Journal articles: 'TRC strengthening'

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You, Young-Jun, Hyeong-Yeol Kim, Gum-Sung Ryu, Kyung-Taek Koh, Gi-Hong Ahn, and Se-Hoon Kang. "Strengthening of Concrete Element with Precast Textile Reinforced Concrete Panel and Grouting Material." Materials 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 3856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173856.

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Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) has widely been used for strengthening work for deteriorated reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The structural strengthening often requires accelerated construction with the aid of precast or prefabricated elements. This study presents an innovative method to strengthen an RC slab-type element in flexure using a precast panel made of carbon TRC. A total of five RC slabs were fabricated to examine the flexural strengthening effect. Two of them were strengthened with the precast panel and grouting material and another set of two slabs was additionally strengthened by tensile steel reinforcement. The full-scale slab specimens were tested by a three-point bending test and the test results were compared with the theoretical solutions. The results revealed that the ultimate load of the specimens strengthened with the TRC panel increased by at least 1.5 times compared to that of the unstrengthened specimen. The application of the precast TRC panel and grouting material for the strengthening of a prototype RC structure verified its outstanding constructability.

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SCHLADITZ, Frank, and Manfred CURBACH. "Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) as Torsion Strengthening." IABSE Congress Report 17, no. 3 (January 1, 2008): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137908796293370.

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Kim, Hyeong-Yeol, Young-Jun You, and Gum-Sung Ryu. "Reinforced Concrete Slabs Strengthened with Carbon Textile Grid and Cementitious Grout." Materials 14, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 5046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14175046.

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A textile reinforced concrete (TRC) system has been widely used for repair and strengthening of deteriorated reinforced concrete (RC) structures. This paper proposes an accelerated on-site installation method of a TRC system by grouting to strengthen deteriorated RC structures. Four RC slabs were strengthened with one ply of carbon textile grid and 20 mm-thick cementitious grout. The TRC strengthened slab specimens were tested under flexure and the test results were compared with those of an unstrengthened specimen and theoretical solutions. Furthermore, the TRC strengthened specimens experienced longer plastic deformation after steel yield than the unstrengthened specimen. The TRC strengthened specimens exhibited many fine cracks and finally failed by rupture of the textile. Therefore, TRC system with the proposed installation method can effectively be used for strengthening of deteriorated RC structural elements. The theoretically computed steel yield and ultimate loads overestimate the test data by 11% and 5%, respectively.

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Tran Manh, Tien, Tu Do Ngoc, and Hong Vu Xuan. "A state-of-the art review of tensile behavior of the textile-reinforced concrete composite." Transport and Communications Science Journal 72, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.72.1.14.

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Over the past two decades, textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) materials have been increasingly and widely used for the strengthening/reinforcement of civil engineering works. Thanks to their many advantages as the durability, considerable bond strength with the reinforced concrete (RC) members, best recycling conditions, the TRC materials are considered as an optimal alternative solution to substitute the traditional strengthening and reinforcing materials FRP (Fiber-Reinforced Polymer). The mechanical behavior of TRC composite has been characterized in previous experimental studies. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the mechanical behavior of TRC composite under tensile loading. By inheriting from previous review studies, this paper updates the experimental studies on the tensile behavior of TRC composite in the last decade. The review addresses, firstly the mechanical properties of constituent materials in TRC as reinforcement textile, cementitious matrix, and textile/matrix interface. Secondly, it addresses the tensile behavior of TRC composite, including the characterization methods as well as analyses of its strain-hardening behavior with different phases. The paper then discusses the main factors which influence the mechanical behavior of TRC materials in the available experimental studies. Finally, the conclusion of this review terminates this paper.

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Kim, Hyeong-Yeol, Young-Jun You, Gum-Sung Ryu, Kyung-Taek Koh, Gi-Hong Ahn, and Se-Hoon Kang. "Flexural Strengthening of Concrete Slab-Type Elements with Textile Reinforced Concrete." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102246.

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This paper deals with flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs with a carbon textile reinforced concrete (TRC) system. The surface coating treatment was applied to a carbon grid-type textile to increase the bond strength. Short fibers were incorporated into the matrix to mitigate the formation of shrinkage-induced cracks. The tensile properties of the TRC system were evaluated by a direct tensile test with a dumbbell-type grip method. The tensile test results indicated that the effect of the surface coating treatment of the textile on the bonding behavior of the textile within the TRC system was significant. Furthermore, the incorporation of short fibers in the matrix was effective to mitigate shrinkage-induced crack formation and to improve the tensile properties of the TRC system. Six full-scale slab specimens were strengthened with the TRC system and, subsequently, failure tested. The ultimate load-carrying capacity of the strengthened slabs was compared with that of an unstrengthened slab as well as the theoretical solutions. The failure test results indicated that the stiffness and the ultimate flexural capacity of the strengthened slab were at least 112% and 165% greater, respectively, than that of the unstrengthened slab. The test results further indicated that the strengthening effect was not linearly proportional to the amount of textile reinforcement.

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Kim, Hyeong-Yeol, Young-Jun You, Gum-Sung Ryu, Gi-Hong Ahn, and Kyung-Taek Koh. "Concrete Slab-Type Elements Strengthened with Cast-in-Place Carbon Textile Reinforced Concrete System." Materials 14, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061437.

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Although carbon textile reinforcement widely used to replace the steel reinforcing bars but the bonding strength of carbon textile is generally much smaller than that of common steel bars. This study examines the strengthening effect of concrete slab-type elements strengthened in flexure by carbon textile reinforcement according to the surface coating of textile and the amount of reinforcement. The effect of the surface coating of textile on the bond strength was evaluated through a direct pullout test with four different sizes of coating material. The surface coated specimens developed bond strength approximately twice that of the uncoated specimen. The flexural strengthening effect with respect to the amount of reinforcement was investigated by a series of flexural failure tests on full-scale reinforced concrete (RC) slab specimens strengthened by textile reinforced concrete (TRC) system. The flexural failure test results revealed that the TRC system-strengthened specimens develop load-carrying capacity that is improved to at least 150% compared to the non-strengthened specimen. The strengthening performance was not significantly influenced by the textile coating and was not proportional to the amount of reinforcement when this amount was increased, owing to the change in the failure mode. The outstanding constructability afforded by TRC strengthening was verified through field applications executing TRC strengthening by shotcreting on a concrete box culvert.

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Shi-ping, Yin, Yu Yulin, and Yunping Xi. "Flexural performance of TRC-strengthened RC beam under chloride environment." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 65, no. 5 (September 3, 2018): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-09-2017-1850.

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Purpose Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) has excellent bearing capacity and anti-crack and corrosion resistance capacity, which are suitable for strengthening concrete structure under harsh environments. Design/methodology/approach In this thesis, flexural properties of RC beams strengthened with TRC under chloride wet–dry cycles were studied and the effects of the concentration of the salt solution, number of wet–dry cycles, bending stress level and TRC form were considered. Four-point bend loading mode was adopted for the step-loading procedure. Findings As the number of wet–dry cycles was relatively few, the trend of the yield and ultimate load with the increasing concentration of salt solution and wet–dry cycles were not obvious. However, the beams under high sustained bending stress level (0.5) had a decrease in the bearing capacity and an increase in mid-span deflection because of the larger degree of the corrosion of steel bars and the weaker bond capacity between the steel bar and concrete. Besides, there was little difference between the precast TRC plate and the casting TRC on beams in terms of the capacity of anti-crack, bearing and deflection. Research limitations/implications In this paper, preliminary work has been carried out, but some of the factors were not comprehensive considered, which are inevitable. As the time of dry–wet cycles was short and TRC layer had good anti-crack and anti-permeability performance, smaller chloride ions’ penetration resulted in the corrosion ratio of steel bars to be lower. Practical implications It should be noted that under high corrosion rates of the reinforcement, the whole TRC strengthening layer might be spalled off if only the strengthening form at the beam bottom is used, and thus the U-type strengthening form could be considered, which means that the beam is strengthened at both the bottom and side surfaces. Originality/value This research only considers the flexural performance of the beams strengthened with TRC in conventional environment, and there is little research on the TRC-strengthened beam under corrosion environment. On the basis of previous research, this paper carried out the experimental study on beams strengthened with TRC under chloride wet–dry cycle environment, and the effects of the concentration of the salt solution, number of wet–dry cycles, bending stress level and TRC form were considered.

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Ngo, Dang Quang, Huy Cuong Nguyen, Dinh Loc Mai, and Van Hiep Vu. "Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Concentrically Loaded RC Columns Strengthening by Textile Reinforced Concrete Jacketing." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 1428–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091558.

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Nowadays, Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) has become a very popular strengthening technique for concrete structures. This paper presents an investigation on the applicability of TRC for strengthening reinforced concrete column. Both experimental and numerical studies are conducted to evaluate the confinement effects of various TRC strengthening schemes. The experimental study is performed on a series of six reinforced concrete square columns tested to failure. Two of them were un-strengthened as references, the other four were strengthened by one or two layers of Carbon Textile Reinforced Concrete (CTRC). The results indicated that the application of carbon TRC enhanced the ductility and ultimate strength of the specimens. Failure of all strengthened columns was together with tensile rupture of textile reinforcements at the corners of column. Finite element models of the CTRC strengthened columns based on ATENA software package were developed and verified with the experimental results. The analytical results show that in the specimen corner areas, textile reinforcements are subjected to a 3D complicated stress state and this may be the cause of their premature failure.

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Ortlepp, Regine, Andy Lorenz, and Manfred Curbach. "Column Strengthening with TRC: Influences of the Column Geometry onto the Confinement Effect." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/493097.

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The increase of the load-carrying capacity of columns being reinforced with Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) is partly achieved by the additional concrete cover. But then it is also decisively caused by the confinement effect of the textile reinforcement. The confinement is thereby producing a three-axial state of stress within the concrete core of the column. The effectiveness of such a confinement is especially dependent on the geometry of the concrete column to be strengthened. At rectangular ones with sharp edges without ogees the TRC strengthening can only augment the load-carrying concrete share not create a confinement effect which can be achieved at the round counterparts. Within the study we tested columns with all possible cross-sections from square to circle with different transition radiuses. Thus the influence of the transition radius onto the local-bearing capacity of the reinforcing textile was recorded. Furthermore the impact of different fibre materials and reinforcement degrees of the TRC-strengthening layer has been examined. The first results show a considerable disproportionate increase of the confinement effect with rising transition radius, as well as a growth of the confinement effect with augmenting level of reinforcement in the TRC-strengthening layer.

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Scheerer, Silke, Robert Zobel, Egbert Müller, Tilo Senckpiel-Peters, Angela Schmidt, and Manfred Curbach. "Flexural Strengthening of RC Structures with TRC—Experimental Observations, Design Approach and Application." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (March 29, 2019): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071322.

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Today, the need for structural strengthening is more important than ever. Flexural strengthening with textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is a recommendable addition to already proven methods. In order to use this strengthening method in construction practice, a design model is required. This article gives a brief overview of the basic behavior of reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with TRC in bending tests as already observed by various researchers. Based on this, a design model was developed, which is presented in the main part of the paper. In addition to the model, its assumptions and limits are discussed. The paper is supplemented by selected application examples to show the possibilities of the described strengthening method. Finally, the article will give an outlook on open questions and current research.

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Kim, Hyeong-Yeol, Young-Jun You, and Gum-Sung Ryu. "Reinforced Concrete Slabs Strengthened with Lap-Spliced Carbon TRC System." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 3340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123340.

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Construction with precast or prefabricated elements requires the connecting of structural joints. This study presents an accelerated construction method to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) slab-type elements in flexure using precast lap-spliced textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) panels. The objectives of this study are to identify the tensile behavior of a TRC system with lap-spliced textile, and to experimentally validate the performance of the proposed connecting method by flexural failure test for the concrete slabs strengthened by TRC panels with lap-spliced textile. Twenty-one coupon specimens were tested in tension with two different matrix systems and three different lap splice lengths. The influence of the lap splice length and matrix properties on the tensile performance of the TRC system was significant. Five full-scale RC slabs were strengthened by the precast TRC panels with and without the lap splice, and was tested in flexure. The results of the failure test for the strengthened specimens showed that the ultimate load of the strengthened specimen with the TRC panel increased by a maximum of 24%, compared to that of the unstrengthened specimen. Moreover, the failure-tested specimens were re-strengthened by a new TRC panel system and tested again in flexure. The objective of the re-strengthening of the damaged RC slabs by the TRC panel is to investigate whether the yielded steel reinforcement can be replaced by the TRC panel. The initial cracking load and the stiffness of the re-strengthened specimens were significantly increased by re-strengthening.

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Granovsky, Arkady, Oleg Simakov, and Bulat Dzhamuev. "The FRP and TRC strengthening of the masonry structures." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 02041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199702041.

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The use of external reinforcement based on carbon fibers is technically and economically justified to strengthen concrete structures, which is confirmed by years of experience. The use of this method of reinforcement for masonry structures has significantly less history and, accordingly, experience. However, experimental and site specific efficacy of the use of external reinforcement in the amplification of the pillars of masonry by the device holder has been proven. The experiments of strengthening of a brickwork carried out earlier, as well as the developed theory of calculation, concern application of a full-bodied brick. Given the volume of construction of large-format ceramic stone, the task of strengthening structures from it becomes more urgent every year. In order to solve this problem, the present experimental studies were carried out – experimental studies of the clip effect on the fragments of brickwork with the strengthening of the external reinforcement system based on carbon fibers. In addition to studies of the influence of the size of bricks and the presence of voids, there was a study of the possibility of strengthening the samples with a cross-section size ratio of more than 2. In this case, carbon through anchors were mounted in the Central part of the samples. The test results obtained characters of destruction of specimens, the ultimate load-bearing capacity, made the appropriate conclusions.

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Bui Thi Thanh, Mai, Cuong Nguyen Huy, Quang Ngo Dang, and Tai Dinh Huu. "Experimental study on flexural and shear behaviour of sandwich panels using glass textile reinforced concrete and autoclaved aerated concrete." Transport and Communications Science Journal 71, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/tcsj.71.1.3.

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Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is a new composite material made of high-strength textiles embedded within fine grained concrete (FGC). The application of TRC leads to the design of thin and slender structures or for repairing and strengthening of existing structural members. Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is an ultra-lightweight concrete, which can be combined with high strength TRC to form some kinds of precast curtain panels in construction. The concept of the TRC-AAC panel is based on the theory of sandwich construction with strong and stiff skins, like TRC layers, bonded to a lightweight AAC core. The resulting hybrid TRC-AAC panel can be used as structural or non-structural member for the housing construction. In this paper, the flexural and shear performance of hybrid TRC-AAC sandwich panels is presented by means of experimental results. The sandwich panels use three layers of diﬀerent materials: TRC for the tensile layer, AAC for the core material and FGC for the compressive layer. Three different types of glass textile were used as reinforcements in the TRC layers.

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Rossi, Edoardo, Norbert Randl, Tamás Mészöly, and Peter Harsányi. "Effect of TRC and F/TRC Strengthening on the Cracking Behaviour of RC Beams in Bending." Materials 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 4863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174863.

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The increasing demand on the performance of existing structures, together with their degradation, is among the main drivers towards the development of innovative strengthening solutions. While such solutions are generally aimed at increasing the load-bearing capacity of structural elements, serviceability limit states also play an important role in ensuring the performance and durability of the structure. An experimental campaign was performed to assess the cracking behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with different typologies of Textile-Reinforced Concrete. The specimens were monitored using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technology in order to obtain a quantitative evaluation of the evolution of the crack pattern throughout the whole test. Results show the beneficial effects of this retrofitting strategy both at ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states, provide detailed insights on the progression of damage in the specimens and highlight how different parameters impact the cracking behaviour of the tested elements.

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Ortlepp, Regine, Uwe Hampel, and Manfred Curbach. "A new approach for evaluating bond capacity of TRC strengthening." Cement and Concrete Composites 28, no. 7 (August 2006): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.05.003.

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Adam, Viviane, Jan Bielak, Christian Dommes, Norbert Will, and Josef Hegger. "Flexural and Shear Tests on Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Slab Segments with a Textile-Reinforced Concrete Strengthening Layer." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 4210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184210.

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Many older bridges feature capacity deficiencies. This is mainly due to changes in code provisions which came along with stricter design rules and increasing traffic, leading to higher loads on the structure. To address capacity deficiencies of bridges, refined structural analyses with more detailed design approaches can be applied. If bridge assessment does not provide sufficient capacity, strengthening can be a pertinent solution to extend the bridge’s service lifetime. For numerous cases, applying an extra layer of textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) can be a convenient method to achieve the required resistance. Here, carbon fibre-reinforced polymer reinforcement together with a high-performance mortar was used within the scope of developing a strengthening layer for bridge deck slabs, called SMART-DECK. Due to the high tensile strength of the carbon and its resistance to corrosion, a thin layer with high strength and low additional dead load can be realised. While the strengthening effect of TRC for slabs under flexural loading has already been investigated several times, the presented test programme also covered increase in shear capacity, which is the other crucial failure mode to be considered in design. A total of 14 large-scale tests on TRC-strengthened slab segments were tested under static and cyclic loading. The experimental study revealed high increases in capacity for both bending and shear failure.

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Li, Zhigang, Hao Jiang, Minghui Wang, Hongjie Jia, Hongjiang Han, and Pinkui Ma. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Mg-Si Similar Alloy Laminates Produced by Accumulative Roll Bonding." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 4200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154200.

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As the applications of heterogeneous materials expand, aluminum laminates of similar materials have attracted much attention due to their greater bonding strength and easier recycling. In this work, an alloy design strategy was developed based on accumulative roll bonding (ARB) to produce laminates from similar materials. Twin roll casting (TRC) sheets of the same composition but different cooling rates were used as the starting materials, and they were roll bonded up to three cycles at varying temperatures. EBSD showed that the two TRC sheets deformed in distinct ways during ARB processes at 300°C. Major recrystallizations were significant after the first cycle on the thin sheet and after the third cycle on the thick sheet. The sheets were subject to subsequent aging for better mechanical properties. TEM observations showed that the size and distribution of nano-precipitations were different between the two sheet sides. These nano-precipitations were found to significantly promote precipitation strengthening, and such a promotive effect was referred to as hetero-deformation induced (HDI) strengthening. Our work provides a new promising method to prepare laminated heterogeneous materials with similar alloy TRC sheets.

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Si Larbi, A., R. Contamine, E. Ferrier, and P. Hamelin. "Shear strengthening of RC beams with textile reinforced concrete (TRC) plate." Construction and Building Materials 24, no. 10 (October 2010): 1928–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.008.

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Triantafillou, Thanasis, and Catherine Corina G. Papanicolaou. "Innovative Applications of Textile-Based Composites in Strengthening and Seismic Retrofitting as Well as in the Prefabrication of New Structures." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.26.

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The authors review investigations which have provided fundamental knowledge on the use of a new generation of composite materials, namely textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and textile-reinforced concrete (TRC), as strengthening and seismic retrofitting materials of existing concrete and masonry structures, as well as in the prefabrication of new reinforced concrete (RC) structural elements. In the first part of the paper, TRM are investigated as a means to provide confinement in concrete, to increase the deformation capacity of old-type RC columns subjected to simulated seismic loading, to increase the shear and flexural resistance of RC members and to increase the out-of-plane or in-plane strength of unreinforced masonry walls. In all cases, the effectiveness of TRM systems is quantified through comparison with equivalent fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) ones. It is concluded that TRM jacketing is an extremely promising new technique, which is expected to enjoy the attention of the research community and to be employed in numerous applications in the near future. In the second part, the paper gives a brief overview of the application of TRC in the field of advanced prefabricated systems, with a focus on stay-in-place (or permanent) formwork elements in hybrid construction projects. Along these lines, the paper provides experimental results on the behavior of TRC/RC composite beams and one-way slabs under flexure. The results indicate that the use of prefabricated TRC stay-in-place formwork elements is a promising solution for achieving reduction of the construction time, minimization of labor cost and defect-free finishing of external surfaces.

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Si Larbi, A., R. Contamine, and P. Hamelin. "TRC and hybrid solutions for repairing and/or strengthening reinforced concrete beams." Engineering Structures 45 (December 2012): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.06.002.

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Ortlepp, Regine. "Efficient Adaptive Test Method for Textile Development Length in TRC." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (July 15, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4650102.

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Natural resources can be conserved if we carefully maintain the building stock and indeed extend the useful economic life of buildings. One way to achieve this is to enhance load-bearing structures by repair, restoration, or strengthening. Such upgrading often involves applying a strengthening to existing concrete elements. Over the past decade, textile-reinforced concrete (TRC), encompassing a combination of fine-grained concrete and noncorrosive multiaxial textile fabrics, has emerged as a promising novel alternative for strengthening of conventional steel-reinforced concrete (RC) structures, offering enhanced load-bearing capacity with minimal weight and stiffness change. Although TRC has been extensively researched during the last two decades, the formalization of experimental methods and design standards is still in progress. Attempts to design for good load transfer are often hindered by lack of knowledge regarding bond behaviour. For instance, there are neither standard recommendations nor proofs regarding the required development length of textile fibres in TRC for practical applications up to now. The aim of this work was to provide a test specification, which gives a direct result for the development length (required for the anchorage of a reinforcement, also referred to as “anchorage length”) of textile reinforcements in fine-grained concrete—quickly and easily. The aim of this paper was to present the test specification developed in a way that it is useful for the future work of other researchers as well as for construction engineers. Some selected experimental investigations with different textile reinforcements and different bonding properties were performed with the aim of showing the applicability of the proposed adaptive test specification. The results of these tests indicated that conventional AR glass and carbon fabrics without coating required large anchoring lengths. The tests further showed that an additional application of different kinds of coating to textile fabrics greatly increased the reinforcement’s resistance to pullout. This is of special interest for carbon fibres, which have a substantially higher strength than AR glass fibres and different bond behaviour; that is, carbon fibres have, by nature, larger development lengths.

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Brückner, A., R. Ortlepp, and M. Curbach. "Anchoring of shear strengthening for T-beams made of textile reinforced concrete (TRC)." Materials and Structures 41, no. 2 (June 6, 2007): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9254-9.

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Kristiawan, Stefanus, Bambang Santosa, Edy Purwanto, and Rachmad A. Caesar. "Slant shear strength of fibre reinforced polyvinyl acetate (PVA) modified mortar." MATEC Web of Conferences 195 (2018): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819501016.

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Strengthening of reinforced concrete elements can be carried out using a variety of materials and techniques. One of such materials is textile reinforced concrete (TRC). This material consists of a matrix, usually made of mortar, and textile as reinforcement. This study aims to produce mortar that meets the characteristic of a TRC matrix with respect to an adequate bond strength. The type of mortar developed in this study was fibre reinforced polyvinyl acetate (PVA) modified mortar. The bond strength of this material to the parent concrete was tested by the slant shear method. The results indicate that the amount of PVA content affects the magnitude of the bond strength. The higher the PVA content, the higher the bond strength. The results also confirm that the relationship between the bond strengths and their corresponding compressive strengths tends to be linear.

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Rampini, Marco Carlo, Giulio Zani, Matteo Colombo, and Marco di Prisco. "Mechanical Behaviour of TRC Composites: Experimental and Analytical Approaches." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071492.

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Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is a promising high-performance material that has been employed with success in new constructions, as well as a strengthening layer of existing structural components. In this work, we document the optimisation procedure of textile-based composites for new construction and for the seismic retrofitting of under-reinforced concrete elements and masonry buildings. The study, aimed at maximising the material performances avoiding waste of economic resources, was addressed by means of a series of uniaxial tensile tests conducted on a wide set of alkali-resistant (AR) glass fabrics and TRCs. The samples differed in terms of cement-based matrices, embedded textiles and addition of dispersed microfibers. The results highlight the effects of fabric characteristics and introduction of short fibres on the mechanical behaviour, proposing novel comparison parameters based upon the load bearing capacity and the deformation response of the composites. The application of simplified analytical models borrowed from the literature finally revealed the limitations of the available predictive approaches, suggesting future lines of investigation.

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Tsesarsky, Michael, Amnon Katz, Alva Peled, and Oren Sadot. "Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) shells for strengthening and retrofitting of concrete elements: influence of admixtures." Materials and Structures 48, no. 1-2 (October 15, 2013): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0197-z.

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Verbruggen, Svetlana, Tine Tysmans, and Jan Wastiels. "TRC or CFRP strengthening for reinforced concrete beams: An experimental study of the cracking behaviour." Engineering Structures 77 (October 2014): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.07.040.

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Tsesarsky, Michael, Alva Peled, Amnon Katz, and Ido Anteby. "Strengthening concrete elements by confinement within textile reinforced concrete (TRC) shells – Static and impact properties." Construction and Building Materials 44 (July 2013): 514–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.031.

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Esmaeili, J., I. Sharifi, J. Kasaei, M. Nourizadeh, and A. Ebrahimi Emamieh. "Experimental and analytical investigation on strengthening of heat damaged concrete by textile reinforced concrete (TRC)." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 4 (August 2019): 1468–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2019.09.008.

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Flores Giménez, Fernando. "Los partidos políticos: intervención legal y espacio político, a la búsqueda del equilibrio = Political parties: legal intervention and political place, searching the balance." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 35 (January 1, 2015): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.35.2015.14923.

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Political parties are suffering one of the worst crises in decades. Distrust of them is due to the economic crisis but also to the fact that citizens understand that they are not functioning properly, and are also preventing the occurrence of other democratic actors in the political arena. This article discusses the needto rethink the legal treatment of the parties, make it more interventionist, strengthening control over their activities and opening political space to other democratic actors.Los partidos políticos están sufriendo una de las mayores crisis de las últimas décadas. La desconfianza hacia ellos es sin duda debida a la crisis económica, pero también al hecho de que la ciudadanía entiende que no están cumpliendo sus funciones correctamente, y que además están impidiendo la concurrenciade otros actores democráticos en la arena política. Este artículo plantea la necesidad de replantear el tratamiento legal (incluso constitucional) de los partidos, hacerlo más intervencionista, fortaleciendo el control sobre sus actividades y abriendo el espacio político a otros actores democráticos.

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Craig, Paul. "Constitucionalismo transnacional: la contribución de la Comisión de Venecia." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 40 (January 17, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.40.2017.20905.

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El artículo describe los orígenes, la composición y el funcionamiento de la Comisión de Venecia y evalúa el impacto que tiene su trabajo en el constitucionalismo global. Dicho análisis se realiza desde la literatura relativa a los órdenes legales transnacionales. Se concluye que aunque no debe exagerarse, tampoco puede menospreciarse el impacto que ha tenido la Comisión de Venecia en la consolidación y el fortalecimiento de la democracia, los derechos humanos y el Estado de Derecho en aquellos países que han querido acogerse a los consejos de la Comisión.The article describes the origins, the organization, the membership and the role of the Venice Commission and examines its contribution to global constitution-making, the analysis being situated within the literature concerning transnational legal orders. It is concluded that although it cannot be over-estimated, one should not under-estimate either the impact of the Venice Commission in consolidating and strengthening democracy, human rights and Rule of Law in those countries willing to accept the advices of the Commission.

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Douk, Najib, Xuan Hong Vu, Amir Si Larbi, Maxime Audebert, and Robin Chatelin. "Numerical study of thermomechanical behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with and without textile reinforced concrete (TRC) strengthening: Effects of TRC thickness and thermal loading rate." Engineering Structures 231 (March 2021): 111737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111737.

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García Álvarez, Manuel, and Rubén García López. "Apuntes sobre una reforma de la configuración constitucional del Defensor del Pueblo : un paso más hacia la Justicia Social." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 29 (June 1, 2012): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.29.2012.6996.

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La regulación constitucional del Defensor del Pueblo y la función llevada a cabo por esta Institución, ha sido valorada, con carácter general, de forma positiva. No obstante, en el marco de una posible reforma de la Constitución que tenga como fin, entre otros, el fortalecimiento del Estado social, sería aconsejable reforzar su posición como garantía institucional de los derechos sociales y económicos. Con este objetivo, se podrían introducir cambios en el artículo 54 relativos a la delimitación de la función del Defensor, a sus formas de actuación, a su elección, y, en fin, a la necesaria colaboración de las autoridades y funcionarios con la Institución, así como a las consecuencias de la vulneración de este deber.The constitutional regulation of the Spanish ombudsman, as well as the functions performed by the latter has generally been appraised in a positive way. This not withstanding should a Constitutional reform be undertaken, having in mind the strengthening of the Welfare (social) state, it may be advisable to reinforce the ombudsman as a warrant of social, economic rights. With this end in view, we suggest to undertake some changes in article 54 of our Constitution. These changes should concern the functions which it performs, its proceedings and its election. And last but not least, the necessary cooperation by authorities and civil servants, as well as the aftermath in case they break their duty to provide the ombudsman with the information required by it.

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Rallo Lombarte, Artemi. "Política, economía y derechos: la independencia de los reguladores (¿quo vadis?) : reflexiones generadas a partir de la reforma constitucional de 2011." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 30 (June 1, 2012): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.30.2012.7006.

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La reforma reciente de la Constitución económica invita a reflexionar sobre el alcance actual de las relaciones Política-Economía y, en particular, sobre el devenir de la generalizada tendencia inaugurada varias décadas atrás para independizar la toma de decisiones sobre la economía —y, también, para la garantía de derechosfundamentales— mediante la creación de administraciones independientes. Tras el inicial éxito de este modelo, generalizándose y perfeccionándolo, se han producido en los últimos tiempos decisiones de los poderes públicos que evidencian, aun de forma contradictoria y, tal vez, coyuntural, la reversión, crisis y quiebra del paradigma de la independencia de los reguladores. Este trabajo persigue ilustrar la evolución sufrida por las administraciones independientes y destacar los relevantes ejemplos que demuestran el riesgo de quiebra de la independencia de los reguladores.The recent reform of the economic Constitution invites to analyze the current Politics-Economy relationship and, in particular, the evolution of the widespread tendency opened several decades ago for independent decision making on the economy —and, also, for the guarantee of fundamental rights—through the creation of independent agencies. After the initial success of this model, generalizing it and strengthening it, have occurred in recent times decisions of public authorities which demonstrate, even of contradictory form and, perhaps, cyclical, the crisis and breach of the paradigm of the regulator independence. This paper aims to illustrate the evolution suffered by independent authorities and highlights the relevant examples that demonstrate the risk of breaching the regulators independence.

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Bittner, Tomáš, Michaela Kostelecká, Petr Pokorný, Miroslav Vokáč, and Petr Bouška. "Textile Concrete in Adverse Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 776 (August 2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.776.59.

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Textile concrete (TRC) is a modern material that has been the subject of many scientific studies over the past two decades. It is a material based on a fine-grained cement-based matrix, fiber reinforced, fabric of acrylic-resistant glass, basalt or carbon reinforcement. The products from this material are thin-walled elements, which can be used, for example, for facade claddings elements, lost formwork, shell structures, garden architecture or for strengthening or repair of existing structural elements. This paper presents some examples of the behavior of glass reinforced textile concrete during exposure to road salts, under load of bending moment, at long-term loading at elevated temperatures, and assessment of glass fiber resistance during exposure simulating concrete pore solution.

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Andrés Sáenz de Santamaría, Paz. "Acerca del papel del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos y de la tentación de desacreditar al mensajero [a propósito de la STEDH (gran sala) en el asunto Del Río Prada c. España] = The impact of the ECHR decisions : Del Río Prada v. Spain judgment." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional 1, no. 33 (January 1, 2014): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.33.2014.13041.

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Mediante su sentencia en el asunto del Río Prada c. España, la Gran Sala del TEDH ha consolidado su enfoque flexible respecto a la distinción entre las penas y las medidas de ejecución; también ha establecido con claridad que la libertad del Estado en materia de política criminal debe compaginarse con la prohibición absoluta de la aplicación retroactiva del derecho penal desfavorable. Por su parte, la Audiencia Nacional ha recurrido a un procedimiento expeditivo de ejecución de la Sentencia cuya base legal no está clara. Debido a la trascendencia del caso, algunos sectores han caído en la tentación de criticar tanto la Sentencia como al propio Tribunal, actitud común también en otros países y que se explica pero no se justifica por el impacto que las decisiones del TEDH tienen en ocasiones sobre los ámbitos particularmente sensibles del ordenamiento estatal; sin embargo, ante una sentencia condenatoria la solución no está en desacreditar al mensajero sino en reforzar el diálogo entre tribunales.By means of del Río Prada v. Spain judgment, the ECHR Grand Chamber has consolidated its flexible approach regarding the distinction between penalties and measures relating to their execution; the Court has also established clearly that while the States are free to determine their own criminal policy, they must comply with the unconditionally prohibition of retrospective application of the criminal law. In its turn, the Audiencia Nacional has resorted to an expeditious execution procedure of the judgment whose legal foundations are far from clear. Due to the significance of the case, some sectors have given way to the temptation to criticize both the judgment and the Court itself, common attitude also to other countries and that can be explained but not justified on account of the impact that the ECHR decisions may have on especially sensitive areas of national law; however, in the face of a condemnation judgment, the solution is not in discrediting the messenger but in strengthening the dialogue amongst Courts.

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Jimena Quesada, Luis. "La cuestión prejudicial europea ante planteamientos más que dudosos." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 39 (January 1, 2017): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.39.2017.19154.

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El presente artículo toma como punto de partida la importancia de la cuestión prejudicial como instrumento fundamental del actual constitucionalismo europeo multinivel, en la medida en que a través de él cabe dotar de fuerza a los principios esenciales del Estado de Derecho y de la UE como comunidad de Derecho (especialmente seguridad jurídica, responsabilidad, tutela judicial efectiva y optimización de los derechos fundamentales). Con tal premisa, se efectúa un análisis crítico de estrategias más que dudosas (no siempre aparentemente guiadas por buena fe procesal) que, por acción o por omisión, vulneran el artículo 267 TFUE poniendo en entredicho la fluida articulación del sistema jurídico europeo (de las normas de producción nacional y supranacional) y el correcto reparto del poder judicial europeo (entre la Justicia nacional y supranacional) y, con ello, la óptima realización del sistema europeo de derechos fundamentales. Finalmente, el trabajo concluye con unas propuestas que pretenden mejorar el diálogo judicial supranacional a través de un verdadero espíritu de colaboración que tenga el respaldo de una sólida formación de la Judicatura en Derecho europeo, de una voluntad jurisdiccional positiva (inspirada en el principio favor libertatis), de una dinamización de la obligación de formulación la cuestión prejudicial en los casos previstos en el artículo 267 TFUE y de una disciplina precisa de la doble prejudicialidad (ante la Jurisdicción Constitucional nacional y ante el Tribunal de Justicia).This article takes as its starting point the importance of the preliminary ruling as a fundamental instrument of the current multi-level European constitutionalism, since it allows for strengthening the basic principles of the rule of law at both the State level and the EU level (especially legal certainty, responsibility, due process of law and optimization of fundamental rights). With such a premise, a critical analysis of more than dubious strategies (not always apparently guided by good procedural faith) is carried out. Indeed, these strategies, by action or omission, breach Article 267 TFEU by challenging the fluid articulation of the European legal system (of national and supranational provisions) as well as the correct distribution of the European judicial power (between national and supranational courts) and, as a result, the optimal realization of the European system of fundamental rights. Finally, the paper concludes with proposals that seek to improve supranational judicial dialogue through a true spirit of collaboration supported by a solid training of judges in European law, a positive jurisdictional will (inspired by the favor libertatis principle), a re-dimension of the obligation to submit the preliminary ruling in the cases referred to in Article 267 TFEU and a specific discipline of a double preliminary ruling (both before the national Constitutional Court and before the Court of Justice).

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Tysmans, Tine, and Jan Wastiels. "Editorial on Special Issue “Textile-Reinforced Cement Composites: New Insights into Structural and Material Engineering”." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020576.

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This special issue presents the latest advances in the field of Textile-Reinforced Cement Composites, including Textile-Reinforced Concrete (TRC), Textile-Reinforced Mortar (TRM), Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM), etc. These composite materials distinguish themselves from other fibre reinforced concrete materials by their strain-hardening behaviour under tensile loading. This Special Issue is composed of 14 papers covering new insights in structural and material engineering. The papers include investigations on the level of the fibre reinforcement system as well as on the level of the composites, investigating their impact and fatigue behaviour, durability and fire behaviour. Both strengthening of existing structures and development of new structural systems such as lightweight sandwich systems are presented, and analysis and design methods are discussed. This Special Issue demonstrates the broadness and intensity of the ongoing advancements in the field of Textile-Reinforced Cement composites and the importance of several future research directions.

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Kondoh, Katsuyoshi, Thotsaphon Threrujirapapong, Junko Umeda, Hisashi Imai, and Bunshi Fugetsu. "Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Matrix Composites Reinforced with Nano Carbon Materials via Powder Metallurgy Process." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.495.

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Powder metallurgy (P/M) titanium matrix composite (TMC) reinforced with multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and hot extrusion process, where the powder surface was coated by un-bundled CNTs via wet process. The microstructure and mechanical properties of P/M pure titanium and reinforced with CNTs were evaluated. The distribution of CNTs and in-situ formed titanium carbide (TiC) compounds during sintering was investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDS analyser. The mechanical properties of TMC were significantly improved by adding a small amount of CNTs. For example, when employing the pure titanium composite powder coated with CNTs of 0.35 mass%, the increase of tensile strength and yield stress of the extruded TMC was 157 MPa and 169 MPa, respectively, compared to those of extruded titanium materials with no CNT additive. Fractured surfaces of specimens were analysed by SEM, and the uniform distribution of CNTs and TiC particles, being effective for the dispersion strengthening, at the surface of the TMC were obviously observed.

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Kondoh, Katsuyoshi, Thotsaphon Threrujirapapong, Hisashi Imai, Junko Umeda, and Bunshi Fugetsu. "CNTs/TiC Reinforced Titanium Matrix Nanocomposites via Powder Metallurgy and Its Microstructural and Mechanical Properties." Journal of Nanomaterials 2008 (2008): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/127538.

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By using pure titanium powder coated with unbundled multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via wet process, powder metallurgy (P/M) titanium matrix composite (TMC) reinforced with the CNTs was prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and subsequently hot extrusion process. The microstructure and mechanical properties of P/M pure titanium and reinforced with CNTs were evaluated. The distribution of CNTs and in situ formed titanium carbide (TiC) compounds during sintering was investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDS analyzer. The mechanical properties of TMC were significantly improved by the additive of CNTs. For example, when employing the pure titanium composite powder coated with CNTs of 0.35 mass%, the increase of tensile strength and yield stress of the extruded TMC was 157 MPa and 169 MPa, respectively, compared to those of extruded titanium materials with no CNT additive. Fractured surfaces of tensile specimens were analyzed by SEM, and the uniform distribution of CNTs and TiC particles, being effective for the dispersion strengthening, at the surface of the TMC were obviously observed.

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Lu, Jin Bin, Pu Meng, Feng Tang, Jin Xia Gong, and Bin Zhao. "Microstructure Analysis of TiC Reinforced Fe-Based Composite Coating by Plasma Cladding." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.297.

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TiC reinforced Fe-based composite coating with 10% and 20% TiC particle were prepared on the surface of substrate Q235 steel by plasma cladding, respectively. The microstructure and formation mechanism of cladding layer were carefully investigated by SEM, EDS and XRD. The results show that metallurgical combination is achieved between coating and substrate, the microstructure of composite coating is composed of dendrite α-Fe, interdendritic eutectic structure (α-Fe, Cr23C6 and CrB) and added TiC particles, and microstructure refinement with the increase of TiC particles content. TiC particles react with Fe-based alloy and part of TiC particles dissolve into coating. The hardness of composite coating has a relationship with TiC particles content and TiC particles distribution, and hardness increase with the increase of TiC particles content. The maximum value of composite coating hardness is 545 HV0.2 and 719 HV0.2, respectively. The major strengthening mechanism is fine-grain strengthening, solid solution strengthening and dispersion strengthening.

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Cai, Yanlin, Yonggang Tong, Yongle Hu, Hongfeng Huang, Xiancheng Zhang, Manyu Hua, Shan Xu, Yongbing Mei, Chengbiao Ma, and Zhifeng Li. "Wear-Resistant TiC Strengthening CoCrNi-Based High-Entropy Alloy Composite." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 4665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164665.

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In order to improve the wear resistance of CoCrNi alloy, TiC was introduced into the alloy and wear-resistant CoCrNi/(TiC)x composites were designed. The effects of TiC contents on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of CoCrNi matrix were investigated, respectively. It was found that the TiC produced dissolution and precipitation process in CoCrNi alloy, and a large number of needled and blocky TiC particles were precipitated in the composites. The compressive yield strength of CoCrNi/(TiC)x composites increased with the increasing TiC content. Compared with the CoCrNi alloy, the yield strength of CoCrNi/(TiC)x composites increased from 108 to 1371 MPa, and the corresponding strengthening mechanism contributed to the second phase strengthening. The wear resistance of CoCrNi/(TiC)x composites was also greatly improved due to the strengthening of TiC. Compared with the CoCrNi alloy, the specific wear rate of CoCrNi/(TiC)1.0 alloy was reduced by about 77%. The wear resistance of CoCrNi/(TiC)x composites was enhanced with the increasing content of TiC addition.

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Luo, Ping, Shi Jie Dong, Zhang Qiang Mei, and Zhi Xiong Xie. "Strengthening Mechanism of TiB2-TiC Complex Phases Coated Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.251.

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TiB2-TiC complex phases coating deposited onto the surface of electrodes by electro-spark deposition (ESD) in order to prolong the life of single phase coated electrode (TiB2 or TiC) during resistance welding of galvanized steels. The microstructures and TiB2-TiC complex phases coatings were characterized by SEM and XRD. The results indicate that life of TiB2-TiC complex phases coated electrode is prolonged significantly than life of single-phase coated electrode （TiB2 or TiC ）, failure mechanism of TiB2-TiC complex phases coated electrode is mainly wear to cause diameter increase on electrode tip, which results in lower current density during welding process, and then nugget size cannot satisfy the requirement of resistance spot welding. The failure mechanism of TiB2-TiC complex phases coated electrode is obviously different from uncoated electrode, the failure mechanism of uncoated electrode is wear and alloying between electrode tip surface and molten Zn on galvanized steel weld surface.

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Kondoh, Katsuyoshi, Thotsaphon Threrujirapapong, Hiroyuki Fukuda, and Junko Umeda. "Un-Bundled Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Light Metal Composites via Powder Metallurgy Route." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.339.

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By using light metal (Mg, Al, Ti) powders coated with un-bundled multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via wet process, powder metallurgy (P/M) light metal matrix composite reinforced with un-bundled nanotubes was prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and subsequently hot extrusion process. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated. In the case of pure titanium, the distribution of CNTs and in-situ formed titanium carbide (TiC) compounds during sintering was investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDS analyzer. The mechanical properties of TMC were significantly improved by the additive of CNTs. For example, when employing the pure titanium composite powder coated with CNTs of 0.35 mass%, the increase of tensile strength and yield stress of the extruded TMC was 157 MPa and 169 MPa, respectively, compared to those of extruded titanium materials with no CNT additive. Fractured surfaces of tensile specimens were analyzed by SEM, and the uniform distribution of CNTs and TiC particles, being effective for the dispersion strengthening, at the surface of the TMC were obviously observed. In the case of Mg-Al alloys, in-situ formation of Al2MgC2compounds at the interface between CNTs and Mg-matrix occurred and effective for the tensile transfer loading, and resulted in the increment of tensile strength of the composite material.

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Brandenberger, Robert, and Edward Wilson-Ewing. "Strengthening the TCC bound on inflationary cosmology." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2020, no. 03 (March 23, 2020): 047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/03/047.

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Zhao, Chong, Hao Lu, Xuemei Liu, Chao Liu, Zuoren Nie, and Xiaoyan Song. "Strengthening cemented carbides by activated nano TaC." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 95 (February 2021): 105449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105449.

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Xiang, Wang, and Guo Bing Ying. "Microstructure and Strengthening Mechanism of TiCp/ZA-12 Composites." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.221.

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TiCp/ZA-12 composites have been fabricated by XDTM method and stirring-casting techniques. Microstructure of the composites has been studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that TiC particles distribute uniformly in ZA-12 matrix alloy. The interface between reinforcements and matrix alloy is very clean, and there is not interface reaction between TiC particles and ZA-12 matrix alloy. The tests for mechanical properties reveal that the tensile strength, yield strength, elastic modulus and hardness of the composites are improved obviously due to the incorporation of TiC particles. The strengthening mechanisms are attributed to the following factors: dispersion strengthening of TiC particles, grain refinement of ZA-12 matrix alloy and high-density dislocations existing in ZA-12 alloy.

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Bernat-Maso, E., C. Escrig, and L. Gil. "Comparison between TRM and FRP strengthening systems at preventing buckling failure of brick masonry walls." Informes de la Construcción 68, no. 543 (September 16, 2016): e157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ic.16.056.

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Sun, Qiao Yan, Lin Xiao, and Jun Sun. "Impact Toughness of Titanium Alloys with Different Strengthening Methods." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.433.

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In present paper effect of alloying elements and strengthening particle on the impact toughness were investigated. Load and energy in the impact tests were also discussed in detail for Ti-2Al, Ti-2Sn,Ti-2Zr, Ti-1Mo and Ti/TiC. Impact tests were carried out at room temperature (293K) and low temperature (83K) using a 300J capacity impact machine. Ti-1Mo, Ti-2Zr,Ti-2Sn alloys exhibit high impact toughness even at low temperature, while Ti-2Al and Ti/TiC only have high toughness at room temperature. At room temperature, general yielding occurred in all the materials, but it occurred only in Ti-1Mo, Ti-2Zr and Ti-2Sn at low temperature. It seemed that strengthening titanium couldn’t affect the elastic energy (Ei) effectively, but bring about more changes to Ep (propagation energy of crack) than to Ei (initiation energy of crack). As for the effect of alloying elements on the impact toughness, it seems to be related to the comprehensive result of the concentration and electronegative property of alloying elements. The interface between the TiC particles and matrix resulted in low toughness, especially at cryogenic temperature.

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Jonda, E., Z. Brytan, K. Labisz, and A. Drygała. "The Influence of Laser Surface Alloying on the Thermal Fatigue Resistance of Hot Work Tool Steels." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0216.

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Abstract The paper presents results of the effect of laser surface remelting and alloying by carbides powders of NbC, TaC, TiC, VC and WC on the structure and thermal fatigue resistance of the surface layer of hot work tool steels X40CrMoV5-1 and 32CrMoV12-28. The laser surface alloying and remelting treatments was performed using a high power diode laser (HPDL ROFIN SINAR DL 020). In order to investigate the effect of applied laser treatments and used alloying powders on the microstructure and thermal fatigue resistance of processed surface layer of hot work tool steels, the microstructure evaluation by light microscopy, hardness test, and dedicated thermal fatigue resistance test were performed. The best results regarding fatigue cracks inhibition was obtained when the surface of hot work tool steels was alloyed with TiC and VC carbides at the laser beam power of 2.0 and 2.3 kW. The grain refinement effect of laser remelting has a lower impact on the thermal crack inhibition, than a strong strengthening effect of matrix saturation in alloying elements and precipitation of fine carbides in the steel matrix.

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Zhu, Tie, Hong Wu, Rui Zhou, Ningyi Zhang, Yong Yin, Luxin Liang, Yong Liu, et al. "Microstructures and Tribological Properties of TiC Reinforced FeCoNiCuAl High-Entropy Alloy at Normal and Elevated Temperature." Metals 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030387.

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Recent studies have suggested that high-entropy alloys (HEAs) possess high fracture toughness, good wear resistance, and excellent high-temperature mechanical properties. In order to further improve their properties, a batch of TiC-reinforced FeCoNiCuAl HEA composites were fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. X-ray diffractometry analysis of the TiC-reinforced HEA composites, combined with scanning electron microscopy imaging, indicated that TiC particles were uniformly distributed in the face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic phases. The room temperature hardness of the FeCoNiCuAl HEA was increased from 467 to 768 HV with the addition of TiC, owing to precipitation strengthening and fine grain strengthening effects. As the TiC content increased, the friction coefficient of the FeCoNiCuAl HEA first increased and then decreased at room temperature, due to the transition of the wear mechanism from adhesive to abrasive behavior. At higher temperature, the friction coefficient of the FeCoNiCuAl HEA monotonously reduced, corresponding well with the transition from adhesive wear to oxidative wear.

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Journal articles on the topic 'TRC strengthening'

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