To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Treaties with investment provisions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Treaties with investment provisions'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Treaties with investment provisions.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Lövgren, Frisk Tove. "The Effectiveness of Labour Provisions in Bilateral Investment Treaties and their Future Potential." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-351963.
Full text
2
Ke, Jie Jing. "Analysis of Chinese bilateral investment treaties : focusing on provisions of performance requirements and national treatment." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2287820.
Full text
3
Koch, Alexander. "The Interaction of Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) Clauses With Dispute Settlement Provisions in Investment Treaties : A New Continent to Discover?" Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Law, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7197.
Full textAbstract:
The master thesis provides a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the scope of most-favoured-nation clauses, focusing on the application of such clauses to dispute resolution mechanisms in bilateral investment treaty’s (BIT).
The ICSID decision in Maffezini was the first in a series to extend the scope of an MFN clause to dispute resolution in such context. Traditionally, such a clause had been relied on regarding substantive rights. The debate evoked by this and subsequent decisions of arbitral tribunals, which often conflict with each other in their outcome and in their analytic methodology, illustrates the controversy of this issue.
4
Chochorelou, María. "Multinational corporations as a new subject of international investment law: Rights conferred to investors under the ISDS provisions of intergovernmental and bilateral treaties and ways to balance this new reality." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664724.
Full textAbstract:
The international investment regime has faced several criticisms already since the
mid-2000s. Scholars and civil society have called both for refinement of the content of
the numerous bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and other international investment
agreements (IIAs), as well as for reconsideration of the purpose of the investment
regime.
Over the past few years, we face a phase of ‘re-orientation’ of international investmen
law. The 1990s rush of conclusion of BITs is slowing down and gives way to the
negotiations at the regional level. This era of transition from investment bilateralism
to regionalism presents us with a paradox, which has revived the question of the legal
status of multinational corporations. On the one hand, the mega-regional Free Trade
Agreements (FTAs) concluded and being negotiated advance the protection of
investors and facilitate their access to Investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS). On the
other hand, States attempt to react to investors’ growing power either by opting out
from ISDS or by reforming investment standards to better reflect their interests.
One of the primary objectives of States during this phase of re-orientation of
international investment law is safeguarding their right to regulate for public
purpose interests. In order to meet this goal, the past few years States slightly shift
towards sustainable development, a concept that has been criticized as threatened
by the old IIA regime. The adoption of a sustainable development-oriented
approach in investment law also depends largely on the tribunals that are tasked
with the interpretation of IIAs. Despite their current reluctance to engage in a
sustainable development discussion, this situation may alter with the conclusion of
the post-2015 FTAs. These treaties make more references to the principle, both in
separate chapters and in their investment chapters. They also place at the
arbitrators’ disposal interpretative tools for the integration of sustainable
development into their argumentation.
This thesis concludes that regionalism has not be suitable to resolve the ‘battle’ of
predominance between investors and States. It argues that other options that may be
more suitable to strike a delicate balance between the protection of foreign
investment and the public interests of States, and reflects on changes that may render
the investment regime more compatible with sustainable development. Special focus
is given to the drafting of a multilateral investment treaty, which, although could serve
as a ‘golden mean’ between States and investors, still raises concerns and seems as as
farfetched idea.
5
Eichler, Stefan, and Jannik A. Nauerth. "Bilateral investment treaties and sovereign default risk." Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A75267.
Full textAbstract:
This paper analyzes the impact of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) on sovereign bond returns of 25 emerging markets from 1993 to 2016. Under a BIT, foreign investors can use an international arbitration scheme to enforce compensation claims against the domestic government in case of direct or indirect expropriation. We focus on the so far unexplored effects of legal risk associated with BITs on sovereign creditworthiness. We find small unconditional effects of BITs on sovereign bond returns. Taking the heterogeneity of BITs and political regimes into account, we find robust and strong negative effects. In countries with high political risk of expropriation (measured by low executive constraints), we find that the implementation of investor-friendly BITs is associated with a significantly negative impact on sovereign bond returns, accounting for roughly 15% of bond returns’ standard deviation.
6
Al-Louzi, Rawan. "A coherence perspective of bilateral investment treaties." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-coherence-perspective-of-bilateral-investment-treaties(289a0e95-5cd3-404b-90c3-c6870cc8d487).html.
Full textAbstract:
Foreign investment is mainly protected through national laws. However the wide-spreading network of bilateral investment treaties aims to ensure a certain standard of protection. These treaties demonstrate far-reaching implications at both treaty level and international level. The implications raise an important question as to whether bilateral investment treaties are coherent or not. Coherence can be viewed as an attempt to prettify the law and minimise the effect of politics which may leave the law incoherent. It is obvious that bilateral investment treaties need to be coherent for a number of reasons. Firstly, incoherent treaties may create problems in relation to the development policy of member countries. Secondly, coherence reassures that negotiators of such treaties would not encounter possible contradictions and inconsistencies amongst the countries’ agreement network as well as between the treaties and domestic laws. Thirdly, coherence is critical to treaty interpretation as it is necessary to avoid further complications which may arise from contradictory awards. The aim of this thesis is mainly to elucidate the meaning of coherence and use it to provide an understanding as to how coherent these treaties are. The coherence of bilateral investment treaties will be evaluated in a number of aspects: coherence between bilateral investment treaties and the fundamental principles of international investment law; coherence between bilateral investment treaties and their objectives of investment promotion and investment liberalisation; coherence within the bilateral investment treaties network; coherence between bilateral investment treaties and customary international law on foreign investment; coherence between bilateral investment treaties and free trade agreements; coherence between bilateral investment treaties’ obligations and non-investment obligations of states.
7
Bonnitcha, Jonathan Merrington. "How much substantive protection should investment treaties provide to foreign investment?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5e74c893-2224-403f-b3d3-06f23ed5c28f.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis contributes to academic debate about the question: how much substantive protection should investment treaties (IITs) provide to foreign investment? Chapters 5 and 6 argue that arbitral tribunals have interpreted fair and equitable treatment and indirect expropriation provisions of existing IITs in several different ways. Each of these interpretations is sketched as a model level of protection that could be explicitly adopted by states in the future, either through inclusion in new IITs, or through amendment to existing IITs. In this way, the thesis defines a range of prospective options available to states concerning the level of protection to provide to foreign investment through IITs. The thesis evaluates the relative desirability of these different levels of protection. The thesis argues that different levels of protection should be evaluated according to their likely consequences. The thesis develops a framework for inferring and understanding the likely consequences of adopting different levels of protection. The framework proposes that the consequences of a given level of protection can be understood in terms of its likely effect on: economic efficiency; the distribution of economic costs and benefits; flows of foreign direct investment into host states; the realisation of human rights and environmental conservation in host states; and respect for the rule of law in host states. Within this framework, the thesis provides an assessment and synthesis of existing empirical evidence and explanatory theory so far as they relate to the consequences of IIT protections. It also specifies the normative criteria by which these consequences should be evaluated. Through the application of this framework, the thesis concludes that lower levels of protection of foreign investment are, in general, likely to be more desirable than higher levels of protection.
8
Siegmann, Till. "The Impact of Bilateral Investment Treaties and Double Taxation Treaties on Foreign Direct Investments." St. Gallen, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02218667001/$FILE/02218667001.pdf.
Full text
9
Ishikawa, T. "On the 'sustainable' interpretation of investment treaty provisions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1322704/.
Full textAbstract:
The tension between the law on foreign investment and environmental concerns of host states has been increasingly recognised. There are circumstances where a host state's environmental measures result in the restriction of foreign investors' interests and a dispute between the affected investor and the host state reaches investment treaty arbitration. In such 'environment-investment' conflicts, there has been a tendency among arbitral tribunals to prioritise investors' interests over environmental concerns of host states. This thesis proposes a way to redress the existing Imbalance between the protection of foreign investment and environmental protection in investment treaty arbitration. It proposes 'interpretative linkage', that is. linking certain international environmental norms to investment treaties through the interpretation of investment protection provisions, as a means to seek a balance between them. This thesis focuses on the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle and the principle of sustainable development as the former, and provisions on expropriation and the fair and equitable standard of treatment as the latter. This thesis first establishes the theoretical bases for interpretative linkage by examining: (i) the openness of the investment treaty arbitration regime towards 'external' international norms; (ii) the legal status of the three environmental principles and ways by which these principles may influence treaty interpretation; and (iii) certain interpretative rules that promote interpretative linkage. It then examines how expropriation provisions and the fair and equitable standard of treatment should be interpreted in the light of the three environmental principles where bona fide environmental measures are concerned. The central argument is that these principles, if used in the proper context in interpretative linkage, can be potent tools for achieving a shift towards greener interpretation and therefore contribute to more environmentally sensitive outcomes.
10
Weeramantry, Joseph Romesh Gregory. "The interpretation of treaties by foreign investment arbitral tribunals." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28971.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the rules of treaty interpretation as they are applied by foreign investment arbitral tribunals ("FIATs"). Its primary aims are: a) to determine whether FIAT treaty interpretation practice is generally consistent with other international courts and tribunals; b) to assess whether the treaty interpretation rules contained in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties ("Vienna Convention") are suitable for application in investor-State treaty disputes; and c) to evaluate the contribution of FIAT treaty interpretation jurisprudence to international law. The body of the thesis provides a background to treaty interpretation rules in international law and then examines in detail the application of the rules of interpretation contained in the Vienna Convention by both international courts and tribunals and FIATs. It also explores modes of interpretation that have been deployed by these two groups which are not explicitly referenced in the Vienna Convention. Investigation is also made of some unique or notable aspects of FIAT jurisprudence that relates to treaty interpretation. The research was carried out primarily through the analysis of international court and tribunal decisions and FIAT awards. The principal findings of the thesis are that: a) a general congruence exists between the interpretative practice of FIATs and that of other international courts and tribunals; b) the application of the Vienna Convention rules on treaty interpretation are suitable for investment treaty arbitration, with some exceptions, e. g., in situations where investors have vastly disproportionate access to the preparatory work of treaties as compared with respondent States; and c) FIATs have made a significant contribution to the international law of treaty interpretation.
11
Manor-Percival, Yonit. "Bilateral investment treaties in a harmonious world : China's paradigm." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8573.
Full textAbstract:
China’s ascent up the echelon of the contemporary interstate system is often debated by reference to its implications for the US designed neoliberal world order. A ‘cauldron of anxiety’ appears to be brewing around what is said to be a potentially contesting force that is at best shallowly integrated and at worse set on institutional reconstitution. US anxiety over the integrity of the order she landscaped and from which she benefits may be understood insofar as insufficient submission signifies the risk of a rising untamed competitor. Yet, against the background of China’s participation in the international financial institutions, membership of the World Trade Organisation and the conclusion of a prolific bilateral investment treaties (BITs) program, in what way can she be said to have remained resistant and untamed? This work seeks to contribute to the debate by looking at it from the perspective of discourse. It examines two interrelated discursive structures:those of paradigm and law. In relation to the former it looks at the US engendered neoliberal worldview more specifically formulated as a Washington Consensus on the one hand and China’s vision of a harmonious world of lasting peace and prosperity on the other. In relation to the latter, juridical institutions furnish legitimising mechanisms and the rules by which paradigms are to be practiced. Since treaties form part of the US designed world order, this work applies BITs as a prism through which the interiors of paradigms may be unpacked. BITs are creatures of the capitalist paradigm in its neoliberal configuration in that they articulate and provide rules for the material realisation of a homogenised world in which the spatial movement of capital is free of impediments and sovereign rights are subjugated to property rights. By contrast they are not creatures of the harmonious world paradigm with its resurrection of indigenous heritage. In the context of China they represent processes of importation and adaptation originally triggered by forcible rupture. Against this construct of two different paradigms that nevertheless share a juridical structure this work concludes that China does aspire to a reformed world order. However, only time will tell whether reformative ambitions can survive own integration and the expansive compulsions of neoliberalism.
12
Florou, Aikaterini. "Contractual renegotiations and International investment arbitration : a relational contract theory interpretation of investment treaties." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0026.
Full textAbstract:
La relation entre les traites internationaux d’investissement et les contrats sous-jacents reste un sujet très contentieux dans le domaine du droit international de l’investissement. Cette thèse explore l’interaction entre le contrat et le traité en utilisant la renégociation des contrats règlementaires dans le secteur de l’infrastructure énergétique comme un exemple d’ « expérience naturelle », en se focalisant en particulier sur les litiges arbitraux découlant de la crise économique en Argentine. A cette fin, un cadre analytique original, s’inspirant de l’économie des coûts de transaction et la théorie du contrat relationnel. Le résultat de la combinaison originelle de ces deux cadres analytiques est la construction d’une méthodologie interprétative proposant une approche d’intégration entre les deux instruments – le contrat et le traité – d’une manière apportant plus d’équilibre entre les intérêts publics et privés souvent opposés. La thèse est fondée en particulier sur trois arguments : le premier est la nature des standards dynamiques des traités comme contrats relationnels exigeant la coopération des parties à long terme. Le deuxième est le statut de ces standards vagues comme règles par défaut, complémentés par les provisions des contrats sous-jacents, qui sont aussi relationnels et fonctionnent comme « gap fillers ». Le dernier argument, normatif, est que la relation entre ces règles (par défaut) des traites et les provisions contractuels doit être déterminée par l’économie des coûts de transaction, et en particulier le but d’économiser les coûts de transaction découlant de la rationalité limitée et l’opportunisme durant l’interprétation des standards relationnels des traitésThe relationship between international investment treaties and the underlying contracts remains a highly disputed matter in international investment law. This thesis explored the contract-treaty interaction by using the renegotiation of regulatory contracts in the sector of energy infrastructure as a natural experiment, with a particular emphasis on the arbitral disputes that arose from the Argentine crisis. It deployed to this end an original analytical framework drawing from transaction cost economics and relational contract theory. The result of the novel combination of these two analytical frameworks is the construction of an interpretative methodology that takes an integrated approach to the two instruments – the contract and the overarching treaty – in a way that achieves a more sustainable balance between the competing public and private interests. In particular, the thesis rests on three arguments: the first is the relational-contract nature of dynamic treaty standards, which require the long-term cooperation of the parties. The second is the status of these vague standards as default rules complemented by the provisions of the underlying contracts, which are also relational, and act as gap-fillers. The last, normative argument is that the relationship between these (default) treaty rules and the (gap-filling) contractual provisions should be determined by transaction cost economics, and specifically the goal of economizing on the transaction costs of bounded rationality and opportunism when and interpreting relational treaty standards
13
Poulsen, Lauge N. Skovgaard. "Sacrificing sovereignty by chance : investment treaties, developing countries, and bounded rationality." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/141/.
Full textAbstract:
One of the striking features of modern globalization is the rising prominence of international law as governing institution for state-market relations. Nowhere has this been as pronounced as in the international investment regime. Although hardly known to anyone but specialized international lawyers merely 15 years ago, bilateral investment treaties (BITs) have today become some of the most potent legal tools underwriting economic globalization. This thesis seeks to explain why developing countries adopted investment treaties as part of their governing apparatus. The study combines econometric analysis with archival work as well as insights from more than one hundred interviews with decision-makers in the international investment regime. On this basis, it finds ‘traditional’ explanatory models of international policy diffusion insufficient to account for the BIT-movement. Instead, both qualitative and econometric evidence strongly indicates that a bounded rationality framework is best suited to explain the popularity of BITs in the developing world. Although careful cost-benefit considerations drove some developing countries to adopt investment treaties, this was rare. By overestimating the benefits of BITs and ignoring the risks, developing country governments often saw the treaties as merely ‘tokens of goodwill’. Many thereby sacrificed their sovereignty more by chance than by design, and it was typically not until they were hit by their first claim, officials realised that the treaties were enforceable in both principle and fact. The thesis is relevant to a wide range of literature. Apart from being the first comprehensive international relations study on investment treaties, its multimethod approach provides a robust and nuanced view of the drivers of international policy diffusion. Moreover, the study is the first major work in international political economy literature applying insights on systematic – and thus predictable – cognitive heuristics found in the behavioural economics discipline.
14
Hussein, Amr Abbas Mohamed Adel Abbas Aly. "Bilateral investment treaties treatment of international capital movement : time for reform?" Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2514.
Full textAbstract:
While the freedom to move capital is necessary for foreign investors, the power of the state to regulate capital transfers is necessary to prevent volatile capital from causing financial crises as well as to mitigate such crises when they occur. Thus, in regulating international capital movement, a balance should be made between the right to transfer funds and the state’s right to protect the stability of its economy. It is in relation to achieving this balance that this thesis argues that bilateral investment treaties’ (BITs) regulation of capital transfers is deficient, both substantively and procedurally. On substance, this thesis identifies three substantive defects that affect obligations under BITs: absoluteness, immediacy, and breadth. First, many BITs adopt an absolute approach in liberalizing capital that does not permit any restrictions or exceptions, nor does it distinguish between different kinds of capital, or between the right to import capital and the right to repatriate capital. Second, the obligation to permit transfers is immediate and does not allow for a gradual liberalization of capital. Third, many BITs’ terms and obligations are broad and therefore vague, such as the broad definition of investment, or the obligation to grant fair and equitable treatment, which is also broad and interpreted in a manner that restricts the regulatory powers of the host state. Such results could have been partly mitigated if there were a dispute settlement mechanism with the power to create precedent and with it a clearer and more coherent body of rules. But BITs’ investor-state arbitration is also deficient since it consists of ad hoc tribunals, which are not bound by precedent; and their decisions are not generally subject to substantive review. This leads to an inconsistent and incoherent body of law that protects neither the state’s regulatory powers nor the legitimate expectation of investors
15
Jentsch, Valentin. "The Impact of Bilateral Investment Treaties on Foreign Direct Investment Importance and Alternatives from an Entrepreneurial Perspective /." St. Gallen, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/04603635001/$FILE/04603635001.pdf.
Full text
16
Boyce, Gizelle Marie. "An examination of whether the protection of Investment Act represents a successful alternative to bilateral investment treaties." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25200.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to examine whether South Africa's recently promulgated Protection of Investment Act represents a viable alternative to the bilateral investment treaty regime. In undertaking this examination, the bilateral investment treaty regime which preceded the Protection of Investment Act was first reviewed and some of the typical clauses found in these treaties were examined. Pursuant to this examination, the Foresti arbitration, through which a group of Italian and Luxembourgish investors challenged South Africa's affirmative action measures in the mining industry on the basis of the bilateral investment treaties that South Africa had entered into, was then introduced. The author examined the claim made in Foresti, South Africa's response and the final award. The next Chapter then turned to the effects of the Foresti arbitration, which set in motion South Africa's review of the BITs it had entered into, and then the eventual termination of these BITs and replacement with the Protection of Investment Act. In answering the central question of this thesis, a clause by clause analysis of the Protection of Investment Act was conducted in order to determine whether that Act is able to satisfy the deficiencies highlighted in the BIT review pursuant to Foresti. In conducting this analysis, the author highlighted some notable omissions in the Protection of Investment Act. Through this review and comparison, it was concluded that the Protection of Investment Act fails as a viable alternative to the bilateral investment treaty regime for a number of reasons, and in particular for crystallising the flawed BIT regime through a legislative savings provision. A better alternative for South Africa would have been renegotiating historical BITs based on a Model BIT incorporating the necessary amendments to rectify the perceived BIT limitations as highlighted in South Africa's BIT review.
17
Yackee, Jason D. Oatley Thomas H. "Sacrificing sovereignty bilateral investment treaties, international arbitration, and the quest for capital /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,737.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.Title from electronic title page (viewed Dec. 18, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science (International Relations)." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.
18
Sinclair, Anthony Charles. "State contracts in investment treaty arbitration." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648775.
Full text
19
Kuang, Yingqiu. "Instrumental liberalization : China's new practice in bilateral investment treaties in the 2000's." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50402.
Full textAbstract:
The spread of Bilateral Investment Treaties in the past decades, as a popular way to promote and protect foreign direct investment between countries, is no doubt a vivid example that displays the triumph of globalization and the diffusion of liberalization. By the end of 2013, most countries of the world have participated and signed 2,857 such treaties (UNCTAD, 2013). China, among them, is definitely a latecomer and a distinct player. Until 1982, which is 23 years later than Germany’s first treaty with Pakistan, China started its BIT program, and soon has become the world’s second largest contract party. As of its particularity, from the very beginning, China became one of the few developing economies (BRICS states in particular) that were able to sign treaties favoring their own economic interests and sovereignty; soon after, China is also the first and the only country among them that chose to abolish such privileges and started its new, liberalized practice. Stemming from China’s unique development trajectory, my research question asks: what has motivated Chinese government to make such unprecedented change? What was the rationale behind this behavior so distinct from other BRIC countries? The emerging causal narrative comes from Steve Vogel’s theory of “asymmetric regulation” in competitive markets, with the analysis of the specific domestic political and economic constraints within China. This paper argues that China’s new, liberalized practice in BITs is first a policy outcome to increase the international competitiveness of the national industry; more than that, it is also an instrumental liberalization effort made by the central government to strengthen the political control over the locals and to re-shape China’s understanding of the international order, especially the South-South cooperation.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
20
Kumas, Abdullah. "Essays on the bilateral tax treaties, foreign direct investment and withholding tax rates." Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3323580.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D. in Economics)--S.M.U.Title from PDF title page (viewed Mar. 16, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-07, Section: A, page: 2806. Adviser: Daniel L. Millimet. Includes bibliographical references.
21
Pauker, Saar. "Characterization problems in investment treaty arbitration." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609210.
Full text
22
Li, Chen [Verfasser], and Monika [Akademischer Betreuer] Schnitzer. "Locations of foreign direct investment : the role of immigrants, bilateral investment treaties and patents / Chen Li ; Betreuer: Monika Schnitzer." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/113251097X/34.
Full text
23
Glowinski, Lars. "International Arbitration - protection of foreign direct investments and foreign investment dispute settlement under ICSID and the bilateral investment treaties." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4622.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis shall represent the arbitration regime under the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in connection with protection mechanism of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). It shall analyse the achievements of ICSID and BITs and their influence of foreign direct investments, investors and the host country. Finally, this thesis will try to assess the achievements in this area and discuss advantages or disadvantages for the involved parties. Individuals and corporations are interested in foreign direct investments (FDI) to exploit new markets, to realize or to sell business ideas, and to raise their market value or personal wealth. Under an economical point of view, money or investments always found its way to the most efficient places on earth which were able to be reached in any century to produce a better or the same product or service for a better price. The raising of profit margins was the driving force to explore new markets; also foreign governments tried to attract investors from all over the world to create new jobs and import new technology for their economies to raise the capacity to compete on an international level. In the early nineteenth century the prevalent form of foreign direct investment was that carried out through loans and government bonds. In contrast, modern foreign investment is more characterized by direct investment on the spot: the building of infrastructure, like railroads or telephone networks, and the establishment of joint-ventures in the car industry, to name but two examples. Investment abroad also means to play in a new and unknown playground. Investors have to place their money in a foreign environment under different laws, different rights and duties, and with unknown future protection of their investments. This makes foreign direct investments an uncertain game, and uncertainty did always keep investors from direct investments in a foreign and unknown country. Furthermore, not only the unknown environment is an investment obstacle, investors also were faced with problems with governments in the foreign market. First foreign governments promoted foreign direct investments to raise their economic power. Large infrastructure projects had an important effect on the countries where they were constructed: they were the basis for a faster growing economy. Later the same governments or new political powers changed government positions regarding foreign investment and they restricted investment related money transfers of investors out of the investment area or they initiated measures and laws to expropriate the property of investors without financial compensation. The big infrastructure investments were seen as a necessity for the welfare of the citizens and as a security of the host state. Many host countries felt that these projects should be controlled by the government and not by foreigners. The treatment of aliens by governments was, and still is, dependent on political theories and influences. A change of the investment climate, the "political risk", can be a huge uncertainty for foreign direct investments. Every investor has to ensure that the investment is lucrative and that he has the possibility to reduce risks and cost in case of changes of the investment climate. In the past foreign investors had no direct way to enforce investments claims against a foreign state for its sovereign acts or for breach of customary international law. Instead, investors had to rely upon their own government taking up the claim on their behalf and try to solve the dispute by diplomatic measures. This dependence on others was inconvenient and unpredictable, and therefore dissatisfying for alien investors. The settlement of foreign investment disputes in the past was a question of political influence and economic power. Individuals or corporations had to influence their governments to take up their case on the state's behalf. This was only possible for very important and influential investors. The investor's state then sent warships to threaten the offending state until reparations were paid. This "gunboat diplomacy" was exercised frequently by European powers until the early twentieth century, for example when faced with Venezuela's default on its sovereign debt in 1902, the governments of Great Britain, Germany and Italy sent warships to the Venezuelan coast to demand reparation for the losses incurred by their nationals. The need for security and predictability for foreign investments was one of the main reasons to establish diplomatic relations with other states. Various ideas from the point of view of money receiving and money spending states were discussed and realized, from the Calvo doctrine - where contracts between the host state and foreign investors included an agreement in which the latter agreed to confine himself to the available local remedies without relying on diplomatic interference of his own state - to the principle of diplomatic protection - where a state espouses the claim of its nationals as a claim on its own behalf. With the Second International Peace Conference of The Hague in 1907, states agreed to a framework for the conclusion of bilateral arbitration treaties which were the basis for independent arbitration tribunals in case of a dispute between two states arising out of particular interests of its national investors. The right of diplomatic protection as mentioned above was still inadequate to promote foreign investments: the Latin American countries relied upon the Calvo Doctrine, which denied the possibility of interference under diplomatic protection principle. Also, the breach of investment treaties by states was still not sanctioned by public international law. Only expropriation was recognised quite early as a possibility for diplomatic protection claims. Furthermore diplomatic protection was only accessible for nationals of the claiming state. Questions arose what happens if transnational corporations claim protection? The obstacle for investors to convince their government to claim diplomatic protection for its nationals was very high and unpredictable to foresee. Also a claim against the home state to exercise diplomatic protection does not exist. Today, in our small world, where businesses are moved from the United States to India, industrial production is transferred from Europe to China, or new infrastructure projects are started in Central Africa, one cannot imagine international business without FDI. Foreign direct investments need security, investors need security. Security is necessary to promote foreign investment which is recognized as one of the driving forces in supporting development in developing and least developed countries. Investors want to know their rights regarding their investments and they want to enforce their rights directly in a fast and cost-effective way. The need for protection is the reason for various measures introduced by governments to secure investments. In the following the system of foreign dispute settlement under the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in combination with Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) shall be highlighted. The ICSID is the result of the investor insecurity mentioned above. ICSID shall also support FDI in the developing countries. The focus shall be on the increased interest for BITs and the therefore increased interest in ICSID arbitrations. Why do states use BITs? Did the establishment of a neutral venue for investment dispute settlement reach its goal to depoliticise disputes? Is it used by investors, and what is protected? Do BITs play an important role in the system of dispute settlement and why? And how do they work together with the ISCID system?
24
Karlsson, Yberthia. "Data as Protected Investment Under International Investment Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443419.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last decades technological companies have grown significantly and impacted our societies both politically and economically.The significant amount of user data these companies collect and manage have economic as well as political impacts on our societies. The busines model of social media companies has raised alerts and provoked calls for regulatory measures. The thesis investigated whether social media platforms ‘data’ can constitute a protected investment under a Bilateral Investment Treaty, and what is the position of the international investment law if any about the digital economy. The author made an analysis of data localization regulation to determine if tech companies can claim protection under a BIT to avoid potential issues of a domestic regulation. After the analysis of international legal instruments, BITs and scholar literature the results of the study concluded that data could constitute a protected investment under the wording of certain BITs.
25
Kuprieieva, Anna. "Regulatory Freedom and Indirect Expropriation: Seeking Compatibility with Sustainable Development in New Generation Bilateral Investment Treaties." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32447.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most notorious dilemmas of international rules on the protection of foreign investment is how to decrease the tension between a state’s regulatory freedom and private property rights in addressing indirect expropriation. Bilateral investment treaties need to achieve a crucial balance: to protect the interests of foreign investors and support rights of states to regulate in pursuit of sustainable development. In dealing with indirect expropriation past tribunals relied on different approaches and adopted mutually inconsistent positions. By demonstrating this incoherence, this thesis reviews the most recent BITs and identifies an archetype of investment treaty provisions and language that may result in the interpretation of indirect expropriation most compatible with states being free to act to achieve sustainable development.
26
Petkova, Kunka, Andrzej Stasio, and Martin Zagler. "On the relevance of double tax treaties." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6071/1/SSRN%2Did3126593.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates the effects of double tax treaties (DTTs) on foreign direct investment (FDI) after controlling for their relevance in the presence of treaty shopping.
DTTs cannot be considered a bilateral issue, but must be viewed as a network, since FDI can flow from home to host country through one or more conduit countries. By accounting
for treaty shopping, we calculate the shortest (i.e. the cheapest) tax distance
between any two countries allowing the corporate income to be channelled through
intermediate jurisdictions. We differentiate between relevant and neutral DTTs - i.e.
tax treaties that offer investors a financial advantage - and irrelevant DTTs and use these data to derive two important results. First, only relevant and neutral tax treaties increase bilateral FDI, whereas irrelevant DTTs do not. We can quantify the increase of FDI due to a relvant DTT at around 22%. Second, significant tax reductions due
to treaty benefits will lead to an increase in FDI.Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
27
Mutsau, Sharon Chido. "Revisiting Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) in the 21st Century : a Kenyan and South African experience." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4770.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Legum - LLMBITs signed prior to the 21st century are problematic. Some countries with BITs signed during this period have since reviewed those BITs and taken action to address the disadvantages the BITs held for the host nation or have either resorted to eradicating some of their BITs. In particular, developing countries that signed BITs with developed nations seem to be disproportionately disadvantaged in these agreements. This thesis highlights Kenya‟s current BIT situation and compares it in light of another developing country, South Africa, with regards to its BIT experience. Given that South Africa has undergone an extensive BIT review process and moves to change some of these BITs, this thesis compares and contrasts the Kenyan and South African experience. The study highlights the possible lessons that could be learnt from the South African BIT review experience and provides recommendations for the Kenyan government regarding its outdated BITs. The lessons and recommendations benefit not only Kenya but also other countries that are still to review their BITs as it adds to the literature on why it is important for countries with such BITs to revisit them and how best they can go about the review mechanism. In addition, the study is also significant in that it raises awareness of the use and effects of BITs, thereby enabling countries that enter into such agreements to make informed decisions.
28
Yahaya, Shamsu. "Multilateral investment treaties : is the energy charter treaty an effective instrument for protecting international investments?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510625.
Full text
29
Dünnwald, Sonja [Verfasser]. "Bilateral and Multilateral Investment Treaties and Their Relationship with Environmental Norms and Measures. / Sonja Dünnwald." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1238435173/34.
Full text
30
Bravo, Nathalie. "The Mauritius Convention on Transparency and the Multilateral Tax Instrument: models for the modification of treaties?" United Nations, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/7003/1/diaeia2018d5a5_en.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The investment treaty network and the tax treaty network comprise more than 3,000
treaties each. The provisions of these treaties generally are highly customized on the
basis of the investment flows and economic interests of the contracting States. The
number of treaties in force and their customization potentially turn the amendment
of these treaty networks in their entirety into a cumbersome and long process. To
modify the treaty networks in a swift and coordinated manner, the investment treaty
makers and the tax treaty makers almost contemporaneously developed the idea
of implementing treaty changes through a single multilateral convention. On 10
December 2014, the United Nations adopted the Convention on Transparency in
Treaty-based Investor' State Arbitration, also known as the Mauritius Convention.
In addition, on 24 November 2016, the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax
Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS),
commonly referred to as the Multilateral Tax Instrument, was concluded under the
aegis of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
The Mauritius Convention and the Multilateral Tax Instrument share the object
and purpose of modifying an extensive number of treaties. However, due to their
novelty, little research has been done until now on their common characteristics
and differences. The article aims at filling this gap by comparing both multilateral
conventions. It also aims at drawing lessons from the analysis of both multilateral
conventions that might be of benefit for future modifications of an extensive number
of treaties through a single instrument.
31
Gwynn, Maria [Verfasser]. "Bilateral Investment Treaties of South American Countries and their Consequences at the International Level / Maria Gwynn." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1067208194/34.
Full text
32
Hummer, Matthew Raymond. "Do bilateral investment treaties accomplish their policy objectives? a case for developing & OECD member countries /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/444510341/viewonline.
Full text
33
Gama, Sibusiso Thanya. "Soft expropriation in the mineral sector of Swaziland in the light of obligations under bilateral investment treaties." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64644.
Full text
34
Fouret, Julien. "The notion of fair and equitable treatment of foreign direct investment /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80921.
Full textAbstract:
To be fair and equitable are aims inherent in most legal systems, whether domestic or international, but are usually tacitly stated. With respect to foreign direct investment (FDI) they constitute a standard of treatment which lacks a clear definition. Nevertheless, the recurrence of this standard in conventional instruments makes it one of the focal points of this branch of international law.The main goal of this thesis is to explore and understand the standard of fair and equitable treatment. To understand its definition, it is first necessary to undertake a theoretical analysis of the notion. Secondly, having assessed the general meaning to fair and equitable treatment, an attempt is made to assess the difficulties which have arisen from its incorporation in Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Finally, the thesis tries to assess where the concept stands in international law and whether or not it has passed into the corpus of customary international law.
35
Kondo, Tinashe. "Invesment law in a globalised enviroment: A proposal for a new foreign direct invesment regime in Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6459.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law)Most developed countries that enjoy the lion's share of foreign investment do not have domestic legal frameworks on foreign direct investment. This is because investors are attracted by a holistic picture of these countries. Such countries have strong institutions of governance, enjoy political and economic stability, embrace democracy, have respect for rights, and have high levels of development - factors which attract investors. In terms of regulation, many of these countries are heavily reliant on bilateral investment treaties. However, this is not the case in developing countries such as Zimbabwe. The existence of an effective and efficient legal framework on the governance of foreign direct investment is an important consideration for investors. This emanates from the fact that developing countries often have weak legal systems, shaky economies and uncertain political environments.
36
Baasi, Mamongonyo. "An analysis of expropriation protection mechanism in Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) within the context of permanent sovereignty over natural resources." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60071.
Full text
37
Genest, Alexandre. "Performance Requirement Prohibitions in International Investment Law." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37013.
Full textAbstract:
Performance requirements act as policy instruments for achieving broadly-defined economic and developmental objectives of States, especially industrial and technological development objectives. Many States consider that performance requirements distort trade and investment flows, negatively impact global and national welfare and disrupt investment decisions compared to business-as-usual scenarios. As a result, a number of States have committed to prohibiting performance requirements in international investment agreements (“IIAs.”). Performance requirement prohibitions (“PRPs”) are meant to eliminate trade-distorting performance requirements and performance requirements which replace investor decision-making by State decision-making.
This thesis focuses on providing answers to two research questions: first, how do States prohibit performance requirements in IIAs? And second, how should PRPs in IIAs be interpreted and applied?
For the first time, this thesis: proposes a comprehensive understanding of PRPs in IIAs by drawing notably on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) Uruguay Round of negotiations and on the United States Bilateral Investment Treaty (“BIT”) Programme; develops a detailed typology and analysis of PRPs in IIAs through the identification of systematically reproduced drafting patterns; conducts the first critical and in-depth analysis of all arbitral awards which have decided claims based on PRPs in IIAs; analyses interpretation and application issues related to provisions that exempt government procurement from PRPs and to reservations that shield sensitive non-conforming measures or strategically important sectors from PRPs; and anticipates the application of most-favoured nation (“MFN”) treatment clauses to PRPs in the future.
Finally, this thesis formulates proposals that can help interpret and apply existing PRPs and draft future PRPs in a more deliberate and informed way.
38
Ceyssens, Jan, and Nicola Sekler. "Bilaterale Investitionsabkommen (BITs) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland : Auswirkungen auf wirtschaftliche, soziale und ökologische Regulierung in Zielländern und Modelle zur Verankerung der Verantwortung transnationaler Unternehmen." Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2005/612/.
Full textAbstract:
Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen der von Deutschland geschlossenen bilateralen Investitionsschutzverträge (Bilateral Investment Treaties, BITs) auf die wirtschaftliche, soziale und ökologische Regulierung von ausländischen Investitionen. Die Analyse der 137 deutschen BITs sowie die Auswertung relevanter Schiedsgerichtsentscheidungen hat folgende zentrale Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Einschränkung staatlicher Regulierungsmöglichkeiten ergeben: Aufgrund eines breiten Enteignungsbegriffs kann eine umweltpolitische Regulierung, die wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen auf ausländische Investoren hat, eine Verpflichtung zur Entschädigung nach sich ziehen, denn den deutschen BITs ist nicht klar zu entnehmen, dass staatliche Regulierung im Regelfall nicht als Enteignung gelten sollte.
Empirisch kann weder eine Verbindung zwischen dem Abschluss von BITs und einem Anstieg des Investitionsvolumens noch ein Automatismus zwischen dem Zufluss von privatem Kapital und wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung hergestellt werden. Im Gegenteil sind sogar staatliche Maßnahmen, die für kapitalimportierende Länder eine Möglichkeit wären, den wirtschaftlichen Nutzen von ausländischen Investitionen zu erhöhen, durch Regelungen in den BITs untersagt. Problematisch im Bereich geistiges Eigentum ist, dass Rechtsinhaber vor einem internationalen Schiedsgericht Entschädigung einklagen können, wenn staatliche Regulierung im öffentlichen Interesse zu einem enteignungsgleichen Eingriff führt.
Dienstleistungen unterliegen aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften besonders stark der staatlichen Regulierung, so dass auch hier Konflikte bezüglich des Enteignungsschutzes und des Grundsatzes der gerechten und billigen Behandlung entstehen. Bei der Beteiligung privater Unternehmen in der Daseinsvorsorge ist problematisch, dass jede Verletzung vertraglicher Zusicherungen durch den Gaststaat aufgrund der Abschirmungsklausel als Verstoß gegen die deutschen BITs gilt. Damit erschweren die Verträge, die häufig über lange Zeiträume geschlossen sind, Reaktionen staatlicher Stellen auf neu auftretende Regulierungsbedürfnisse.
Im Bereich des Arbeitnehmerschutzes und der Sozialpolitik kann in bestimmten Konstellationen die Verschärfung von Arbeitsstandards gegen die Abschirmungsklausel verstoßen oder die Umverteilung von Land ohne volle Entschädigung mit dem Enteignungsschutz in Konflikt geraten. Bei der Besteuerung ausländischer Investoren können insbesondere Widersprüchlichkeiten im Steuerrecht, die sich zuungunsten ausländischer Investoren auswirken, als Verstoß gegen den Grundsatz der Inländerbehandlung interpretiert werden, selbst wenn ihnen keine protektionistische Intention zugrunde liegt.
Auch das Investor-to-State Verfahren trägt dazu bei, dass der Ausgleich zwischen Investitionsschutz und legitimen staatlichen Regulierungsinteressen teilweise nur unzureichend gelingt. Das liegt unter anderem an seiner Nichtöffentlichkeit, der fragmentarischen Natur der Entscheidungen und der fehlenden Nähe der Schiedsgerichte zu den tatsächlichen und rechtlichen Hintergründen der Streitigkeiten.
Als Konsequenz aus den genannten Problembereichen werden Reformvorschläge für deutsche bilaterale Investitionsabkommen als ein erster Schritt zur Schaffung eines Gleichgewichts zwischen Investorenrechten und Investorenpflichten entwickelt. Durch eine Reform sollten den Gaststaaten größere Handlungsspielräume eröffnet und ihre Flexibilität erhöht werden, um den ökonomischen Nutzen ausländischer Investitionen für Entwicklungsländer zu steigern und allen Ländern eine Regulierung von Investitionen im öffentlichen Interesse zu ermöglichen.
39
Mistura, Fernando Luiz Napolitano de Godoy. "The promotion of outward foreign direct investment: a comparative analysis of Bric countries." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8653.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Fernando Mistura (f.mistura@gmail.com) on 2011-10-10T19:43:49Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
20111010 - ThesisMistura.pdf: 9859237 bytes, checksum: 549c3f8971cac6c47966b93ec2c8debc (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-10-10T19:48:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20111010 - ThesisMistura.pdf: 9859237 bytes, checksum: 549c3f8971cac6c47966b93ec2c8debc (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-10-10T19:48:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20111010 - ThesisMistura.pdf: 9859237 bytes, checksum: 549c3f8971cac6c47966b93ec2c8debc (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2011-10-11T12:42:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 20111010 - ThesisMistura.pdf: 9859237 bytes, checksum: 549c3f8971cac6c47966b93ec2c8debc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07
This dissertation has sought to identify the role of BRIC country governments in the internationalization of their firms. Drawing upon an exploratory comparative analysis of BRIC OFDI trends and policies, it contributes to further an initial understanding of this phenomenon by shedding light on how and why BRIC governments have been promoting their multinationals. For this, it analysed specific OFDI-related policies implemented by BRIC countries as a way of highlighting policy-gaps and the effects of institutional set-ups in the development of internationalized companies. The rapid rise of MNCs from BRIC countries is quite a recent phenomenon. Although they had invested abroad before, only since the early 2000s OFDI by BRIC MNCs has become substantial. BRIC MNCs are becoming major players in many industries, taking-over competitors in both developed and developing countries, and reshaping competition in many industries. In this process, BRIC governments have played an important role. While until the early 1990s, BRIC governments restricted OFDI because of a negative perspective on its effects on home economies (e.g., reduction in investments at home, exports of jobs, and constraints to the balance-of-payments), in the 2000s their perception of OFDI changed. They have become more aware of the importance of OFDI for the competitiveness of their firms and industrial upgrade. While China, and to a lesser extent India, are one step further, having already put in place a comprehensive set of specific OFDI promoting policies, Brazil and Russia have yet to take further steps in order to create an enabling environment for their companies to fully exploit the advantages of global expansion
Esta dissertação procurou identificar o papel dos governos na internacionalização produtiva de empresas dos países BRIC. Por meio de uma análise comparativa do comportamento dos investimentos diretos no exterior (IDE) destes países e dos mecanismos existentes de suporte à internacionalização das empresas, foi possível identificar as diferentes maneiras de envolvimento desses governos na internacionalização produtiva de suas empresas e apontar lacunas de políticas públicas nestes países. Destarte, esta dissertação contribui à compreensão inicial sobre como e por que os governos destes países têm promovido o desenvolvimento de multinacionais. A rápida ascensão das multinacionais dos países BRIC é um fenômeno recente. Apesar de terem investido no exterior anteriormente, apenas a partir do início dos anos 2000 que o IDE de empresas destes países tornou-se significativo. Desde então, as multinacionais dos países BRIC estão se tornando importantes players em diversas indústrias, adquirindo competidores de países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, e redesenhando a concorrência em muitas indústrias globais. Neste processo, os governos dos países BRIC têm desempenhado um papel importante. Até o início dos anos 1990, o IDE era restringido porque era associado a efeitos negativos sobre as economias domésticas (como por exemplo, à redução de investimentos no país de origem, à exportação de empregos, e a problemas na balança de pagamentos). Desde o início dos anos 2000, entretanto, os governos dos países BRIC mudaram de percepção e passaram a adotar políticas favoráveis à internacionalização produtiva de empresas domésticas. Eles perceberam a importância da internacionalização para a manutenção ou expansão da competitividade das empresas domésticas em um mundo globalizado. A China, e em menor grau a Índia, estão um passo adiante, tendo já posto em prática um conjunto de instrumentos específicos que facilitam a internacionalização de suas empresas. O Brasil e a Rússia ainda têm de tomar novas medidas para criar um ambiente propício para que suas empresas possam mais facilmente explorar as vantagens da expansão global.
40
Weeder, David. "The impact of corporate governance provisions on R&D intensity:a closer look at corporate governance in an internationalperspective." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-357789.
Full textAbstract:
Using panel data analysis, this paper considers the impact of governance provisions on firm’sR&D investment decisions. The current paper also contributes to the literature on corporategovernance and innovation by introducing an interaction dimension which captures theinfluence that internationalization of U.S. firms may have on R&D investment decisions. Basedon a sample of 627 U.S. firms for the years 2008-2016 this paper’s results suggest thatgovernance provisions do not nurture or impede R&D investments, and therefore the resultscasts doubt on the existence of a relationship between governance provisions and R&Dintensity. The current paper’s findings also suggest that proposed effects of internationalizationdo not modify the relationship between entrenchment and R&D for U.S. firms.
41
Aljasim, Hesham. "Cryptocurrencies as Protected Invesments Under BITs : Is there a BIT of coin Protection?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443426.
Full textAbstract:
This research paper addresses the issue whether cryptocurrencies are protected investments under bilateral investment treaties (BITs). Through BITs a host state has a responsibility to protect the investments of the nationals of the other contracting state to the treaty. This governing relationship however may introduce several requirements for an investment to comply with, such as territorial links, the use of language under BITs compliance requirements. With this, cryptocurrencies being a new of age asset class may find several future hurdles in qualifying as an investment under BITs. Especially with the on-going confusion on an international scale in regulating and defining cryptocurrencies. In determining the afore-mentioned requirements, this research paper first identified a cryptocurrency and a comparison was first made in regards to money. Then, the research paper proceeded in comparing a cryptocurrency with the characteristics of digital assets. Followed by a general approach to the meaning of investment and an analysis to the definition of investment through past approaches taken by arbitral tribunals. Therefore, finally leading in deciding whether cryptocurrencies will qualify as an investment under BITs.
42
Grace, Okhomina Esohe. "The quest for a multilateral agreement on investment (MAI): relevance and effects on developing African countries." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8286_1182225035.
Full textAbstract:
Foreign Direct investment (FDI) has been recognized as a vital source of development for African countries, which are mainly capital importing countries. This has led to a quest for effective regulation of the activities of foreign investors in a country while considering the profit making goals of the investors as well. As there is a need to strike a balance between the need to regulate entry and activities of investors and reaping the immense benefits of FDI such as growth and development. The regulation of FDI thus becomes important. However, there is no universal multilateral agreement on Investment (MAI) that binds most states oft the world. What we have is attempts at regional levels to regulate Investment uniformly. This quest has led to debates with many developing countries (Africa Inclusive) resisting attempts to formulate a MAI. This paper will start with an introduction of the importance of FDI as well as the various attempts that have been made to regulate FID on a multilateral level. Then the paper will go on to examine two Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) Botswana-China BIT on Promotion and Protection of Investments 2000,Czech-Tunisia BIT for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investment 1997, and two Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) - Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1990 and the investment provisions of the U.S &ndash
Morocco Free Trade Agreement 2004, to identify those trends that are common to these agreements that have been entered into by African countries. It will examine these provisions in line with the rights and obligations they create for the investors as well as the host countries.
43
Rust, Alexander. "BEPS Action 2: 2014 Deliverable Neutralising the Effects of Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements and its compatibility with the non-discrimination provisions in tax treaties and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union." Sweet & Maxwell, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5466/1/BTR.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This article illustrates the BEPS proposals to fight against hybrid mismatch arrangements. It concentrates on exemption / non-inclusion schemes and double deduction schemes and analyses whether these proposals are in line with the non-discrimination provisions contained in tax treaties and in the TFEU. The article comes to the conclusion that the proposals generally comply with the non-discrimination provisions. However, with regard to double deduction schemes the OECD proposes to deny a deduction in the permanent establishment state if the payments are also deductible in the head office state. In the author's opinion this recommendation conflicts with the freedom of establishment contained in the TFEU.
44
Ferreira, Agata. "How and why does Sustainable Development influence International Investment Law in the current Globalization Era. Compatibility or Irreconcilability?" Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456675.
Full textAbstract:
El dret d'inversió internacional s'ha convertit en un instrument jurídic potent de la gestió econòmica mundial. Amb la seva cobertura global dels tractats internacionals d'inversió i un mecanisme d'arbitratge d'inversió efectiva, la llei d'inversió internacional ofereix als inversors estrangers potents eines per protegir els seus interessos econòmics en els països d'acollida. Tal ampli abast territorial del règim i la seva capacitat per envair l'espai polític dels estats d'origen i la capacitat d'interferir amb les preocupacions socials crítics de les qüestions ambientals per al patrimoni nacional, posa al dret internacional d'inversions en el punt de mira i subjectes a l'escrutini i la crítica. Fins al moment, el règim ha demostrat extraordinària resistència i capacitat d'adaptació a les noves circumstàncies geopolítiques globals.
Les preocupacions pel de desenvolupament sostenible es posen cada vegada més en el debat sobre el futur del règim d'inversió internacional. La globalització es caracteritza no només per l'augment de la connectivitat, sinó també per la prevalença dels intercanvis simbòlics i les relacions culturals. Aquesta tesi sosté que el concepte de desenvolupament sostenible personifica tensions entre la llei d'inversió internacional, impulsada per la ideologia neoliberal i la racionalitat econòmica i els valors universals i les necessitats humanes bàsiques de justícia i equitat. Aquesta tesi estudia la precària relació entre el dret internacional d'inversions i el desenvolupament sostenible, mirant als orígens i l'estructura del règim, la seva filosofia subjacent, la funcionalitat sistèmica i el paper dels moviments socials i els Estats sobirans, per tal de posar l'accent en els problemes de incompatibilitat i facilitar el discurs informat sobre el futur del desenvolupament sostenible dins de la llei d'inversió internacional.
Mai abans la llei d'inversió internacional ha estat tan entrellaçada amb les preocupacions de desenvolupament sostenible. Aquesta tesi pretén contribuir a l'enfocament estratègic per al futur del desenvolupament sostenible dins de la llei d'inversió internacional, posant de relleu els problemes irreconciliables i presentant àmplia perspectiva del règim en l'era de la globalització actual, inclouen tots els apresants problemes socials.El derecho internacional de la inversión extranjera se ha convertido en un instrumento jurídico potente de la gestión económica mundial. Con su cobertura global de los tratados internacionales de inversión y mecanismo de arbitraje de inversión efectiva, la ley de inversión internacional ofrece a los inversores extranjeros potentes herramientas para proteger sus intereses económicos en los países de acogida. Tal amplio alcance territorial del régimen y su capacidad para invadir el espacio político de los estados de origen y la capacidad de interferir con las preocupaciones sociales críticos de las cuestiones ambientales para el patrimonio nacional, pone el derecho internacional de las inversiones extranjeras en el punto de mira y sujetos al escrutinio y la crítica. Hasta el momento, el régimen ha demostrado extraordinaria resistencia y capacidad de adaptación a las nuevas circunstancias geopolíticas globales. Preocupaciones por el desarrollo sostenible se ponen cada vez más en el debate sobre el futuro del régimen de inversión internacional. La globalización se caracteriza no sólo por el aumento de la conectividad, sino también por la prevalencia de los intercambios simbólicos y las relaciones culturales. Esta tesis sostiene que el concepto de desarrollo sostenible personifica tensiones entre la ley de inversión internacional, impulsada por la ideología neoliberal y la racionalidad económica y los valores universales y las necesidades humanas básicas de justicia y equidad. Esta tesis estudia esta precaria relación entre el derecho internacional de inversiones y el desarrollo sostenible, mirando a los orígenes y la estructura del régimen, su filosofía subyacente, la funcionalidad sistémica y el papel de los movimientos sociales y los Estados soberanos, con el fin de hacer hincapié en los problemas de incompatibilidad y facilitar el discurso informado sobre el futuro del desarrollo sostenible dentro de la ley de inversión internacional. Nunca antes ha sido la ley de inversión internacional han estado tan entrelazada con las preocupaciones de desarrollo sostenible. Esta tesis pretende contribuir al enfoque estratégico para el futuro del desarrollo sostenible dentro de la ley de inversión internacional, poniendo de relieve los problemas irreconciliables y presentar amplia perspectiva del régimen en la era de la globalización actual, incluyendo todos los problemas sociales urgentes.
International investment law has become a potent legal instrument of global economic governance. With its global coverage of international investment treaties and effective investment arbitration mechanism, international investment law provides foreign investors with powerful tools to protect their economic interests in host states. Such extensive territorial reach of the regime and its capacity to encroach on policy space of home states and the ability to interfere with the critical social concerns from environmental issues to national heritage, puts international investment law in the spotlight and subject to scrutiny and criticism. So far, the regime has shown extraordinary resilience and adaptability to changing global geopolitical circumstances. Sustainable development concerns are increasingly brought into the debate about the future of international investment regime. Current era of globalization is characterised not only by increased connectivity but also by prevalence of symbolic exchanges and cultural relations. This thesis argues that sustainable development concept epitomises tensions between international investment law driven by neoliberal ideology and economic rationality and universal values and basic human needs of fairness and equity. This thesis studies this precarious relationship between international investment law and sustainable development, looking at the origins and structure of the regime, its underlying philosophy, systemic functionality and the role of social movements and sovereign states, in order to emphasise incompatibility issues and facilitate informed discourse about the future of sustainable development within international investment law. Never before has international investment law been so intertwined with sustainable development concerns. This thesis aims to contribute to strategic approach to the future of sustainable development within international investment law by highlighting irreconcilability issues and presenting broad perspective of the regime in the current globalization era, inclusive of pressing social concerns.
45
Hu, Zhenjie. "Chinese perspectives on international jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in contractual matters : a comparative study of the relevant provisions of Chinese, Swiss and US law, of the European conventions and of other international treaties /." Zürich : Schulthess, 1999. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/309322081.pdf.
Full text
46
Fathima, Shamila Dawood Lebbe Mohamed Razik. "Foreign investment and sustainable development: A critical analysis from the Sri Lankan legal perspective." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/134421/1/Dawood%20Lebbe%20Mohamed%20Razik_Fathima%20Shamila_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis identified the deficiencies in Sri Lankan foreign investment laws in creating a reliable nexus between foreign direct investment and sustainable development. It first determined the criteria for a balanced investment law using the lens of sustainable development and the principles of environmental law. It examined the relevant Sri Lankan laws, bilateral investment treaties, model laws and approaches of different actors, considering these criteria, to assess their ability to promote sustainable development in pursuit of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. It demonstrated the need for effective legislation to regulate inward foreign direct investment to promote sustainable development.
47
Onyeani, Onyema Awa. "The obligation of host states to accord the standard of 'full protection and security' to foreign investments under international investment law." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/16087.
Full textAbstract:
The analysis of this thesis is to examine whether foreign investors can fully rely on the standard of FPS in BITs for the protection of their investments in the territories of host States which has been mandated to States by international law. This question cannot be answered without giving insights into the content and structure of the origin of FPS standard and adopts a dynamic based-perspective of the interpretation of FPS under VCLT 1969, encompassing the relationship between FPS and CIL. It investigates the tribunals' interpretation of the clause using case laws and literatures to identify and explore the underlying explanatory process behind tribunals' case findings and outcomes. The study examines the critical realism that the obligation of FPS standard does not place absolute liability to a host State, rather the exercise of a reasonable degree of vigilance. It evaluates the controversy surrounding the relationships between FPS and FET, and illuminates on how the two standards may co-evolve which has led to various arbitral tribunals' divergence opinions interpretation of the two principles. The evaluation of the application of FPS to digital assets is dynamic in this research as it addresses the nature of threats investors face globally today over cyber attacks of digital investments. The thesis also emphasis on balancing up investors' rights and obligation, which explains the measures that States can apply to prevent foreign investors from engaging in illegitimate activities. Having look at all these issues, circumstances, and the controversies surrounding FPS standard, the result found is that there is a existence of a gap in this area of the law, that would mean that foreign investors cannot completely rely on the principle of FPS for the protection of their investments in the territories of the host unless this lacunae is properly filled by both the States and arbitral tribunals, especially the tribunals' interpretative meaning of the standard of FPS.
48
Ou, Jing. "The backlash against state's over-intervention in treaty- based investor-state arbitration proceedings-an examination of procedural transparency provisions in Canada-China bilateral investment treaty from Chinese persepctive." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123321.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis endeavors to explore the role the state should play in the process of promoting transparency in treaty-based investor-state arbitration from Chinese perspective. After introducing the concept of transparency and relevant arbitration rules in UNCITRAL Rules, the ICSID Convention, NAFTA and the Model BITs of Canada and the U.S., this thesis explains why investment treaty arbitration requires transparency from the perspectives of civil society, investors and international dispute resolution institutions. It then reviews how the transparency rules have been applied and transformed in international arbitration practice over the last decade. Next, this thesis contrasts these findings with the arbitration rules in Chinese bilateral investment treaties, especially the Canada-China bilateral investment treaty signed on September 9, 2012, which designates the host State rather than the tribunal to decide on the transparency issue of arbitration proceedings. From this comparison, this thesis derives some preliminary ideas regarding a theory of reflexive legitimacy, arguing that the state should not directly intervene in the determination of procedural transparency issues during arbitration proceedings. Having analyzed the difficulties and feasibility for China to truly conform with the trend of transparency in investment treaty arbitration, this thesis proposes some suggestions for the upcoming Chinese bilateral investment treaty negotiations with the other states such as the U.S.Cette thèse cherche à explorer le rôle que l'État devrait jouer dans la promotion de la transparence en matière de l'arbitrage entre investisseurs et États fondé sur des traités, tout en adoptant une persective chinois. Après un survol sur le concept de la transparence et les règles d'arbitration connexes dans les règles d'arbitrage UNCITRAL, la convention ICSID, NAFTA et les BIT modèles du Canada et des États-Unis, cette thèse explique les raisons pour lesquelles l'arbitrage des différends relatifs aux traités d'investissement requièrent de la transparence au point de vue de la société civile, des investisseurs et des institutions de résolution des différends internationaux. Cet ouvrage poursuit ensuite avec un examen de l'application des règles sur la transparence et de leur incidence sur la pratique de l'arbitrage international dans la dernière décennie. Ensuite, cette thèse contraste ces conclusions avec les règles d'arbitrage dans les traités bilatéraux d'investissement chinois, avec une emphase sur l'accord sino-canadien sur la protection des investissements, signé le 9 septembre 2012, qui désigne le pays hôte au lieu du tribunal pour prendre en charge la question de transparence des procédures arbitrales. À partir de cette comparaison, cette thèse dérive quelques idées préliminaires sur une théorie de légitimité réflexive, soutenant que l'État ne doit pas intervenir directement sur la détermination de la question de transparence procédurale. Ayant analysé les contraintes dont la Chine fait face pour se conformer réellement avec la tendance de la transparence dans l'arbitrage fondé sur les traités d'investissement, cette thèse avance quelques suggestions pour les prochaines négociations chinoises de traité bilatéraux d'investissements avec d'autres pays tels que les États-Unis.
49
Magnusson, Victor. "Cut off cross-border data flow and international investment law. : A legal analysis of a restriction with an effect equivalent of a ban on cross-border data flow and the fair and equitable treatment standard found in bilateral investment treaties." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443840.
Full textAbstract:
In the world we live in today, the international trade and economy is becoming more and more dependent on data. Data that can be transferred across borders and during the last couple of years there is an observable trend that the cross-border data flows is increasing. The increase of the cross-border data flows is a result of the vast boom in the global digitalization. Businesses and enterprises can use the data accessible in multiple kinds of ways, follow and keep control of production chains, follow the demand of consumers, and make alterations to the products following the requests of the consumers. This is improving the efficiency and productivity of the businesses. The free flow of data across borders does not only have positive effect for the businesses, but also from a larger perspective, it also contributes to the welfare of countries, and provide new possibilities and opportunities. Despite the fact that the free flow of data has its great effects on both businesses and the welfare of states, states are imposing restrictions on cross-border data flows. The restrictions in place are of deferent kinds, some makes it mandatory to store or process data, while other restrictions are harsher and could provide a ban or cut off on cross-border data flow. In the legal system of international investment law, the fair and equitable treatment standard is a standard found in treaties, bilateral and multilateral. The standard is protecting the forging investors. If a state is enforcing a restriction with an effect equivalent to a ban on cross-border data flow, what is the relation of that restriction to the fair and equitable treatment standard?
50
Costa, Joana Isabel Canelas Belo. "O mecanismo de resolução de litígios Investidor-Estado no TTIP." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13062.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos EuropeusA presente dissertação estuda o mecanismo de resolução de litígios Investidor-Estado, na sua sigla em inglês ISDS, na Parceria Transatlântica de Comércio e Investimento, na sua sigla em inglês, TTIP. Sendo o principal objectivo analisar o impacto da inclusão deste mecanismo no TTIP. A análise não pode ser feita sem antes ser estudado o mecanismo e a parceria de uma forma isolada, o que implica a investigação da origem, génese e funcionamento do ISDS, bem como a contextualização do TTIP e a verificação da sua situação actual. A metodologia utilizada para o estudo é maioritariamente qualitativa, tendo por base estudos, relatórios, artigos teóricos e históricos sobre a temática. A importância e controvérsia do ISDS como mecanismo de arbitragem internacional constroem a pertinência desta dissertação, fazendo com que o seu estudo aliado ao TTIP valorize a relevância do tema.
The following dissertation studies the Investor-State Dispute Settlement, in its English acronym ISDS, in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership in its English acronym TTIP. The main purpose is to analyze the impact of the inclusion of this mechanism in the TTIP. The analysis cannot be done without first being studied the mechanism and partnership in isolation, which implies the investigation of the origin, genesis and operation of ISDS, and the contextualization of TTIP and verification of their current situation. The methodology used for the study is mostly qualitative, based on studies, reports, theoretical and historical articles on the subject. The study of the importance and controversy of ISDS as an international arbitration mechanism is a recurrent topic in this dissertation, which allied to an analysis of TTIP, enhances the relevance of the theme in question.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion