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1
Blackwell, Bonnie, and H. P. Schwarcz. "U-Series Analyses of the Lower Travertine at Ehringsdorf, DDR." Quaternary Research 25, no. 2 (March 1986): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(86)90058-x.
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U-series analyses have been made of travertine samples from the archaeological site at Ehringsdorf-Weimar. The lower Travertine, in which hominid remains were found, yields apparent ages from >350,000 to 200,000 yr. Correlation between isotope ratios yields an age of about 230,000 yr. One sample of the upper Travertine gives and age of 111,000 ± 47,000 yr. Both upper and lower travertines contain fauna and flora indicative of interglacial conditions. The lower Travertine was deposited during isotope stage 7, while the upper Travertine may have been formed during isotope stage 5. This contradicts most earlier biostratigraphic studies which assigned both lower and upper Travertines to stages of the Eem interglaciation (correlative with isotope stage 5). The fauna and flora of the lower Travertine are significantly different from those of the upper Travertine, however, and in some respects are transitional to those of the travertines of Bilzingsleben, which appear to be older yet.
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Pentecost, Allan, and Heather Viles. "A Review and Reassessment of Travertine Classification." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 48, no. 3 (November 23, 2007): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033011ar.
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ABSTRACTThis paper provides a review of the classification of travertines with emphasis on their morphology. Three criteria are used to describe them: geochemistry, microfabric and morphology. Geochemically, travertines may be divided into two groups, the meteogene travertines, where the carrier carbon dioxide originates in the soil and epigean atmosphere, and the thermal (thermogene) travertines where the carbon dioxide comes from thermally generated sources. Many travertine fabrics are influenced by bacteria and plants. These include 'stromatolitic' forms, many oncoids, shrubs, tufts, mats and moss travertines. Morphologically, travertines are conveniently divided into autochthonous (spring mounds and ridges, cascades, barrages, fluvial and lacustrine crusts, paludal deposits and cemented rudites) and the allochthonous or clastic travertines (valley-fills, back-barrage deposits, alluvial cones). Travertine deposits often include a wide range of fabrics and morphologies in one system. They are influenced locally by discharge, slope, vegetation, climate and human activity. Intergradations occur, both within travertine types but also with other freshwater deposits, e.g. calcrete and lake chalk. The influence of travertine deposition on the local hydrology and geomorphology is also discussed. The review emphasises the significance of scale and hydrology and aims to provide a unified scheme of travertine classification.
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Mas-Pla, Josep, Josep Trilla, and Maria Lluisa Valls. "Radiocarbon Dating of Travertines Precipitated from Freshwater." Radiocarbon 34, no. 3 (1992): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200063967.
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We have studied the isotopic composition of recently precipitated travertines to determine the initial 14C activity of ancient travertine deposits. We found that the 14C activity of recent travertines of northeastern Spain was a function of the distance from the spring, resulting in variations in the initial 14C activity of the ancient travertine formations. We calculated the ancient travertine radiocarbon ages by using the ratio between the 14C activity of recent travertines and that of present atmospheric CO2 as the initial 14C activity.
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Roshanak, Reihaneh, Farid Moore, Alireza Zarasvandi, Behnam Keshavarzi, and Reinhard Gratzer. "Stable isotope geochemistry and petrography of the Qorveh–Takab travertines in northwest Iran." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 111, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2018.0005.
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Abstract The Qorveh-Takab travertines, which are connected to thermal springs, are situated in the northwest of the Sanandaj- Sirjan metamorphic zone in Iran. In this study, the travertines were investigated applying petrography, mineralogy and isotope geochemistry. Oxygen and carbon isotope geochemistry, petrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis were used to determine the source of the CO2 and the lithofacies and to classify the travertines. Isotope studies, morphological and mineralogical observations and distribution of travertines revealed that the travertines of the Qorveh-Takab could be of thermal water origin and, therefore, belong to the thermogene travertine category. These travertines are usually massive with mound-type morphology and are essentially found in regions with recent volcanic or high tectonic activity. The measured δ13C values of the travertines indicate that the δ13C of the CO2 released from the water during travertine deposition, while the source of the CO2 in the water springs seems to have been of crustal magmatic affinity. These travertines are divided into two lithofacies: (1) crystalline crust travertine and (2) pebbly (phytoclastic travertine with pebble- size extraclasts) travertine. δ18O and δ13C values of travertines are -0.6 to -11.9 (‰VPDB) and +6.08 to +9.84 (‰VPDB), respectively. A probable reason for the heavy carbon isotope content observed in these deposits is the presence of algae microorganisms, which was verified by SEM images. Fissure ridges, fluvial crusts with oncoids, and mound morphological features are observed in the study area. Based on the petrographic and SEM criteria, Qorveh-Takab travertines are classified into four groups: (1) compacted, (2) laminated, (3) iron-rich spring deposit and (4) aragonite-bearing travertines. Stable isotope compositions of Turkish travertines are largely similar to the travertines in the study area.
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Guerra-Merchán, Antonio, Francisco Serrano, José M. García-Aguilar, José E. Ortiz, Trinidad Torres, and Yolanda Sánchez-Palencia. "Development of Quaternary travertines in the carbonate mountains of the western Costa del Sol, Málaga, southern Spain." Quaternary Research 92, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.128.
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AbstractThe predominantly carbonate nature of the mountains near the coast of Málaga and Marbella (Costa del Sol, southern Spain) and the presence of springs have favored the formation of travertine buildups during the Quaternary. The geomorphic characteristics of the slopes and the location of the springs have determined the development of three types of travertine growths: (1) spring travertines, located preferentially on the south mountainside, where the slope is steepest; (2) pool-dam-cascade travertines, which form along the north and east edges, far from the carbonate relief and with a gentler slope; and (3) river-valley travertines, formed in the courses of the springs of any sector. Field observations combined with new amino acid racemization (AAR) dating of Helicidae gastropods show that most of the travertine formations are polyphasic and that their development was interrupted by stages of erosion and incision. Five stages of travertine development are evident, most of which are related to warm, moist episodes corresponding to marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 7, 5, 3, and 1, although local travertine growth also occurred during MIS 6 and during the transition from MIS 3 to 2.
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Pentecost, Allan. "Cyanobacteria associated with hot spring travertines." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-075.
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Cyanobacteria are the major oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms of hot spring travertines. This review describes the known cyanobacterium flora of travertine-depositing waters > 37 °C. The communities develop either upon (epilithon) or within (endolithon) the travertine surface, where they may influence the travertine fabric by providing nucleation sites for calcium carbonate. Mat photosynthesis locally increases the amount of travertine deposited, but the importance of photosynthesis in travertine deposition is rarely significant because the main loss of CO2is by atmospheric evasion of the hot, CO2-rich waters. The Oscillatoriales are the most important group of cyanobacteria in terms of their biomass, but the taxonomy of the order is in a state of chaos. Molecular methods will ultimately disclose the true affinities of the organisms but, at present, the use of form-taxa based upon morphological characters provides a practical alternative. Identification of fossilized cyanobacteria is problematic since few of the key characters survive as fossils. The known cyanobacterium flora is tabulated and an analytical key provided to identify the form-taxa of hot spring travertines.
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Deev, Evgeny V., Svetlana N. Kokh, Yuri Dublyansky, Ella V. Sokol, Denis Scholz, Gennady G. Rusanov, and Vadim N. Reutsky. "Travertines of the South-Eastern Gorny Altai (Russia): Implications for Paleoseismology and Paleoenvironmental Conditions." Minerals 13, no. 2 (February 12, 2023): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13020259.
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The south-eastern Gorny Altai is one of the most hazardous seismogenic area in the north of Central Asia. We present a synthesis of field, 230Th-U geochronological, mineralogical and geochemical data collected on seven Quaternary travertines. All travertines occur within the zones of active faults that border the Chuya and Kurai intermontane basins. Travertine cement mainly comprises calcite (with minor amounts of aragonite), which cements alluvial, alluvial fan, and colluvial deposits. The results of 230Th-U dating suggest that deposition of the travertines was triggered by large paleoearthquakes in the last eight thousand years. Several stages of travertine formation with ages 9–11 ka BP correspond to the known period of strong paleoseismicity in the region (8–16 ka BP). The 123 ka BP travertine resulted from a slip triggered by the Middle Pleistocene deglaciation, while that of 400 ka BP represents seismic motions likely associated with the main Cenozoic orogenic phase. All travertine forming events fall within warm and wet climatic phases (interglacials). Large earthquakes activated faults and caused a rapid rise along them of ambient-temperature bicarbonate groundwater, which was previously sealed in deep-seated Upper Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic limestone-dolostone aquifers. Rapid CO2 degassing of the spring water was the most important control of calcite or aragonite precipitation. Such travertines represent an important tool for paleoseismological research in seismically active regions.
8
Drysdale, Russell N. "Factors controlling the hydrochemistry of Louie Creek, a travertine-depositing stream in the seasonally wet tropics of northern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 5 (2001): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00117.
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Relationships among wet-season recharge, hydrochemistry and the distribution of travertines at Louie Creek were investigated from water samples collected during four campaigns between April 1993 and November 1997. pH, temperature and major cation and anion data reveal that the springs feeding the creek rise with high concentrations of CO2 and dissolved calcium carbonate. The pattern of downstream changes in hydrochemistry was similar during each campaign: rapid outgassing of CO2 over the ˜1.3 km of surface flow increases calcite saturation, triggering extensive travertine deposition over ˜1.5 km. At low discharge, the creek sinks then re-emerges at the downstream limit of travertine deposition in a more CO2-rich state. Together with a low stream gradient and high magnesium concentrations, this chemical change arrests the evolution of the waters and inhibits further accumulation of travertine downstream. Significant wet-season recharge dilutes spring water concentrations and retards their downstream evolution, resulting in a downstream shift of the reach of deposition. Following a wet season of low magnitude, the spring waters rise with higher concentrations of dissolved carbonate and evolve to a supersaturated state over a shorter distance. This results in an upstream migration of the travertine reach. These results have significance for the interpretation of fossil Quaternary travertines at Louie Creek.
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You, Yaxian, Huaguo Wen, Lianchao Luo, Zhipeng Lu, and Liang Li. "Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Features of Banded Travertines from the Xiagei Fissure Ridge System (Shangri-La, China)." Minerals 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010076.
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Banded travertines are important parts of fissure ridge systems, but studies on geochemical characterization of banded travertines are limited. This study investigated the lithofacies and stable carbon and oxygen isotopic features of banded travertines from Xiagei (southwestern China) to examine their formation mechanisms. Petrographic analyses of the banded travertines revealed two lithotypes: thick-laminated palisade crystalline crust and thin-laminated composite crystalline crust. δ13C and δ18O of the Xiagei banded travertines range from 2.82‰ to 4.50‰ V-PDB, and from −25.86‰ to −20.90‰ V-PDB. Parent CO2 evaluation shows that the Xiagei banded travertines mainly received CO2 from the decarbonation of marine carbonates, but the contributions of magmatic CO2 and the dissolution of marine carbonates are also unneglectable. Significantly, the magmatic-derived CO2 might indicate that the delamination of the lithosphere along with the asthenosphere upwelling could be taking place in the eastern Tibetan plateau. Paleotemperature calculation shows that the Xiagei travertines were precipitated from moderate- to high-temperature hot springs (44.3 to 86.8 °C). Interestingly, the thick-laminated palisade crystalline crust and thin-laminated composite crystalline crust display calculated paleotemperature between 66.6 and 86.8 °C and between 56.6 and 77.7 °C, respectively, reflecting the great role of water temperature in controlling the lithofacies of banded travertines. A comparison between the banded travertines at Xiagei and other areas also shows temperature is a non-negligible factor controlling banded travertine precipitation. However, this does not mean that water temperature is the decisive controlling factor and more studies on banded travertines are still indispensable to disclose the potential factors controlling the factors/processes affecting banded travertine lithofacies. This study provides a good example for understanding the relationship between lithofacies and stable isotopic geochemical characteristics of travertine deposits.
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Pivko, Daniel. "Slovenská terminológia travertínov, penovcov a príbuzných terestrických vápencov." Geologické práce Správy 138 (February 24, 2023): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.56623/gps.138.2.
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The paper follows on a review articles on Slovak travertines and tufa published in English in 2021. Geomorphological terms such as ‘fissure ridge’, ‘coalesced mound’, ‘self-buiding channel’, ‘keeled waterfall’, ‘smooth slope’, ‘terrased slope’, ‘dams along stream’, ‘peached springline deposits’, ‘moss pillow’ were defined as new in Slovak terminology. Travertine forms are formed by defined facies: ‘crystalline crusts’ with different crystal types, ‘radiating dendrites’, ‘coated bubbles’, ‘rafts’, and ‘breccias’ of various origin. Biogenic facies such as ‘microphyte mats’, ‘microphyte crusts’, ‘microphyte shrubs’, and ‘macrophyte facies’ appear in various tufas and travertines. In lakes, fens and marshes, the ‘lime-mudstones’ and the terms ‘mottling (marmorisation)’ and ‘pseudomikcokarst’ were defined. ‘Travertinized tufa’ was established as a transitional form between travertine and tufa.
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Ragulina, Marina, Oleg Orlov, and Roman Dmytruk. "Hydrological reserve "Travertine springs"." Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, no. 39 (November 11, 2023): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2023.39.207-210.
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Travertine springs (petrifying springs) are unique natural formations formed by a complex interaction of abiotic and biotic factors, which cause the precipitation of calcium carbonates and magnesium from solutions saturated with corresponding hydrocarbonates. This is how travertines are formed (another name is limestone or freshwater tuffs) - specific carbonate rocks of the sedimentary type, common in continental bodies of water - springs, streams, lakes, etc.
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Srdoč, Dušan, J. K. Osmond, Nada Horvatinčić, Adel A. Dabous, and Bogomil Obelić. "Radiocarbon and Uranium-Series Dating of the Plitvice Lakes Travertines." Radiocarbon 36, no. 2 (1994): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200040509.
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Radiocarbon and uranium-series ages of the calcareous deposits of the Plitvice Lakes show that travertines were deposited during three warm, humid, interglacial oxygen isotope stages. According to our measurements, only calcite crystals or crystal aggregates represent reliable material for both 230Th/234U and 234U/238/U dating. Compact old travertine in the form of sandstone is less reliable; it can be dated by both methods provided that its detrital contamination is not significant, demonstrated by very low 14C activity (< 1.5–2.0 pMC) and a high 230Th/232Th ratio. Old porous travertine contaminated with recent carbonates and Th-bearing clay (pMC > 5, 230Th/232Th < 5) gives erroneous results by both methods. Stage 1 (Holocene) deposition is shown primarily by 14C dating corroborated by sedimentological and palynologic studies as well as by both 230Th/234U and 234U/238U disequilibrium methods. The intensive growth of travertine barriers coincided with significant climate warming in the Holocene. Stage 5 deposition is confirmed by the 230Th/234U dating of crystalline calcite aggregates embedded in the travertine matrix and by concordant 230Th/234U and 234U/238U ages, assuming that the 234U/238U activity ratio of 1.88 observed in modern streams and in Holocene deposits can be extended to past epochs. The travertine deposition period was very short, peaking ca. 120 ± 10 ka bp. Stage 11 deposition is indicated by 234U/238U dating only, the period being within the 234U decay range, but not that of 230Th. Stage 11 travertine was deposited ca. 420 ± 50 ka bp. We did not find travertine samples with U-series ages indicating a growth period during relatively warm Stages 7 and 9; due to the scarcity of old travertine outcrops, these and possibly other stages cannot be excluded on the basis of presented data. All of these isotopic dating results concur with the field relation of the travertine complex of the Plitvice Lakes.
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Valero-Garcés, Blas L., Concha Arenas, and Antonio Delgado-Huertas. "Depositional environments of Quaternary lacustrine travertines and stromatolites from high-altitude Andean lakes, northwestern Argentina." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e01-014.
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Four distinctive depositional subenvironments of fossil travertines and stromatolites are identified in three high-altitude (35004000 m above sea level) lacustrine basins: El Peinado, San Francisco (Las Coladas Salar subbasin), and Las Peladas (southern Andean Altiplano, northwestern Argentina). These late Quaternary occurrences are characterized using geomorphological, sedimentological, petrographic, and stable isotopic data. Stromatolites of cyanobacterial origin only develop in shallow lacustrine margins of El Peinado basin. In the same basin, macrophytic travertines occur both near thermal spring seepage areas along the lake margin as in situ facies and in littoral lacustrine environments up to water depths of several metres as phytoclastic travertine facies. The stromatolites and macrophytic travertines have relatively heavy δ18O compositions, suggesting initial 16O-depleted waters and (or) evaporation effects through time. Their high δ13C compositions are interpreted as a reflection of intense CO2 evasion from the thermal groundwaters feeding the lakes. Similar laminated travertine facies, with no petrographic evidence for biotic origin, occur in both Las Coladas and Las Peladas basins. Neither petrographic nor isotopic data alone can differentiate between these two cases. Besides, diagenetic overprint in Las Peladas facies precludes the use of isotopic values as original isotopic signatures. However, the depositional environmental conditions defined by the geomorphological and sedimentological features are different. Laminated aragonitic crusts in Las Coladas basin formed in a shallow, saline lake and are associated with shoreline and terrace deposits cemented by aragonite. These travertine crusts represent periods of spring, 16O-rich discharge to the lake, as suggested by the lighter oxygen isotopic compositions. In contrast, travertines from Las Peladas occur as laminated calcitic and aragonitic units intercalated at the top of fining-upward sequences composed of conglomerates, sandstones, and intraclastic limestones. Sedimentological data suggest that these travertines originated in fluvial-influenced lake margins during low lake-level episodes.
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Pentecost, Allan. "The formation of travertine shrubs: Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming." Geological Magazine 127, no. 2 (March 1990): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800013844.
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AbstractThe structure and microbiology of active travertines is described from Canary and Minerva springs, with emphasis on ‘shrubs’ growing in terracette pools. These dendritic growths of aragonite consist of intricately branched sprays containing thousands of radiating needles. Shrub microstructure could be explained by the principle of ‘Keimauslese” and the preferential elongation of sharp protuberances in a rapidly depositing environment.The shrubs, and other active travertines, contain unicellular and filamentous bacteria. Estimates of total bacteria numbers ranged from 0.6−1.7 × 105 mm−3 but biomass was low, and always less than 1% of the travertine by weight. No evidence was found to indicate that bacteria played a role in shrub growth or morphology, but crystal trapping on bacterial strings may influence travertine fabrics on cascades. The shrubs are considered to have developed by inorganic processes, in hot spring waters supersaturated with aragonite.
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Makhlouf, Issa Mohammad, Khalil M Ibrahim, Ali R. El Naqah, and Sana’ M. Al-Thawabteh. "MICROFACIES OF LATE PLEISTOCENE TRAVERTINE DEPOSITS IN JORDAN." Malaysian Journal of Science 41, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 90–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol41no2.8.
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The Late Pleistocene travertine outcrops from Deir Alla, Suwayma, and Az Zara were investigated, and their microfacies were identified. The microfacies of the Deir Alla travertines include micrite and spar groundmass, shrubs, crystalline crusts, a stromatolite-like structure, peloids, and cements. Shrub travertine includes spar calcite-coated stems with probably microbial micritic clumps. The crystalline crust travertine displays an alternation of micrite and sparite laminae. The micritic laminae are dark-coloured. Bundles of radial spar crystals are associated locally with micritic groundmass. The crystalline crust developed where biogenic activity is limited. Peloidal microfacies are less than 0.25 mm in diameter, cryptocrystalline, pale-dark green in colour, elliptical to spherical in shape, and usually associated with microorganisms. The microfacies of the Suwayma and Az Zara travertines include crystalline calcite rhombs and other composite scalenohedral crystals. They occur as small anhedral-subhedral crystals, monocrystalline to some polycrystalline, corroded, subrounded, and mainly coated with iron oxide and/or clay minerals. Peloids, ooids, and oncoids are common. They are dark-green coloured, cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline carbonates of spherical and ellipsoidal shape with less than 1 mm in diameter. Rich flora travertines include reed and paper-thin rafts with leaf impressions encrusted on moss cushions. The flora observed in the upper part of the Suwayma section was identified as charophyte oospores (gyrogonites). A few grains of quartz are present as small subhedral-euhedral crystals, monocrystalline, corroded, rounded, and mainly coated with iron oxide. The iron is irregularly distributed among the laminae and voids and is occasionally replaced by carbonates. The described macrophyte encrustation structures probably represent algae, cyanobacteria, or bryophytes. All samples of micrite and spar calcite appear as groundmass.
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Golubić, Stjepko, Crescenzo Violante, Anđelka Plenković-Moraj, and Tonći Grgasović. "Travertines and calcareous tufa deposits: an insight into diagenesis Article Sidebar." Geologia Croatica 61, no. 2-3 (December 25, 2008): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4154/gc.2008.28.
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Travertines and calcareous tufa are porous deposits formed by interactions between ambient precipitation of calcium carbonate and resident organisms under different temperature regimes. The distinctions between travertine as thermal spring deposits and calcareous tufa (Kalktuff) as deposits in the springs and rivers at ambient temperatures are fluid. Both represent end points in bio- and physico-chemical calcification processes across a broad gradient of temperature, mineral composition and ion saturation levels. Ecological preferences of micro- and macroorganisms in travertine depositional systems result in the re-distribution of water flow, modification of the landscape and its ecology. The resulting sedimentary structures include new environmental settings with different and diversified biota. They also include different microenvironments of diagenesis with different timings of the processes involved. Conditions in modern ambient temperature travertines of the Plitvice system of lakes and waterfalls are compared with the similar, ancient system of Rocchetta a Volturno, in the central Apennines. Diagenetic alterations are described and illustrated starting with biologically identified primary deposits.
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Vieira, Daniella S. C., Daniel Pivko, László Rinyu, László Palcsu, Gabriella I. Kiss, Hsun-Ming Hu, Chuan-Chou Shen, and Sándor Kele. "Age and Depositional Temperature of Quaternary Travertine Spring Mounds from Slovakia." Minerals 13, no. 6 (June 10, 2023): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13060794.
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Travertine spring mounds are common in Slovakia; however, their age and depositional temperature are still poorly known. Our study is the first multimethodological investigation involving stable carbon, oxygen, and clumped isotope (Δ47) analyses and U-Th age determination of travertine mounds from different locations in Slovakia (Santovka, Dudince, Čerin, Bešeňová, Liptovský Ján, Liptovské Sliače, Vyšné Ružbachy, Gánovce, and Sivá Brada) to provide information about their age, origin, precipitation conditions, and temperature. The positive δ13C values imply that the parent water was charged with heavy CO2 of deep origin. The δ18O values of spring waters range between −11.4‰ and −8.9‰, whereas the δ2H values vary from −80.5‰ to −58.3, indicating a meteoric origin for spring waters. Clumped isotope compositions (Δ47) correspond to a deposition temperature between 4 °C and 32 °C. The U-Th age data of the studied travertines vary from 1.2 (Liptovské Sliače) to 301 ka (Dudince). Our results can serve as a basis for further detailed geochronological and geochemical studies to reconstruct the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment during travertine deposition periods in Slovakia since the mid-Pleistocene transition.
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Kazakov, N. V. "SOILS IN THE VICINITY OF «KOTEL» AND «IVANOV GRYPHON» THERMAL SITES (NALYCHEVSKAYA HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM, EASTERN KAMCHATKA)." Bulletin of Kamchatka Regional Association «Educational-Scientific Center». Earth Sciences, no. 4(60) (December 2023): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31431/1816-5524-2023-4-60-67-80.
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Information about the soil cover in the vicinity of the «Kotel» and «Ivanova Gryphon» springs of the Nalychevo hydrothermal system is provided. A diagram of the soil cover is presented, and the boundaries of areas with different types of soils and travertine deposits are defined. Data on soil morphology in the surveyed area are discussed. The soils on the ancient travertine deposits of the «Kotel» spring develop according to the type of zonal soils characteristic to the Nalychevo area — volcanic stratified ash soil. It is shown that the travertines of the «Kotel» spring buried by the soil-pyroclastic cover, are characterized by stratification and inclusions of tephra interlayers. There are no signs of the beginning of soil formation on the surface of fresh travertine deposits zonal of the «Ivanova Gryphon» spring. Data on the state of the soil cover can be used in monitoring changes in soil cover under the influence of the ongoing deposition of salts from the «Ivanova Gryphon» spring and the anthropogenic impact of visitors to the «Nalychevo» Natural Park.
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Kanellopoulos, Christos, Eugenia Valsami-Jones, Panagiotis Voudouris, Christina Stouraiti, Robert Moritz, Constantinos Mavrogonatos, and Panagiotis Mitropoulos. "A New Occurrence of Terrestrial Native Iron in the Earth’s Surface: The Ilia Thermogenic Travertine Case, Northwestern Euboea, Greece." Geosciences 8, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8080287.
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Native iron has been identified in an active thermogenic travertine deposit, located at Ilia area (Euboea Island, Greece). The deposit is forming around a hot spring, which is part of a large active metallogenetic hydrothermal system depositing ore-bearing travertines. The native iron occurs in two shapes: nodules with diameter 0.4 and 0.45 cm, and angular grains with length up to tens of μm. The travertine laminae around the spherical/ovoid nodules grow smoothly, and the angular grains are trapped inside the pores of the travertine. Their mineral-chemistry is ultra-pure, containing, other than Fe, only Mn (0.34–0.38 wt.%) and Ni (≤0.05 wt.%). After evaluating all the possible environments where native iron has been reported up until today and taking under consideration all the available data concerning the study area, we propose two possible scenarios: (i) Ilia’s native iron has a magmatic/hydrothermal origin i.e., it is a deep product near the magmatic chamber or a peripheral cooling igneous body that was transferred during the early stages of the geothermal field evolution, from high temperature, reduced gas-rich fluids and deposited along with other metals in permeable structural zones, at shallow levels. Later on, it was remobilized and mechanically transferred and precipitated at the Ilia’s thermogenic travertine by the active lower temperatures geothermal fluids; (ii) the native iron at Ilia is remobilized from deep seated ophiolitic rocks, originated initially from reduced fluids during serpentinization processes; however, its mechanical transport seems less probable. The native iron mineral-chemistry, morphology and the presence of the other mineral phases in the same thermogenic travertine support both hypotheses.
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Salah, Mohamed, Hicham El Asmi, and Lahcen Gourari. "Morphological Typology and Petrography of Plio-Quaternary Continental Carbonates of Aït Chaïb, Skoura Basin, Middle Atlas, Morocco." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 1B (February 28, 2023): 216–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1b.16ms-2023-2-24.
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The Plio-Quaternary Ait Chaib basin occupies the northwestern part of the Skoura Syncline, which is part of the northern Middle Atlas Folded Zone. This intracontinental basin was formed probably in the Pliocene after the Tortono-Messinian regression sea. The Plio-Quaternary deposits are bound by fluvial conglomerates and continental carbonates. They consist of barrage travertines; travertine limestones and oncholitic travertine silts and sands of the upstream and downstream deposits. These travertines laterally pass to lacustrine limestones at the bottom of the basin. The genesis of these continental carbonates, correlative to phases of karstification, has affected the Meso-Cenozoic carbonate deposits of the folded Middle Atlas, and is linked to favorable paleo-environmental conditions of geological, geomorphological, hydrogeological, hydrological and bioclimatic order. The petrographic study of these lacustrine limestones shows laminar structure allowing to assimilate into continental stromatolites. They were formed by cyanobacterial mats in a shallow lacustrine environment in which water were was non-turbid and supersaturated in limestone solution, coming from karstic springs staking out the Middle Atlasic North Accident. The important diagenesis evolution is linked to the surface water table contain, which has as a floor gypsiferous lagoonal marl of the Upper Miocene age.
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Koban, Christoph G., and Günter Schweigert. "Microbial origin of travertine fabrics—two examples from Southern Germany (Pleistocene stuttgart travertines and miocene riedöschingen Travertine)." Facies 29, no. 1 (December 1993): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02536931.
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Newell, Dennis L. "Travertine." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 88, no. 22 (May 29, 2007): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007eo220010.
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Giustini, Francesca, and Mauro Brilli. "Uranium Geochemistry of Italian Travertines and Calcareous Tufas: Exploring the Relationship between Carbonate Deposition, Groundwater Circulation and Subsurface Geology." Minerals 13, no. 6 (June 8, 2023): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13060782.
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A database consisting of 163 data on the uranium content and 234U/238U initial activity ratio of 15 Italian travertine and calcareous tufa sites was created using data from the relevant literature. Using a graphical method, data were interpreted considering the U geochemistry in natural environments as well as the geological, hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical settings of each site. The U content and 234U/238U initial activity ratio in travertine and tufa appear to be affected by different factors, such as the availability of U in the aquifer rocks, the redox state of the waters, and the alpha-active radionuclide recoil phenomenon. The data allow the identification of four groups of travertines/tufas: (i) those precipitated from circulating groundwater, with a short/fast flow path, in volcanic rocks with a high radionuclide content; (ii) those precipitated from circulating groundwater, with a long, deep flow path in carbonate/evaporite formations with a relatively low radionuclide content; and (iii) those precipitated from cold waters associated with riverine systems, which are characterized by oxidizing conditions and fed by high-discharge springs recharged by carbonate aquifers. The fourth group represents the intermediate situations frequently occurring due to the mixing of waters from different aquifers. The results suggest an interpretative model that might contribute to the paleo-environmental reconstruction of fossil travertine and calcareous tufa depositing systems.
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Lu, Zhipeng, Huaguo Wen, Lianchao Luo, Liang Li, and Ying Nie. "Geochemical Characterization of Laminated Crystalline Crust Travertines Formed by Ca2+-Deficient Hot Springs at Sobcha (China)." Minerals 13, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13020220.
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Travertines formed of crystalline crust have been widely reported, but there has not been focus on their geochemical characteristics. We therefore carefully conducted a series of geochemical investigations and U-Th dating on a travertine mound mainly composed of crystalline crust from Sobcha (southwest China) to determine their geochemical features and geological implications. The Sobcha travertines dominantly consist of granular crystals and fan crystals and show δ13C from 3.4‰ to 4.9‰ V-PDB, δ18O from −26.7‰ to −23.7‰ V-PDB, and 87Sr/86Sr from 0.712458 to 0.712951. When normalized to PASS, the Sobcha travertines exhibit MREE enrichment relative to HREE and LREE, HREE enrichment relative to LREE, and positive Eu anomalies. The δ13C signatures and mother CO2 evaluation of the Sobcha travertines show that the Sobcha travertines were thermogene travertines largely receiving mother CO2 from (upper) mantle (i.e., magmatic CO2) or a mixture of soil-derived CO2 and CO2 related to carbonate decarbonation. The 87Sr/86Sr of the Sobcha travertines is out of the 87Sr/86Sr ranges of local deposits exposed at Sobcha and surrounding areas but is well matched with the mean 87Sr/86Sr of Nadi Kangri volcanic rocks which cropped out to the northeast of the studied travertines (over 20 km away). This might indicate the important role of the Nadi Kangri volcanic rocks in suppling Sr to the studied travertines, but more studies are required. The LREE depletion compared to MREE and HREE in the Sobcha travertines was interpreted to be caused by the difference in geochemical mobility between LREEs and HREEs during water–rock interaction at depth, while the MREE enrichment compared to HREE was considered to be most likely inherited from reservoir/aquifer rocks. The positive Eu anomalies of the Sobcha travertines may result from very high reservoir temperatures and/or preferential dissolution of Eu-rich minerals/rocks (especially plagioclase). The Sobcha travertine mounds displays no or very slight vertical variations in δ13C, 87Sr/86Sr, and REE patterns, indicating the compositional stability of mother CO2 and paleo-fluids. However, a significant vertical increase in δ18O was observed and was explained as the result of gradual water temperature decrease related to climate cooling, self-closure of the vents, or mound vertical growth. The findings in this study might help us better understand the deposition of crystalline crust in Ca2+-deficient hot spring systems.
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Štimac Grandić, I., J. Drobac, N. Bede, and I. Ružić. "Stability of travertine barrier on Milino Lake." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1252/1/012081.
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Abstract In March 2018, part of the travertine barrier at Milino Lake, in Plitvice Lakes National Park in Croatia, broke off, significantly altering the flow of water over the barrier. Encouraged by this event, the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Rijeka conducted a monitoring and analysis of the erosion dynamics of the travertine barriers on Plitvice Lakes. Within the project, the analyses of the stability of the travertine barriers were carried out. To the author's knowledge, physical and mechanical properties of travertine have been determined for the first time on samples excluded from travertine barriers between cascading lakes. In addition, no one has previously checked the stability of the travertine barrier located between the two lakes. The maximum compressive and tensile stresses calculated on a numerical model of the broken part of the barrier are compared with the compressive and tensile strength determined by laboratory tests on travertine samples taken from the broken barrier. By comparing the calculated stresses and determined travertine strength, it was found that the stability of the analysed part of the broken travertine barrier at Milino Lake was compromised even if only the self-weight of the collapsed part of the barrier is taken into account.
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Waltham, Tony. "Travertine cascades." Geology Today 38, no. 5 (September 2022): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gto.12406.
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Alex Scott. "Travertine Technologies." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 39 (November 7, 2022): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10039-cover10.
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ZENTMYER, R., P. M. MYROW, and D. L. NEWELL. "Travertine deposits from along the South Tibetan Fault System near Nyalam, Tibet." Geological Magazine 145, no. 6 (September 9, 2008): 753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808005323.
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AbstractA newly investigated travertine deposit in southern Tibet provides a window into Holocene hydrological, geomorphic and climatic processes near the boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and High Himalaya. Travertine, deposited as a result of the degassing of CO2-rich groundwater as it emerges on the Earth's surface, is in many cases formed along the trace of major crustal-scale faults in primarily extensional tectonic regimes. A travertine platform measuring roughly 1 km by 0.5 km exists near the town of Nyalam in southern Tibet along a major Himalayan down-to-the-N normal fault, the South Tibetan Fault System. A wide variety of travertine depositional textures and features are recorded in the platform on a series of terraces. Active travertine deposition was observed from spring mounds and seeps along the base of the platform at the modern river level. Palaeotemperatures of spring water, calculated from δ18O of the travertine, range from 9 to 25 °C, which closely matches the temperatures recorded from modern springs in the area. A complex geomorphological landscape records interaction between growing alluvial fans, travertine accumulation, and a rapidly down-cutting river with associated fluvial terraces. River incision was contemporaneous with travertine deposition, as indicated by cemented fluvial river gravel layers interbedded with travertine. High 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the travertine (mean of 0.7168) indicate subsurface fluid interaction with radiogenic crystalline rocks of the underlying Greater Himalaya. Uranium-series ages of the travertine platform range from 5400 a (±950 a) to 11600 a (±1000 a), and indicate a younging progression from higher terraces near the valley wall to lower terraces at present-day river level. Travertine that overlies a river gravel terrace 18 m above river level formed at 11600 a. This date yields a local incision rate of 1.6 mm a−1, consistent with estimated fluvial incision rates in the High Himalaya. The range of our U-series ages coincides with an interval of higher precipitation associated with greater intensity of the Indian monsoon, which led to elevated spring discharge and carbonate precipitation in this part of the High Himalayas.
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Khovalko, A., and L. Onyshkiv. "Features of travertine rocks Podillya in tourism activity as religious sites and pilgrimage tourism." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 1, no. 43 (October 19, 2013): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.43.1610.
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The features of travertine rock skirts in tourism activities. The classification data of natural formations on functional attributes for use in religious tourism. Apply complex geographic characteristics travertine rocks skirts as objects of religious tourism and pilgrimage. Keywords: travertine rock, religious tourism, pilgrimages, convent, monastery, temple.
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Chafetz, Henry S., and Sean A. Guidry. "Deposition and diagenesis of Mammoth Hot Springs travertine, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-051.
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Strata forming a 113 m long core through Mammoth Hot Springs record the Holocene evolution of this travertine accumulation from deposition as part of a lacustrine to a terraced mound environment. The deposit is readily divided into four intervals: 11367 m, carbonate-cemented volcaniclastic with intercalated layers of travertine; 6760 m, moderately pure travertine with some volcaniclastics; 6050 m, carbonate-cemented volcaniclastic-rich interval; and 500 m, essentially pure travertine. Lithologic composition, sedimentary structures, and the rare ostracode fossils indicate that the lower 67 m predominantly accumulated in a lacustrine environment, whereas the upper 40 m are terraced mound deposits. All of the travertine is calcite, some after aragonite. Layers of shrubs, oncoids, and peloids, all bacterial in origin, form the dominant allochems within the travertine. Stable isotopic carbon and oxygen values (n = 128) are strongly positively correlated and decrease up-core ~4 and 8, respectively, reflecting a change in depositional environment from lacustrine to terraced mound upsection. Other stable isotopic trends indicate a pronounced difference between travertine allochems and immediately adjacent spar, e.g., spar averages 0.9 and 0.6, respectively, lower than immediately adjacent shrubs (n = 7 pairs). This difference is interpreted to reflect degassing and evaporation in the surface waters prior to precipitation of the allochems. The trends in stable isotopic values provide valuable corroborative data with regard to the depositional environment and diagenesis of the travertine.
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Li, Qiong Fang, Fa Qin Dong, Qun Wei Dai, Ting Ting Huo, De Jun An, and Shu Tang. "The Microbial Factor of Travertine Deposition between Yellowstone National Park (YNP), USA and Huanglong Scenic, Sichuan." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.136.
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Yellow Stone National Park (YNP), USA, is well-known as its glorious travertine geomorphology as well as Huanglong National Scenic District in Sichuan, China. But there were some difference between them. The travertine deposition of YNP were formed from geothermal activity, meanwhile Huanglong Scenic District is located in high attitude and cold area and the travertine deposition appeared in the cold water. With the increasing attention to global carbon cycle, origin of life and the life action in the extreme environment, the geothermal travertine formation origin and mechanism were focused by the scientists from different field. The research plan was also a part of “the Mars project”. The reason was that the Mars’s surface environment is similar to that of the ancient Earth. This article reviewed the research results of the microbiology diversity, community structure and distribution, function gene and special microbial carbon metabolism passway in the hot spring of YNP. We also summarized the biological factor in the process of the travertine deposition of YNP. After comparing the research progress on the travertine deposition between YNP and Huanglong Scenic District, we put foreword the further strategy to understand the biological effect on the travertine deposition of Huanglong Scenic District.
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Firdaus, A., D. T. Kurniadi, D. N. Sahradani, and Supriyanto. "Mineralogy of travertine deposit in Cisolok geothermal field, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 846, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/846/1/012017.
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Abstract Travertine is a geothermal surface feature that forms by the deposition of carbonate from discharging supersaturated thermal bicarbonate fluid. This study was conducted to determine travertine rocks mineralogy found in Cisolok geothermal area, Sukabumi, West Java. Petrographic, diffraction, and elemental analysis were performed on several recent and paleo-travertine samples. The petrographic and diffraction method confirms the presence of calcite and microcrystalline. The paleo-travertine deposit showed a more diverse texture through chemical elemental analysis. The analysis showed that the abundance of calcite minerals and the absence of aragonite indicate the intermediate low temperature geothermal system in Cisolok.
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Firdaus, A., D. T. Kurniadi, D. N. Sahradani, and Supriyanto. "Mineralogy of travertine deposit in Cisolok geothermal field, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 846, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/846/1/012017.
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Abstract Travertine is a geothermal surface feature that forms by the deposition of carbonate from discharging supersaturated thermal bicarbonate fluid. This study was conducted to determine travertine rocks mineralogy found in Cisolok geothermal area, Sukabumi, West Java. Petrographic, diffraction, and elemental analysis were performed on several recent and paleo-travertine samples. The petrographic and diffraction method confirms the presence of calcite and microcrystalline. The paleo-travertine deposit showed a more diverse texture through chemical elemental analysis. The analysis showed that the abundance of calcite minerals and the absence of aragonite indicate the intermediate low temperature geothermal system in Cisolok.
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O'Brien, Gary R., Darrell S. Kaufman, Warren D. Sharp, Viorel Atudorei, Roderic A. Parnell, and Laura J. Crossey. "Oxygen isotope composition of annually banded modern and mid-Holocene travertine and evidence of paleomonsoon floods, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA." Quaternary Research 65, no. 3 (May 2006): 366–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.12.001.
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AbstractHolocene and modern travertine formed in spring-fed Havasu Creek of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, was studied to determine the factors governing its oxygen-isotope composition. Analysis of substrate-grown travertine indicates that calculated calcite-formation temperatures compare favorably with measured water temperatures, and include silt-rich laminae deposited by monsoon-driven floods. Ancient spring-pool travertine is dated by U-series at 7380 ± 110 yr and consists of 14 travertine-silt couplets of probable annual deposition. One hundred eighty high-resolution δ18O analyses of this mid-Holocene sample average −11.0‰ PDB. The average value for modern travertine is ∼0.5‰ lower, perhaps because mid-Holocene temperature was higher or there was proportionally greater summer recharge. δ18O cyclicity in the mid-Holocene travertine has average amplitude of 1.9 ± 0.5‰ PDB, slightly less than the inferred modern-day annual temperature range of Havasu Creek. The annual temperature range might have been reduced during the 14-yr interval compared to present, although other non-temperature factors could account for the muted annual variation. Silt-rich laminae within isotopically lower calcite in the modern and mid-Holocene travertine verifies the seasonal resolution of both samples, and suggests that similar temperature-precipitation conditions, as well as monsoon-generated summer floods, prevailed in the mid-Holocene as they do throughout the Grand Canyon region today.
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Frank, Norbert, Margarethe Braum, Ulrich Hambach, Augusto Mangini, and Günther Wagner. "Warm Period Growth of Travertine during the Last Interglaciation in Southern Germany." Quaternary Research 54, no. 1 (July 2000): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2135.
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Late-Quaternary travertine at two sites near Stuttgart formed entirely during interglacial periods. The travertine contains structures from growth induced by bacteria, and such structures have been dated by 230Th/U mass spectrometry. The resulting ages from both sites imply growth episodes of short duration, with growth rates up to 5 mm yr−1, at 99,800 ± 1300 yr B.P. (2σ n = 8) and 105,900 ± 1300 yr B.P. (2σ n = 7). These episodes were likely part of marine isotope stage (MIS) 5.3. Deposition of silt interrupted travertine growth at one of the sites ∼105,000 yr B.P. Likely correlatives of this silt are the St. Germain I-B stade recorded in the Grand Pile peat bog and a cold episode ∼1000 yr long recorded by δ18O values in the GRIP ice core. Travertine also formed during stage 5.5 (∼115,000 yr) and during the early Holocene. We found no evidence for travertine accumulation in stages 2, 3, 4, and 5.1. At both sites, the Sr/U ratio and the initial 234U/238U activity ratio resemble those of modern spring water. However, the sites differ in the chemical composition of spring water and in stratigraphic sequence of travertine accumulation.
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Orlov, Oleg, Marina Ragulina, Roman Dmytruk, Ulyana Bornyak, and Oksana Omelchuk. "PETRIFYING SPRINGS OF EASTERN VICINITY OF LVIV CITY AS VALUED OBJECTS OF LIVING AND INANIMATE NATURE." PROBLEMS OF GEOMORPHOLOGY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE UKRANIAN CARPATHIANS AND ADJACENT AREAS, no. 15 (September 25, 2023): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/gpc.2023.1.3952.
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An assessment of the condition of the petrifying springs in the eastern vicinity of Lviv City as objects of living and non-living nature and their nature conservation value was carried out. The investigated travertine springs are confined to the sources of small rivers associated with water-erosive landscape complexes. Travertine deposits in the studied areas are mostly related to groundwater outputs in the sides of deep, branched V- or U-shaped, usually wooded ravines, which have the local name "debra". Springs are wedging out in sites of contact between Neogene limestones and waterproof Сretaceous marls and often produce powerful deposits of travertines (calcareous tufa). These sources are forming the headwaters of small rivers in the region. Considering the long period of management of the region and the high rate of urbanization, at the modern stage, the complex of natural factors is often joined by anthropogenic influence, which in one way or another affects the natural processes of tufa accumulation. As our research has shown, all the surveyed streams have been anthropogenically altered in one way or another. Obviously, the main reason for this is the location of the streams in the forest park zone of Lviv with intensive visits by vacationers and the close proximity to human habitation. Only 15 springs (27.8%) retain their natural character and the rest are significantly transformed. Among the last 20 sources (37.0%) suffer minor changes due to the expansion of sources and straightening or deepening of their channels; such ones can be defined as semi-natural. Today, more than a third of springs (19 / 35.2%) are intensively managed and have completely lost their natural features, mainly due to capping and the construction of reservoirs. Despite the significant transformation, many of such sources can have health (bathing), economic (alternative sources of water supply), sacred ("holy water"), historical (named after famous personalities), aesthetic (originally designed) and scientific and educational (limestone exposure and travertine) values. The most interesting and outstanding of them need to be given the conservation status of the Nature Reserve Fund. Key words: petrifying springs; travertine (calcareous tufa); rare habitats; natural monuments.
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Koban, Christoph G., and Günter Schweigert. "Comparative Study on Travertines of Southern Germany - Middle-Pleistocene Travertines of Stuttgart and Middle Miocene Travertine of Riedöschingen." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 189, no. 1-3 (August 31, 1993): 171–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/189/1993/171.
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Sturchio, Neil C., Kenneth L. Pierce, Michael T. Murrell, and Michael L. Sorey. "Uranium-Series Ages of Travertines and Timing of the Last Glaciation in the Northern Yellowstone Area, Wyoming-Montana." Quaternary Research 41, no. 3 (May 1994): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1030.
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AbstractUranium-series age determinations by mass spectrometric methods were done for travertines and associated carbonate veins related to clastic deposits of the last glaciation (Pinedale) in the northern Yellowstone area. Dramatic variations in the hydrologic head are inferred from variations in the elevation of travertine deposition with time and are consistent with the expected hydrologic effects of glaciation. We determine the following chronology of the Pinedale Glaciation, with the key assumption that travertine deposits (and associated carbonate veins) perched high above present thermal springs were deposited when glaciers filled the valley below these perched deposits: (1) the early Pinedale outlet glacier advanced well downvalley between 47,000 and 34,000 yr B.P.; (2) the outlet glacier receded to an interstadial position between 34,000 and 30,000 yr B.P.; (3) an extensive Pinedale ice advance occurred between 30,000 and 22,500 yr B.P.; (4) a major recession occurred between 22,500 and 19,500 yr B.P.; (5) a minor readvance (Deckard Flats) culminated after 19,500 yr B.P.; and (6) recession from the Deckard Flats position was completed before 15,500 yr B.P. This chronology is consistent with the general trend of climatic changes in the northern hemisphere as revealed by recent high-resolution ice-core records from the Greenland ice sheet.
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Renaut, Rubin W., and Brian Jones. "Controls on aragonite and calcite precipitation in hot spring travertines at Chemurkeu, Lake Bogoria, Kenya." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 801–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e17-066.
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Subfossil travertines precipitated around hot spring orifices at Chemurkeu on the western shore of Lake Bogoria, Kenya, are composed of calcite, aragonite, and minor dolomite. Aragonite crystal beds, which form 5–10% of the travertine by volume, are formed of large pseudohexagonal prisms, whereas the calcite crystal beds are composed mainly of feather dendrites. Dolomite is only found between aragonite crystals. Boundaries between aragonite and calcite crystals commonly display evidence of dissolution, but there is no evidence to indicate that calcite formed by inversion of aragonite or that the dolomite replaced the aragonite. Thus, the aragonite, calcite, and dolomite are each treated as primary precipitates. Reticulate gelatinous coatings, with a high Si and Mg content, cover most external and internal surfaces of the aragonite and calcite crystals. The travertines may have formed under more humid conditions than today, when the spring waters contained more Ca2+. The physiochemical conditions at the modern springs provide a context for interpreting the factors that controlled the precipitation of the aragonite and calcite. Today, the hot (T > 85 °C) Na–HCO3–Cl spring waters at Chemurkeu, which have a salinity of ~6 g∙L−1 total dissolved solids, a pH of 8.1–9.1, and contain < 2 mg∙L−1 of Ca2+ and < 0.7 mg∙L−1 of Mg2+, are fed by a shallow aquifer [Formula: see text] and a deeper aquifer (T = 170 °C). Modern spring waters, derived from meteoric groundwater, lake water, and condensed steam, are fed mainly from the shallow thermal aquifer. Field, petrographic, and scanning electron microscope evidence obtained from the travertines, coupled with knowledge of the modern springs, indicates that the progressive and cyclic alternation from calcite precipitation to aragonite precipitation to aragonite dissolution which characterizes many travertine successions may have been caused by changes in [Formula: see text] of the spring waters under high temperatures (> 90 °C). The textures in the travertines show that precipitation of the aragonite and calcite crystals was probably abiotic, and episodic rather than continuous. Rapid degassing of CO2 associated with shallow boiling was probably a major factor in crystal growth.
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Kanellopoulos, C. "Various morphological types of thermogenic travertines in Northern Euboea and Eastern Central Greece." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.10958.
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In the northern part of Euboea Island and the neighbouring part of the mainland in eastern central Greece, many hot springs exist and some of them create travertine deposits. The objectives of the study were to identify and describe the various morphological types of the thermogenic travertine deposits. The samples were studied at the lab with optical microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), in order to verify their main mineralogical composition and their mineral chemistry. The studied travertine deposits consist mainly of aragonite and calcite, but in some cases, as main mineral phase, an amorphous hydrous ferric oxyhydroxide (ferrihydrite), was also identified. The morphological types that were identified were of great variety (mounds, travertine caves etc) and some of them were quite rare (cascades, remora etc). Morphological data and field observations suggest possible inorganic and organic controls on carbonate precipitation. Similar morphological types have been recorded at large travertine systems like Mammoth hot springs, Yellowstone National Park in USA and at Rapolano Terme, Italy.
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Di Pietro, Romeo, Marco Giardini, Duilio Iamonico, Giancarlo Tondi, Daniele Angeloni, Emanuela Carli, Michele Aleffi, et al. "Floristic and coenological data from the travertine substrates of the SAC “Travertini Acque Albule (Bagni di Tivoli)” (Lazio Region – Central Italy)." Plant Sociology 59, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pls2022592/05.
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During a phytosociological field-work campaign on the vegetation of the travertine outcrops, included in the Special Area of Conservation (SAC) “Travertini Acque Albule (Bagni di Tivoli)” (Central Italy), several taxa of particular interest were identified. Carex vulpina, Lolium apenninum, Onosma echioides subsp. angustifolia, Typha domingensis, T. laxmannii and Vicia pannonica subsp. pannonica are new for the Lazio administrative Region, while Ophrys illyrica and Zannichellia peltata are confirmed for the flora of this Region. For each of these taxa phytosociological samples describing the plant communities in which they were found are provided. New records for rare species were also reported for cryptogams such as Algae, Lichens and Mosses.
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Livnat, A., and J. Kronfeld. "Paleoclimatic Implications of U-Series Dates for Lake Sediments and Travertines in the Arava Rift Valley, Israel." Quaternary Research 24, no. 2 (July 1985): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90003-1.
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The Sayif travertines and lacustrine limestones cropping out in the northern Arava Valley, a region of extreme aridity, have been dated by the 230Th/234U disequilibrium method. The consistency between the stratigraphic position and the apparent ages at each of the sampling sites strongly supports the reliability of the ages. Most of the ages fall within two clusters that are coincident with ages representative of oceanic oxygen-isotope stages 5 and 7. The colder intervening stage 6 was not a period of substantial travertine formation. During the warmer global episodes of isotopic stages 5 and 7 the arid south of Israel apparently was considerably wetter than at present.
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Srdoč, Dušan, Henry Chafetz, and Nancy Utech. "Radiocarbon Dating of Travertine Deposits, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012212.
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Travertine deposits occur abundantly at past and present sites of waterfalls in the Arbuckle Mountains region of Oklahoma. This area (1600km2) consists of folded and faulted Prepaleozoic and Paleozoic rocks, with abundant outcrops of Paleozoic carbonate rocks. Samples of recently deposited and old travertine from the Turner Falls area were collected during a 1987 field trip and analyzed for 13C, 14C and 18O content. The aquatic chemistry of travertine depositing creeks was investigated systematically and compared with those of similar areas in SE and central Europe.
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Kronfeld, J., J. C. Vogel, E. Rosenthal, and M. Weinstein-Evron. "Age and Paleoclimatic Implications of the Bet Shean Travertines." Quaternary Research 30, no. 3 (November 1988): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90005-1.
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From 41,000 to over 22,000 yr B.P., a massive and areally extensive spring travertine was deposited in the Bet Shean Valley, Israel. This travertine is coeval with the Ami'az Member of the Lisan Formation which represents a high lake stand. The travertine deposition is contemporaneous with a more active hydrologic regime associated with wetter conditions in the arid zones of the southern Levant adjacent to southern Israel. These wetter conditions facilitated formation of a widespread spring tufa and also enhanced the water levels of Lake Lisan.
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GUIDO, DIEGO M., and KATHLEEN A. CAMPBELL. "Upper Jurassic travertine at El Macanudo, Argentine Patagonia: a fossil geothermal field modified by hydrothermal silicification and acid overprinting." Geological Magazine 155, no. 6 (June 23, 2017): 1394–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000498.
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AbstractThe Deseado Massif hosts numerous Late Jurassic (150 Ma) fossil geothermal systems related to an extensive volcanic event developed in a diffuse extensional back-arc setting. Detailed mapping, petrography and mineralogical observations of El Macanudo outcrops verify that it represents a hot-spring-related travertine partially replaced by silica and delineated by six sedimentary facies. These are large concentric cones (F1), laminated vertical columnar structures (F2), porous layers (F3), shrubby and irregular lamination (F4), low-amplitude wavy bedding (F5) and mounds and breccias (F6). The Macanudo Norte Outcrop rocks constitute a silica-replaced travertine sequence, with development of large conical stromatolites in a deep pool or geothermally influenced shallow lacustrine environment, surrounded by a subaerial travertine apron terrace; whereas, the Macanudo Sur Outcrop is a subaerial travertine mound sequence. Structurally controlled vent areas occur in both northern (F1) and southern (F6) outcrops, mainly located along regional NNE- and ENE-trending faults. The other sedimentary units display a concentric distribution of travertine facies with respect to the interpreted vent areas. The El Macanudo palaeo-hot spring deposit is situated in an eroded Jurassic volcanic centre, and records a complex evolutionary-fluid history. The sediments archived three different Jurassic events, when large and long-lasting hydrothermal systems were active across the region. This relative temporal sequence was formed by: (1) travertine precipitation; (2) development of a silica cap, where early silicification was responsible for exceptional preservation of some stromatolitic fabrics; and (3) acid alteration, recorded by dissolution textures and clay formation, and caused by a palaeo-phreatic water-level drop.
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Chafetz, Henry S., Dusan Srdoc, and Nada Horvatincic. "Early Diagenesis of Plitvice Lakes Waterfall and Barrier Treavertine Deposits." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 48, no. 3 (November 23, 2007): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033006ar.
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ABSTRACT Travertine forms spectacular waterfalls, barriers, and subaqueous finegrained lake-fill accumulations throughout the Plitvice National Park, Croatia, northwestern Yugoslavia. Barrier deposits form dams, behind which, the lakes of the Plitvice complex are situated. Three generations of low-magnesian calcite spar comprise the waterfall and barrier forming travertines. The initial precipitates generally are composed of cloudy, very finely to medium crystalline equant to bladed spar. A later generation is composed of clear, isopachous layers of medium to coarsely crystalline bladed crystals. Additionally, centimeter-thick laminated speleothem-like crusts, composed of clear, bladed to columnar spar, are the common precipitates around micritic accumulations within the older travertine. In comparison, the lake-fill deposits are primarily composed of moderately (recent lake-fill deposits) to well-developed (relict lake-fill deposits) 3-8 ^m calcite rhombohedrons. Petrographie analyses clearly show that cyanobacteria, fungi, and/or other microbial organisms bore into the spar and micritize it. This sparmicritization is pervasive throughout the waterfall and barrier deposits. Bladed spar crystals range from those which are pristine to those whose original bladed morphology can only be interpreted by comparison with laterally adjacent crystals. Individual samples display multiple generations of spar which have undergone various degrees of sparmicritization. Sparmicritization results in a thoroughly micritized accumulation in which evidence of the original spar composition has been completely obliterated.
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BROGI, ANDREA, and ENRICO CAPEZZUOLI. "Earthquake impact on fissure-ridge type travertine deposition." Geological Magazine 151, no. 6 (May 1, 2014): 1135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756814000181.
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AbstractThe role of travertine fissure-ridges in reconstructing tectonics and related earthquakes is a challenging issue of recent debate directed at delineating historical/prehistorical seismic records. Indeed, direct measurements on a travertine fissure-ridge immediately after a seismic event have never been previously performed. We describe the co- and post-seismic effects of a M = 3.6 earthquake on fluid flow and travertine deposition in a geothermal area of Tuscany (Italy). Direct observation allows us to demonstrate that thermal spring (re)activation is directly influenced by transient seismic waves, therefore providing a basis for reconstructing seismic events in the past.
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Pietrodangelo, A., R. Salzano, C. Bassani, S. Pareti, and C. Perrino. "Composition, size distribution, optical properties and radiative effects of re-suspended local mineral dust of Rome area by individual-particle microanalysis and radiative transfer modelling." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 9 (May 7, 2015): 13347–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-13347-2015.
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Abstract. New information on the PM10 mineral dust from site-specific (Rome area, Latium) outcropped rocks, and on the microphysics, optical properties and radiative effects of mineral dust at local level were gained in this work. A multi-disciplinary approach was used, based on individual-particle scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy-dispersive microanalysis (SEM XEDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of dust, size distribution of mineral particles, and radiative transfer modelling (RTM).The mineral composition of Rome lithogenic PM10 varies between an end-member dominated by silicate minerals and one exclusively composed of calcite. The first is obtained from volcanic lithotypes, the second from travertine or limestones; lithogenic PM10 with intermediate composition derives mainly from siliciclastic rocks or marlstones of Rome area. Size and mineral species of PM10 particles of silicate-dominated dust types are tuned mainly by weathering and, to lesser extent, by debris formation or crystallization; chemical precipitation of CaCO3 plays a major role in calcite-dominated types. These differences are evidenced by the diversity of volume distributions, within either dust types, or mineral species. Further differences are observed between volume distributions of calcite from travertine (natural source) and from road dust (anthropic source), specifically on the width, shape and enrichment of the fine fraction (unimodal at 5 μm a.d. for travertine, bimodal at 3.8 and 1.8 μm a.d. for road dust). Log-normal probability density functions of volcanics and travertine dusts affect differently the single scattering albedo (SSA) and the asymmetry parameter (g) in the VISible and Near Infrared (NIR) regions, depending also on the absorbing/non-absorbing character of volcanics and travertine, respectively. The downward component of the BOA solar irradiance simulated by RTM for a volcanics-rich or travertine-rich atmosphere shows that volcanics contribution to the solar irradiance differs significantly from that of travertine in the NIR region, while similar contributions are modelled in the VIS.
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Marinescu, Mihai, Sorin Udubasa, and Günter Tiess. "Research, assessment and management of the travertine resources from the Banpotoc-Carpinis deposit (South Apuseni Mts., Romania)." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 33, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2017-0020.
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Abstract Romania is not a large country but, due to the very complex geological structure, it has 110 mineral and power substances with identified and quantified resources and reserves. In time, the most numerous from these (82) have been exploited at the ground surface, in over 3,492 identified quarries and open pits. Travertine has been exploited since ancient times in Romania The exploitation of Brezinta (Mehedinti county) has been known since the Roman times. Although resources are found in many other zones, only two travertine deposits are presently exploited by Marmosim S.A.: Banpotoc-Carpinis and Geoagiu. Travertine extraction began at the Banpotoc-Carpinis deposit in 1870 and 9 quarries have functioned during time from which only one is still active today. This paper presents the way in which the research and valuation of the deposit was made, how the exploitation and processing of the travertine is made nowadays and what are its uses.
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Grasby, Stephen E., Robert O. van Everdingen, Jan Bednarski, and Dwayne AW Lepitzki. "Travertine mounds of the Cave and Basin National Historic Site, Banff National Park." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-058.
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The Cave and Basin National Historic Site is a fan-shaped travertine deposit associated with four thermal spring outlets. Tentative age dating of the travertine mound indicates growth initiated with onset of the late Holocene shift to more humid and cool climate conditions and suggests that the flow of thermal waters was limited during the Hypsithermal, which in turn places constraints on the evolutionary biology of endemic species in the spring system. Two large caves and one collapsed cave structure are developed within the deposit. Cave development is in response to both physical erosion of till underlying the travertine and acid gas attack of calcite that makes up the deposit. This process is buffered by formation of reaction crusts of gypsum on the interior cave walls. Only minor modern travertine growth occurs due to historic flow control measures. Understanding the flow of water through the historic site is critical for long-term preservation.