Academic literature on the topic 'TRAVEL / Special Interest / Business'

PT. Cahaya Tedung Abadi Holiday is a business that handles tour ticket sales, travel documents, tour guide services, hotel reservation and sales of tour packages. To anticipate the traveler visits that always fluctuated and competition with other travel agency, need to be design tour package marketing strategy. So PT. Cahaya Tedung Abadi Holiday can optimize the strength, opportunities, and minimize the weaknesses and threats. The goal is to find alternative are strategies and programs that can be implemented by PT. Cahaya Tedung Abadi Holiday in selling tour package. Data collection techniques using the method of observation, in-depth interviews, library research and documentation. Researchers used a key informant Mr. I Gusti Sudarsana, two employees and sales marketing products as an informant base. This research is a descriptive qualitative with Matrix SWOT approach and the marketing mix. Alternative strategies that can be implemented by PT. Cahaya Tedung Abadi Holiday are : (a) create and develop tourism products strategy by creating new innovative tourism products and a special interest tour packages, (b) market segmentation strategy development with opportunities to develop a broader market, (c) increased promotion strategy by advertising, brochures and collaboration with TV channel with tourism programs information, (d) improve the quality of products and services strategies by redesigning the tour packages program more interesting in order the tourists interested to buy tour packages, maintaining cleanliness and tidiness of the vehicle and driver guides during tours and reemphasize tourism products according to the company market share. The suggestion for the company to expand its market share in order to survive the competition of other travel agencies, companies should increase the workforce to be more rapid and responsive in accepting tour packages purchases and fixed preserve good relations with related companies such as the hotel, restaurant, overseas agent, transport and tourism destination managers.

This article analyzes the main technological drivers of changes in the market of tourist services that have occurred recently. The basic trends in the development of the tourist market have been studied. It is concluded that today the majority of tourists use the resources of the Internet when organizing travel. The basic trends in the development of the tourist services market over the past few years were reviewed, highlighting the main aspects. The tendency of diversification of the tourist business and expansion of the product offer due to direct online distribution has been noted.The main driver of the development of the tourist market was the change in consumer behavior of tourists and their “movement” into the Internet space. An important trend is the increasing interest of tour operators to the B2C segment with the simultaneous offer of services for direct online distribution on corporate sites. It was revealed the active development of aggregators (consolidators) of tourist services in the market, a high level of capitalization of digital companies in the field of tourism.The technological drivers in the market of tourist services included the activities of search engines, first of all, Yandex and Google, as well as the development of start-ups offering special, highly specialized services for tourists.

The research is located at Peliatan Village Ubud Bali. The purpose of this research is 1) to identify the potential of natural tourism at Peliatan Village Ubud, 2) to examine contribution of the development of natural tourism to the local community's economy at Peliatan Village Ubud, 3) to formulate the natural tourism development model at Peliatan Village Ubud. The results showed that the potentials of natual tourism at Peliatan Village are a natural panorama, river, springs, rice fields, flora and fauna. Natural tourism activities that can be developed are tracking, cycling, rural tourism, outbound tours, camping tours, natural education tours, flora and fauna observation tours. The contribution of natural tourism to the local community economy is to directly open new jobs for the community, such as tour guides, ticket guards, parking attendants, Balinese food and beverages sellers, business men on food stalls / restaurants, lodging, making souvenirs, Balinese food, making camping, other outbound activities. It is directly improving the ability of the community to save, sending children to a higher level education. It indirectly could increase income of local community, attract investors to build hotels and inns. Natural tourism development model at Peliatan Village is a SO Strategy: developing new tourist attraction, cooperating with Balinese investors from outside the area to develop natural tourism attraction, penetrating foreign tourist market on special interest in nature, developing potential market of foreign tourists being interested in natural tourism, establishing cooperation with travel agent / wholesaler of special interest tourist market, developing tourism event, and developing micro business. WO Strategy: improving the quality of the natural environment by maintaining the cleanliness of the natural environment, training natural tourist guides, providing broader and more interesting natural tourism information, designing exciting natural tourism packages, developing private-community partnerships, providing and mapping potential diversity data at tourist destination. Strategy ST: reforestating, controlling erosion, analyzing the influence of the behavior of number of tourist, waste generated, developing plans, protecting regional agreement, cooperating with tourism actors and stakeholders, ensuring the security of Peliatan Village. WT Strategy: counseling, formulating, and implementing Code of Conduct (COC) product of marketed natural attraction, strengthening organization or association of entrepreneurs and tourism professionals, establishing and / or strengthening of organization of village organization to prevent environmental degradation, coaching community on green tourism, and doing research on natural tourism and its impact on local communities. Index Terms— Environmental Dispute, Procedural Law, Class Action lawsuit

As the articles in this special section show, railways mark out urban experience in very distinctive ways. In the introduction, Steven D. Spalding makes plain there is no clear relationship between railway development and the shape and size of cities. For many cities, suburban rail travel has been either substantially insignificant or a relative latecomer as a factor in urban growth and suburbanization. Walking, tramways and the omnibus may indeed have had a much greater impact on built form, yet the cultural impact of railways on the city life should not be minimized. Iconic city stations are both objects of civic pride and socially heterogeneous gateways to the promise of a better urban life. The physical presence of substantial tracts of infrastructure, viaducts, freight yards and warehousing, divide and segregate residential districts encouraging and reinforcing status differentials between communities. Subways, metros, and suburban railways open on to the often grubby quotidian underbelly of city life whilst marking out a psychic divide between work and domesticity, city and suburb. Railways not only produced new forms of personal mobility but by defining the contours, parameters, and possibilities of this experience, they have come to help shape how we think about ourselves as urbanized individuals and societies. The chapters in this special section mark out some of this territory in terms of, for example: suburbanization, landscape, and nationhood (Joyce); the abstractions of urban form implicit in the metro map (Schwetman); the underground as a metaphor for the topologically enfolded interconnections of urban process (Masterson-Algar); and the competing lay and professional interests freighting urban railway development (Soppelsa). In the introduction Spalding is right to stress both the multiple ways that railways shape urban experience and the complex processes that continuously shape and re-shape urban cultures as sites of contest and sometimes conflict. As Richter suggests, in the nineteenth century only rail travel demanded the constant and simultaneous negotiation of both urban social disorder and the systematic ordering associated with large technological systems and corporate business. Thus “the railroad stood squarely at the crossroad of the major social, business, cultural and technological changes remaking national life during the second half of the nineteenth century.”

The development of domestic tourism - strategic goal of the state that is achieved by the implementation of the measures in various areas of tourism development, both at the federal level and regional. Of particular interest are industrial developed regions, among them the Perm region occupies a special place because has great natural resources and well-developed industrial infrastructure, unique monuments of history. The development plans of the region, the presence of a developed industry require special attention in the organization of rest and recovery workers in various industries. In the Region implementing the state program for development of infrastructure of the tourist complex with funding through public-private partnerships, promotion of tourism resources in foreign and domestic tourist markets, the creation of the scientific base for the tourism development, the introduction of innovations in tourism. Priority directions in development are conference and business tourism, active, cultural, educational and cultural event, primary wellness tourism, cruise tourism, which is confirmed by the research. The state program envisages measures to increase the attractiveness of the region as a tourist destination. The article analyses the problems and directions of tourism development on the basis of systematic approach. The analysis showed that the elements of the system approach in the program are not implemented, but the possibilities for their implementation are: the development of public-private partnership, development of selfregulation and the use of tourist information centers. Authors give the suggestions for the implementation of public-private partnerships, the strengthening of state control and attraction of public organizations in the sphere of tourism, evaluation, staff development, motivation of the travel industry in the field of quality assurance.

Referring to current phenomena and consumer behaviour in tourism, this article develops the concept of conspicuous non-consumption. It addresses the deliberate avoidance of (over)spending during holidays and states that this behaviour may be just as conspicuous and provide social signals that are just as strong as those connected to the consumption of expensive luxury goods. The conceptual development is based on a combination of the two dichotomies of ‘consumption versus non-consumption’ and ‘conspicuous versus inconspicuous’, resulting in four conceptually distinctive categories of behaviour: conspicuous consumption, conspicuous non-consumption, inconspicuous non-consumption and conspicuous non-consumption. The latter, conspicuous non-consumption, is of special interest in this article, exemplified through personal vignettes. Explorative readings of travel blogs lead to the identification of five themes that characterize conspicuous non-consumption in tourism: ‘identity building’, ‘recycling, upcycling and repurposing’, ‘spiritualizing’, ‘retreating and detoxing’ and ‘slowing down’. Usually, tourism innovation policies are characterized by a ritual growth compulsion, and do not celebrate non-consumption, which is found to be synonymous with non-innovation. This is a paradox for the timely modernizing of tourist services and destinations. Increasingly, there is a need to reorient innovation and to give consideration to how the innovation of ‘nothing’ can also undergo a distinctive progression and even contribute positively to tourism economies. This article highlights the entry points for innovation at the tourism business and destination levels.

This paper discusses the results of a study aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the Russian tourism market and how local tourism enterprises respond to challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Summarizing their experience of doing business in crisis conditions can allow a more efficient response to similar crises in the future and contribute to a more resilient tourism sector in the aftermath of the pandemic. In order to meet the research objective, we combined various sources of operational statistical information about the state of the industry with the results of a survey conducted in the Nizhny Novgorod region and in-depth interviews with representatives of tourism enterprises. We found that Russian tourism enterprises have proved to be quite resilient by looking for additional opportunities, and paying special attention to staff development and team consolidation. However, there are problems faced by local tourism enterprises in obtaining state support. Therefore, tourism enterprises that rely on themselves and innovate to create services and products adjusted to new customer needs and preferences have a better chance to survive. In particular, the wider use of digital marketing instruments helps SMEs to propose a new value for customers aligned to the new requirements and trends in tourism, such as travel security, prevailing interest in individual and short-term trips for short distances, and the sharply increased demand for domestic tourism destinations.

The development of tourist destinations is very important to increase the return of traveler to Lake Toba, North Sumatra. The Aek Nauli Elephant Conservation Camp (ANECC) is one of the locations that being developed in the Special Purpose Forest Region (SPFR) of Aek Nauli as a location conservation and scientific tourism for Sumatran elephants. Elephant was chosen an 'icon' for new ecotourism because them are animals that attract communities. This study aims to obtain information about knowledge and visitor perceptions as well as policy recommendations to develop elephant scientific tourism for supporting the tourist visits to Lake Toba in ANECC, SPFR of Aek Nauli, North Sumatra. This research was conducted in the ANECC area for six months, starting from May to October 2018. Data collection were used by questionnaires and interviews. Respondents are ANECC visitors who were selected by using the purposive random sampling method. Data analysis is carried out quantitatively whit frequency tables. The results showed that visitors knowledge about the existence of elephant ecotourism came from friends and social media. They visited ANECC for curiosity and interest in the presence of elephants. Perception of 85% respondents is positive for elephant scientific tourism because of good service, elephant attractions presentation and adequate facilities and free. The policy references are recommended for the ANECC development as follows implement to animal welfare and health for elephants, reinforce coordination and communication between managers, develop cooperation with business society (travel and hotels), to make ecotourism packages that integrated with Lake Toba, improve promotion through internet marketing and social networking and collaborating with local communities.

With industry lobby groups and optimizing politicians, I have derived trade policies endogenously for a small open economy using game-theoretic approach. I have extensively studied the effects of linkages among industries on their structure of endogenous protection for vertically related industries, horizontally related industries, and for industries which have multiple linkages both through production and consumption. In vertically related industries, I have found that the structure of protection of a downstream (upstream) industry depends on the nature of backward (forward) linkages. Among other results, I have shown that in Nash equilibrium, a downstream industry may support the protection of an upstream industry (a case so far considered a puzzle). In the second model, I have incorporated a non-traded good which is horizontally linked with the traded good and have shown that a non-traded industry can derive protection by lobbying in trade policy formulation. Even if only the non-traded good industry is organized, it distorts what otherwise would have been the free trade situation. It is shown that if the traded and the non-traded good industries are producing gross substitutes (complements) the lobby groups representing these two industries reinforce (cancel) each others' efforts to obtain higher profit. In the third model, I have studied the effects of multiple linkages among industries on the structure of protection. It is shown that there is no one-to-one correspondence between the representation of an industry by a lobby group and its protection through an import tariff or export tax. The net effect of lobbying of an industry depends on how its lobbying activity is neutralized or reinforced by other lobby groups. This model could explain the protection episodes of sugar, sugar user, textile, apparel and wheat industries in the United States. Besides deriving various theoretical results, given taste and technology parameters. I have solved the three-stage game of endogenous trade policy numerically and computed the Pareto efficient frontier. The frontier may be a single point or a line segment. If the frontier is a single point, the game has a unique truthful Nash equilibrium, whereas if it is a line segment, it has a continuum of truthful Nash equilibria.

L’intérêt social est la raison d’être principale de la règlementation des conventions réglementées. Il est délimité par des intérêts voisins et par l’intérêt personnel abrité par ces conventions, dont le jeu conflictuel peut léser la société. L’existence d’un conflit et de sa justification peuvent être présumées. L'intérêt social est désormais celui de l’entreprise vue dans son contexte économique large. Un intérêt de groupe est distinctement reconnu. La qualification des conventions sert à identifier celles qui doivent être contrôlées. La mise en oeuvre de la protection de l’intérêt social s’opère à travers la prévention des conflits d’intérêts, moyennant une révélation de l'intérêt personnel. Cette révélation déclenche la procédure d'appréciation par les organes sociaux concernés. Des garanties législatives et jurisprudentielles assurent la primauté de l’intérêt social, par la limitation de l’exercice de certains droits et par l’application judiciaire stricte du respect des obligations légales qui pèsent sur les intéressés. La convention frauduleuse est nulle. Celle non autorisée qui est préjudiciable à la société est annulable; et ses conséquences sont supportées par l’intéressé qui engage sa responsabilité civile et même parfois sa responsabilité pénale. La comparaison du traitement de ce sujet dans les trois systèmes juridiques libanais, français et américains a dévoilé des failles dans les deux premiers ; des projets de réforme sont proposés
The corporate interest is the main reason behind the regulation of related party transactions. Its limits are defined by similar interests and the personal interest embodied in these transactions. The inter-action of these conflicting interests may harm the company. The existence of a conflict and of its justification may be presumed. The corporate interest is from now on that of the enterprise seen within its wide economic context and the interest of a group of companies is distinctively acknowledged. The qualification of those transactions helps identify those that are subject to scrutiny. The protection of the corporate interest is achieved by the prevention of the conflicts of interests through the disclosure of the personal interest. This disclosure triggers the concerned corporate bodies’ evaluation process. Legislative and jurisprudential guarantees ensure the predominance of the corporate interest through limitations on the exercise of certain rights and a strict judicial enforcement of legal duties laid on the interested party. The fraudulent transaction is void. The unauthorized one that is damaging to the company is voidable and its consequences are assumed by the interested party who may be exposed to civil and, sometimes, criminal liability. The comparison of the treatment of this subject in the Lebanese, French and American legal systems revealed the weaknesses in the first two; amendment proposals are made

O presente trabalho tem por objeto o estudo do instituto da incorporação de ações. Para tanto, será analisado, (i) no primeiro capítulo, o regime legal vigente e sua natureza jurídica, apresentando-se as diferenças em relação à operação de incorporação de sociedade, fazendo inclusive um contraste com o direito norte-americano; (ii) no segundo capítulo, a proteção dos acionistas minoritários em operações de incorporação de controlada e eventual impedimento de voto do acionista controlador, analisando-se os recentes pareceres de orientação emitidos pela CVM; (iii) no terceiro capítulo, o estudo do instituto do tag along e do fechamento de capital e necessidade de realização de oferta pública em operações de incorporação de ações que impliquem transferência de controle ou cancelamento de registro de companhia aberta, à luz das últimas operações realizadas no mercado; (iv) no quarto capítulo, a discussão dos principais precedentes nos quais a CVM decidiu impor restrições ou impedir a realização de operações de incorporação de ações por entender ter havido um tratamento não equitativo entre os acionistas minoritários e controladores, com o objetivo de demonstrar a alteração do comportamento do órgão regulador no decorrer dos anos
The present work aims the study of the stock-for-stock exchange transactions (incorporação de ações). For this purpose, it will be examined (i) in the first part, the current legal regime and legal nature, contemplating differences with the statutory merger (incorporação de sociedade), including a comparison with the US law, (ii) in the second part, the protection of minority shareholders in the context of parent-subsidiary mergers and possible exclusion from voting of the controlling shareholder, taking into account the recent opinions issued by the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM), (iii) in the third part, the study of the tag along rights and the regulation for delisting companies and the need to conduct a tender offer in stock-for-stock exchange transactions involving transfer of control or delisting of a publicly-held company in light of recent transactions, and (iv) in the fourth part, the discussion of the key precedents on which CVM has decided to impose restrictions or prevent the conduct of stock-for-stock transaction under the understanding that there was inequitable treatment of minority shareholders and controlling shareholders, in order to demonstrate the change of the CVMs understanding over the years.

碩士
世新大學
觀光學研究所(含碩專班)
106
The vast growth of internet / information technology have made our daily life moreefficiency and convenient. Especially Websites and Apps are being widely used in the travel and tourism industry (Travel agencies, Airlines, Hotels, Rental companies). An App or website helps to connect customers better and reduces their dependencies on travel agents. The travel industry was facing the gradual decline of bricks-and-mortar gents. In order to survive and prosper in the sustainable future, therefore agencies should more focus on specialization and thematic travel products. As well as needing to introduce added value to their offering and propose only niche services catering to specific lifestyles. This research will study the marketing strategy on the Specialization & Thematic travel products. A qualitative approach to data collection will be conducted In depth interviews with 10 Travel Agent managers and tourists. The main results are summarized as follows: Specific thematic travel products mainly focus on sport related activities, such as Golf , Cycling .etc. As thematic tours can be customized following private group’s requests and specific needs and selling tour package to public would be unnecessary. In terms of the Marketing strategy will target on internet approaches. Pricing is subject to customized itinerary according clients’ preferences. In order to thrive in the ever changing and unpredictable environment, we need toexecute and adjust our Marketing strategies accordingly. In this research, I hope myanalysis could be helpful for the future of travel agency.

碩士
銘傳大學
觀光研究所碩士在職專班
96
The purpose of this research mainly in Class A travel agent of special-interest tour product differentiation strategy, and to study and analysis the efficiency of product differentiation according to the actual management strategy course on the special-interest tour products in Class A travel agent industry. This study is the type of exploratory research, using qualitative research methods. Prior to the interview prepared outline, semi-structured interviews with collect the relevant information. As the special-interest tour and product differentiation is difficult to define awareness. Therefore, the researchers first tour through the Ming Chuan University''s Graduate Institute of the working class and of serving teachers, a pre-test of pre-trial questionnaire. Then defined the special-interest tour and product differentiation. So, it can be established and operated. In accordance with the information-purposive sampling method, selected four senior managers were involved in the industry researcher of the object, and depth interviews. The results showed that Class A travel agencies tend to be small scale. That is, companies belonging to small-scale business model and toward to a single type of product as the main special-interest tour operators. Product differentiation strategy is very clear, are directed at the small minority of the passenger market as the main business scope of operating. The greatest motivation is profit rate. In addition, the tourism product design and considerations on the fundamental factors are the same. Consideration of travel days tend to be longer days itinerary; tourism products to the cultural depth and the natural landscape to attract consumers; operating efficiency can be divided into two areas, tangible economic benefits, the profits are substantial; while intangible economic benefits is upgrading the corporate image. Class A travel agent; the product of the difficult operating mainly from airline flights in difficult to get the ticket and special vehicle, such as the sleep seat of railway is very difficult to control. However, the executive of travel agent knows how to avoid these problems. They operated in a reverse method. They decentralized the tickets sources or switch to other sources of vehicle to solve the above problems. In services, the Class A travel agent has been the most competitive advantages of this subject. Class A travel agent is seeking economies of scale business model and adopt sophisticated operations; the delicate service is kind of difficult for a large-scale comprehensive travel agent to do. In addition, Class A travel agent in product innovation and R & D capabilities, are better than large-scale comprehensive travel agent. Class A travel agent can satisfy consumers demand for tourism products and services. Therefore, the mix and change of products can offset the problems of imitation and plagiarism products. Although, Class A travel agent has a lot of competitive advantages in operation level, but the impact of low-priced competition from the large-scale comprehensive travel agent still can not be avoided. This is a urgent problem that Class A travel agent need to work hard to solve it.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
企業管理系
107
In tourism, the higher level of psychological well-being lead to the higher level of travel satisfaction. However, there are individual differences in the perception of tourists. In this paper, we use two studies to test the degree of psychological well-being and travel satisfaction influenced by personality and the type of special interest tourism. In Study 1, we design experiments with different personality tendencies for two types of special interest tourism (nature /legacy tourism) and find that travelers have higher level of psychological well-being and travel satisfaction in the special interest tourism which is consistent with their personality. In Study 2, we divide the special interest tourism (adventure travel/legacy tourism) into different questionnaires, each containing the same destination, trying to make travelers feel different levels of emotional stimulation. In adventure tourism, Itinerary 1 conveys the concept of challenging and learning new skills (strong stimulus), and the concept conveyed by itinerary 2 is relatively weak (weak stimulus); In the legacy tourism, we use different ways to describe the same itinerary. The first type is to emphasize the World Heritage-related title of the destination, to convey the high level of brand promise in the destination (strong stimulus), while the second type only conveys that travelers can deepen their understanding of the cultural and artistic monuments (weak stimulation). We find that travelers are effected by emotional stimuli in the special interest tourism that are consistent with their personality. When the emotional stimuli of travelers are strong, personality have an indirect effect on travel satisfaction via psychological well-being；furthermore, the travel satisfaction of incremental theorists will be higher than that of entity theorists.

Food and travelling are topics that have become more and more popular throughout the last decade. Many synonyms can describe the combination of the two activities but one of the most popular, as pointed in the literature review, is culinary tourism. The conjunction of the topics has become more and more critical for most of the travellers, opening up various opportunities for marketers, researchers and business investors. Hence, the thesis aims to give an overall analysis of what is the food industry concerning marketing and hospitality. The aim has been to get further than that and proving that local food and local food displayed on social media, can modify the travel intention of food and travel passionates. The data collection and analysis has been performed through quantitative analysis. The tool that has been used is a questionnaire, administered online. The questionnaire was based on six different and verified scales. Respondents were found from many diverse nations of the world. It is possible to say that the significant findings of this research prompted that there is, in fact, an influence and a correlation between food motivation, food image and motivation for local food consumption, and intentions to travel, meanwhile moderated by the social media and past behaviours.
Gastronomia e viagens são tópicos que se tornaram cada vez mais populares na última década. A combinação destas duas atividades pode ser descrita de diversas formas, mas uma das mais comuns, como esclarecido na revisão da literatura, é “turismo gastronómico”. A conjugação destes dois temas tem-se tornado cada vez mais importante para a maioria dos turistas, abrindo inúmeras oportunidades para marketers, investigadores e investidores empresariais. Deste modo, a presente tese tem como objetivo proporcionar uma análise global da indústria gastronómica no contexto do marketing e no setor hoteleiro. Para além disto, a finalidade da dissertação é a de prova que a gastronomia local, e gastronomia local presente nas redes sociais, pode modificar a intenção de viajar dos apaixonados por gastronomia e viagens. A recolha de dados e respetivo estudo foram efetuados através de análise quantitativa. A ferramenta utilizada foi um questionário, administrado online, com base em seis escalas verificadas. Os respondentes provinham de diversos países. É possível afirmar que os resultados principais proporcionados por esta investigação demonstram que há, de facto, influência e correlação entre motivação gastronómica, imagem gastronómica e motivação para consumo de gastronomia local, moderados por redes sociais e comportamentos/experiências anteriores.

Introduction The National Department of Tourism (NDT) identified the underutilisation of tourist attractions as a challenge facing South Africa’s tourism. According to eThekwini Municipality (2014) and Gauteng Provincial Government (2001), domestic business tourists, amongst others, visit tourist attractions. The likelihood of business tourists requesting that hotel front office staff arrange visits to tourist attractions is acknowledged in the literature. There is, however, a dearth of research investigating the relationship between hotel front office staff and business tourists’ intentions to visit tourist attractions (hereafter mostly referred to as business tourists’ visiting intentions). The conceptualisation of this relationship is discussed in the context of hotel front office staff, interest in tourist attractions, and business tourists’ visiting intentions. The proposed mediating role of Interest in tourist attractions is highlighted, which was tested statistically, while evidence is provided that Hotel front office staff, Interest in tourist attractions, and Business tourists’ visiting intentions can serve in a causal Model of Business Tourist’s Intentions of Visiting Tourist Attractions. The inclusion of these constructs in a causal model will enable hotel and tourist attractions managers develop strategies to attract business tourists. Main research question Against the background of Frazier, Tix and Barron’s (2004) and Ro’s (2012) Mediation Model, see section 1.3, the following main research question was proposed for the present study: Is the relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions mediated by Interest in tourist attractions in a Model of Business Tourists’ Intentions of Visiting Tourist Attractions? Literature review Based on the main research question, this study resulted in the proposal of a theoretical causal model for the mediating role of tourist attractions and a causal Model of Business Tourists’ Intentions of Visiting Tourist Attractions. The likelihood of the newly conceptualised Interest in tourist attractions as a mediator in the relationship between the Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions is evident in tourism literature. As far as could be determined, the influence of interest in tourist attractions in the relationship between hotel front office staff and business tourists’ visiting intentions has not been established to date. An extensive literature review was conducted to conceptualise hotel front office staff, interest in tourist attractions, and business tourists’ visiting intentions as constructs to include in the theoretical model from which the causal model was developed. Business tourists’ demographic details were investigated in the context of gender, age, and province. Research design A research design comprises the research approach and research method of a study. In the present research, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to generate the study’s primary data. A statistical study design was adopted for the purpose of conducting factor analysis (FA) and validating the causal model by means of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through structural equation modelling (SEM). Furthermore, this study was causal-explanatory, as it explored the mediating role of Interest in tourist attractions. International Business Machines (IBM) software SPSS 22.0 was used to conduct this study’s FA, and IBM SPSS AMOS 22.00 was used for this study’s CFA through SEM. Research method Convenience sampling, which is a non-probability sampling method, was used to select the respondents. The target population was domestic business tourists who stayed at the selected three-star hotel between 15 July 2014 and 15 April 2015. A new measuring instrument was developed to comprehensively investigate hotel front office staff, interest in tourist attractions, and business tourists’ visiting intentions. A seven-point intensity Likert scale was used for all items in the questionnaire. Data were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire issued to domestic business tourists upon hotel check-in. The sample comprised 282 respondents. Results and discussion Data sets for all constructs were inspected for central tendency, distribution, and missing values. Missing values were replaced by the respective items’ mean score. Once inspected, PCA was conducted to explore the uni-dimensionality of items, and to reduce constructs. All constructs were retained by the PCA, and the achievement of Cronbach alpha scores exceeding .70 confirmed the validity and reliability of constructs (Hotel front office staff, Interest in tourist attractions, and Business tourists’ visiting intentions). PCA was not conducted on Business Tourists’ Visiting Intentions, due to a significant Cronbach’s alpha and the presence of only four items measuring the construct. Pearson’s product-moment correlation revealed positive inter-correlations between dimensions of the constructs Hotel front office staff and Interest in tourist attractions. CFA was conducted to establish the causal Model of Business Tourists’ Intentions of Visiting Tourist Attractions. The establishment of a causal model was followed by exploring the mediating effect of Interest in tourist attractions on the relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions. The causal model confirmed that Interest in tourist attractions fully mediates the relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions. This successfully answered this study’s main research question. This study makes a unique contribution by establishing a causal Model of Business Tourists’ Intentions of Visiting Tourist Attractions, confirming Interest in tourist attractions as a mediator in the relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions. The causal model proves that there is no relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions without the indirect connection with Interest in tourist attractions. In support of this study’s results, Yang, Jou, and in tourist attractions, and business tourists’ visiting intentions. A seven-point intensity Likert scale was used for all items in the questionnaire. Data were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire issued to domestic business tourists upon hotel check-in. The sample comprised 282 respondents. Results and discussion Data sets for all constructs were inspected for central tendency, distribution, and missing values. Missing values were replaced by the respective items’ mean score. Once inspected, PCA was conducted to explore the uni-dimensionality of items, and to reduce constructs. All constructs were retained by the PCA, and the achievement of Cronbach alpha scores exceeding .70 confirmed the validity and reliability of constructs (Hotel front office staff, Interest in tourist attractions, and Business tourists’ visiting intentions). PCA was not conducted on Business Tourists’ Visiting Intentions, due to a significant Cronbach’s alpha and the presence of only four items measuring the construct. Pearson’s product-moment correlation revealed positive inter-correlations between dimensions of the constructs Hotel front office staff and Interest in tourist attractions. CFA was conducted to establish the causal Model of Business Tourists’ Intentions of Visiting Tourist Attractions. The establishment of a causal model was followed by exploring the mediating effect of Interest in tourist attractions on the relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions. The causal model confirmed that Interest in tourist attractions fully mediates the relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions. This successfully answered this study’s main research question. This study makes a unique contribution by establishing a causal Model of Business Tourists’ Intentions of Visiting Tourist Attractions, confirming Interest in tourist attractions as a mediator in the relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions. The causal model proves that there is no relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions without the indirect connection with Interest in tourist attractions. In support of this study’s results, Yang, Jou, andin tourist attractions, and business tourists’ visiting intentions. A seven-point intensity Likert scale was used for all items in the questionnaire. Data were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire issued to domestic business tourists upon hotel check-in. The sample comprised 282 respondents. Results and discussion Data sets for all constructs were inspected for central tendency, distribution, and missing values. Missing values were replaced by the respective items’ mean score. Once inspected, PCA was conducted to explore the uni-dimensionality of items, and to reduce constructs. All constructs were retained by the PCA, and the achievement of Cronbach alpha scores exceeding .70 confirmed the validity and reliability of constructs (Hotel front office staff, Interest in tourist attractions, and Business tourists’ visiting intentions). PCA was not conducted on Business Tourists’ Visiting Intentions, due to a significant Cronbach’s alpha and the presence of only four items measuring the construct. Pearson’s product-moment correlation revealed positive inter-correlations between dimensions of the constructs Hotel front office staff and Interest in tourist attractions. CFA was conducted to establish the causal Model of Business Tourists’ Intentions of Visiting Tourist Attractions. The establishment of a causal model was followed by exploring the mediating effect of Interest in tourist attractions on the relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions. The causal model confirmed that Interest in tourist attractions fully mediates the relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions. This successfully answered this study’s main research question. This study makes a unique contribution by establishing a causal Model of Business Tourists’ Intentions of Visiting Tourist Attractions, confirming Interest in tourist attractions as a mediator in the relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions. The causal model proves that there is no relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions without the indirect connection with Interest in tourist attractions. In support of this study’s results, Yang, Jou, and Cheng (2011) asserted that business tourists expect hotels to arrange their visits to tourist attractions. According to Kasavana and Brooks (2009), it is a duty of the hotel front office staff to arrange visits to tourist attractions. Limitations This study was limited to domestic business tourists only, thereby excluding international business tourists. A non-probability sampling method was used to select respondents; this study’s results can therefore not be generalised to the population of domestic business tourists who stay at the selected three-star hotel in Pretoria. This study’s sample was uneven in the context of gender, age, and province of residence. Future research Future studies could explore the established causal Model of Business Tourists’ Intentions of Visiting Tourist Attractions at a different hotel, to verify the validity of the model. Future studies could also explore the moderating effect of domestic business tourists with regard to age, gender, and province of residence in the relationship between Hotel front office staff and Interest in tourist attractions. Future studies could further explore the causal Model of Business Tourists’ Intentions of Visiting Tourist Attractions using a different biographical segment, e.g., leisure tourists. Conclusion This study aimed to determine whether scores for Hotel front office staff related to scores for Business tourists’ visiting intentions, and how this relationship is mediated by scores on Tourist attractions scores. The Model of Business Tourists’ Intentions of Visiting Tourist Attractions confirmed that Interest in tourist attractions fully mediates the relationship between Hotel front office staff and Business tourists’ visiting intentions. Based on these results, this study’s main research objective has been achieved.
Business Management
M. Com. (Tourism Management)

The present dissertation is based on the study of the tourism industry from a consumer’s perspective. Being compose by multigenerational visitors, studying travel consumer behaviors based on their generational cohort became a popular method to understand consumer behavior in tourism. The presented dissertation focuses in particular on Generation Y member’s point of view, all individuals born between 1982 and 2002. The dissertation follows a descriptive method, that analyses Gen Y members traits and as travelers consumers. As they are currently aged between 15 and 35 years old, within the tourism sector, they belong to a segmented market named Youth Tourism. This market represents 190 million international trips per year and is growing faster than the overall global market, hence studying its consumers previous travel patterns is important to understand the current situation of the market. This market englobes all sort of categories of tourism from educational, volunteering to adventure among others, and currently the lack of an official typology list of those categories and lack of consumer studies within this market generated a research gap that needs to be addressed. The results showed that from all the youth tourism markets that were consider, Leisure tourism is the most popular choice among Gen Y consumers. Moreover, the findings also suggest statistically significant differences of youth tourism market categories preferences between genders. The overall findings, that derived from the analysis derived interesting facts for this market, are explained and summarized in the conclusions.
A dissertação em questão aborda a indústria do turismo pela ótica dos consumidores. Sendo o turismo composto por visitantes multigeracionais, tornou-se prática comum o estudo do comportamento destes utilizando o seu grupo geracional como referência para explicar os seus comportamentos. A dissertação foca-se em particular nos consumidores que pertencem à Geração Y, nascidos entre 1982 a 2002. A dissertação segue a metodologia descritiva, que analisa as características dos membros da Geração Y como indivíduos e como consumidores de turismo. Estes encontram-se, neste momento, em idades entre os 15 e os 35 anos de idade, o que na indústria do turismo implica serem participantes do Turismo Juvenil. Este mercado representa atualmente 190 milhões de viagens internacionais por ano com um crescimento constante, tornando o estudo dos seus consumidores essencial na análise da sua atual situação. Este mercado engloba diferentes categorias de turismo desde educacional, a programas de voluntariado a turismo de aventura, entre outros. No entanto, não existe uma lista de tipologias do Turismo Juvenil aceite por autores publicados e com a falta de estudos de consumidor da Geração Y em relação a este mercado, uma oportunidade de investigação foi encontrada. Os resultados concluem que de todos os tipos de turismo juvenil estudados, o Turismo de Lazer é o mais popular entre a Geração Y. Os resultados também sugerem que existem diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre certos tipos de Turismo Juvenil que atraem mais um gênero do que o outro. As conclusões finais da análise foram explicadas e sumarizadas nas conclusões.

This thesis aims to analyze the views of customers who have great appetite for tourism on the tourism application. According to the perception characteristics of technology acceptance model, innovation diffusion theory and software quality model, the thesis sets up the research model and puts forward the corresponding research hypothesis on the combination of current research results. In the manner of questionnaire design and collection and data processing, data analysis and hypothesis verification will be conducted by the use of structural equation model. The research result implies that application design attributes and application performance features are key to promote the adoption of mobile travel application. In addition, this research broadens our horizons on the accidental impact of application attributes on adoption behavior through adding user gender as a variable to the model, and increases an awesome theoretical basis for future research in this field.
Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar as visões de potenciais turistas com grande interesse por aplicações turísticas. De acordo com as características de percepção do modelo de aceitação de tecnologia, teoria da difusão da inovação e modelo de qualidade de software, a tese estabelece o modelo de investigação e propõe hipóteses de investigação correspondentes, sobre a combinação de resultados da pesquisa atual. Uma vez realizado o desenho do questionário e feita a recolha e processamento de dados, a análise de dados e a verificação de hipóteses foram conduzidas pelo uso do modelo de equações estruturais. O resultado da pesquisa implica que os atributos de design do aplicativo e os recursos de desempenho do aplicativo são fundamentais para promover a adoção do aplicativo móvel de viagem. Além disso, esta pesquisa amplia os horizontes sobre o impacto acidental de atributos de aplicação no comportamento de adoção, adicionando o gênero do usuário como uma variável ao modelo, e aumenta uma importante base teórica para pesquisas futuras neste campo.

AbstractAlong with the increasing popularity of agile software development, software work has become much more social than ever. Contemporary software teams rely on a variety of collaborative practices, such as pair programming, the topic of our study. Many agilists advocated the importance of collocation, face-to-face interaction, and physical artefacts incorporated in the shared workspace, which the COVID-19 pandemic made unavailable; most software companies around the world were forced to send their engineers to work from home. As software projects and teams overnight turned into distributed collaborations, we question what happened to the pair programming practice in the work-from-home mode. This paper reports on a longitudinal study of remote pair programming in two companies. We conducted 38 interviews with 30 engineers from Norway, Sweden, and the USA, and used the results of a survey in one of the case companies. Our study is unique as we collected the data longitudinally in April/May 2020, Sep/Oct 2020, and Jan/Feb 2021. We found that pair programming has decreased and some interviewees report not pairing at all for almost a full year. The experiences of those who paired vary from actively co-editing the code by using special tools to more passively co-reading and discussing the code and solutions by sharing the screen. Finally, we found that the interest in and the use of PP over time, since the first months of the forced work from home to early 2021, has admittedly increased, also as a social practice.

Abstract Blockchain technologies provide means to develop services that are secure, transparent and efficient by nature. Unsurprisingly, the emerging business opportunities has gained a lot of interest that is realized in form of successful Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) that are able to raise billions of USD through crowdfunding campaign. In this exploratory research we study 91 ICOs through content analysis in order to investigate the special characteristics of ICO crowdfunding as business models towards the possible investors. We found that ICOs can be described through (1) the model for providing incentives for investment, (2) the pricing strategy, (3) the token strategy and (4) the activities for crowd involvement in value co-creation.

Since Internet is the most abundant, accepted, comprising, reachable, and used source of information, it is the basis for the development of (the first time in scientific literature defined) accessible e-tourism (for all), as the application and implementation of e-commerce solutions, digital, web, mobile, and other ICTs in the function of providing (web and universal) accessibility in tourism, travel, hospitality, and catering industry, especially for the people with (permanent or temporary) special access needs (persons with disabilities, seniors, people with small children, or carrying heavy luggage, or being big or small in size or stature). It has been proven to be an emerging business opportunity. The (multiaccessible) Barcelona (Access website) and other case studies have shown that accessibility details have to be part of the website of tourist facility, enterprise, or destination, clearly visible or easy to find and use – particularly the (hotel or visitor attraction) search engine, producing complete, consistent, and correct information.

Chapter 13 covers some areas of interpersonal competence that are not often recognized in the OBC psychology literature, including maintaining appropriate role boundaries with clients and their families, working with and supervising new psychologists, working with professionals from other disciplines, competency in working with individuals and groups over long distances using a variety of technologies (internet, etc.), travel, and practice organization.

Information technology plays a significant role in tourism, but mainly as an informational tool. Ideally, the information search process on the Internet should try to encourage consumers to book and purchase travel services and products prior to leaving for their vacation, but cultural differences in booking on-line are found. The present study research problem is to understand the complex of e-booking and e-purchasing travel behaviors among Slovenes, since no research between Slovene tourists was done before. In details, the relationship between e-booking and paying travel accommodation and travel transportation on the Internet in the period of five years is investigated. The results show slow changes and an increase in booking and buying travel transportation, while booking and paying tourism accommodation gains greater interest during a five-year period.

Over the last decade, e-commerce has significantly changed the traditional forms of interaction among humans in conducting business by automating business processes over the Internet. Early seller Web sites consisted of passive text-based catalogs of products that could be manually browsed by potential customers. Online passive catalogs were soon replaced by dynamically updated catalogs containing detailed product descriptions using combinations of text and images that could be searched in various formats and according to different search criteria. E-commerce techniques used by sellers for operations such as price setting, negotiation, and payment have matured from manual off-line processing of sales data to automated algorithms that dynamically determine prices and profits for sellers. Modern e-commerce processes for trading goods between buyers and sellers can be divided into five stages: search, valuation, negotiation, payment, and delivery. Depending on the type of market in which the goods are traded, some of the above stages are more important than others. There are three principal market models that are used for online trading. The most common market model used by online sellers for trading goods over the Internet is the posted-price market model. The other two market models, the auction model (Sandholm, Suri, Gilpin, & Levine, 2002) and the marketplace model (Chavez & Maes, 1996), are used for markets in which niche or specialty items with sporadic or uncertain demand are traded. In the posted-price market model, a seller announces the price of a product on its Web site. Buyers visiting the seller’s Web site request a quote from the seller. The seller responds with a quote in response to the buyers’ requests, and the buyers examine the seller’s quote to make a purchase decision. Unlike auctions and market places, products traded in posted-price markets are no-niche items and exhibit continuous demand over time. The Web site of online book merchant Amazon (http://www.amazon.com) is an example of a posted-price market. A buyer interested in a particular book enters the necessary information through a form on Amazon’s Web site to request the price of the book and receives the price in response. Modern seller Web sites employ automated techniques for the different stages of e-commerce. Intermediaries called intelligent agents are used to automate trading processes by implementing different algorithms for selling products. For example, Web sites such as MySimon (http://www. mysimon.com) and PriceGrabber (http://www. pricegrabber.com) automate the search stage by employing the services of intelligent agents called shopbots. Shopbots enable buyers to make an informed purchase decision by comparing the prices and other attributes of products from thousands of online sellers. Automated price comparison by buyers has resulted in increased competition among sellers. Sellers have responded to this challenge by using intelligent agents called pricebots that dynamically determine the price of a product in response to varying market conditions and buyers’ preferences. Intelligent agents are also used to enable other e-commerce processes, such as supply-chain management and automated negotiation. In this article, we focus on the different algorithms that sellers’ pricebots can use for the dynamic pricing of goods in posted-price markets.

The link between education and economic growth has been the subject of public debate, and it has been widespread interest among economists in solving key economic problems. As a determinant of human capital, which is one of the factors of production, education has its own contribution in the process of globalization where economies are transformed and based on knowledge. Particularly higher education has a high economic value because it causes the formation of human capital and it is often seen as vital for a continued growth performance, prosperity, and competitiveness in national and global economies. Higher education contributes to the economic growth by producing higher-level skills and competencies needed for a shift towards knowledge-based economy. For these reasons, countries all over the world especially the developing countries such as North Macedonia, are giving higher education special attention to facilitate the economic growth. In this study, the co-integration between higher education and economic growth in North Macedonia is analyzed using dynamic methods. Toda Yamamoto's approach for Granger's causality (TY) developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) is used to analyze the causality between economic growth and higher education. For this aim, a bivariate VAR model is constructed. This study provides an evidence for the causality between higher education and economic growth in North Macedonia. Moreover, a key role of higher education institutions is to drive innovation, with the aim of finding solutions to global challenges. Today, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a danger that COVID-19 will destabilize this educational level, with serious consequences. Therefore, the challenges that higher education is faced are emphasized in order to help education institutions and policy-makers to reflect on them and be prepared to address them, while re-emphasizing the role of higher education in supporting to conform the post-COVID19 pandemic.