimens, with special focus on those found in France. The MNHN mosasaurid collections as a whole reflects the development of palaeontological researches in this Institution, from its foundation at the end of the 18th century up to the present time.

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Miloserdov, D. Yu. "Artillery in the khanates of Central Asia in the 18th — early 20th centuries according to memoir sources and travel sketches." Orientalistica 6, no. 3-4 (November 19, 2023): 509–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2023-6-3-4-509-533.

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The article is devoted to the formation of artillery in the khanates of Central Asia in the period of the middle of the 18th – early 20th centuries. The references to cannons and the development of artillery and auxiliary industries in the Khiva and Kokand khanates, as well as in the Emirate of Bukhara, according to written sources from the since the beginning of the 18th century, have been studied. The memoirs of officers of the Russian Empire about the use of artillery in the armies of the khanates of Central Asia are analyzed.

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Garcés García, Pilar. "Symbolic interpretation of sea songs and shanties in sea travel writing." HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities Review / Revista Internacional de Humanidades 11, Monográfico (December 21, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4193.

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Travel writing is characterized by a narrative discourse that describes landscapes, transforms adventure into a mythical journey and reveals the fears of humankind. The sea gathers momentum when the protagonists overcome the fear of death. However, the significance of the tune of sea songs has not been adequately highlighted, being relegated as side special effects that embellish the narration. The aim of this paper is to analyze the symbolical element of the songs to foreground its function in sea travel writing in the English and American fiction from the 18th to the 21st century accounts, and their symbolic implication.

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Cleary, Richard. "Romancing the Tome; Or an Academician's Pursuit of a Popular Audience in 18th-Century France." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990352.

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The Parisian building industry prospered throughout most of the 18th century serving a wide range of clients. At one end of the scale were the members of the nobility and amateurs of architecture who approached the design of a building with a well-trained eye and an ability to speak of the principles governing good taste. The majority of clients, however, had little if any knowledge of or interest in art theory and relied on instinct, fashion, and the advice of experts. Concern for the effect an untutored public could have on the future of French architecture led Jacques-François Blondel, the foremost architectural educator of the 18th century, to develop specialized approaches for reaching potential clients. These included courses for nonprofessionals at his Ecole des Arts and a novel, L'Homme du monde éclairé par les arts (1774), written in collaboration with Jean-François Bastide, a man of letters who was the author of another work of fiction featuring architecture, "La Petite Maison" (1758).

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Woobong Chung. "The Meaning of Mt. Baekdu Travel Journals and Its Meaning in the 18th Century." DAEDONG MUNHWA YEON'GU ll, no. 100 (December 2017): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.18219/ddmh..100.201712.83.

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Lopez Beltran, Carlos. "« Les maladies héréditaires » : 18th century disputes in France/Les maladies héréditaires : controverses au XVIIIe siècle en France." Revue d'histoire des sciences 48, no. 3 (1995): 307–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rhs.1995.1234.

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Bandura, Agnieszka. "Osiemnastowieczna sztuka podróży a formowanie się nowoczesnej koncepcji podmiotu." Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia 18, no. 2 (September 22, 2023): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1895-8001.18.2.3.

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The 17th and 18th centuries were exceptionally important in Western philosophy for the problematization and formation of the modern concept of subjectivity. Conceptions of the subject formulated in that period drew both from the rational, Cartesian tradition, and from the irrational elements that preceded 19th-century Romanticism; they were also anchored in everyday praxis. The explorations of reality, and limitations of one’s ego exposed in the uncommon situation of travel or wandering, fi ll the writing (philosophical and otherwise) of the 18th century. Its proliferation laid the theoretical foundations for the eponymous “art of travelling,” and for conceptions of the subject which were opposed to radical rationalist ones. The attempts to defi ne human being as an “unfi nished project,” becoming itself in the experience of travelling, creating, and being created, rather than a finite and static res cogitans, support the vision of the subject known in contemporary philosophy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Travel in France (18th century)'

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