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1
Pentecost, Allan, and Heather Viles. "A Review and Reassessment of Travertine Classification." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 48, no. 3 (November 23, 2007): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033011ar.
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ABSTRACTThis paper provides a review of the classification of travertines with emphasis on their morphology. Three criteria are used to describe them: geochemistry, microfabric and morphology. Geochemically, travertines may be divided into two groups, the meteogene travertines, where the carrier carbon dioxide originates in the soil and epigean atmosphere, and the thermal (thermogene) travertines where the carbon dioxide comes from thermally generated sources. Many travertine fabrics are influenced by bacteria and plants. These include 'stromatolitic' forms, many oncoids, shrubs, tufts, mats and moss travertines. Morphologically, travertines are conveniently divided into autochthonous (spring mounds and ridges, cascades, barrages, fluvial and lacustrine crusts, paludal deposits and cemented rudites) and the allochthonous or clastic travertines (valley-fills, back-barrage deposits, alluvial cones). Travertine deposits often include a wide range of fabrics and morphologies in one system. They are influenced locally by discharge, slope, vegetation, climate and human activity. Intergradations occur, both within travertine types but also with other freshwater deposits, e.g. calcrete and lake chalk. The influence of travertine deposition on the local hydrology and geomorphology is also discussed. The review emphasises the significance of scale and hydrology and aims to provide a unified scheme of travertine classification.
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Roshanak, Reihaneh, Farid Moore, Alireza Zarasvandi, Behnam Keshavarzi, and Reinhard Gratzer. "Stable isotope geochemistry and petrography of the Qorveh–Takab travertines in northwest Iran." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 111, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2018.0005.
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Abstract The Qorveh-Takab travertines, which are connected to thermal springs, are situated in the northwest of the Sanandaj- Sirjan metamorphic zone in Iran. In this study, the travertines were investigated applying petrography, mineralogy and isotope geochemistry. Oxygen and carbon isotope geochemistry, petrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis were used to determine the source of the CO2 and the lithofacies and to classify the travertines. Isotope studies, morphological and mineralogical observations and distribution of travertines revealed that the travertines of the Qorveh-Takab could be of thermal water origin and, therefore, belong to the thermogene travertine category. These travertines are usually massive with mound-type morphology and are essentially found in regions with recent volcanic or high tectonic activity. The measured δ13C values of the travertines indicate that the δ13C of the CO2 released from the water during travertine deposition, while the source of the CO2 in the water springs seems to have been of crustal magmatic affinity. These travertines are divided into two lithofacies: (1) crystalline crust travertine and (2) pebbly (phytoclastic travertine with pebble- size extraclasts) travertine. δ18O and δ13C values of travertines are -0.6 to -11.9 (‰VPDB) and +6.08 to +9.84 (‰VPDB), respectively. A probable reason for the heavy carbon isotope content observed in these deposits is the presence of algae microorganisms, which was verified by SEM images. Fissure ridges, fluvial crusts with oncoids, and mound morphological features are observed in the study area. Based on the petrographic and SEM criteria, Qorveh-Takab travertines are classified into four groups: (1) compacted, (2) laminated, (3) iron-rich spring deposit and (4) aragonite-bearing travertines. Stable isotope compositions of Turkish travertines are largely similar to the travertines in the study area.
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Mas-Pla, Josep, Josep Trilla, and Maria Lluisa Valls. "Radiocarbon Dating of Travertines Precipitated from Freshwater." Radiocarbon 34, no. 3 (1992): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200063967.
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We have studied the isotopic composition of recently precipitated travertines to determine the initial 14C activity of ancient travertine deposits. We found that the 14C activity of recent travertines of northeastern Spain was a function of the distance from the spring, resulting in variations in the initial 14C activity of the ancient travertine formations. We calculated the ancient travertine radiocarbon ages by using the ratio between the 14C activity of recent travertines and that of present atmospheric CO2 as the initial 14C activity.
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Blackwell, Bonnie, and H. P. Schwarcz. "U-Series Analyses of the Lower Travertine at Ehringsdorf, DDR." Quaternary Research 25, no. 2 (March 1986): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(86)90058-x.
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U-series analyses have been made of travertine samples from the archaeological site at Ehringsdorf-Weimar. The lower Travertine, in which hominid remains were found, yields apparent ages from >350,000 to 200,000 yr. Correlation between isotope ratios yields an age of about 230,000 yr. One sample of the upper Travertine gives and age of 111,000 ± 47,000 yr. Both upper and lower travertines contain fauna and flora indicative of interglacial conditions. The lower Travertine was deposited during isotope stage 7, while the upper Travertine may have been formed during isotope stage 5. This contradicts most earlier biostratigraphic studies which assigned both lower and upper Travertines to stages of the Eem interglaciation (correlative with isotope stage 5). The fauna and flora of the lower Travertine are significantly different from those of the upper Travertine, however, and in some respects are transitional to those of the travertines of Bilzingsleben, which appear to be older yet.
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Guerra-Merchán, Antonio, Francisco Serrano, José M. García-Aguilar, José E. Ortiz, Trinidad Torres, and Yolanda Sánchez-Palencia. "Development of Quaternary travertines in the carbonate mountains of the western Costa del Sol, Málaga, southern Spain." Quaternary Research 92, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.128.
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AbstractThe predominantly carbonate nature of the mountains near the coast of Málaga and Marbella (Costa del Sol, southern Spain) and the presence of springs have favored the formation of travertine buildups during the Quaternary. The geomorphic characteristics of the slopes and the location of the springs have determined the development of three types of travertine growths: (1) spring travertines, located preferentially on the south mountainside, where the slope is steepest; (2) pool-dam-cascade travertines, which form along the north and east edges, far from the carbonate relief and with a gentler slope; and (3) river-valley travertines, formed in the courses of the springs of any sector. Field observations combined with new amino acid racemization (AAR) dating of Helicidae gastropods show that most of the travertine formations are polyphasic and that their development was interrupted by stages of erosion and incision. Five stages of travertine development are evident, most of which are related to warm, moist episodes corresponding to marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 7, 5, 3, and 1, although local travertine growth also occurred during MIS 6 and during the transition from MIS 3 to 2.
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Pentecost, Allan. "Cyanobacteria associated with hot spring travertines." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-075.
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Cyanobacteria are the major oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms of hot spring travertines. This review describes the known cyanobacterium flora of travertine-depositing waters > 37 °C. The communities develop either upon (epilithon) or within (endolithon) the travertine surface, where they may influence the travertine fabric by providing nucleation sites for calcium carbonate. Mat photosynthesis locally increases the amount of travertine deposited, but the importance of photosynthesis in travertine deposition is rarely significant because the main loss of CO2is by atmospheric evasion of the hot, CO2-rich waters. The Oscillatoriales are the most important group of cyanobacteria in terms of their biomass, but the taxonomy of the order is in a state of chaos. Molecular methods will ultimately disclose the true affinities of the organisms but, at present, the use of form-taxa based upon morphological characters provides a practical alternative. Identification of fossilized cyanobacteria is problematic since few of the key characters survive as fossils. The known cyanobacterium flora is tabulated and an analytical key provided to identify the form-taxa of hot spring travertines.
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Valero-Garcés, Blas L., Concha Arenas, and Antonio Delgado-Huertas. "Depositional environments of Quaternary lacustrine travertines and stromatolites from high-altitude Andean lakes, northwestern Argentina." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e01-014.
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Four distinctive depositional subenvironments of fossil travertines and stromatolites are identified in three high-altitude (35004000 m above sea level) lacustrine basins: El Peinado, San Francisco (Las Coladas Salar subbasin), and Las Peladas (southern Andean Altiplano, northwestern Argentina). These late Quaternary occurrences are characterized using geomorphological, sedimentological, petrographic, and stable isotopic data. Stromatolites of cyanobacterial origin only develop in shallow lacustrine margins of El Peinado basin. In the same basin, macrophytic travertines occur both near thermal spring seepage areas along the lake margin as in situ facies and in littoral lacustrine environments up to water depths of several metres as phytoclastic travertine facies. The stromatolites and macrophytic travertines have relatively heavy δ18O compositions, suggesting initial 16O-depleted waters and (or) evaporation effects through time. Their high δ13C compositions are interpreted as a reflection of intense CO2 evasion from the thermal groundwaters feeding the lakes. Similar laminated travertine facies, with no petrographic evidence for biotic origin, occur in both Las Coladas and Las Peladas basins. Neither petrographic nor isotopic data alone can differentiate between these two cases. Besides, diagenetic overprint in Las Peladas facies precludes the use of isotopic values as original isotopic signatures. However, the depositional environmental conditions defined by the geomorphological and sedimentological features are different. Laminated aragonitic crusts in Las Coladas basin formed in a shallow, saline lake and are associated with shoreline and terrace deposits cemented by aragonite. These travertine crusts represent periods of spring, 16O-rich discharge to the lake, as suggested by the lighter oxygen isotopic compositions. In contrast, travertines from Las Peladas occur as laminated calcitic and aragonitic units intercalated at the top of fining-upward sequences composed of conglomerates, sandstones, and intraclastic limestones. Sedimentological data suggest that these travertines originated in fluvial-influenced lake margins during low lake-level episodes.
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Drysdale, Russell N. "Factors controlling the hydrochemistry of Louie Creek, a travertine-depositing stream in the seasonally wet tropics of northern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 5 (2001): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00117.
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Relationships among wet-season recharge, hydrochemistry and the distribution of travertines at Louie Creek were investigated from water samples collected during four campaigns between April 1993 and November 1997. pH, temperature and major cation and anion data reveal that the springs feeding the creek rise with high concentrations of CO2 and dissolved calcium carbonate. The pattern of downstream changes in hydrochemistry was similar during each campaign: rapid outgassing of CO2 over the ˜1.3 km of surface flow increases calcite saturation, triggering extensive travertine deposition over ˜1.5 km. At low discharge, the creek sinks then re-emerges at the downstream limit of travertine deposition in a more CO2-rich state. Together with a low stream gradient and high magnesium concentrations, this chemical change arrests the evolution of the waters and inhibits further accumulation of travertine downstream. Significant wet-season recharge dilutes spring water concentrations and retards their downstream evolution, resulting in a downstream shift of the reach of deposition. Following a wet season of low magnitude, the spring waters rise with higher concentrations of dissolved carbonate and evolve to a supersaturated state over a shorter distance. This results in an upstream migration of the travertine reach. These results have significance for the interpretation of fossil Quaternary travertines at Louie Creek.
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Umar, Emi Prasetyawati, and Jamaluddin . "KARAKTERISTIK ENDAPAN SINTER TRAVERTIN PANAS BUMI BARASANGA KABUPATEN KONAWE UTARA, SULAWESI TENGGARA." JURNAL GEOCELEBES 2, no. 2 (October 22, 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/geocelebes.v2i2.4830.
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Daerah Barasanga menunjukkan manifestasi panasbumi berupa mataair panas dan endapan travertin. Travertin merupakan batuan karbonat yang terbentuk di darat akibat pelepasan CO2 dari air jenuh kalsium karbonat. Travertin memiliki banyak aplikasi namun di Indonesia belum banyak dipelajari. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara observasi lapangan secara langsung, kemudian data yang telah diambil dari lapangan dianalisis menggunakan analisis petrografi. Air hidrothermal naik ke permukaan melalui rekahan yang dibentuk sesar, dan melewati batuan samping berupa marls dan batugamping tersebut. Ketika mencapai ke permukaan, CO2 lepas dan tingkat kelarutan semakin rendah sehingga pengendapan travertin terjadi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tipe dan jenis travertin pada mataair panas di daerah penelitian termasuk ke dalam jenis Incoherent Travertines.
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Pentecost, Allan. "The formation of travertine shrubs: Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming." Geological Magazine 127, no. 2 (March 1990): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800013844.
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AbstractThe structure and microbiology of active travertines is described from Canary and Minerva springs, with emphasis on ‘shrubs’ growing in terracette pools. These dendritic growths of aragonite consist of intricately branched sprays containing thousands of radiating needles. Shrub microstructure could be explained by the principle of ‘Keimauslese” and the preferential elongation of sharp protuberances in a rapidly depositing environment.The shrubs, and other active travertines, contain unicellular and filamentous bacteria. Estimates of total bacteria numbers ranged from 0.6−1.7 × 105 mm−3 but biomass was low, and always less than 1% of the travertine by weight. No evidence was found to indicate that bacteria played a role in shrub growth or morphology, but crystal trapping on bacterial strings may influence travertine fabrics on cascades. The shrubs are considered to have developed by inorganic processes, in hot spring waters supersaturated with aragonite.
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., Jamaluddin, and Emi Prasetyawati Umar. "KARAKTERISTIK FISIK DAN KIMIA MATAAIR PANAS DAERAH BARASANGA KABUPATEN KONAWE UTARA, PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA." JURNAL GEOCELEBES 1, no. 2 (October 28, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/geocelebes.v1i2.2291.
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AbstrakDaerah Barasanga menunjukkan manifestasi panasbumi berupa mataair panas dan endapan travertin. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis karakteristik fisik dan kimia mataair panas Barasanga. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka dan observasi lapangan seperti pemetaan sebaran mataair panas, pengambilan sampel batuan kemudian dianalisis laboratorium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tipe dan jenis travertin pada mataair panas di daerah penelitian termasuk ke dalam jenis Incoherent Travertines. Suhu rata-rata 48 oC dan pH 7,85, warna jernih, berbau belerang dan berasa asin. Geokimia tipe mataair panas daerah penelitian merupakan tipe air klorida.Kata kunci: Barasanga, Manifestasi, Mataair panas, Panasbumi, Travertin
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KIEWIET, M. C. D. N., E. V. BARROSO, F. O. L. FALCÃO, A. MORAES, L. H. KIEWIET, and S. KAGER. "Numerical Modelling of Travertine Mechanical Behaviour Based on Rock Mechanics Tests of Vertical Plugs." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ 39, no. 2 (May 26, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2016_2_15_28.
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Ali, Adam A., Jean-Louis Guendon, Jean-Frédéric Terral, and Paul Roiron. "Les systèmes travertineux holocènes et les paléopaysages méditerranéens et subalpins (France) : une analyse géobotanique séquentielle à haute résolution spatiale." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 57, no. 2-3 (September 22, 2005): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011315ar.
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RésuméLes systèmes travertineux ou travertins enregistrent les différentes modifications des paysages. Ces formations sédimentaires renferment des empreintes végétales, des charbons de bois, des coquilles de gastéropodes et des vestiges archéologiques. Des analyses paléobotaniques et morpho-sédimentaires ont été réalisées (analyse géobotanique) sur des systèmes travertineux holocènes localisés dans le sud-est de la France (Bouches-du-Rhône et Hautes-Alpes). Sur le site de Saint-Antonin (Bouches-du-Rhône), l’analyse de 926 empreintes végétales met en évidence 31 espèces appartenant à la flore locale. Dans les Hautes-Alpes, l’étude des macrorestes charbonneux du système travertineux du Peynin (massif du Queyras) montre que l’évolution de la végétation du versant sud de la vallée semble être régie par les feux survenus au moins à partir deca4000 BP. Dans la vallée de l’Aigue Agnelle (massif du Queyras), l’étude des empreintes végétales contenues dans le travertin des Tioures 1 indique que la limite supérieure des arbres était, au début de l’Holocène (9800 BP), à au moins 2 200 m d’altitude. L’ensemble des résultats présentés ici confirme que les systèmes travertineux sont de véritables sources d’informations écologiques pouvant contribuer grandement à la reconstitution de la dynamique des paysages.
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Srdoč, Dušan, J. K. Osmond, Nada Horvatinčić, Adel A. Dabous, and Bogomil Obelić. "Radiocarbon and Uranium-Series Dating of the Plitvice Lakes Travertines." Radiocarbon 36, no. 2 (1994): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200040509.
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Radiocarbon and uranium-series ages of the calcareous deposits of the Plitvice Lakes show that travertines were deposited during three warm, humid, interglacial oxygen isotope stages. According to our measurements, only calcite crystals or crystal aggregates represent reliable material for both 230Th/234U and 234U/238/U dating. Compact old travertine in the form of sandstone is less reliable; it can be dated by both methods provided that its detrital contamination is not significant, demonstrated by very low 14C activity (< 1.5–2.0 pMC) and a high 230Th/232Th ratio. Old porous travertine contaminated with recent carbonates and Th-bearing clay (pMC > 5, 230Th/232Th < 5) gives erroneous results by both methods. Stage 1 (Holocene) deposition is shown primarily by 14C dating corroborated by sedimentological and palynologic studies as well as by both 230Th/234U and 234U/238U disequilibrium methods. The intensive growth of travertine barriers coincided with significant climate warming in the Holocene. Stage 5 deposition is confirmed by the 230Th/234U dating of crystalline calcite aggregates embedded in the travertine matrix and by concordant 230Th/234U and 234U/238U ages, assuming that the 234U/238U activity ratio of 1.88 observed in modern streams and in Holocene deposits can be extended to past epochs. The travertine deposition period was very short, peaking ca. 120 ± 10 ka bp. Stage 11 deposition is indicated by 234U/238U dating only, the period being within the 234U decay range, but not that of 230Th. Stage 11 travertine was deposited ca. 420 ± 50 ka bp. We did not find travertine samples with U-series ages indicating a growth period during relatively warm Stages 7 and 9; due to the scarcity of old travertine outcrops, these and possibly other stages cannot be excluded on the basis of presented data. All of these isotopic dating results concur with the field relation of the travertine complex of the Plitvice Lakes.
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Koban, Christoph G., and Günter Schweigert. "Microbial origin of travertine fabrics—two examples from Southern Germany (Pleistocene stuttgart travertines and miocene riedöschingen Travertine)." Facies 29, no. 1 (December 1993): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02536931.
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Kanellopoulos, Christos, Eugenia Valsami-Jones, Panagiotis Voudouris, Christina Stouraiti, Robert Moritz, Constantinos Mavrogonatos, and Panagiotis Mitropoulos. "A New Occurrence of Terrestrial Native Iron in the Earth’s Surface: The Ilia Thermogenic Travertine Case, Northwestern Euboea, Greece." Geosciences 8, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8080287.
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Native iron has been identified in an active thermogenic travertine deposit, located at Ilia area (Euboea Island, Greece). The deposit is forming around a hot spring, which is part of a large active metallogenetic hydrothermal system depositing ore-bearing travertines. The native iron occurs in two shapes: nodules with diameter 0.4 and 0.45 cm, and angular grains with length up to tens of μm. The travertine laminae around the spherical/ovoid nodules grow smoothly, and the angular grains are trapped inside the pores of the travertine. Their mineral-chemistry is ultra-pure, containing, other than Fe, only Mn (0.34–0.38 wt.%) and Ni (≤0.05 wt.%). After evaluating all the possible environments where native iron has been reported up until today and taking under consideration all the available data concerning the study area, we propose two possible scenarios: (i) Ilia’s native iron has a magmatic/hydrothermal origin i.e., it is a deep product near the magmatic chamber or a peripheral cooling igneous body that was transferred during the early stages of the geothermal field evolution, from high temperature, reduced gas-rich fluids and deposited along with other metals in permeable structural zones, at shallow levels. Later on, it was remobilized and mechanically transferred and precipitated at the Ilia’s thermogenic travertine by the active lower temperatures geothermal fluids; (ii) the native iron at Ilia is remobilized from deep seated ophiolitic rocks, originated initially from reduced fluids during serpentinization processes; however, its mechanical transport seems less probable. The native iron mineral-chemistry, morphology and the presence of the other mineral phases in the same thermogenic travertine support both hypotheses.
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Renaut, Rubin W., and Brian Jones. "Controls on aragonite and calcite precipitation in hot spring travertines at Chemurkeu, Lake Bogoria, Kenya." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 801–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e17-066.
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Subfossil travertines precipitated around hot spring orifices at Chemurkeu on the western shore of Lake Bogoria, Kenya, are composed of calcite, aragonite, and minor dolomite. Aragonite crystal beds, which form 5–10% of the travertine by volume, are formed of large pseudohexagonal prisms, whereas the calcite crystal beds are composed mainly of feather dendrites. Dolomite is only found between aragonite crystals. Boundaries between aragonite and calcite crystals commonly display evidence of dissolution, but there is no evidence to indicate that calcite formed by inversion of aragonite or that the dolomite replaced the aragonite. Thus, the aragonite, calcite, and dolomite are each treated as primary precipitates. Reticulate gelatinous coatings, with a high Si and Mg content, cover most external and internal surfaces of the aragonite and calcite crystals. The travertines may have formed under more humid conditions than today, when the spring waters contained more Ca2+. The physiochemical conditions at the modern springs provide a context for interpreting the factors that controlled the precipitation of the aragonite and calcite. Today, the hot (T > 85 °C) Na–HCO3–Cl spring waters at Chemurkeu, which have a salinity of ~6 g∙L−1 total dissolved solids, a pH of 8.1–9.1, and contain < 2 mg∙L−1 of Ca2+ and < 0.7 mg∙L−1 of Mg2+, are fed by a shallow aquifer [Formula: see text] and a deeper aquifer (T = 170 °C). Modern spring waters, derived from meteoric groundwater, lake water, and condensed steam, are fed mainly from the shallow thermal aquifer. Field, petrographic, and scanning electron microscope evidence obtained from the travertines, coupled with knowledge of the modern springs, indicates that the progressive and cyclic alternation from calcite precipitation to aragonite precipitation to aragonite dissolution which characterizes many travertine successions may have been caused by changes in [Formula: see text] of the spring waters under high temperatures (> 90 °C). The textures in the travertines show that precipitation of the aragonite and calcite crystals was probably abiotic, and episodic rather than continuous. Rapid degassing of CO2 associated with shallow boiling was probably a major factor in crystal growth.
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Livnat, A., and J. Kronfeld. "Paleoclimatic Implications of U-Series Dates for Lake Sediments and Travertines in the Arava Rift Valley, Israel." Quaternary Research 24, no. 2 (July 1985): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90003-1.
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The Sayif travertines and lacustrine limestones cropping out in the northern Arava Valley, a region of extreme aridity, have been dated by the 230Th/234U disequilibrium method. The consistency between the stratigraphic position and the apparent ages at each of the sampling sites strongly supports the reliability of the ages. Most of the ages fall within two clusters that are coincident with ages representative of oceanic oxygen-isotope stages 5 and 7. The colder intervening stage 6 was not a period of substantial travertine formation. During the warmer global episodes of isotopic stages 5 and 7 the arid south of Israel apparently was considerably wetter than at present.
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Sturchio, Neil C., Kenneth L. Pierce, Michael T. Murrell, and Michael L. Sorey. "Uranium-Series Ages of Travertines and Timing of the Last Glaciation in the Northern Yellowstone Area, Wyoming-Montana." Quaternary Research 41, no. 3 (May 1994): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1030.
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AbstractUranium-series age determinations by mass spectrometric methods were done for travertines and associated carbonate veins related to clastic deposits of the last glaciation (Pinedale) in the northern Yellowstone area. Dramatic variations in the hydrologic head are inferred from variations in the elevation of travertine deposition with time and are consistent with the expected hydrologic effects of glaciation. We determine the following chronology of the Pinedale Glaciation, with the key assumption that travertine deposits (and associated carbonate veins) perched high above present thermal springs were deposited when glaciers filled the valley below these perched deposits: (1) the early Pinedale outlet glacier advanced well downvalley between 47,000 and 34,000 yr B.P.; (2) the outlet glacier receded to an interstadial position between 34,000 and 30,000 yr B.P.; (3) an extensive Pinedale ice advance occurred between 30,000 and 22,500 yr B.P.; (4) a major recession occurred between 22,500 and 19,500 yr B.P.; (5) a minor readvance (Deckard Flats) culminated after 19,500 yr B.P.; and (6) recession from the Deckard Flats position was completed before 15,500 yr B.P. This chronology is consistent with the general trend of climatic changes in the northern hemisphere as revealed by recent high-resolution ice-core records from the Greenland ice sheet.
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MELIM, LESLIE A., DIANA E. NORTHUP, PENELOPE J. BOSTON, and MICHAEL N. SPILDE. "PRESERVATION OF FOSSIL MICROBES AND BIOFILM IN CAVE POOL CARBONATES AND COMPARISON TO OTHER MICROBIAL CARBONATE ENVIRONMENTS." PALAIOS 31, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2015.033.
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Abstract Fossil microbes are generally preserved by authigenic minerals, including silica, apatite, iron minerals, clays, and carbonates. An alternative mode of preservation by entombment in calcite, without replacement, has been identified in carbonate cave pool microbialites that were etched and examined in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Features identified include filaments, threads, and films that show excess carbon in energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses, suggesting preservation of organic matter. Filaments are single smooth or reticulated strands with curving string-like morphology, often hollow, and with a uniform diameter of 0.5 to 1.0 μm. Threads, in contrast, are variable thickness, from several microns down to 0.1 μm, always solid, and commonly branch. Films are thin (< 1 μm) drapes associated with threads. Filaments are interpreted as microbial filaments, while threads and films are interpreted as preserved extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). In addition, microbial filaments and EPS are only revealed via acid etching, suggesting preservation of organic material by entombment, not by replacement with calcite. To determine whether entombed microbes are a common feature of carbonate microbialites that form in different environmental settings, samples of hot spring travertine, caliche soil, and reef microbialite were examined. Whereas the travertine samples were barren, entombed EPS was found in the caliche soil and the reef microbialite; the latter also contained a few entombed filaments. In addition, entombed microbial material has been reported from carbonate cold seep deposits. Such findings indicate that entombment of microbes and EPS in carbonates is not restricted to cave settings, but is more widespread than previously reported. Possible causes for the lack of preservation in travertines include rapid degradation of microbial material either by sunlight due to photolytic degradation, aerobic microbial degradation, detritivore consumption, or elevated temperatures. Rapid carbonate precipitation is ruled out as, somewhat surprisingly, preservation is better in slower growing cave carbonates than in rapidly growing travertines. Potential long-term preservation of organic material entombed in carbonate has implications for the characterization of fossil microbial communities using molecular biomarkers and the search for life on other planets.
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Chafetz, Henry S., Dusan Srdoc, and Nada Horvatincic. "Early Diagenesis of Plitvice Lakes Waterfall and Barrier Treavertine Deposits." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 48, no. 3 (November 23, 2007): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033006ar.
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ABSTRACT Travertine forms spectacular waterfalls, barriers, and subaqueous finegrained lake-fill accumulations throughout the Plitvice National Park, Croatia, northwestern Yugoslavia. Barrier deposits form dams, behind which, the lakes of the Plitvice complex are situated. Three generations of low-magnesian calcite spar comprise the waterfall and barrier forming travertines. The initial precipitates generally are composed of cloudy, very finely to medium crystalline equant to bladed spar. A later generation is composed of clear, isopachous layers of medium to coarsely crystalline bladed crystals. Additionally, centimeter-thick laminated speleothem-like crusts, composed of clear, bladed to columnar spar, are the common precipitates around micritic accumulations within the older travertine. In comparison, the lake-fill deposits are primarily composed of moderately (recent lake-fill deposits) to well-developed (relict lake-fill deposits) 3-8 ^m calcite rhombohedrons. Petrographie analyses clearly show that cyanobacteria, fungi, and/or other microbial organisms bore into the spar and micritize it. This sparmicritization is pervasive throughout the waterfall and barrier deposits. Bladed spar crystals range from those which are pristine to those whose original bladed morphology can only be interpreted by comparison with laterally adjacent crystals. Individual samples display multiple generations of spar which have undergone various degrees of sparmicritization. Sparmicritization results in a thoroughly micritized accumulation in which evidence of the original spar composition has been completely obliterated.
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Larrey, Marine, Frédéric Mouthereau, Emmanuel Masini, Damien Huyghe, Eric C. Gaucher, Aurélien Virgone, and Véronique Miegebielle. "Quaternary tectonic and climate changes at the origin of travertine and calcrete in the eastern Betics (Almería region, SE Spain)." Journal of the Geological Society 177, no. 5 (June 2, 2020): 939–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-025.
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Continental carbonate bodies are widespread in the Tabernas basin, eastern Betic Cordillera. Their relationships with the topographic evolution, climate changes and extensional regional tectonic processes recognized in the region are, however, still unclear. Travertine deposits exhibit facies of cascade and pool environments often reported as related to water–air surface processes. Calcretes show a large panel of facies, indicating control by groundwater and pedogenic processes. New U/Th dates on both travertine and calcrete reveal that they precipitated from 354 ka ± 76 to 8 ka ± 0.2. The U/Th dates obtained on calcretes are in good agreement with global climate changes and support that precipitation of recent CaCO3 is episodic and occurs mainly during warm and wet conditions. C and O stable isotope geochemistry reveals travertines are thermogenic and characterized by hydrothermal fluids enriched in CO2 that interacted with aquifers. This thermogenic origin suggests a deep source of CO2 (higher positive δ13C values) likely triggered by the presence of an anomalously hot mantle that reflects thinning of the regional lithosphere and volcanism. Further analyses of the distribution of calcrete show they are carbonate-rich fluvial terraces, whose formation is controlled by the response of the river network to regional uplift and climate.Supplementary Materials: reproducibility for δ13C and δ18O of the NSB-18 internal standard available in Supplementary Table 1 (SP1) and reproducibility for U and Th of the HU-1 standard available in Supplementary Table 2 (SP2) at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4996514
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Fedoseev, G. S., A. A. Vorontsov, and A. A. Orekhov. "Fossil travertines and quasi-travertine in the Minusa basin (West Siberia): structure, composition, and comparative analysis." Russian Geology and Geophysics 58, no. 8 (August 2017): 922–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2017.07.003.
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Chafetz, Henry S., and James R. Lawrence. "Stable Isotopic Variability within Modern Travertines." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 48, no. 3 (November 23, 2007): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033007ar.
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ABSTRACT Six hot and two ambient water travertine systems were sampled to determine the relationships between the stable isotopic composition of the travertines and the waters from which they were deposited. This was conducted in order to evaluate the use of geochemical analyses of ancient travertines for the interpretation of the composition of the waters from which they precipitated, climatic conditions at time of formation, etc. The waters displayed down-flow trends of progressively higher (^ 8'3C values, in all 8 systems, and (H) 618O values, in all 6 hot water systems. Whereas the stable isotopic values of the mineral precipitates sometimes showed similar trends, the magnitude of the downflow changes commonly was quite different than that exhibited by the water data. Additionally, different types of precipitates, which formed within centimeters of each other, commonly had different stable isotopic compositions, e.g., crusts which formed at the air/water interface always had higher 813C and 8'8O values than constituents which formed within the immediately subjacent water column. The lack of a simple relationship between stable isotopic composition of the water and the precipitate is due to the fact that the stable isotopic composition of the precipitates are controlled by a number of variables, including the water's composition, temperature, level of saturation, etc. And these variables can change dramatically within very short distances and at the same spot within very short time intervals. Thus, as demonstrated by the stable isotope data, attempting to interpret the composition of the water from the composition of the deposit is a highly risky venture.
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Newell, Dennis L. "Travertine." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 88, no. 22 (May 29, 2007): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007eo220010.
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Valente, Brenda Da Silva, Gustavo Do Couto Ramos Pereira, Emiliano Castro Oliveira, and Sergio Bergamaschi. "Petrographic Study of Silica-rich Continental Carbonates from São José de Itaboraí Basin (Brazil)." Journal of Sedimentary Environments 2, no. 4 (January 28, 2018): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/jse.2017.32915.
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São José de Itaboraí Basin (SJIB) is located in the city of Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil), at about 60 km from the Rio de Janeiro city. Despite the small size area, about 1.5 km2, this basin represents an important source of scientific knowledge, due to the occurrence of banded carbonates and exuberant fossil assemblages. In the last decade, following the discovery of massive carbonates in South Atlantic Ocean, this basin has attracted the attention due to the presence of continental carbonates, in the form of travertines which are included the Itaboraí Formation. The SJIB carbonate rocks have been recognized as possible analogues of the pre-salt reservoir rocks or at least, similar in their depositional processes. The SJIB travertines were submitted to some diagenetic influence due to the presence of silica rich fluids, similar to that found in pre-salt carbonates. The present research aims to perform a petrographic analysis regarding the silica-rich travertine facies, and to recognize textures and structures in order to provide a better understanding of the relationship between silica and carbonate. The deposits associated with silica are easily characterized by their reddish/brown coloring and their higher resistance, due to the presence of iron oxide and silica replacing the carbonate. In some extreme cases can occur the complete substitution of the carbonate fabric generating silex materials. The relationship between silica and iron oxide/carbonate allowed the development of different structures as the banding formation, probably due to mineralogical and rheological differences during recrystallization. In some regions where the diagenetic process was more intense it could be noticed a complete replacement of the primary carbonate material. While, in other cases, the diagenesis preserved structures and past textures, such as iron oxide mouldic features.
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ZENTMYER, R., P. M. MYROW, and D. L. NEWELL. "Travertine deposits from along the South Tibetan Fault System near Nyalam, Tibet." Geological Magazine 145, no. 6 (September 9, 2008): 753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808005323.
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AbstractA newly investigated travertine deposit in southern Tibet provides a window into Holocene hydrological, geomorphic and climatic processes near the boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and High Himalaya. Travertine, deposited as a result of the degassing of CO2-rich groundwater as it emerges on the Earth's surface, is in many cases formed along the trace of major crustal-scale faults in primarily extensional tectonic regimes. A travertine platform measuring roughly 1 km by 0.5 km exists near the town of Nyalam in southern Tibet along a major Himalayan down-to-the-N normal fault, the South Tibetan Fault System. A wide variety of travertine depositional textures and features are recorded in the platform on a series of terraces. Active travertine deposition was observed from spring mounds and seeps along the base of the platform at the modern river level. Palaeotemperatures of spring water, calculated from δ18O of the travertine, range from 9 to 25 °C, which closely matches the temperatures recorded from modern springs in the area. A complex geomorphological landscape records interaction between growing alluvial fans, travertine accumulation, and a rapidly down-cutting river with associated fluvial terraces. River incision was contemporaneous with travertine deposition, as indicated by cemented fluvial river gravel layers interbedded with travertine. High 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the travertine (mean of 0.7168) indicate subsurface fluid interaction with radiogenic crystalline rocks of the underlying Greater Himalaya. Uranium-series ages of the travertine platform range from 5400 a (±950 a) to 11600 a (±1000 a), and indicate a younging progression from higher terraces near the valley wall to lower terraces at present-day river level. Travertine that overlies a river gravel terrace 18 m above river level formed at 11600 a. This date yields a local incision rate of 1.6 mm a−1, consistent with estimated fluvial incision rates in the High Himalaya. The range of our U-series ages coincides with an interval of higher precipitation associated with greater intensity of the Indian monsoon, which led to elevated spring discharge and carbonate precipitation in this part of the High Himalayas.
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Khovalko, A., and L. Onyshkiv. "Features of travertine rocks Podillya in tourism activity as religious sites and pilgrimage tourism." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 1, no. 43 (October 19, 2013): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.43.1610.
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The features of travertine rock skirts in tourism activities. The classification data of natural formations on functional attributes for use in religious tourism. Apply complex geographic characteristics travertine rocks skirts as objects of religious tourism and pilgrimage. Keywords: travertine rock, religious tourism, pilgrimages, convent, monastery, temple.
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Vaudour, Jean. "Évolution holocène des travertins de vallée dans le Midi méditéranéen français." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 48, no. 3 (November 23, 2007): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033012ar.
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RÉSUMÉLes édifices travertineux (travertins s.s. et dépôts associés) sont des indicateurs écologiques et géomorphologiques de révolution des milieux fluviatiles des régions karstiques. Ils évoluent, au cours de l'Holocène, en trois temps. 1) La construction des barrages débute souvent dès le Préboréal. Elle se poursuit jusqu'à l'Atlantique, à la faveur d'un optimum bioclimatique forestier. Les remblaiements palustres, en arrière des dômes stromatolithiques, comportent des tourbes datées principalement entre 7000 et 3800 ans BP. La pression exercée par l'homme est encore discrète. 2) Entre 4000 BP (Néolithique final-Chalcolithique ancien) et le début de notre ère, parfois dès le Chasséen, la sédimentation travertineuse s'interrompt ou se poursuit sous une forme ralentie et dégradée, tandis que le couvert végétal s'ouvre sous le poids de la pression anthropique ; les récurrences travertineuses varient selon les sites et les aléas de l'occupation humaine. 3) À l'époque historique, le démantèlement des barrages s'accélère tandis que l'homme achève la mise en valeur des écosystèmes humides liés aux travertins. La vidange des zones palustres et l'enfoncement des nappes phréatiques accompagnent le creusement des vallées et le dégagement des terrasses travertineuses. La sédimentation se poursuit de nos jours sous une forme discrète dans des sites refuges. L'histoire holocène des travertins de fond de vallée s'inscrit dans une séquence climato-anthropique.
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Chafetz, Henry S., and Sean A. Guidry. "Deposition and diagenesis of Mammoth Hot Springs travertine, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-051.
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Strata forming a 113 m long core through Mammoth Hot Springs record the Holocene evolution of this travertine accumulation from deposition as part of a lacustrine to a terraced mound environment. The deposit is readily divided into four intervals: 11367 m, carbonate-cemented volcaniclastic with intercalated layers of travertine; 6760 m, moderately pure travertine with some volcaniclastics; 6050 m, carbonate-cemented volcaniclastic-rich interval; and 500 m, essentially pure travertine. Lithologic composition, sedimentary structures, and the rare ostracode fossils indicate that the lower 67 m predominantly accumulated in a lacustrine environment, whereas the upper 40 m are terraced mound deposits. All of the travertine is calcite, some after aragonite. Layers of shrubs, oncoids, and peloids, all bacterial in origin, form the dominant allochems within the travertine. Stable isotopic carbon and oxygen values (n = 128) are strongly positively correlated and decrease up-core ~4 and 8, respectively, reflecting a change in depositional environment from lacustrine to terraced mound upsection. Other stable isotopic trends indicate a pronounced difference between travertine allochems and immediately adjacent spar, e.g., spar averages 0.9 and 0.6, respectively, lower than immediately adjacent shrubs (n = 7 pairs). This difference is interpreted to reflect degassing and evaporation in the surface waters prior to precipitation of the allochems. The trends in stable isotopic values provide valuable corroborative data with regard to the depositional environment and diagenesis of the travertine.
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Li, Qiong Fang, Fa Qin Dong, Qun Wei Dai, Ting Ting Huo, De Jun An, and Shu Tang. "The Microbial Factor of Travertine Deposition between Yellowstone National Park (YNP), USA and Huanglong Scenic, Sichuan." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.136.
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Yellow Stone National Park (YNP), USA, is well-known as its glorious travertine geomorphology as well as Huanglong National Scenic District in Sichuan, China. But there were some difference between them. The travertine deposition of YNP were formed from geothermal activity, meanwhile Huanglong Scenic District is located in high attitude and cold area and the travertine deposition appeared in the cold water. With the increasing attention to global carbon cycle, origin of life and the life action in the extreme environment, the geothermal travertine formation origin and mechanism were focused by the scientists from different field. The research plan was also a part of “the Mars project”. The reason was that the Mars’s surface environment is similar to that of the ancient Earth. This article reviewed the research results of the microbiology diversity, community structure and distribution, function gene and special microbial carbon metabolism passway in the hot spring of YNP. We also summarized the biological factor in the process of the travertine deposition of YNP. After comparing the research progress on the travertine deposition between YNP and Huanglong Scenic District, we put foreword the further strategy to understand the biological effect on the travertine deposition of Huanglong Scenic District.
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Brogi, Andrea, Enrico Capezzuoli, Riccardo Aqué, Marilì Branca, and Mario Voltaggio. "Studying travertines for neotectonics investigations: Middle–Late Pleistocene syn-tectonic travertine deposition at Serre di Rapolano (Northern Apennines, Italy)." International Journal of Earth Sciences 99, no. 6 (June 18, 2009): 1383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-009-0456-y.
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O'Brien, Gary R., Darrell S. Kaufman, Warren D. Sharp, Viorel Atudorei, Roderic A. Parnell, and Laura J. Crossey. "Oxygen isotope composition of annually banded modern and mid-Holocene travertine and evidence of paleomonsoon floods, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA." Quaternary Research 65, no. 3 (May 2006): 366–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.12.001.
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AbstractHolocene and modern travertine formed in spring-fed Havasu Creek of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, was studied to determine the factors governing its oxygen-isotope composition. Analysis of substrate-grown travertine indicates that calculated calcite-formation temperatures compare favorably with measured water temperatures, and include silt-rich laminae deposited by monsoon-driven floods. Ancient spring-pool travertine is dated by U-series at 7380 ± 110 yr and consists of 14 travertine-silt couplets of probable annual deposition. One hundred eighty high-resolution δ18O analyses of this mid-Holocene sample average −11.0‰ PDB. The average value for modern travertine is ∼0.5‰ lower, perhaps because mid-Holocene temperature was higher or there was proportionally greater summer recharge. δ18O cyclicity in the mid-Holocene travertine has average amplitude of 1.9 ± 0.5‰ PDB, slightly less than the inferred modern-day annual temperature range of Havasu Creek. The annual temperature range might have been reduced during the 14-yr interval compared to present, although other non-temperature factors could account for the muted annual variation. Silt-rich laminae within isotopically lower calcite in the modern and mid-Holocene travertine verifies the seasonal resolution of both samples, and suggests that similar temperature-precipitation conditions, as well as monsoon-generated summer floods, prevailed in the mid-Holocene as they do throughout the Grand Canyon region today.
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Frank, Norbert, Margarethe Braum, Ulrich Hambach, Augusto Mangini, and Günther Wagner. "Warm Period Growth of Travertine during the Last Interglaciation in Southern Germany." Quaternary Research 54, no. 1 (July 2000): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2135.
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Late-Quaternary travertine at two sites near Stuttgart formed entirely during interglacial periods. The travertine contains structures from growth induced by bacteria, and such structures have been dated by 230Th/U mass spectrometry. The resulting ages from both sites imply growth episodes of short duration, with growth rates up to 5 mm yr−1, at 99,800 ± 1300 yr B.P. (2σ n = 8) and 105,900 ± 1300 yr B.P. (2σ n = 7). These episodes were likely part of marine isotope stage (MIS) 5.3. Deposition of silt interrupted travertine growth at one of the sites ∼105,000 yr B.P. Likely correlatives of this silt are the St. Germain I-B stade recorded in the Grand Pile peat bog and a cold episode ∼1000 yr long recorded by δ18O values in the GRIP ice core. Travertine also formed during stage 5.5 (∼115,000 yr) and during the early Holocene. We found no evidence for travertine accumulation in stages 2, 3, 4, and 5.1. At both sites, the Sr/U ratio and the initial 234U/238U activity ratio resemble those of modern spring water. However, the sites differ in the chemical composition of spring water and in stratigraphic sequence of travertine accumulation.
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Bobrowska, Alicja, and Andrzej Domonik. "Ultrasonic Waves and Strength Reduction Indexes for the Assessment of the Advancement of Deterioration Processes in Travertines from Pamukkale and Hierapolis (Turkey)." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sgem-2015-0027.
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Abstract In constructions, the usefulness of modern technical diagnostics of stone as a raw material requires predicting the effects of long-term environmental impact of its qualities and geomechanical properties. The paper presents geomechanical research enabling presentation of the factors for strength loss of the stone and forecasting the rate of development of destructive phenomena on the stone structure on a long-time basis. As research material Turkish travertines were selected from the Denizli-Kaklık Basin (Pamukkale and Hierapolis quarries), which have been commonly used for centuries in global architecture. The rock material was subjected to testing of the impact of various environmental factors, as well as European standards recommended by the author of the research program. Their resistance to the crystallization of salts from aqueous solutions and the effects of SO2, as well as the effect of frost and high temperatures are presented. The studies allowed establishing the following quantitative indicators: the ultrasonic waves index (IVp) and the strength reduction index (IRc). Reflections on the assessment of deterioration effects indicate that the most active factors decreasing travertine resistance in the aging process include frost and sulphur dioxide (SO2). Their negative influence is particularly intense when the stone material is already strongly weathered.
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Basso, Mateus, Michelle Chaves Kuroda, and Alexandre Campane Vidal. "Análise geológica e petrofísica de um bloco de travertino como análogo de reservatório de hidrocarbonetos." Geologia USP. Série Científica 17, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9095.v17-337.
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Os carbonatos de origem microbialítica vêm ganhando espaço na geologia do petróleo visto a existência de diversos reservatórios compostos por essas litologias nos campos produtores do Pré-Sal. Dentre as rochas propostas como análogas aos microbialitos estão os travertinos, os estromatólitos e as tufas calcárias. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo de parâmetros geológicos, petrofísicos e geofísicos de um bloco de travertino de dimensões 1,60 x 1,60 x 2,70m, de 21,2 toneladas e disponível no Centro de Estudos de Petróleo (CEPETRO) na Universidade Estadual de Campinas. O bloco de origem italiana, denominado T-block, corresponde ao volume elementar representativo da formação de origem e permitiu o estudo em uma escala intermediária entre a escala de afloramento e a amostra de mão. Foram realizados ensaios de permeabilidade, medições de espectrometria de raios gama e obtenção da porosidade superficial por meio de análise de imagens. Modelos foram gerados a partir dos dados obtidos e então associados à geologia descritiva do bloco. Foi registrado um padrão de redução de permeabilidade, porosidade e concentração dos elementos potássio (K), urânio (U) e tório (Th), seguindo um gradiente em direção ao topo do T-block que acompanha a redução do grau de desenvolvimento da fábrica da rocha.
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Geurts, Marie-Anne, Monique Frappier, and Hsien Ho Tsien. "Morphogenèse des barrages de travertin de Coal River Springs, sud-est du Territoire du Yukon." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 46, no. 2 (November 28, 2007): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032906ar.
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RÉSUMÉL'étude de travertins, situés sur la rive gauche de la Coal River (SE du Yukon), permet de mieux comprendre la genèse de ces dépôts par leur description morphologique, soutenue d'observations hydrologiques et microfaciologiques. L'analyse morphologique révèle que les barrages de travertin sont des phytohermes, à croissance discontinue attribuable aux variations de débit. Une forme nouvelle appelée « encorbellement inverse » est décrite et correspond à une croissance en eau calme. L'analyse microscopique identifie : 1 ) un faciès algaire de type Phormidium/Schizothrix qu'on trouve sur des supports ligneux et des formes en vase, 2) un faciès en glomérule d'origine probablement bactérienne, observé sur la face amont de grands barrages, et 3) un faciès bryophytique qui est le plus fréquent et qui apparaît au sommet des barrages, c'est-à-dire dans les zones de croissance verticale. Les mousses les plus fréquentes sont Brachytecium sp., Bryum sp., Cratoneuron sp., et Gymnostonum recurvirostrum (Hedw.). Les phytohermes sont situés dans le cadre stratigraphique de l'Holocène, après l'encaissement de la Coal River dans ses alluvions. Ils se construisent selon le modèle suivant : leur croissance verticale ainsi que l'épaississement de leur face aval se font surtout par l'encroûtement des mousses et l'épaississement de leur face amont se réalise davantage par l'intermédiaire des faciès cyanobactériens.
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Kanellopoulos, C. "Various morphological types of thermogenic travertines in Northern Euboea and Eastern Central Greece." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.10958.
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In the northern part of Euboea Island and the neighbouring part of the mainland in eastern central Greece, many hot springs exist and some of them create travertine deposits. The objectives of the study were to identify and describe the various morphological types of the thermogenic travertine deposits. The samples were studied at the lab with optical microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), in order to verify their main mineralogical composition and their mineral chemistry. The studied travertine deposits consist mainly of aragonite and calcite, but in some cases, as main mineral phase, an amorphous hydrous ferric oxyhydroxide (ferrihydrite), was also identified. The morphological types that were identified were of great variety (mounds, travertine caves etc) and some of them were quite rare (cascades, remora etc). Morphological data and field observations suggest possible inorganic and organic controls on carbonate precipitation. Similar morphological types have been recorded at large travertine systems like Mammoth hot springs, Yellowstone National Park in USA and at Rapolano Terme, Italy.
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Srdoč, Dušan, Henry Chafetz, and Nancy Utech. "Radiocarbon Dating of Travertine Deposits, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012212.
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Travertine deposits occur abundantly at past and present sites of waterfalls in the Arbuckle Mountains region of Oklahoma. This area (1600km2) consists of folded and faulted Prepaleozoic and Paleozoic rocks, with abundant outcrops of Paleozoic carbonate rocks. Samples of recently deposited and old travertine from the Turner Falls area were collected during a 1987 field trip and analyzed for 13C, 14C and 18O content. The aquatic chemistry of travertine depositing creeks was investigated systematically and compared with those of similar areas in SE and central Europe.
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Kronfeld, J., J. C. Vogel, E. Rosenthal, and M. Weinstein-Evron. "Age and Paleoclimatic Implications of the Bet Shean Travertines." Quaternary Research 30, no. 3 (November 1988): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90005-1.
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From 41,000 to over 22,000 yr B.P., a massive and areally extensive spring travertine was deposited in the Bet Shean Valley, Israel. This travertine is coeval with the Ami'az Member of the Lisan Formation which represents a high lake stand. The travertine deposition is contemporaneous with a more active hydrologic regime associated with wetter conditions in the arid zones of the southern Levant adjacent to southern Israel. These wetter conditions facilitated formation of a widespread spring tufa and also enhanced the water levels of Lake Lisan.
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GUIDO, DIEGO M., and KATHLEEN A. CAMPBELL. "Upper Jurassic travertine at El Macanudo, Argentine Patagonia: a fossil geothermal field modified by hydrothermal silicification and acid overprinting." Geological Magazine 155, no. 6 (June 23, 2017): 1394–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000498.
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AbstractThe Deseado Massif hosts numerous Late Jurassic (150 Ma) fossil geothermal systems related to an extensive volcanic event developed in a diffuse extensional back-arc setting. Detailed mapping, petrography and mineralogical observations of El Macanudo outcrops verify that it represents a hot-spring-related travertine partially replaced by silica and delineated by six sedimentary facies. These are large concentric cones (F1), laminated vertical columnar structures (F2), porous layers (F3), shrubby and irregular lamination (F4), low-amplitude wavy bedding (F5) and mounds and breccias (F6). The Macanudo Norte Outcrop rocks constitute a silica-replaced travertine sequence, with development of large conical stromatolites in a deep pool or geothermally influenced shallow lacustrine environment, surrounded by a subaerial travertine apron terrace; whereas, the Macanudo Sur Outcrop is a subaerial travertine mound sequence. Structurally controlled vent areas occur in both northern (F1) and southern (F6) outcrops, mainly located along regional NNE- and ENE-trending faults. The other sedimentary units display a concentric distribution of travertine facies with respect to the interpreted vent areas. The El Macanudo palaeo-hot spring deposit is situated in an eroded Jurassic volcanic centre, and records a complex evolutionary-fluid history. The sediments archived three different Jurassic events, when large and long-lasting hydrothermal systems were active across the region. This relative temporal sequence was formed by: (1) travertine precipitation; (2) development of a silica cap, where early silicification was responsible for exceptional preservation of some stromatolitic fabrics; and (3) acid alteration, recorded by dissolution textures and clay formation, and caused by a palaeo-phreatic water-level drop.
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BROGI, ANDREA, and ENRICO CAPEZZUOLI. "Earthquake impact on fissure-ridge type travertine deposition." Geological Magazine 151, no. 6 (May 1, 2014): 1135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756814000181.
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AbstractThe role of travertine fissure-ridges in reconstructing tectonics and related earthquakes is a challenging issue of recent debate directed at delineating historical/prehistorical seismic records. Indeed, direct measurements on a travertine fissure-ridge immediately after a seismic event have never been previously performed. We describe the co- and post-seismic effects of a M = 3.6 earthquake on fluid flow and travertine deposition in a geothermal area of Tuscany (Italy). Direct observation allows us to demonstrate that thermal spring (re)activation is directly influenced by transient seismic waves, therefore providing a basis for reconstructing seismic events in the past.
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Grasby, Stephen E., Robert O. van Everdingen, Jan Bednarski, and Dwayne AW Lepitzki. "Travertine mounds of the Cave and Basin National Historic Site, Banff National Park." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-058.
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The Cave and Basin National Historic Site is a fan-shaped travertine deposit associated with four thermal spring outlets. Tentative age dating of the travertine mound indicates growth initiated with onset of the late Holocene shift to more humid and cool climate conditions and suggests that the flow of thermal waters was limited during the Hypsithermal, which in turn places constraints on the evolutionary biology of endemic species in the spring system. Two large caves and one collapsed cave structure are developed within the deposit. Cave development is in response to both physical erosion of till underlying the travertine and acid gas attack of calcite that makes up the deposit. This process is buffered by formation of reaction crusts of gypsum on the interior cave walls. Only minor modern travertine growth occurs due to historic flow control measures. Understanding the flow of water through the historic site is critical for long-term preservation.
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Fouke, Bruce W., George T. Bonheyo, Beth Sanzenbacher, and Jorge Frias-Lopez. "Partitioning of bacterial communities between travertine depositional facies at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1531–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-067.
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A culture-independent molecular survey indicates that the composition of bacterial communities is distinctly partitioned between travertine depositional facies in the surface drainage system of Spring AT-1 at Angel Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes with universally conserved bacterial primers has identified over 553 unique partial and 104 complete gene sequences (derived from more than 14 000 clones), affiliated with 221 unique species that represent 21 bacterial divisions. These sequences exhibited < 12% similarity in bacterial community composition between each of the travertine depositional facies. This implies that relatively little downstream bacterial transport and colonization took place despite the rapid and continuous flow of spring water from the high-temperature to low-temperature facies. These results suggest that travertine depositional facies, which are independently determined by the physical and chemical conditions of the hot spring drainage system, effectively predict bacterial community composition as well as the morphology and chemistry of travertine precipitation.
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Marinescu, Mihai, Sorin Udubasa, and Günter Tiess. "Research, assessment and management of the travertine resources from the Banpotoc-Carpinis deposit (South Apuseni Mts., Romania)." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 33, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2017-0020.
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Abstract Romania is not a large country but, due to the very complex geological structure, it has 110 mineral and power substances with identified and quantified resources and reserves. In time, the most numerous from these (82) have been exploited at the ground surface, in over 3,492 identified quarries and open pits. Travertine has been exploited since ancient times in Romania The exploitation of Brezinta (Mehedinti county) has been known since the Roman times. Although resources are found in many other zones, only two travertine deposits are presently exploited by Marmosim S.A.: Banpotoc-Carpinis and Geoagiu. Travertine extraction began at the Banpotoc-Carpinis deposit in 1870 and 9 quarries have functioned during time from which only one is still active today. This paper presents the way in which the research and valuation of the deposit was made, how the exploitation and processing of the travertine is made nowadays and what are its uses.
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Pietrodangelo, A., R. Salzano, C. Bassani, S. Pareti, and C. Perrino. "Composition, size distribution, optical properties and radiative effects of re-suspended local mineral dust of Rome area by individual-particle microanalysis and radiative transfer modelling." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 9 (May 7, 2015): 13347–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-13347-2015.
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Abstract. New information on the PM10 mineral dust from site-specific (Rome area, Latium) outcropped rocks, and on the microphysics, optical properties and radiative effects of mineral dust at local level were gained in this work. A multi-disciplinary approach was used, based on individual-particle scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy-dispersive microanalysis (SEM XEDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of dust, size distribution of mineral particles, and radiative transfer modelling (RTM).The mineral composition of Rome lithogenic PM10 varies between an end-member dominated by silicate minerals and one exclusively composed of calcite. The first is obtained from volcanic lithotypes, the second from travertine or limestones; lithogenic PM10 with intermediate composition derives mainly from siliciclastic rocks or marlstones of Rome area. Size and mineral species of PM10 particles of silicate-dominated dust types are tuned mainly by weathering and, to lesser extent, by debris formation or crystallization; chemical precipitation of CaCO3 plays a major role in calcite-dominated types. These differences are evidenced by the diversity of volume distributions, within either dust types, or mineral species. Further differences are observed between volume distributions of calcite from travertine (natural source) and from road dust (anthropic source), specifically on the width, shape and enrichment of the fine fraction (unimodal at 5 μm a.d. for travertine, bimodal at 3.8 and 1.8 μm a.d. for road dust). Log-normal probability density functions of volcanics and travertine dusts affect differently the single scattering albedo (SSA) and the asymmetry parameter (g) in the VISible and Near Infrared (NIR) regions, depending also on the absorbing/non-absorbing character of volcanics and travertine, respectively. The downward component of the BOA solar irradiance simulated by RTM for a volcanics-rich or travertine-rich atmosphere shows that volcanics contribution to the solar irradiance differs significantly from that of travertine in the NIR region, while similar contributions are modelled in the VIS.
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Pentecost, Allan. "The significance of calcite (travertine) formation by algae in a moss-dominated travertine from Matlock Bath, England." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 143, no. 4 (November 10, 1998): 487–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/143/1998/487.
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Brogi, Andrea, Enrico Capezzuoli, Volkan Karabacak, Mehmet Cihat Alcicek, and Lianchao Luo. "Fissure Ridges: A Reappraisal of Faulting and Travertine Deposition (Travitonics)." Geosciences 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070278.
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The mechanical discontinuities in the upper crust (i.e., faults and related fractures) lead to the uprising of geothermal fluids to the Earth’s surface. If fluids are enriched in Ca2+ and HCO3-, masses of CaCO3 (i.e., travertine deposits) can form mainly due to the CO2 leakage from the thermal waters. Among other things, fissure-ridge-type deposits are peculiar travertine bodies made of bedded carbonate that gently to steeply dip away from the apical part where a central fissure is located, corresponding to the fracture trace intersecting the substratum; these morpho-tectonic features are the most useful deposits for tectonic and paleoseismological investigation, as their development is contemporaneous with the activity of faults leading to the enhancement of permeability that serves to guarantee the circulation of fluids and their emergence. Therefore, the fissure ridge architecture sheds light on the interplay among fault activity, travertine deposition, and ridge evolution, providing key geo-chronologic constraints due to the fact that travertine can be dated by different radiometric methods. In recent years, studies dealing with travertine fissure ridges have been considerably improved to provide a large amount of information. In this paper, we report the state of the art of knowledge on this topic refining the literature data as well as adding original data, mainly focusing on the fissure ridge morphology, internal architecture, depositional facies, growth mechanisms, tectonic setting in which the fissure ridges develop, and advantages of using the fissure ridges for neotectonic and seismotectonic studies.
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KALENDER, Leyla, Özlem ÖZTEKİN OKAN, Murat İNCEÖZ, Bahattin ÇETİNDAĞ, and Vesile YILDIRIM. "Geochemistry of travertine deposits in the Eastern Anatolia District: an example of the Karakoçan-Yoğunağaç (Elazığ) and Mazgirt-Dedebağ (Tunceli) travertines, Turkey." TURKISH JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 24 (2015): 607–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/yer-1504-27.
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Virág, Magdolna, Mihály Molnár, Mihály Braun, and Andrea Mindszenty. "INVESTIGATION OF A FLOWSTONE-LIKE HISTORICAL INDOOR-TRAVERTINE (RUDAS SPA, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY) USING THE 14C “BOMB-PEAK”." Radiocarbon 62, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 1419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.24.
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ABSTRACTTravertine precipitated during the past ca. 120 years, from thermal waters in one of the historical Spas of the Buda Thermal Karst (Hungary) was investigated using radiocarbon (14C). The age of the deposit is based on the historic date of the structure on which the travertine was deposited. A textural study of the travertine buildup using a ~22-cm-long diamond-core crosscutting was undertaken. The original aim of the study was to improve our understanding of the controls and possibly also the rate of travertine-precipitation. In addition to characteristic, mm-scale, regular laminations, 0.5–1.0 cm dark-colored intervals were also observed in the core. Correlation of these latter textural changes with well-known changes in the water management of the Spa was greatly hindered by the lack of age data from the interior of the core. Therefore, in addition to the two known points (beginning in 1883 AD and ending 2004 AD) at least one age-datum point, somewhere inbetween, was necessary. Since the timespan of the core obviously included the 1960s of the last century, we expected that the 14C anomaly related to the atmospheric nuclear tests of those years could be detected by isotope-geochemistry. This paper gives a brief overview of the textural features of the investigated travertine and presents the dataset proving the incorporation of considerable amounts of atmospheric carbon in the carbonate precipitate, which, indeed, facilitated the indirect dating of the part of the core containing “bomb” 14C, and this helped us to unfold the factors controlling the observed textural changes of the travertine.