Journal articles: 'Travels of Marco Polo (Polo, Marco)'

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Black, John, and Teresa Waugh. "The Travels of Marco Polo." Geographical Journal 152, no. 3 (November 1986): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/632837.

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Haw, Stephen G. "The Travels by Marco Polo." China Review International 21, no. 1 (2016): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2016.0058.

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Jackson, Peter. "Marco Polo and His ‘Travels’." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 61, no. 1 (February 1998): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00015779.

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The year 1998 marks the seven-hundredth anniversary of the initial composition of the book associated with Marco Polo, Le devisament dou monde. As the first European to claim that he had been to China and back (not to mention that he had travelled extensively elsewhere in Asia), Polo has become a household name. He has been credited with the introduction of noodles into Italy and of spaghetti into China. With perhaps greater warrant, he has been cited as an authority onȔinter aliaȔthe capital of the Mongol Great Khan Qubilai, on the Mongol postal relay system, on the trade in horses across the Arabian Sea, and on political conditions on the north-west frontier of India in the mid thirteenth century. The Marco Polo bibliography published in 1986 contained over 2,300 items in European languages alone.

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Morgan, D. O. "Marco Polo in China — or not." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6, no. 2 (July 1996): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300007203.

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Marco Polo's book — The Travels, The Description of the World, II Milione, or whatever we prefer to call it — is unquestionably the best known of all contemporary sources on that unprecedented historical phenomenon, the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. That is not to say that it is by any means the best source. As history, it cannot compare, for example, with Rashīd al-Dīn's Jāmi' al-tawārīkh, and as a European travel account (if that is what it is), it is not remotely in the same class as Friar William of Rubruck's Itinerarium. Nevertheless, while Friar William may have been completely forgotten and Chinggis Khan remembered only as someone a political reactionary can, by dint of great effort, get himself (or herself, one should hasten to add) to the right of, there are many who know at least something about Marco Polo: perhaps principally the fact that he went to China — as almost everyone has hitherto supposed that he did.

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Chang, Na. "Kublai Khan in the Eyes of Marco Polo." European Review 25, no. 3 (May 23, 2017): 502–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798717000096.

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This article will shed new light on the already crowded area of Marco Polo research, by examining the perspective of Polo, his direct observation of Kublai Khan and Yuan China, as revealed inThe Travels of Marco Polo.The paper analyses the sources of Polo’s perspective on the people he encountered on his travels in foreign lands. It argues that Polo’s ideas were shaped by his cultural background, personal experience and his own interests. Then it examines how the work presents Kublai Khan himself, as well as the Yuan empire’s monetary system, its waterway trade and its ethnic policy. The result of this investigation shows that Polo was an acute observer; he pointed out occasions of misrule despite his adoration of Kublai Khan.

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Meicun, Lin, and Ran Zhang. "A Chinese Porcelain Jar Associated with Marco Polo: A Discussion from an Archaeological Perspective." European Journal of Archaeology 21, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.21.

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As the first European to claim that he travelled to China and back, Marco Polo is a celebrated traveller who described the multicultural society of Eurasia in the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries ad. However, his famed account, the Travels of Marco Polo, contains many unsolved mysteries which have generated discussion among historians, while an archaeological approach has been even less convincing because the material that may link to Marco Polo is very rare. A recent re-analysis of Chinese ceramics from a wide geographical area ranging from southern China to the Indian Ocean provides some archaeological support: it suggests that a Chinese porcelain jar housed in the Treasury of San Marco in Venice dates to the era of Marco Polo and is associated with his journey to China.

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G, Bat-Uchral, and Pavlov V.I. "An analysis of Translation Strategies on "Travel of Marco Polo"." Translation Studies 11, no. 1 (2023): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/ts20230108.

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Many foreign scientists and researchers have classified and defined the translation strategies in many different ways, and Mongolian translators and scientists have also proposed many versions of the definition. When translating any work, it is important to preserve the source text in the target language, taking into account the thoughts and positions of the author, without losing the content and meaning, and for this, the translator needs to use a large variety of strategies. This time, we have considered the assignment, classification, and use of translation strategies terms with examples of translation works. Analyzing the translation of “Travels of Marco Polo”, focusing mainly on the historical source, we aimed to analyze whether there are selective strategies, and how the meaning of the source text was captured by identifying the commonly used strategies of the translato.

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Pérez-Simon, Maud. "The Khan as ‘Meta-Emperor’ in Marco Polo’s Devisement du Monde." Medieval History Journal 20, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 385–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971945817718650.

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Marco Polo’s Le Devisement du Monde (end of the thirteenth century) is one of the earliest, longest and more detailed travelogues of the Middle Ages. Widely read, the text not only describes the travels of its protagonist, but equally furnishes a comprehensive overview of Mongolian culture, society and territories. This article analyses the categories Marco Polo uses in order to describe the Khan’s realm and his exercise of power. The author rarely uses the notion of emperor in his narrative, although he clearly recognises the Khan’s claim to universal rule. The reasons behind this reluctance can be explained in several ways. First, Marco Polo became acquainted with the main languages in the regions under Mongolian rule; it might thus have seemed natural to him to use the ‘correct’ titles. Second, the French vernacular word ‘empire’ might have been reserved, in his mind, for the rulers of the ‘Roman Empire’ (in the Latin West and/or the Greek East). Finally, it seems that Marco Polo sought to ascribe to the Khans a kind of power and authority that surpassed even the might of the emperors in Europe, and this specificity could best be expressed by using a Mongolian title that, finally, was not entirely synonymous with the notion of empereur. All in all, these observations imply that the Devisement du Monde can be read not only as a travel narrative, but also as a treatise on the understanding of imperial power.

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Augelli, Francesco. "Studies on the Wooden Box Containing the “Marco Polo” Bible." Heritage 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 452–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2010031.

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The aim of this paper is to present the results of research undertaken on a wooden box that holds an important historical book: a hand Bible handwritten in the thirteenth century. Tradition connects this Bible to the name of Marco Polo (Venice, 1254–1324), who was supposedly the owner—the book possibly accompanied him on his travels (1262 and 1271) to China. The Bible is of fine workmanship and written on thin parchment, and its container—along with a yellow silk cloth—are preserved in the ancient and prestigious Laurentian Library in Florence. The manuscript was in very poor condition and was being restored during the period of study (2011). Surveys were carried out to determine the place and period of manufacture of the box, and to determine if it was contemporary to or later than the manuscript it contained or whether it was made in China or Europe. An additional aim of the work was to demonstrate that a fast and inexpensive in situ survey under imperfect time and space conditions was possible using in-depth observation and simple tools as well as a portable microscope, all performed without sampling. During the restoration process, a team of experts used instruments helpful in determining the chemical composition of the paper and related ink. Other specialists studied the paleography of the text. The results indicate that the Bible is definitely from the same period as Marco Polo. Nothing excludes the possibility that Marco Polo may have seen it or lived not too far from this manuscript, which traveled in a small wooden box, wrapped in a precious yellow silk cloth.

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Mark Cruse. "Marco Polo in Manuscript: The Travels of the Devisement du monde." Narrative Culture 2, no. 2 (2015): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/narrcult.2.2.0171.

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TAKAYAMA, Takumi. "The Consideration on the Alcohol Beverages in ^|^ldquo;The Travels of Marco Polo^|^rdquo;." JOURNAL OF THE BREWING SOCIETY OF JAPAN 102, no. 3 (2007): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.6013/jbrewsocjapan1988.102.172.

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Margaret Kim. "Polyandry and The Travels of Marco Polo: Beyond the Ethnography of the Patriarchal Household." Feminist Studies in English Literature 20, no. 3 (December 2012): 217–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15796/fsel.2012.20.3.008.

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Barbour, Richmond. "Review: The Ethics of Travel: From Marco Polo to Kafka." Literature & History 6, no. 2 (September 1997): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030619739700600209.

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Lanegran, David A., and Patrice H. St Peter. "Travel, Tourism, and Geographic Field Work: Project Marco Polo 1992." Journal of Geography 92, no. 4 (July 1993): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221349308979645.

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박경석. "The Travels of Marco Polo, Disseminated around East Asia : Focusing on Introductions and Translations in China." DONG BANG HAK CHI ll, no. 185 (December 2018): 175–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17788/dbhc.2018..185.007.

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Jacoby, David. "Marco Polo, His Close Relatives, and His Travel Account: Some New Insights." Mediterranean Historical Review 21, no. 2 (December 2006): 193–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518960601030134.

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Dubrovskaya, Dinara V. "From Marco Polo’s Cathay to Matteo Ricci’s Sinae: Why China Is Called This Way." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 3 (2023): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080025616-4.

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The paper discusses the reasons that led to the identification of China in Europe as a country described by Venetian merchant Marco Polo under the name “Cathay” (formerly a silk-producing country, with which the Roman Empire indirectly traded). Based on the observa-tions and notes of travelers and diplomats, at the end of the 16th century the Jesuits put for-ward a hypothesis about the correspondence of the semi-mythical Kingdom of Prester John, Cathay and Sinae, as European travelers called southern Ming China. The task was solved by the Portuguese Jesuit traveler Bento de Góis (1562–1607), who, under the unlikely guise of an Armenian merchant, made a dangerous multi-stage journey from Indian Agra to Suzhou (in the Pamir part of the route, he became the only European traveler for more than half a thou-sand years between the expedition of Marco Polo and the explorers of the 19th century). In modern Xinjiang, de Góis, having talked to the Kashgarian merchants returning with a cara-van from China, was able to unequivocally correlate Jambala (Marco Polo’s Khanbalik) with Beijing, seeing a piece of paper with the Jesuits’ records. Making sure that the hypothesis of the Chinese Jesuits about the correspondence of Cathay to China was correct, de Góis set off again, but soon died of poisoning. The conclusion about the location and identification of Chi-na was finally made in Beijing by the leader of the Jesuit mission, Matteo Ricci, who correlated the information of de Góis, and the evidence of the Chinese Jew Ai Tian.

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Kendall, Timothy. "Marco Polo, orientalism and the experience of China: Australian travel accounts of Mao's republic." Asian Studies Review 28, no. 4 (December 2004): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357820500034755.

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Petropoulos, Ioannis. "Field Notes from the Odyssey: The Fabulous Ethnography of Aiolie, Aiaie, and Ogygie." Mare Nostrum 12, no. 2 (August 4, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2177-4218.v12i2p1-18.

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Odysseus’ ethnographic digressions in books 9-12 of the Odyssey—the so-called Apologue—have served as the premier paradigm for mythic and actual ethnography from Herodotus through Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus, and more particularly, for the ‘I-witnessing approach’ of ethnography. Among the peoples and lands and styles of thinking he encountered (Odyssey 1.3), the hero also became acquainted with several islands. As microcosms of larger societies, islands furnish ‘master metaphors’ and models with which to think about culture. In this article I discuss three islands from the Apologue in the chronological order of Odysseus’ travels. They are inseparable from their geography and the personality and ‘life style’ of their inhabitants, as will be seen; these islands adumbrate the moral and gendered mythic cartography of Archaic Greece.

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Roccati, G. Matteo. "Marco Polo, Le devisement du monde, tome III, L’empereur Khoubilai Khan, tome IV, Voyage à travers la Chine." Studi Francesi, no. 150 (L | III) (December 31, 2006): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.27223.

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Dwyer, Anne. "Standstill as Extinction: Viktor Shklovsky's Poetics and Politics of Movement in the 1920s and 1930s." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 2 (March 2016): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.2.269.

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In 1923 the Russian formalist theorist Viktor Shklovsky returned to the USSR after a year of exile. Tike his entire cohort of “fellow travelers,” he accommodated himself to the new Soviet regime. He did so in the language of travel and other kinds of movement. In the 1920s and 1930s, nomadism—a prominent motif in works by Shklovsky from A Sentimental Journey through Marco Polo—emerges as his central figure for accommodation to official culture. This association occurs through the submerged double meaning of his signature term ostranenie—at once defamiliarization and reterritorialization. This duality of ostranenie has implications for our broader understanding of the way mobility is active in cultural production and intertwined with structures of power. In the Soviet case, ostranenie underscores that nomadic movement is essential to the operation of cultural agents, whose relative freedom becomes a mechanism of state authority and control.

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Severin, Tim. "Early Navigation: The Human Factor (Duke of Edinburgh Lecture)." Journal of Navigation 40, no. 1 (January 1987): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300000254.

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The twelfth Duke of Edinburgh Lecture was presented in London on 15 October 1986 at the Royal Geographical Society to the thirty-ninth Annual General Meeting of the Institute, the President in the Chair. The lecturer, the President said in his introductory remarks, was a geographical scholar who had devoted much of his time to the verification of early voyages by following the paths described in the often legendary accounts:the travels of Marco Polo in 1961 and later the voyages on which the present paper is based, of St Brendan, Sindbad and Jason. In 1976–7 in the medieval leather boat Brendan he followed a route from Ireland across the Atlantic described in the 8/9th century Navigatio. In 1980–81 in the Arabian boom Sohar he sailed over 6000 miles from Oman to Canton in a reconstruction of Sindbad's seven voyages described in One Thousand and One Nights, and finally in 1984 in Argo, a reconstructed Greek vessel of the 13th century B.C., his voyage took him from Greece through the Bosphorus to Georgia in the USSR, following the legendary path of Jason in search of the Golden Fleece. No-one could be better fitted to reflect on the human factor in early navigation.

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Szymczak, Pat Davis. "Azerbaijan—The Land of Unquenchable Fire." Journal of Petroleum Technology 76, no. 07 (July 1, 2024): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0724-0018-jpt.

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_ For millennia, Zoroastrian fire worshippers traveled on pilgrimage to pray at temples built where methane seeping from deep underground caused flames to burst from the earth on the Absheron Peninsula near Baku, the capital of today’s Azerbaijan. The Venetian merchant Marco Polo observed such mysterious fires and puddles of oil that bubbled or even gushed as fountains to the surface as he trekked along the Silk Road through the Caucasus Mountains in the 13th century. In a travelogue written in 1298, The Travels of Marco Polo, he is said to have described: “Near the Georgian border there is a spring from which gushes a stream of oil in such abundance that a hundred ships may load here at once. This oil is not good to eat, but it is good for burning and as a salve for men and camels affected with itch or scab.” He was referring to the Khanates of Azerbaijan, a part of the Persian Empire in Marco Polo’s time but absorbed in 1806 into the Russian Empire whose czars took an interest in financing early oil production—hand dug and exported on camel back. Its high paraffin content was valued for producing kerosene lamp oil and lubricants including cannon grease. World’s First Mechanically Drilled Oil Well As the Industrial Revolution swept from West to East in the mid-19th century, many of the innovations and business systems around which the modern oil and gas industry were soon to coalesce were tested in the ancient “Land of Fire.” Czar Nicholas I (1825–1855) financed the world’s first mechanically drilled oil well in 1846 using a cable-tool percussion drilling method. A 21-m-deep (69 ft) exploration well was the result. This happened a decade before Edwin Drake added steam-engine power to a mechanical drill to put Titusville, Pennsylvania, on the map in 1859, as described in the Branobel History archives. By 1871, with Nicholas’ son, the reformer Alexander II now on the Russian throne, boreholes had replaced buckets across the Bibi-Heybat and Balakhani oil fields. The arrival from Sweden in the 1870s of Alfred Nobel’s brothers, Ludvig and Robert, brought a step change to Azerbaijan in terms of industrial innovation, construction, and logistics such that by 1900 Azerbaijan was producing 50% of the world’s oil, historical sources agree. Alexander II had abolished the state monopoly on oil production in 1869, opening the door to foreign industrialists and their capital. Robert Nobel obliged and opened the joint stock Branobel Co. in 1878 with a partner from a weapons plant in the Russian town of Izhevsk. He put down share capital of 3 million rubles ($30,000 in today’s money) to register Tovarishestvo Neftyanogo Proizvodstva Bratyev Nobel—in English, The Brothers Nobel Paraffin Production Company (aka Branobel). The transformation of Baku’s oil fields into a capitalist production sector had begun in 1872 with the auction of 15 blocks in the Balakhani oil field and two blocks in Bibi-Heybat, according to a history prepared by Azerbaijan’s Ministry of Energy in 2020. This drove a 340% growth in oil production between 1876 and 1882, from 24,000 to 816,000 tons, respectively, between those years. By 1894 Azerbaijan’s production equaled that of the US (5.55 million tons per year) though Baku’s fields were 20 times less productive, according to Branobel archivists.

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Roccati, G. Matteo. "Marco Polo, Le devisement du monde, tome V, À travers la Chine du Sud - tome VI et dernier, Livre d’Ynde. Retour vers l’Occident." Studi Francesi, no. 163 (LV | I) (May 1, 2011): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.5866.

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Longenbach, J. "Marco Polo." Literary Imagination 10, no. 2 (October 27, 2007): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/imn018.

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Olson, Ezra. "Marco Polo." Prairie Schooner 89, no. 3 (2015): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2015.0112.

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Clark, Marisa P. "Marco Polo." Appalachian Review 50, no. 2 (March 2022): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.2022.0033.

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Classen, Albrecht. "Globalism avant la lettre from a Late Medieval and Early Modern German Perspective: The Niederrheinische Orientbericht, Adam Olearius, and Jesuit Missionaries Across the Globe." New Literaria 04, no. 01 (2023): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.48189/nl.2023.v04i1.003.

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The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed a tremendous growth of globalism, at least in terms of European outreach and interest. We can identify this phenomenon particularly well through two different and independent sources, first, the publication of Adam Olearius’s Vermehrte Newe Beschreibung der Muscowitischen vnd Persischen Reyse, 1647, and then the growth of Jesuit reports about their missionary activities all over the world carefully collected and published by Joseph Stoecklein ca. hundred years later in his highly popular Welt-Bott, compiled and published since 1726. Globalism is, of course a complex term, both for today and for the past. Everything depends on the narrator’s perspective, the engagement with the other culture/s, and the reciprocity. Olearius appears to have achieved a major breakthrough with his travels to Russia and then later to Persia, introducing much of Persian culture to Germany. The Jesuits (Eusebio Kino, Ignaz Pfefferkorn, Joseph Och, et al.) provided their German (!) readers with astoundingly precise comments and reports about the New World in northern Mexico and in the province of Sonora (today, partly Arizona), while their many colleagues globally contributed their own reports about all four corners of this world. Combining these two perspectives, we can identify a very early but already very strong effort to learn more about the foreign world, to overcome the otherness (from a Eurocentric perspective), and to create a global platform far beyond what travelogue authors such as Marco Polo or Odorico da Pordenone had achieved in the fourteenth century, irrespective of their extraordinarily extensive travels to China. This paper, however, will begin, after I have reflected on the latest theoretical approaches to Global Studies, with a most unusual eye-witness account from ca. 1350, and then pursue the discourse on globalism as it developed over the following centuries, crossing several periodical barriers and bridging different narrative genres within the Germanlanguage context.

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Pozza, Marco. "Marco Polo Milion: An Unknown Source Concerning Marco Polo." Mediaeval Studies 68 (January 2006): 285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.ms.2.309483.

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A, Kavitharani. "Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan Inscription of Religious Obedience." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21130.

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We come to know that this inscription was given in the 8th reign of the Sonadu Kondaruliya Maravarman Sundara Pandya Devan, with the great participation of his brother, Maravarma Kulasekara Pandian, who was worthy of the title Konerinmai Kondan. According to the Venetian traveler Marco Polo who set foot upon Pandya Nadu during the rule of Maravarma Kulasekara Pandyan, this place was famous for pearl harvesting and was also the vital seaport of the Pandya Nadu. The inscription depicts the succeeding Pandyas having friendly and business relations with the Sonagars to make the trade be carried on wonderfully with no issues. From the inscription, we come to know that Aiyan Malavarayan was the cause of the construction and deity worship related ceremonies that takes place in Sonakarpalli. It is also mentioned that the rulers remembered the royal attributes as dignified and not just ministers and subject to authority, which shows us the respectful traits of the Pandya kings. The people giving importance to the worship done by the Sornars (Muslim traders) as they worshipped their lord is quite well known by the inscription.

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Classen, Albrecht. "Global Travel in the Late Middle Ages: The Eyewitness Account of Johann Schiltberger." Medieval History Journal 23, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 74–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971945819895896.

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Recent discussions have centred intensively on the question how to establish new cultural–historical perspectives that are no longer Eurocentric. Mediaevalists and Early Modernists have strongly endeavoured to grasp and to realise Global Mediaeval and Early Modern Studies, but despite many efforts, we are not easily getting away from traditional approaches, especially because many of our sources do not lend themselves quite so easily for that task. Whereas previous scholars have turned their attention primarily towards crusader and pilgrimage accounts, and then also towards some travelogues (Marco Polo), within the German context one early fifteenth-century text stands out that allows us to open the window wide towards a more global perspective, Hans Schiltberger’s Reisebuch. This experienced tremendous popularity in the German-speaking lands far into the late seventeenth century, illustrating the life of a slave who was traversing many countries in the Middle East and even Northern Asia in military service. This account can in fact be regarded as a unique contribution in terms of the author’s worldview and experiences. He was, involuntarily, one of the first European to report so extensively about those countries located east of the Holy Land and to discuss their political and military history.

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Classen, Albrecht. "Evgeny Khvalkov, The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation. Routledge Research in Medieval Studies, 11. New York and London: Routledge, 2018, xiv, 443 pp., 10 fig., 7 tables." Mediaevistik 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 482–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.129.

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Our current and very urgent goal is to transform Medieval Studies into Global Medieval Studies, a thorny, challenging, maybe also daunting task, but one that we cannot turn away if we want to progress in our field. In fact, it does not matter whether we want to go that route or not; if we want to understand the Middle Ages both holistically and in specifics, we must simply accept that many people (merchants, soldiers, diplomats, artists, craftsmen, preachers, rulers, scholars, etc.) traveled not only throughout Europe, but also far beyond those limits, and encountered in that way countless other people who arrived from other directions. One most promising area of investigation that has already been long recognized is the group of merchants traveling to the Mongol court, prime among them Marco Polo. But he, his brothers, and numerous other individuals were, after all, only exceptions, and the Chinese, for instance, did not demonstrate any real interest in the West, apart from the Arabic world. However, if we turn to the Black Sea, an entirely different situation emerges that proves to be highly promising for future research.

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Rudy Prasetyo, Muhammad Rico, and Muhammad Riduan. "Ibnu Battuta, Moroccan Explorer and Contributor to Geography in Indonesia." Demagogi: Journal of Social Sciences, Economics and Education 2, no. 2 (April 6, 2024): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.61166/demagogi.v2i2.17.

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Ibn Battuta was a famous Muslim traveler and jurist in the 14th century because he was known as the greatest adventurer of pre-modern times. The story of his fantastic journey made the Western world respect him as the "Marco Polo of the Muslim World". Ibn Battuta was also a famous Arab poet of his time with his adventures to various corners of the world. The method used in this research is literature study, namely by adjusting research variables to research that is relevant to this study. The results of the research show that the traces of his travel steps have become proof of his reliability as a traveler. One of his works which contains the story of his journey is written in his work entitled Tuḥfatun iNuẓẓār ifī iGharāʾibil iAmṣār iwa iAjāʾibil Asfār which was compiled by Ibnu Juzay, but is often simply called Ar-Rihlah Ibnu Battuta. In his work, Ibnu Battuta wrote down various things he encountered in every city or region he visited, so that he could observe and understand every socio-cultural condition of the local people themselves. With the many places he has visited, it is no longer surprising that he has made a major contribution to various sciences, especially geography, because it was the journey he undertook that ultimately opened up new travel routes and introduced that humans living in this world have a diversity of cultures and social conditions. - particularly in Indonesia, the contribution of this research is to describe Ibn Battuta's journey so that it can become a study and example for all readers in social life.

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Jin, Xi‑yu, and Ting Wang. "A Study on the Image of China in the Japanese Translation of The Travels of Marco Polo from the Perspective of the Translator’s Subjectivity －Take Kazutoshi Nagasawa’s Translation and Matsuo Otagi’s Translation as Examples－." Journal of Chinese Studies 108 (May 31, 2024): 247–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36493/jcs.108.8.

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Bybee, Karen. "Marco Polo Deepwater TLP." Journal of Petroleum Technology 58, no. 04 (April 1, 2006): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0406-0070-jpt.

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Ong, Aihwa. "“What Marco Polo Forgot”." Current Anthropology 53, no. 4 (August 2012): 471–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/666699.

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37

Takabayashi, Katsuhiko. "From Marco Polo Islands." Methods of Information in Medicine 46, no. 06 (2007): 669–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1625426.

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Matei-Chesnoiu, Monica. "Epitomes of Dacia: Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania in Early Modern English Travelogues." Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 25, no. 40 (December 14, 2022): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.25.10.

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This essay examines the kaleidoscopic and abridged perspectives on three early modern principalities (Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania), whose lands are now part of modern-day Romania. I examine travelogues and geography texts describing these Eastern European territories written by Marco Polo (1579), Abraham Ortelius (1601; 1608), Nicolas de Nicolay (1585), Johannes Boemus (1611), Pierre d’Avity (1615), Francisco Guicciardini (1595), George Abbot (1599), Uberto Foglietta (1600), William Biddulph (1609), Richard Hakluyt (1599-1600), Fynes Moryson (1617), and Sir Henry Blount (1636), published in England in the period 1579-1636. The essay also offers brief incursions into the representations of these geographic spaces in a number of Shakespearean plays, such as The Merchant of Venice and Othello, as well as in Pericles, Prince of Tyre by Shakespeare and Wilkins. I argue that these Eastern European locations configure an erratic spatiality that conflates ancient place names with early modern ones, as they reconstruct a space-time continuum that is neither real nor totally imaginary. These territories represent real-and-fictional locations, shaping an ever-changing world of spatial networks reconstructed out of fragments of cultural geographic and ethnographic data. The travel and geographic narratives are marked by a particular kind of literariness, suggesting dissension, confusion, and political uncertainty to the early modern English imagination.

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Junaidullah Sabooryar, Amirullah Arifi, Abdul Hallim Majidi, and Ghulam Rabani Neyazi. "Current Status of Marco Polo Sheep (Ovis ammon polii) in the Pamir Mountains of Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan." International Journal of Biological, Physical and Chemical Studies 6, no. 1 (May 31, 2024): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijbpcs.2024.6.1.2.

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The present survey was conducted to determine the abundance and population density of Marco Polo sheep in the Pamir Mountains of Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. Marco Polo sheep inhabitants in very high mountain regions experience extremely cold winds and arid climatic conditions throughout the year. The Marco Polo sheep is listed as a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List. Field surveys and interviews were carried out from 2022 to 2023 by using semi-structured questionnaires. 98 respondents were interviewed, and line transect walks in the field were used to observe the Marco Polo Sheep in the study region. As a result, a total of 1304 Marco Polo Sheep individual were recorded in the Pamir regions. The highest number of Marco Polo Sheep observations is related to the Tollaboy region, with 452 individuals (34.6%), and the lowest number of observations is in the Angelic region, 93(7.1%). According to the study area's locality, the population density of the Marco Polo Sheep differs in each season of the year. In conclusion, the highest density was in the Tollaboy region with 125.5± 3.5 per km2, and the lowest density was in the Angelic region10.7±1.6 per km2 ware observed.

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Blue, Gregory. "Marco Polo et les pâtes." Médiévales 10, no. 20 (1991): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/medi.1991.1208.

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Racine, Pierre. "Marco Polo, marchand ou reporter ?" Le Moyen Age CXVII, no. 2 (2011): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rma.172.0315.

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Kiernan, Matthew C., Peter J. Goadsby, and David Burke. "Marco Polo of Australian neurology." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 90, no. 6 (May 2, 2019): 627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-320989.

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Nevett, Terence R. "Marco Polo: International Marketing Pioneer." Journal of Macromarketing 24, no. 2 (December 2004): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146704269334.

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Bush, Elizabeth. "Marco Polo: Dangers and Visions by Marco Tabilio." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 71, no. 2 (2017): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2017.0742.

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Mauntel, Christoph. "Die Bewältigung der Welt." Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung: Volume 46, Issue 3 46, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 443–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/zhf.46.3.443.

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Summary Coping with the World. How Medieval Latin Authors Described the Size and Density of World’s Population This paper takes a dual approach to the topic of medieval demographic thinking between the 13th and 15th century. In a first step, the analysis focusses on travel accounts (e. g. those of John of Plano Carpini, William of Rubruk and Marco Polo) and their depiction of foreign regions and populations. Many Latin Christian travellers shared the impression that the Mongolian steppe was only sparsely populated, quite in contrast to the urban centres in eastern China, which they described in great detail. While most travellers were fascinated by the densely populated areas of the East, other authors and cartographers (e. g. Bartholomeus Anglicus, Roger Bacon, Andreas Walsperger), who did not travel themselves, reacted rather pusillanimously. The paper analyses their rather theoretical statements in a second step. It shows that the huge number of Non-Christians worried those who stayed back. They felt that ‘Christianity’ was under threat. Even more, they equated Christianity with Europe and compared ‘their’ part of the earth to the (infidel) continents of Africa and Asia. Thus, the knowledge that the travellers gained on their journeys was stripped of its admiring character and condensed into a much more negative and anxious point of view. The empirical experience might have given the impulse to think afresh about the distribution of the population of the world, but it was not necessary for the interpretation of this observation. The paper serves as a case study about how knowledge was adapted and interpreted in quite different contexts.

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Roccati, G. Matteo. "Marco Polo, Le devisement du monde." Studi Francesi, no. 144 (XLVIII | III) (December 15, 2004): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.37216.

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Vicentini, Enrico. "Rassegna di studi su Marco Polo." Quaderni d'italianistica 13, no. 1 (April 1, 1992): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/q.i..v13i1.10077.

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Haw, Stephen G. "Marco Polo: From Hangzhou to Quanzhou." Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 74, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 485–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2020-0010.

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Abstract When Marco Polo left China, he passed through Hangzhou (Quinsai) and then travelled approximately southwestwards into what is today Fujian province, to the cities of Fuzhou and Quanzhou (Zaiton). There are still a number of disagreements regarding his route, however, which are discussed here. Consideration is also given to Marco’s use of “Facfur” to designate the last Emperor of the Song dynasty, and more generally to the issue of the use of Persian language in Yuan China. It is suggested that there is no clear evidence that Marco Polo learned Persian. An error regarding consumption of pepper in China during the thirteenth century is corrected. More evidence of the importation of very substantial quantities of pepper into China during the Song and Yuan periods is adduced. Identifications of all the places which Marco mentions in this section of his book are suggested, with the support of evidence.

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Allsen, Thomas T. "The Cultural Worlds of Marco Polo." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31, no. 3 (January 2001): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219500551578.

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In the thirteenth century, the Mongols created a vast, transcontinental empire that intensified commercial and cultural contact throughout Eurasia. As with other forms of booty generated by conquest, the Mongolian elite systematically identified, and shared out, the cultural resources oftheir more sedentary subjects. Thus, the Mongols military-political dominance ofthe continent was accompanied by—even accomplished through—cultural dependence. As a product ofthis complex, interactive world of contending cultural currents, Marco Polo viewed the East, and China in particular, through multiple cultural filters—European, Muslim, and Mongolian.

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Trygestad, Joann, and Jasmine Nelson. "Project Marco Polo: Experiences Applying Geography." Journal of Geography 92, no. 4 (July 1993): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221349308979647.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Travels of Marco Polo (Polo, Marco)'

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