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Journal articles on the topic 'Trawl door'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Lucchetti, Alessandro, Emilio Notti, Antonello Sala, and Massimo Virgili. "Multipurpose use of side-scan sonar technology for fisheries science." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 10 (October 2018): 1652–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0359.

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This study illustrates some potential applications of side-scan sonar to explain issues related to fisheries science. Side-scan sonar enabled identification of the footprint of different trawl types. It showed that a twin trawl sweeps a 30% greater area than a traditional trawl and that a semipelagic trawl door has more limited impact than a traditional bottom otter trawl. The side-scan sonar enabled detection and characterization of the interaction of trawl gear with the seafloor. It demonstrated the cod end is floating above the sea bottom during the tow, while the doors and clumps, sweeps and bridles have the most damaging effect on the seafloor. Side-scan sonar was used to assess the interaction between active and passive gear and between trawls and pipelines. It has been able to detect illegal fishing activity in marine protected areas and has been a valuable tool to resolve disputes between different sectors. Side-scan sonar was finally tested as a suitable tool for fish school detection and counting. Side-scan sonar emerged as a flexible tool to tackle rapidly a number of issues related to fishing impact, technology, and biology.

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2

HU, FUXIANG. "1. Development of the Hyper Lift Trawl Door." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 79, no. 6 (2013): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.79.1045.

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3

Gabruk, Victor I., Ivan A. Kornienko, Vasily V. Kudakaev, Svetlana V. Zhigulskaya, and Kseniya G. Frankovskaya. "Computer modeling of rectangular-cylindrical trawl doors." Izvestiya TINRO 181, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2015-181-231-240.

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Computer modeling of the rectangular-cylindrical trawl doors designed by P.P. Augulis (project 2490) is realized for calculation of their parameters to ensure stable functioning in the process of trawling. Correct choice of the warp point ensures stable functioning of the door for three ways of fastening: directly to the stringer or by means of horizontal strap or bail.

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4

Brylinsky, Michael, Jamie Gibson, and Donald C. Gordon Jr. "Impacts of Flounder Trawls on the Intertidal Habitat and Community of the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 650–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-066.

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Four experimental trawls were made at highwater over the intertidal zone of the Minas Basin and the effects assessed when the tide was out to determine the physical and biological impacts of groundfish trawling on the benthos. The trawl doors made furrows 30–85 cm wide and up to 5 cm deep. The rollers compressed surficial sediments but did not scour a depression. The bridle caused no obvious disturbance. Door furrows and roller marks remained visible for 2–7 mo. No significant impacts were observed on either benthic diatoms or macrobenthos. The macrobenthos was dominated by polychaetes, some of which may have the ability to take evasive action as a trawl approaches. There were few molluscs, crustaceans, or echinoderms present; these taxa have been shown to be more susceptible to trawling damage in studies done elsewhere. Nematode numbers were initially depressed in the door furrows but did recover with time. It is not known whether nematodes were killed or displaced but the latter is thought more likely. Overall, the impacts in this particular environment are judged to be minor, especially since the intertidal sediments of the Minas Basin are already exposed to similar natural stresses imposed by storms and winter ice.

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5

Priatna, Asep, and Suprapto Suprapto. "FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERFORMANCE OF TRAWL OPERATION IN THE WATERS AREA OF TARAKAN." Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal 23, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/ifrj.23.2.2017.79-87.

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Any fish on swept area of bottom trawl could not be caught due to some technical factors during towing. However, it could be estimated by integrated of bottom trawl and acoustic survey. This paper describes the determination of some factors that affect the performance of trawl net during the bottom trawl survey in the waters of Tarakan. Surveys were carried out in May, August, and November 2012. A total of 57 stations of simultaneously acoustic-trawl were completed. Data collected from each station include catch composition, and variables of trawling operation (i.e. bottom depth, warp length, trawl door opening, towing speed, towing duration, and acoustic fish density). Principal component analysis was applied to identify variables might impact of trawling performance (i.e. fish density at the waters area, towing speed, towing duration, warp length, horizontal opening of trawl door, density of non-demersal at cod end, and bottom depth). Both towing speed and towing duration were not major component for trawl operation. According to test of significance for four variables (i.e. bottom depth, warp length, horizontal opening, biota non-demersal at cod end) which affected to fish density at waters area, that both of variable (i.e. warp length and bottom depth) were significant as the principal components for the performance of bottom trawl.

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6

KUMAZAWA, TAISEI. "2. Performances of small-scale bottom trawl with Hyper Lift Trawl Door." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 79, no. 6 (2013): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.79.1046.

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7

Gilkinson, Kent, Mike Paulin, Shawn Hurley, and Peter Schwinghamer. "Impacts of trawl door scouring on infaunal bivalves: results of a physical trawl door model/dense sand interaction." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 224, no. 2 (June 1998): 291–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(97)00207-4.

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8

Reite, K. J., and A. J. Sorensen. "Mathematical Modeling of the Hydrodynamic Forces on a Trawl Door." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 31, no. 2 (April 2006): 432–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2006.875098.

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9

Smith, C. J., A. C. Banks, and K.-N. Papadopoulou. "Improving the quantitative estimation of trawling impacts from sidescan-sonar and underwater-video imagery." ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 9 (December 1, 2007): 1692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm165.

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Abstract Smith, C. J., Banks, A. C., and Papadopoulou, K.-N. 2007. Improving the quantitative estimation of trawling impacts from sidescan-sonar and underwater-video imagery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1692–1701. The techniques of sidescan sonar and towed, underwater-video sled were assessed as rapid-assessment methodologies for investigating trawl impacts on the substratum. Sidescan sonar is able to image a swathe of ∼200 m with a resolution of ∼20 cm at a speed of 2–3 knots, and marks of trawl doors could be observed. The towed video system imaged a swathe of 1–2 m with a resolution of 1–2 cm at a speed of ∼1 knot, and trawl-door marks, scrape marks, local bioturbation features, and fauna could be observed. Multiple tows using both methodologies were carried out in two areas in Heraklion Bay, Crete. One area, experimentally trawled, was 80–90 m deep and characterized by mixed, maerly sediments; the other was a commercial trawl lane ∼200 m deep characterized by silty-clay sediment. Descriptions of the types of trawling feature and impacts caused by trawling were made for both areas. Images were analysed from the commercial deeper trawling ground for area assessment. For sidescan-sonar records, direction of trawling and trawl-mark density by category were estimated at periodic intervals along the track. For video, categories for trawl-mark density and level of bioturbation were estimated, along with the density of the crinoid Leptometra phalangium. Using geo-referenced positioning for each data point, area maps were constructed for each of the parameters, and correlations were tested between the different datasets. The use of the assessment techniques (characteristics, data usage, mapping, complementarity) in relation to trawling-impact studies is discussed, as well as possibilities for the use of the resulting data for management.

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10

Jonsson, Ingi M., Leifur Leifsson, Slawomir Koziel, Yonatan A. Tesfahunegn, and Adrian Bekasiewicz. "Trawl-door Shape Optimization by Space-mapping-corrected CFD Models and Kriging Surrogates." Procedia Computer Science 80 (2016): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.05.409.

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11

Jun, Chul-Woong, Jeong-Hyun Sohn, and Sung-Ho Park. "Effect analysis of design parameter of trawl door by considering interaction with seabed." International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing 17, no. 11 (November 2016): 1515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12541-016-0177-7.

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12

Ragnarsson, Stefán Áki, and Sigmar Arnar Steingrímsson. "Spatial distribution of otter trawl effort in Icelandic waters: comparison of measures of effort and implications for benthic community effects of trawling activities." ICES Journal of Marine Science 60, no. 6 (January 1, 2003): 1200–1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-3139(03)00143-7.

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Abstract We examined the spatial distribution of trawling effort from logbook data from all Icelandic vessels fishing for demersal fish between 1991 and 1997 with a spatial resolution of 1 degree of latitude and 1 degree of longitude. The trawling effort was widely distributed but was intensive only in small and localised areas. Three measures of effort were compared; tow frequency, tow duration and separate estimates of swept area for otter boards and trawls. In each year, the area swept with otter trawl was 1.7 times greater than the total area in which fishing occurred over the 7 year period. In contrast, the area swept with otter boards was 4% of the total fishing area. Most of the fishing effort was confined to depths shallower than 400 m. With increasing depth, the size of trawls became larger and accordingly, also the area swept per haul. Calculations assuming no variation in the size of the trawl in relation to depth, produced inaccurate swept area estimates. Furthermore, swept area estimates based on depth corrected door spreads were greater than estimates where no such correction was made. Swept area was considered to be a more appropriate measure of effort than tow frequency and tow duration as long as variation in the size of the gear (e.g. in relation to depth) was taken into account. Effort within Icelandic waters was compared in five depth strata within seven zones. Effort was highest off the south and NW coasts and lowest off the north and east coasts. Effort was most intensive at the 100–500 m depth in all zones but in some areas (such as off NW Iceland), effort extended to deeper waters. Knowledge of the distribution of fishing effort is important for predicting larger scale effects of fishing gears on benthic communities.

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13

You, Xinxing, Fuxiang Hu, Taisei Kumazawa, Daisuke Shiode, and Tadashi Tokai. "Performance of new hyper-lift trawl door for both mid-water and bottom trawling." Ocean Engineering 199 (March 2020): 106989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.106989.

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14

Gauthier, Stéphane, and George A. Rose. "Diel vertical migration and shoaling heterogeneity in Atlantic redfish: effects on acoustic and bottom-trawl surveys." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.10.001.

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Abstract A series of experiments comparing acoustic and bottom-trawl surveys was conducted on Atlantic redfish (Sebastes spp.) on the edge of the Green and Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada. Redfish were on or near bottom by day and migrated vertically in the water column at night. In an attempt to account for biases attributable to the presence of fish in the near-bottom dead zone (DZ), a correction factor was applied based on density values measured within the first few metres above the detected bottom. Acoustic densities within increasing range increments above the bottom were compared with densities estimated from the trawl catch. Swept area was calculated using both the trawl's wing spread and door spread as proxies for the minimum and maximum fishing widths. Uncorrected acoustic densities were significantly higher during the night than during the day. No significant day/night differences for the entire water column were observed after DZ corrections. Close agreement between acoustic and trawl densities was obtained by integrating within the first 10 to 20 m off the bottom, with or without the DZ corrections, for both day and night experiments, but regression slopes differed. Trawl catchability appeared to be density-dependent at night, being higher at lower fish densities. Daytime acoustic estimates were more variable than those made at night, as indicated by consecutive passes of several transects and CVs of density (means of 131% during day, 35% at night). We conclude that acoustic measurements made at night provide the most reliable and least variable density estimates, and make recommendations for surveys.

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15

Lee, Jiwon, Hongkeun Yoon, Yeonju Park, Kyusuk Choi, Chunwoo Lee, Dosik Shim, and Sanghu Park. "Design and fabrication of fluid flow characteristic controllable trawl door using a trailing edge flap." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 33, no. 12 (December 2019): 5623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-019-1103-6.

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16

You, Xinxing, Fuxiang Hu, Taisei Kumazawa, Shuchuang Dong, and Daisuke Shiode. "Hydrodynamic performance of a newly designed biplane-type hyper-lift trawl door for otter trawling." Applied Ocean Research 104 (November 2020): 102354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102354.

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17

Wang, Gang, Liuyi Huang, Lei Wang, Fenfang Zhao, Yuyan Li, and Rong Wan. "A metamodeling with CFD method for hydrodynamic optimisations of deflectors on a multi-wing trawl door." Ocean Engineering 232 (July 2021): 109045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109045.

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18

Kruchinin, O. N., E. A. Zakharov, and D. L. Shabelsky. "DETERMINING OF OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS FOR TRAWL SYSTEM TAKING INTO ACCOUNT EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON SHAPE OF THE ROPE-NET SHELL OF MIDWATER TRAWLS." Izvestiya TINRO 200 (March 26, 2020): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2020-200-193-209.

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Calculating of horizontal opening for a trawl mouth using the mathematical model of midwater trawl system developed by V.I. Gabryuk gives the errors 25.4 and 32.9 %, on average, for the trawls RT 57/360 m and RT 80/396 m, respectively. The significant errors cause doubts about correctness of this model equations application for calculation of the catch zone that is necessary for assessment of abundance and biomass of marine biological resources. New empirical equations are proposed on the basis of experimental data on shape of the rope-net shell of a midwater trawl, which allow to calculate the horizontal opening for its certain sections. The errors of the horizontal opening calculation with these new equations are 13.7 and 6.1 %, on average, for the trawls RT 57/360 m and RT 80/396 m, respectively, that is satisfactory for using them for calculating operational parameters of a midwater trawl system. The operational parameters of the midwater trawls RT 57/360 m and RT 80/396 m are calculated using Baranov’s approach with these new empirical equations, and their good adequacy is shown in the experiment with hydroacoustic measurements of the trawls mouth horizontal opening and the distance between the trawl doors conducted aboard RV TINRO and RV Professor Kaganovsky in the Okhotsk Sea in 2012–2015.

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19

Weinberg, Kenneth L., and Stan Kotwicki. "Reducing variability in bottom contact and net width of a survey trawl by restraining door movement and applying a constant ratio of warp length to depth." Fishery Bulletin 113, no. 2 (March 10, 2015): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7755/fb.113.2.6.

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20

Somerton, David A. "Do Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and walleye pollock (Theregra chalcogramma) lack a herding response to the doors, bridles, and mudclouds of survey trawls?" ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 7 (January 1, 2004): 1186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.06.003.

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Abstract Pacific cod and walleye pollock were subjected to herding experiments in which trawl hauls are conducted repeatedly in an area with the bridles varied among three distinct lengths. For the flatfishes in these studies, catch per unit of area swept (cpue) by the trawls increased greatly with increasing bridle length, indicating that flatfish are stimulated to herd into the path of the net by the action of the bridles. In contrast, the cpue of Pacific cod and walleye pollock did not increase significantly with increasing bridle length. This lack of significance indicates that these two species respond only weakly to any herding stimuli produced by the 83–112 Eastern and Poly Nor'eastern trawls used to conduct groundfish trawl surveys in the North Pacific Ocean.

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21

Kornienko, Ivan A. "Method for determination of hydrodynamic parameters of trawl doors by means of software SolidWorks Flow Simulation." Izvestiya TINRO 185, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2016-185-259-266.

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Modeling by means of SolidWorks Flow Simulation software for determination of hydrodynamic parameters of trawl doors is described by the example of the trawl doors Project 2490 designed by P.P. Augulis.

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22

Gabruk, Victor I., and Ivan A. Kornienko. "General method for computer modeling of trawl doors." Izvestiya TINRO 185, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2016-185-251-258.

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Method for analytical determining of trawl doors parameters is presented that allows to define by computer modeling the position of warp and bridles fastening that provides stable functioning of the doors and the whole trawl system.

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23

Chernetsov, Victor V. "Modeling of trawl doors with account of the currents." Izvestiya TINRO 185, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2016-185-267-272.

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Mathematical model of trawl doors is presented and methods of their modeling with account of the water currents are described. The model could be used for optimal tooling of trawl systems for real environments.

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24

Gabryuk, V. I., V. V. Kudakaev, and L. A. Gabryuk. "METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE POSITION OF THE POINTS FOR ATTACHMENT OF WARP AND BACKSTROPS TO TRAWL BOARDS." Izvestiya TINRO 200 (March 26, 2020): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2020-200-184-192.

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Technique for analytical determining where the warp and backstrops should be attached to trawl board is proposed. The algorithm is developed for both triangular and quadrangular arrangement of the backstrops. Equations for calculation of the backstrops length are presented. Equilibrium stability conditions are defined for trawl doors.

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25

Lee, Jihoon, Chun-Woo Lee, Songho Park, Jieun Kim, Subong Park, and Taeho Kim. "Development of a low-energy midwater trawl with different combinations of trawl nets and trawl doors through model experiments." Fisheries Science 84, no. 2 (January 3, 2018): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12562-017-1158-1.

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26

Reite, Karl-Johan, and Asgeir J. Sørensen. "Hydrodynamic properties important for control of trawl doors." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, no. 10 (July 2004): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)31722-6.

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27

Ghosh, Arnab, Yildirim Dogan, Amanda M. Holland, Odette M. Smith, Lauren F. Young, Mallory L. West, Natalie V. Singer, et al. "Over-Expression of TRAIL on Donor T Cells Enhances GVT and Suppresses Gvhd Via Elimination of Alloreactive T Cells and Host APC." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.817.817.

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Abstract Abstract 817 Strategies to suppress GVHD are often associated with broader suppression of the immune system leading to a compromised GVT effect. Using experimental models, we have demonstrated a novel strategy to enhance GVT effects and explicitly suppress GVHD using genetically engineered T lineage cells over-expressing TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL). TRAIL can induce apoptotic signals through death receptor (DR) 4 and 5 molecules (only DR5 in mice) expressed on target cells. Expression of DR5 is higher on certain tumors and can be enhanced on others using small molecules rendering them susceptible to TRAIL mediated killing. TRAIL is therefore an attractive candidate for genetic engineering of donor T cells to enhance their GVT potential. We evaluated the effect of TRAIL over-expression (TRAIL+) in donor T cells (mature and precursor) on GVHD and GVT. Mature T cells derived from donor B6 splenocytes were transduced with a lentiviral TRAIL expression vector. The transduced TRAIL+ T cells were adoptively transferred on day 0 into lethally irradiated CBF1 recipients of T cell depleted allografts and LB27.4 tumor (B6 ^ CBF1+LB27.4) to assess their GVHD and GVT activity. TRAIL+ T cells displayed significantly enhanced antitumor immunity compared to T cells transduced with a control vector against LB27.4 tumor cell lines in vitro and upon transfer into tumor bearing allo-BMT recipients (p<0.01, 100% survival in TRAIL+ T cell group) (Fig 1A, also shown at the annual meeting last year). Precursor (pre)T cells have the benefit of regenerating the T cell compartment without causing GVHD and being available for “off the shelf” use. We generated TRAIL+ preT cells from transduced B6 hematopoietic stem cells and expanded them using the OP9-DL1 co-culture system. Adoptive transfer of B6 TRAIL+ preT cells into syngeneic-transplanted BALB/c mice could reconstitute the T cell compartment with TRAIL-expressing T cells and caused enhanced antitumor activity (p<0.05) compared to mock (GFP)-transduced controls. Interestingly, in addition to enhanced GVT, the recipients treated with TRAIL+ T cells had significantly less GVHD lethality and morbidity (Fig1B). This was observed across multiple GVHD models (B6 ^ CBF1, B6^ BALB/c and B10.BR^ B6). To explore the factors contributing to TRAIL-mediated suppression of GVHD, we used animals deficient in DR5 (DR5ko) in our models of GVHD. We found that GVHD suppressive effects of TRAIL were lost when hosts were DR5ko or when DR5ko TRAIL+ T cells were adoptively transferred indicating that TRAIL+ T cells suppress GVHD by targeting both host and donor compartments. We observed a higher DR5 expression in host MHC-IIhi antigen presenting cells (APC) following total body irradiation, suggesting that TRAIL+ donor T cells could potently eliminate host APC, resulting in less GVHD. Further, on transferring wild type T cells into irradiated hosts, we found that alloreactive CD25+ T cells had a significantly higher DR5 expression compared to CD25− T cells. This indicates that TRAIL+ T cells can specifically target the alloreactive CD25+ T cells in order to suppress GVHD. Collectively, our data demonstrate that donor T cells genetically engineered to express TRAIL can enhance GVT effects and suppress the development of lethal GVHD in recipients of allo-HSCT. Our data suggests that his suppression of GVHD is mediated by the elimination the alloreactive donor T cells and the elimination of GVHD-promoting residual APC. Furthermore, we demonstrated that allogeneic ex vivo generated preT cells expressing TRAIL could mediate a strong protection against tumor challenge in syngeneic HSCT recipients. TRAIL over-expression thus represents a potential off the shelf approach to enhancing GVT in both allogeneic and autologous transplantation. Despite elimination of alloreactive donor T cells, TRAIL+ T cells demonstrated enhanced GVT by directly targeting DR5+ tumors in the absence of alloreactivity. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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28

Humborstad, Odd-Børre, Leif Nøttestad, Svein Løkkeborg, and Hans Tore Rapp. "RoxAnn bottom classification system, sidescan sonar and video-sledge: spatial resolution and their use in assessing trawling impacts." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2003.10.001.

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Abstract Three complementary seabed characterization tools with different spatial resolution were used to locate a research site and to assess physical effects of experimental otter trawling in the Barents Sea: an acoustic seabed classification system (RoxAnn), sidescan sonar and a video-sledge. The marine protected area (MPA) around Bear Island was chosen as it offered unfished reference sites. The area was topographically complex which resulted in certain challenges for choice of the experimental site due to the requirements of representativity and homogeneity and suitable sampling substrate. Systematic waylines with RoxAnn gave broad-scale patterns of bottom conditions, the more informative sidescan revealed topographic reliefs, whilst detailed information on sediment composition and small-scale seabed features was provided by the video-sledge. Accurate positioning of towed gears (trawl, sidescan and video-sledge) ensured unbiased data acquisition. Trawl doors and rockhopper gear created furrows that were visible by sidescan sonar and video. Intensive trawling also caused changes in the acoustic properties by increasing roughness and decreasing hardness. Results are consistent with a possible resuspension of the sediment and a homogenizing effect from the trawl doors and ground gear ploughing the area. The suitability and advantages of using spatially overlapping tools in trawl impact studies are discussed.

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29

Ghosh, Arnab, Amanda M. Holland, Yildirim Dogan, Nury Yim, Uttam K. Rao, Lauren F. Young, Odette M. Smith, et al. "Genetic Engineering of Donor T Cells for BMT Immunotherapy: Expression of TRAIL and PLZF Selectively Enhances GVT and Abrogates Gvhd." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.730.730.

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Abstract Abstract 730 Efforts to improve graft-versus-tumor (GVT) activity of alloreactive donor T cells are limited by a concomitant rise in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We employed experimental allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) models to assess two novel strategies, in which T lineage cells were genetically engineered to enhance selective effector functions. In addition to the transgenic expression of these molecules on mature donor T cells, we also used genetically engineered precursor T cells as an “off the shelf” adoptive cell therapy. One strategy relies on T cell cytolytic molecule TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL), which can induce apoptotic signals through death receptor (DR) 4 and 5 molecules (only DR5 in mice) expressed on target cells. Certain tumor cells are known to express high levels of surface DR5 making TRAIL an attractive candidate for genetic engineering of donor T cells to enhance GVT activity. Extending previous studies indicating that TRAIL expression in donor T cells is dispensable for the development of GVHD, we evaluated the effect of TRAIL over-expression in donor T cells (mature and precursor) on GVHD and GVT. Mature T cells derived from donor B6 splenocytes were transduced with a lentiviral TRAIL expression vector. The transduced TRAIL+ T cells were adoptively transferred on day 0 into lethally irradiated CBF1 recipients of a T cell depleted allo-BMT, bearing LB27.4 tumors, (B6 ^ CBF1+LB27.4) to assess their GVHD and GVT activity. TRAIL+ T cells displayed significantly enhanced antitumor immunity compared to T cells transduced with a control vector against LB27.4 tumor cell lines in vitro and upon transfer into tumor bearing allo-BMT recipients (p<0.01)(Fig 1A). Interestingly, the recipients treated with TRAIL+ T cells had significantly less GVHD. We observed increased DR5 expression on host antigen presenting cells (APC) soon after the total body irradiation used in our preparative regimens, suggesting that TRAIL+ donor T cells could potently eliminate host APC, resulting in less GVHD. Precursor T cells have the added benefits of reconstituting the T cell compartment without GVHD and “off the shelf” use. We generated TRAIL+ precursor T cells from transduced B6 murine hematopoietic stem cells and expanded them using the OP9-DL1 co-culture system. Adoptive transfer of B6 TRAIL+ precursor T cells into syngeneic-transplanted BALB/c mice could reconstitute the T cell compartment with TRAIL expressing T cells. When challenged with localized RENCA tumors, TRAIL+ precursor T cells showed enhanced antitumor activity (p<0.05) compared to mock (GFP)-transduced controls (Fig 1B). The second strategy explores the use of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF). PLZF is a member of the BTB-ZF (Broad complex, Tram track, Bric-^-brac-zinc finger) family of transcription factors. In NKT and NK cells, it controls key steps in development, activation and effector functions. Its ectopic expression on conventional T cell confers NKT and NK-like properties. Recent studies using transgenic mice have shown that T cells ectopically expressing PLZF spontaneously acquire an effector/memory phenotype and CD8+ T cells spontaneously express IFN-gamma. Using PLZF+ transgenic donor (B6) T cells in A20-tumor challenged B6 ^ BALB/c allo-BMT model, we found that PLZF+ T cells have less GVHD activity while GVT activity remained intact (p<0.001)(Fig 1C). Using adoptive transfer of CFSE-labeled donor T cells we observed that fast proliferating allo-responsive PLZF+ T cells died after only a few cell cycles. We then transduced donor T cells with an expression vector and confirmed that transduced PLZF expressing donor T cells have less GVHD activity and intact GVT activity (Fig 1D). In conclusion, our data suggest that adoptive therapy with genetically engineered TRAIL or PLZF expressing donor T cells exert less GVHD activity while displaying intact or enhanced GVT activity. Furthermore, the “off the shelf” use of genetically enhanced precursor T cells indicates a promising cell therapy strategy to enhance anti-tumor activity in both autologous and allogeneic BMT patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Handegard, N. O., and D. Tjøstheim. "When fish meet a trawling vessel: examining the behaviour of gadoids using a free-floating buoy and acoustic split-beam tracking." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 2409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-131.

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The reaction of individual gadoids to a bottom-trawling vessel has been observed in situ in the Barents Sea using a free-floating buoy and acoustic target-tracking methods. More than 20 000 tracks were analysed in terms of velocity changes in vertical, athwarthship, and alongship direction relative to the vessel, the warps, and the trawl, respectively. The fish starts diving about 15 min before vessel passing. This coincides with the time the trawl is running and not with the gradual increase in vessel noise caused by the approaching vessel. The change in horizontal movement is more gradual and is directed away from the vessel in the alongship direction, but towards the vessel in the athwarthship direction. The strongest and sharpest response is related to the trawl warps. A strong herding in front of the warps is seen. Closer to the bottom, an athwarthship herding reaction is seen away from the trawl doors or possibly the lower parts of the warps. There were only minor differences when grouping the tracks according to light level, fish size, and fish density.

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Freiria Pereira, Jorge. "Dynamic modeling of trawl fishing gear components." Ciencia y tecnología de buques 6, no. 11 (July 21, 2012): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.71.

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A numerical model has been developed to calculate the resistance of the different components of a trawling gear, by deduction of the drag and lift components. For this purpose, mathematical models have been considered for all the elements, such as trawl cables, floats, doors, and the net itself. The most important contribution of this numerical model is that the action of forces upon different elements permits modifying the geometric configuration of the complete set with a mutual accommodation of resistance and geometry, simulating the actual dynamics, where forces and geometry converge toward an equilibrium state. Some results obtained from actual fishing gear with data obtained from sensors during sea trials are used to compare the results of the simulator.

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De Biasi, Anna Maria. "Impact of experimental trawling on the benthic assemblage along the Tuscany coast (north Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 8 (January 1, 2004): 1260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.07.024.

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Abstract The impact of repeated experimental otter trawling, in the north Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean) was investigated using a spatially replicated sampling design. Macroscopic modifications of the seabed morphology were assessed by sidescan sonar. Alterations of the sediment texture and changes in macrobenthic infauna were assessed using a box-corer. The most obvious modifications of the seabed were trawl tracks caused by the passage of trawl doors through the sediments. Ephemeral but significant changes in the sediment composition were observed. Changes in the benthic assemblage were detected only 48 h after experimental trawling. The clearest changes were detected in the molluscan component. The present study suggests that recovery from trawling may take place within one month.

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33

Toubai, Tomomi, Junji Tanaka, Shuichi Ota, Junichi Sugita, Naoko Kato, Keiichi Kondo, Noriaki Iwao, Masahiro Asaka, and Masahiro Imamura. "Kinetics of Serum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 5343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.5343.5343.

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Abstract Buckgrand. Graft-versus host disease (GVHD) is a major complication after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a pivotal role in systemic as well as local inflammatory and immune responses. Recent reports that MIF expression is up-regulated in the allo-immune reaction during renal transplantation. Otherwise, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a type II transmembrane protein belong to the TNF family. The level of TRAIL expression in T cells as well as NK cells can be markedly up-regulated after cell activations. In this study we report that kinetics of serum level of MIF and TRAIL in GVHD patients before and after HSCT. Patients and Methods. Date randomly obtained from 16 patients (10 males and 6 females) who underwent allo-SCT for treatment of hematological malignancies at Hokkaido University Hospital during the period May 2001 to January 2005. All patients were informed consent of peripheral blood smpling. Eight patients were received conventional transplantation and the others were reduced intensity stem cell transplantation (RIST). Seven patients have HLA identical sibling donor, but the others were received unrelated donor. Twelve of the 16 patients was achieved acute GVHD (aGVHD), gradeIto IIin 8 patients. Twelve patients survived day 100 after allo-SCT, 9 of those 12 patients developed chronic GVHD(cGVHD). Serum MIF and TRAIL concentration were measured at various time points using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Results. Serum MIF concentration analysis by ELISA showed that only patients who developed aGVHD significantly increased (two folds) before and after allo-SCT (avelage, from 7.34 ng/ml before allo-SCT to 14.7 ng/ml after allo-SCT, p=0.018). However, we could not detect any correlation of MIF levels and aGVHD severity, donor sources. On the other hand, serum TRAIL concentration analysis by ELISA showed that patients who developed aGVHD were not associated (avelage, from 458.6 pg/ml before allo-SCT to 484.12 pg/ml after allo-SCT, p=0.632). We could not detect association aGVHD severity, donor sources. However, peak titer in aGVHD patients tends to decrease in unrelated transplantation (related 580.86pg/ml, unrelated 415.59pg/ml, p=0.22). Interestingly, we showed that average serum TRAIL concentration before allo-SCT associated with aGVHD and cGVHD. Serum TRAIL concentration with aGVHD patients (n=12, 458.85pg/ml) was tended to increase than without aGVHD (n=4, 330.45pg/ml, P=0.063) and with cGVHD patients (n=9, 535.21pg/ml) was significantly increase without cGVHD patients (n=3, 282.0 ng/ml, P=0.007). Discussion. The present study demonstrated the kinetics of MIF and TRAIL. Systemic up-regulation of MIF expression is associated with the occurrence of aGVHD. This data suggested that MIF after allo-SCT might play a pathogenetic role in aGVHD. On the other hand, we suggested that high level of TRAIL before allo-SCT associated acute and cGVHD. Maybe we might be to estimate acute and cGVHD in examining TRAIL level before allo-SCT. In conclusion our data are the first to establish an association TRAIL and GVHD in allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

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Na, Il-Kang, Sydney X. Lu, Nury L. Yim, Gabrielle L. Goldberg, Jennifer Tsai, Uttam K. Rao, Odette M. Smith, et al. "TRAIL/ DR5 Interactions Are Important for Thymic Damage After Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.234.234.

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Abstract Abstract 234 Thymic GVHD (tGVHD) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) is associated with prolonged immunodeficiency. We have previously shown that thymic output after allo-BMT is directly related to thymus size, and inversely related to donor T cell dose and GVHD severity. Additionally, radiation-containing preparative regimens upregulate the death receptors Fas and DR5 on thymic stroma (especially epithelium) while decreasing expression of the anti-apoptotic protein cFLIP, thereby sensitizing the thymus to GVHD. Moreover, small numbers of donor alloreactive T cells are sufficient to cause tGVHD, and they utilize the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) and TRAIL/DR5 pathways to mediate damage thymic stroma, architecture and function. We performed experiments in both MHC-mismatched and MHC-matched minor antigen-disparate model systems, and demonstrated the exquisite sensitivity of the thymus to as few as 1–2.5×105 donor T cells, which mediated tGVHD without evidence of overt clinical disease or significant weight loss. Additionally, tGVHD is partially reversible in our model systems (contingent on a low T cell dose), such that mice with tGVHD exhibit a transient but partially reversible decrease in thymic cellularity when measured at days 28 vs. 60 post-transplant (Figure 1). To further study the role of TRAIL in tGVHD, we asked whether (1) alloreactive T cells and (2) the inflammation associated with conditioning and acute GVHD, were strictly required for TRAIL/DR5-mediated thymic damage. We treated recipients of T cell-depleted allo-BMT with the amDR5-1 agonistic antibody (0.2 mg i.p. per dose) either in the ‘early‘ peri-transplant period, or ‘late,‘ in the second week post-transplant. Allo-BMT recipients treated ‘early‘ with amDR5-1 had significantly decreased thymic cellularity and splenic BM-derived T cells as compared with controls. Furthermore, we observed similar BM cellularity and BM-derived lineage− sca-1+ckit+ (LSK), all in the absence of donor alloreactive T cells and GVHD (Figure 2). We observed similar results with mice treated ‘late‘ amDR5-1 using the later schedule, which indicates that the thymus has continued sensitivity to TRAIL throughout the post-transplant period, and that GVHD and/or conditioning-associated cytokines are not required to enable TRAIL-mediated damage to the thymus. We further assessed the expression of DR5 on donor BM-derived thymocytes to determine whether amDR5-1 acted directly on thymocytes. We observed that on day 28 after T cell-depleted allo-BMT, only 1-2% of donor thymocytes expressed DR5, suggesting that amDR5-1 (and potentially TRAIL) mediate their effects on thymic cellularity and function primarily via an indirect mechanism (Figure 3). These data suggest to us that significant damage to the thymus and thymopoiesis during allo-BMT: Together, our data in clinically-relevant mouse allo-BMT models suggests that the thymus is highly sensitive to GVHD and endures severe damage at relatively low levels of systemic GVHD. Moreover, post-transplant thymic atrophy is a partially-reversible process which depends on the T cell dose, and which occurs via the TRAIL pathway. Finally, we provide significant mechanistic insight which shows that TRAIL-mediated thymic damage can occur (1) throughout the early post-transplant period, and (2) does not strictly require alloreactive T cells, or the inflammatory processes associated with conditioning and GVHD. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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35

Jonsson, Ingi M., Leifur Leifsson, Slawomir Koziel, Yonatan A. Tesfahunegn, and Adrian Bekasiewicz. "Shape Optimization of Trawl-doors Using Variable-fidelity Models and Space Mapping." Procedia Computer Science 51 (2015): 905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.223.

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36

Leifsson, Leifur, Elvar Hermannsson, and Slawomir Koziel. "Optimal shape design of multi-element trawl-doors using local surrogate models." Journal of Computational Science 10 (September 2015): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2015.01.006.

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37

Secchiero, Paola, Arianna Gonelli, Claudio Celeghini, Prisco Mirandola, Lia Guidotti, Giuseppe Visani, Silvano Capitani, and Giorgio Zauli. "Activation of the nitric oxide synthase pathway represents a key component of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand–mediated cytotoxicity on hematologic malignancies." Blood 98, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 2220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v98.7.2220.

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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced both cytotoxic (apoptosis) and cytostatic (cell cycle perturbation) effects on the human myeloid K562 cell line. TRAIL stimulated caspase 3 and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities, and both pathways cooperate in mediating inhibition of K562 survival/growth. This was demonstrated by the ability of z-VAD-fmk, a broad inhibitor of effector caspases, and N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an NOS pharmacologic inhibitor, to completely (z-VAD-fmk) or partially (L-NAME) suppress the TRAIL-mediated inhibitory activity. Moreover, z-VAD-fmk was able to block TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle abnormalities and increase of NOS activity. The addition of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) to K562 cells reproduced the cytostatic effect of TRAIL without inducing apoptosis. When TRAIL was associated to SNP, a synergistic increase of apoptosis and inhibition of clonogenic activity was observed in K562 cells as well as in other myeloblastic (HEL, HL-60), lymphoblastic (Jurkat, SupT1), and multiple myeloma (RPMI 8226) cell lines. Although SNP greatly augmented TRAIL-mediated antileukemic activity also on primary leukemic blasts, normal erythroid and granulocytic cells were less sensitive to the cytotoxicity mediated by TRAIL with or without SNP. These data indicate that TRAIL promotes cytotoxicity in leukemic cells by activating effector caspases, which directly lead to apoptosis and stimulate NO production, which mediates cell cycle abnormalities. Both mechanisms seem to be essential for TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity.

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Ghosh, Anirban, and Homi Kharas. "The Money Trail: Ranking Donor Transparency in Foreign Aid." World Development 39, no. 11 (November 2011): 1918–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.026.

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39

Dalmendray, J. G., and J. R. Jimenez Valdès. "Methods for the Theoretical Calculation of Wing and Door Spread of Bottom Trawls." Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 16 (July 1994): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2960/j.v16.a4.

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40

Reid, D. G., V. J. Allen, D. J. Bova, E. G. Jones, R. J. Kynoch, K. J. Peach, P. G. Fernandes, and W. R. Turrell. "Anglerfish catchability for swept-area abundance estimates in a new survey trawl." ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 8 (August 17, 2007): 1503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm106.

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Abstract Reid, D. G., Allen, V. J., Bova, D. J., Jones, E. G., Kynoch, R. J., Peach, K. J., Fernandes, P. G., and Turrell, W. R. 2007. Anglerfish catchability for swept-area abundance estimates in a new survey trawl. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1503–1511. In 2005, a new trawl survey was launched in Scotland to estimate anglerfish (Lophius spp.) abundance using swept-area estimates. This required an understanding of the herding of the fish by the gear, particularly in the zone between the doors and wing ends. TV observations at the wing ends and along the sweeps were used to quantify the behavioural reactions of anglerfish. These observations were analysed to develop a gear efficiency estimate. This paper details the construction of the net and the procedures for data collection on the survey. In all, 54 reliable observations of anglerfish were recorded at the groundgear, the wing ends, and along the sweep/bridle combination. Detailed analysis of the recordings showed that all fish in the path of the net were captured, whereas more than half of the fish between the wings and the doors were not. The fish did not appear to herd and many of the encounters with the wires were passive. An individual-based particle-tracking model was constructed to use the behavioural observations to simulate the capture process and generate an efficiency factor. The calculated efficiency factor, based on the behavioural observations, was 1.04, indicating that almost all fish encountering the sweeps and bridles were lost. The implications and suggestions for development of this work are discussed.

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41

Fu, Jianing, Yongxia Wu, Hung Nguyen, Jessica Lauren Heinrichs, Steven Schutt, Chen Liu, Claudio Anasetti, and Xue-Zhong Yu. "T-Bet Is Critical for the Development of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease By Regulating Hematopoietic Antigen Presenting Cells." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.846.846.

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Abstract Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains to be a major obstacle for the efficacy and continuing success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of various malignant and non-malignant diseases. Activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs), both host and donor origin, plays a crucial role in priming alloreactive donor T cells to induce and intensify acute GVHD (aGVHD). Beyond its critical effects on T cells, the T-box transcription factor T-bet also regulates activity of APCs, including dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells. However, the effect and mechanism of T-bet in regulating APCs in the development of aGVHD has not been investigated. To evaluate the role of T-bet in modulating APC function and aGVHD development, we compared the severity of aGVHD in WT versus T-bet-/- recipients using several well-defined, clinically relevant murine models of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). We observed that T-bet-/- recipients developed much milder aGVHD than their WT counterparts, reflected by significantly higher rate of survival, lower clinical scores, and better donor BM-derived B- and T-cell reconstitution. In T-bet-/- recipients, donor T cells significantly reduced IFN-γ production, proliferation and migration, and caused less damage in aGVHD target organs, such as liver and gut. By using various BM chimeras as the recipients, we further observed that T-bet expressed on recipient hematopoietic APCs was primarily responsible for donor T-cell response and pathogenicity in causing aGVHD. Additionally, we evaluated the role of T-bet in donor APCs by transplanting WT or T-bet-/- BM together with WT T cells into lethally irradiated allogeneic recipients. We observed that recipients of T-bet-/- BM developed attenuated aGVHD compared with those of WT BM, suggesting that T-bet also contributes to the function of donor APCs in the induction of GVHD. Given DCs are the most potent hematopoietic APCs, we subsequently focused on recipient DCs. DCs in T-bet-/- recipient produced less IFN-γ, expressed higher levels of Trail, but not FasL or TNF, to induce significantly higher levels of apoptosis on donor T cells prior to their massive proliferation. To test whether Trail/DR5 interaction is responsible for the induction of donor T cell apoptosis and subsequent reduction of aGVHD in T-bet-/- recipients, we compared the ability of WT or DR5-/- T cells in inducing aGVHD in WT versus T-bet-/- recipients after allo-BMT. While WT T cells induced severe aGVHD in WT recipients, they failed to do in T-bet-/- recipients. In contrast, DR5-/- donor T cells were capable to induce severe aGVHD in the recipients regardless of T-bet expression. These data suggests that Trail/DR5 interaction is a major signaling pathway responsible for donor T-cell apoptosis induced by T-bet-/- APCs, through which alleviates the development of aGVHD. In conclusion, we demonstrate that T-bet up-regulates IFN-γ production and down-regulates Trail expression on recipient DCs, which promotes donor T-cell activation and mitigates T-cell apoptosis, respectively. Thus, T-bet plays a critical role in the development of aGVHD by regulating the activity of hematopoietic APCs, particularly DCs. Taken together with our previous findings, we propose that T-bet is a potential therapeutic target for the control of aGVHD through regulating T-cell activation and differentiation as well as APC functions. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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42

Yong, Agnes S. M., Keyvan Keyvanfar, Nancy Hensel, Rhoda Eniafe, Bipin N. Savani, Maria Berg, Andreas Lundqvist, et al. "Primitive quiescent CD34+ cells in chronic myeloid leukemia are targeted by in vitro expanded natural killer cells, which are functionally enhanced by bortezomib." Blood 113, no. 4 (January 22, 2009): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-05-158253.

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AbstractPrimitive quiescent CD34+ chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells are more biologically resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors than their cycling counterparts; however, graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) probably eliminate even these quiescent cells in long-term surviving CML transplant recipients. We studied the progeny of CD34+ cells from CML patients before SCT, which were cultured 4 days in serum-free media with hematopoietic growth factors. BCR-ABL expression was similar in both cycling and quiescent noncycling CD34+ populations. Quiescent CD34+ cells from CML patients were less susceptible than their cycling CD34+ and CD34− counterparts to lysis by natural killer (NK) cells from their HLA-identical sibling donors. Compared with cycling populations, quiescent CD34+ CML cells had higher surface expression of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors DR4 and DR5. Bortezomib up-regulated TRAIL receptor expression on quiescent CD34+ CML cells, and further enhanced their susceptibility to cytotoxicity by in vitro expanded donor NK cells. These results suggest that donor-derived NK cell–mediated GVL effects may be improved by sensitizing residual quiescent CML cells to NK-cell cytotoxicity after SCT. Such treatment, as an adjunct to donor lymphocyte infusions and pharmacologic therapy, may reduce the risk of relapse in CML patients who require treatment by SCT.

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43

Kurita, Geana Paula, Cibele Andrucioli de Mattos Pimenta, José Oswaldo de Oliveira Júnior, and Ricardo Caponeiro. "Alteração na atenção e o tratamento da dor do câncer." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 42, no. 1 (March 2008): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-62342008000100019.

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Os danos à vida diária que a alteração cognitiva pode provocar motivaram a elaboração deste estudo, cujo objetivo foi analisar o impacto do tratamento da dor com opióides sobre a atenção. Os doentes foram divididos em grupos que recebiam (n=14) e não recebiam opióides (n=12). Foram feitas três entrevistas, utilizando-se o Trail Making Test e o Digit Span Test, que avaliam a atenção. Os grupos foram homogêneos nas variáveis sociodemográficas, dor e depressão; não foram homogêneos no índice de Karnofsky e no recebimento de analgésicos adjuvantes. Os doentes sem opióides tiveram melhor desempenho no Digit Span Test - ordem inversa, na segunda avaliação (p=0,29) e não foram observadas diferenças no Trail Making Test. As alterações observadas foram limitadas, mas, enquanto novos estudos não confirmem os achados, doentes, profissionais e cuidadores devem ser alertados dos possíveis efeitos deletérios dos opióides sobre a função cognitiva.

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44

Eigaard, Ole R., Francois Bastardie, Mike Breen, Grete E. Dinesen, Niels T. Hintzen, Pascal Laffargue, Lars O. Mortensen, et al. "Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, suppl_1 (June 9, 2015): i27—i43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv099.

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Abstract This study assesses the seabed pressure of towed fishing gears and models the physical impact (area and depth of seabed penetration) from trip-based information of vessel size, gear type, and catch. Traditionally fishing pressures are calculated top-down by making use of large-scale statistics such as logbook data. Here, we take a different approach starting from the gear itself (design and dimensions) to estimate the physical interactions with the seabed at the level of the individual fishing operation. We defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear's impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by métier. Scottish seining has the largest overall gear footprint of ∼1.6 km 2 h −1 of which 0.08 km 2 has an impact at the subsurface level (sediment penetration ≥ 2 cm). Beam trawling for flatfish ranks low when comparing overall footprint size/hour but ranks substantially higher when comparing only impact at the subsurface level (0.19 km 2 h −1 ). These results have substantial implications for the definition, estimation, and monitoring of fishing pressure indicators, which are discussed in the context of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management.

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Frenzel, Lukas P., Michaela Patz, Christian P. Pallasch, Reinhild Brinker, Julia Claasen, Alexandra Schulz, Michael Hallek, Hamid Kashkar, and Clemens-Martin Wendtner. "Novel X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis (XIAP) Inhibiting Compound as Sensitizer for TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Poor Prognosis." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1375.1375.

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Abstract Abstract 1375 Background: Since aggressive DNA damaging chemotherapy shows suboptimal efficacy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), alternative therapeutic approaches are needed. Moreover, there is an essential need to improve specific therapeutic regimes for “non-fit” patients, which cannot receive myeloablative therapies. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is able to induce tumor-specific apoptosis. However, apoptosis might be inhibited by elevated X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) level, the only cellular protein capable to bind to and effectively inhibit caspases. Use of XIAP-inhibiting compounds might sensitize primary CLL cells towards TRAIL-induced lysis. Experimental design: We compared XIAP protein levels between freshly purified CD5+CD19+ primary CLL cells (n=28) and CD19+ B cells from healthy donors (n=16) by western blotting. In a knockdown approach, specific siRNAs against XIAP were nucleofected to check whether XIAP expression prevents TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in CLL. After proof of concept, we applied the novel small molecule IAP antagonizing compound (IAC), an inhibitor of XIAP, in combination with TRAIL to induce apoptosis in primary CLL cells (n=48). Compound A (CA) was developed based on the crystal structure of four amino acids of SMAC, which enabling SMAC to efficiently bind the BIR3 domain of XIAP. In contrast to the active compound CA, which consists of an amino terminal methyl alanine, the inactive compound CB used in our studies as a negative control has an amino terminal methyl glycine. This specific substitution results in a significant reduction of IAP binding capability of CB as CA has binding affinity to XIAP in the picomolar range and CB is a weak binder with micromolar binding affinity to XIAP. Results: XIAP is significantly higher expressed in primary CLL cells (n=28) compared to healthy B cells (n=16) (P=0.02). Our data obtained by specific knockdown of XIAP via siRNA identified XIAP as the key factor conferring resistance to TRAIL in CLL. Based on these results we used IAC in combination with TRAIL. Combined treatment with both drugs significantly increased apoptosis compared to untreated (P=8.5×10-10), solely IAC (P=4.1×10-12) or TRAIL treated (P=4.8×10-10) CLL cells. As a potent cellular caspase inhibitor, we also examined the involvement of caspases in CA/TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Not surprisingly, co-application of pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk inhibited cell death induced by CA/TRAIL underscoring the apoptotic caspase-dependent cytotoxicity of CA/TRAIL treatment in CLL cells. IAC rendered 40 of 48 (83.3%) primary CLL samples susceptible towards TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Especially cells derived from patients with poor prognosis (ZAP-70+, IGHV unmutated, 17p-) were highly responsive to this drug combination. Furthermore, this study reveals that TRAIL application alone induces apoptosis in poor-prognosis CLL samples (13,8% in ZAP-70+ (n=10) vs. 2,3 in ZAP-70- (n=9); P=0.0008), which correlates with the elevated expression levels of TRAIL-R1 and –R2 on ZAP-70+ CLL cells. To assess whether TRAIL treatment is CLL cell specific, healthy B cells (n=4) were exposed to TRAIL alone or CA(CB)/TRAIL and showed significantly lower susceptibility towards CA/TRAIL administration than CLL cells. Conclusion: XIAP is over-expressed in CLL and displays a suitable target to induce TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. The novel XIAP inhibitor used in our study was able to inhibit XIAP function at a concentration of 0,1μM. CA/TRAIL administration was also shown not to induce apoptosis in healthy donor B cells and might therefore also display an attractive option for “non-fit” CLL patients. Our highly effective XIAP inhibitor CA, in concert with TRAIL, shows potential for treatment of CLL of those cases with poor prognosis and therefore warrants further clinical investigation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Komatsu, Masanobu, Michele Mammolenti, Monica Jones, Roland Jurecic, Thomas J. Sayers, and Robert B. Levy. "Antigen-primed CD8+ T cells can mediate resistance, preventing allogeneic marrow engraftment in the simultaneous absence of perforin-, CD95L-, TNFR1-, and TRAIL-dependent killing." Blood 101, no. 10 (May 15, 2003): 3991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-09-2859.

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Abstract Engraftment failure following allogeneic bone marrow (BM) transplantation is of clinical concern particularly involving T-cell–depleted inoculum and transplantations for aplastic anemia. Immune resistance by lymphoid and natural killer (NK) populations with “barrier” function is well established. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–identical marrow allografts were examined to investigate effector pathways in non-NK–mediated resistance. Barrier function was examined in cytotoxic normal and deficient B6 (H-2b) recipients primed to donor minor histocompatibility antigen (MiHA) prior to BM transplantation. Host resistance was sensitively evaluated by colony-forming unit (CFU) assays to directly assess for donor progenitor cell (PC) and peripheral chimerism. B6 host CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ or NK1.1+ cells effected rejection of primitive (CFU-HPP [high-proliferative potential]) and lineage-committed (CFU-IL3/GM [interleukin 3/granulocyte macrophage]) allogeneic donor progenitors. To address complementation by the cytotoxic pathways existing in singly deficient (perforin or FasL) recipients, cytotoxically double (perforin plus FasL) deficient (cdd) recipients were used. Resistance in B6-cdd recipients was comparable to that of wild-type B6 recipients and was also dependent on CD8+ T cells. A “triple” cytotoxic deficient model, involving transplantation of TNFR1−/− (tumor necrosis factor receptor 1) progenitor grafts did not diminish the ability of B6-cdd recipients to reject allografts. Finally, injection of anti-TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) monoclonal antibody (mAb) in B6-cdd recipients also failed to inhibit rejection of TNFR1−/− marrow grafts. In total, these studies demonstrate that CD8+ host T cells can effectively resist MHC-matched MiHA-mismatched donor PCs via alternative effector pathway(s) independent of perforin-, FasL-, TNFR-1–, and TRAIL-dependent cytotoxicity. Therefore, inhibition of these effector pathways in sensitized recipients is unlikely to result in stem cell engraftment following PC allografts.

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47

Woodcock, Sarah. "The Mystery of the Wray Castle Library Panelling and Manchester Central Library." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 89, no. 2 (March 2013): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.89.2.11.

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A quest for information concerning one of the missing room interiors of Wray Castle, a Gothic villa near Windermere in Cumbria, built for a Liverpool surgeon in the 1840s, curiously led the National Trust to the wonderfully contrasting neo-classical Manchester Central Library, designed by E. Vincent Harris and completed in 1934. A trawl through the records revealed a keen donor but a reluctant architect. Sixteenth-and seventeenth-century carved oak panels from the library of Wray Castle were removed and donated for use in the new Central Library by the Lord Mayor of Manchester, Sir Robert Noton Barclay, before he gave the castle to the National Trust. Archive material held at Manchester shows that Harris was reluctant to accept the panels, stating his reasons firmly, but that he was prevailed upon to do so and finally incorporated them some years later.

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Alpdogan, S. Önder, Sydney X. Lu, Neel Patel, Suzanne McGoldrick, David Suh, Tulin Budak-Alpdogan, Odette M. Smith, et al. "Rapidly proliferating CD44hi peripheral T cells undergo apoptosis and delay posttransplantation T-cell reconstitution after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation." Blood 112, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 4755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-02-142737.

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Abstract Delayed T-cell recovery is an important complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We demonstrate in murine models that donor BM-derived T cells display increased apoptosis in recipients of allogeneic BMT with or without GVHD. Although this apoptosis was associated with a loss of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression, allogeneic recipients of donor BM deficient in Fas-, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)- or Bax-, or BM-overexpressing Bcl-2 or Akt showed no decrease in apoptosis of peripheral donor-derived T cells. CD44 expression was associated with an increased percentage of BM-derived apoptotic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Transplantation of RAG-2-eGFP–transgenic BM revealed that proliferating eGFPloCD44hi donor BM-derived mature T cells were more likely to undergo to apoptosis than nondivided eGFPhiCD44lo recent thymic emigrants in the periphery. Finally, experiments using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester–labeled T cells adoptively transferred into irradiated syngeneic hosts revealed that rapid spontaneous proliferation (as opposed to slow homeostatic proliferation) and acquisition of a CD44hi phenotype was associated with increased apoptosis in T cells. We conclude that apoptosis of newly generated donor-derived peripheral T cells after an allogeneic BMT contributes to delayed T-cell reconstitution and is associated with CD44 expression and rapid spontaneous proliferation by donor BM-derived T cells.

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Lee, Ji Won, Yeong Kwan Jo, and Sang Hu Park. "Design and Evaluation of Trawl Doors by Mimicking the Bird-Wing Edge to Control the Fluid-flow Characteristics." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - A 43, no. 10 (October 31, 2019): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2019.43.10.691.

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Ghosh, A., A. M. Holland, L. W. Kappel, Y. Dogan, N. Yim, U. Rao, O. M. Smith, et al. "Over-Expression Of Trail On Donor T Cells Simultaneously Ameliorates GVHD And Enhances GVT." Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 16, no. 2 (February 2010): S301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.12.434.

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