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Wakamatsu, Manabu, Hideki Muramatsu, Shinsuke Kataoka, et al. "Utility of Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency and X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Using TREC and KREC Assays." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (2019): 3604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-126669.
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Background Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) is a potentially fatal primary immunodeficiency due to the absence of T and B lymphocyte function. Early intervention for patients with SCID results in a higher survival rate. From 2017, we launched the first optional newborn screening (NBS) for SCID in Japan based on the detection of T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC). However, NBS for severe B-cell lymphopenia, such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), has not been a standard screening test because of a high false-positive rate of Kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (KREC), which reflects the replication of B cells. XLA is characterized by severe B-cell lymphopenia and marked reduction of all classes of serum immunoglobulins. Patients with XLA require early diagnosis and immunoglobulin replacement therapy to prevent the development of bronchiectasis caused by recurrent infections. This study aimed to analyze the results of NBS for SCID and elucidate the utility of NBS for SCID and XLA using the TREC/KREC assay. Patients and Methods We enrolled infants who received NBS for SCID (n = 29,447) between April 2017 and June 2018. Using the EnLiteTM TREC kit, we measured TRECA and β-actin, which are used as controls for monitoring sample amplification. Samples with less than 30 copies/µL and adequate β-actin were defined as positive TRECA. All infants with positive TRECA were followed up for at least 12 months. We measured TRECB and KREC using the EnLiteTM TREC/KREC kit in these infants. As positive controls, we used TRECB and KREC in patients with SCID and XLA, respectively. Furthermore, all infants with positive TRECA were evaluated using flow cytometric analysis and target capture-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis covering 349 primary immunodeficiency- and bone marrow failure-related genes to evaluate CD4+CD45RA+ T-cell counts and identify diagnostic variants. This study was approved by the institutional review board of Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine. Results Of the infants who underwent NBS for SCID, 43 (0.15%) infants showed positive TRECA. All 43 infants were followed up in Nagoya University for at least 12 months. Of these, we identified one case with DiGeorge syndrome showing severe lymphopenia but did not identify typical SCID. TRECB and KREC were measured in 43 infants with positive TRECA. To determine which kit is more useful to detect T-cell lymphopenia, we compared TRECA with TRECB in 1454 infants with normal TRECA and 43 with positive TRECA. All healthy infants with normal TRECA showed TRECB with more than 30 copies/µL but nine patients with SCID showed extremely low TRECB (median [range], 0 [0-3] copies/µL). Only 6 of 43 (14%) infants showed TRECB with less than 30 copies/µL. Moreover, we analyzed the correlation between CD4+CD45RA+ T-cell counts and TRECB. Compared with 37 infants with normal TRECB, 6 infants with positive TRECB demonstrated significantly lower CD4+CD45RA+ T-cell counts (P = 0.026). However, target capture-based NGS did not identify any diagnostic variants among them. This finding suggested that using this kit, false-positive rates might be decreased from 0.15% (43/29,447) to 0.02% (6/29,447). Using this kit, we assessed KREC in 1454 infants with normal TRECA and 43 with positive TRECA. Of these, we identified one case with less than 30 copies/µL KREC who was diagnosed with congenital asplenia. As positive controls, all six patients with XLA showed quite low KREC (0 [0-9] copies/µL). Compared with previously reported KREC assay, this kit may result in lower false-positive rates. Furthermore, to demonstrate whether KREC reflects the replication of B cells, we analyzed the correlation with CD19+ B-cell counts and KREC. Among 43 infants with positive TRECA, infants with less than 500/µL CD19+ B cells showed significantly lower KREC than those with more than 500/µL CD19+ B cells (P = 0.014). Conclusion We conducted the first large-scale study to evaluate the utility of the newly released EnLiteTM TREC/KREC kit. This kit may be more useful than the current TREC kit to identify infants with T-cell lymphopenia and to avoid unnecessary follow up. Compared with previous NBS for XLA, the false-positive rate of this assay was within an acceptable range. Furthermore, TRECB and KREC were assessed with almost the same screening cost and labor. Therefore, we are considering switching from the current TREC kit to this TREC/KREC kit. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Voorhees, Ellen M. "TREC." Communications of the ACM 50, no. 11 (2007): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1297797.1297822.
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Franco, Jaime M., Amalia Rubio, Manuel Martı́nez-Moya, et al. "T-cell repopulation and thymic volume in HIV-1–infected adult patients after highly active antiretroviral therapy." Blood 99, no. 10 (2002): 3702–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v99.10.3702.
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The origin of T cells after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is now under discussion. The possibility of renewed lymphopoiesis in aged thymuses is still controversial. In this work we combine the analysis of naı̈ve T cells, T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), and computed tomography scanning of thymic tissue to further assess whether the thymus is involved in immune reconstitution. Fifteen antiretroviral-naı̈ve HIV-1–infected patients were evaluated during 48 weeks of HAART. At baseline, significant correlation was present among age and both thymic volume and TRECs, and between naı̈ve T cells and TRECs. After starting HAART, there was a significant increase at week 12 in naı̈ve CD4+and CD8+ T cells, TRECs, and thymic volume. The initial net increases in naı̈ve T cells and TREC counts were significantly correlated. Changes in thymic volume and TRECs were also indirectly related; splitting the population into 2 groups of high and low baseline TREC levels, only the group with low TREC levels had significant increases in both TRECs and thymic volume. Thus, the increase in thymic volume might be functional, in response to depleted TREC levels. Taken together, our data strongly suggest a thymic role in immune reconstitution, at least in patients with depleted baseline TREC levels.
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Chu, Yu-Waye, Sarfraz A. Memon, Susan O. Sharrow, et al. "Exogenous IL-7 increases recent thymic emigrants in peripheral lymphoid tissue without enhanced thymic function." Blood 104, no. 4 (2004): 1110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-10-3635.
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AbstractInterleukin 7 (IL-7) is critical in maintaining thymic-dependent and thymic-independent pathways of T-cell homeostasis. T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement excision circles (TRECs) have been used as markers for recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) in assessing human thymic function. To study the thymic and peripheral effects of IL-7 on RTEs, we measured TREC content and peripheral naive T-cell subsets and turnover in IL-7-treated mice. Short-term administration of IL-7 into thymus-intact mice resulted in increased total TREC numbers, consistent with RTE accumulation. Decreases in TREC frequency were attributable to dilution secondary to increased cell turnover. Significantly, IL-7 administration into thymectomized mice resulted in patterns of decreased TREC frequency and increased total TREC number similar to those in IL-7-treated thymus-intact mice. Distinct patterns of naive cell and RTE distribution among peripheral immune organs and altered expression of CD11a were observed following IL-7 treatment in thymus-intact and thymectomized mice. These results demonstrate (1) that total TREC number and not TREC frequency accurately reflects quantitative changes in RTEs; (2) that short-term IL-7 administration results in preferential accumulations of RTEs among peripheral immune organs, accounting for the increase in TRECs in the total peripheral lymphoid pool; and (3) no evidence for regulation of thymic function by short-term IL-7 administration. (Blood. 2004;104:1110-1119)
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Madhok, Ashish B., A. Chandrasekran, Vincent Parnell, Mysore Gandhi, Devyani Chowdhury, and Savita Pahwa. "Levels of Recent Thymic Emigrant Cells Decrease in Children Undergoing Partial Thymectomy during Cardiac Surgery." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12, no. 5 (2005): 563–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.5.563-565.2005.
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ABSTRACT The human thymus is required for establishment of a T-cell pool in fetal life, but postnatal thymectomy is not known to cause immunodeficiency. T-cell emigration from thymus (thymic recent emigrants [TRECs]) is a continuous thymic-dependent process. We studied TREC levels pre- and post-partial thymectomy in children undergoing cardiac surgery. TRECs were quantitated by real-time PCR in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 24 children (0 to 12 years). TREC values were 47916 ± 9271 pre-partial thymectomy and 33157 ± 8479 post-partial thymectomy in 11 paired patients (P = 0.014). Interval between pre- and post-partial thymectomy was 8.8 days ± 5.8 days. Another group of 8 children had 30384 ± 9748 TRECs 16 days to 6 years post-partial thymectomy. There was a significant drop in TREC values post-partial thymectomy in the immediate postoperative period compared to prethymectomy TREC levels. While decreased thymic output may persist, the long-term implications were not evaluated in this patient population.
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Clave, Emmanuel, Vanderson Rocha, Kimmo Talvensaari, et al. "Prognostic value of pretransplantation host thymic function in HLA-identical sibling hematopoietic stem cell transplantation." Blood 105, no. 6 (2005): 2608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-04-1667.
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Abstract Thymic function is critical for immune reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We evaluated recipient thymic function before HSCT by quantifying T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in pretransplantation peripheral blood lymphocytes from 102 patients who received HSCs from an HLA-identical sibling for malignant (n = 87) or nonmalignant diseases (n = 15). Median TREC value before transplantation was 257 TRECs per 150 000 CD3+ cells (range, 0-42 746). We assessed 172 TRECs per 150 000 CD3+ cells as the most discriminating TREC value for survival in a first cohort of patients (n = 62). This cut-off was validated in a second independent prospective group of 40 patients. In the 102 patients, a TREC value greater than or equal to 172 was associated with a better survival (P < .000 01), a decreased incidence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD; P = .017), chronic GVHD (P = .023), and bacterial (P = .003) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (P = .024). In a multivariate analysis, low pretransplantation TREC values were associated with a higher incidence of CMV infection (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.0, P = .06) and severe bacterial infections (HR = 2.8, P = .036). Finally, high TREC values (HR = 6.6, P = .002) and ABO compatibility (HR = 2.7, P = .02) were associated with a better survival. Therefore, recipient host thymic function assessment could be helpful in predicting HSCT outcome and identifying patients who require a close immunologic monitoring.
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Sekiguchi, Yasuki, Courteney L. Benjamin, Ciara N. Manning, et al. "Using Predictive Modeling Technique to Assess Core Temperature Adaptations from Heart Rate, Sweat Rate, and Thermal Sensation in Heat Acclimatization and Heat Acclimation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (2022): 13009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013009.
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Assessing the adaptation of rectal temperature (Trec) is critical following heat acclimatization (HAz) and heat acclimation (HA) because it is associated with exercise performance and safety; however, more feasible and valid methods need to be identified. The purpose of this study was to predict adaptations in Trec from heart rate (HR), sweat rate (SR), and thermal sensation (TS) using predictive modeling techniques. Twenty-five male endurance athletes (age, 36 ± 12 y; VO2max, 57.5 ± 7.0 mL⋅kg−1⋅min−1) completed three trials consisting of 60 min running at 59.3 ± 1.7% vVO2max in a hot environment. During trials, the highest HR and TS, SR, and Trec at the end of trials were recorded. Following a baseline trial, participants performed HAz followed by a post-HAz trial and then completed five days HA, followed by a post-HA trial. A decision tree indicated cut-points of HR (<−13 bpm), SR (>0.3 L·h−1), and TS (≤−0.5) to predict lower Trec. When two or three variables met cut-points, the probability of accuracy of showing lower Trec was 95.7%. Greater adaptations in Trec were observed when two or three variables met cut-points (−0.71 ± 0.50 °C) compared to one (−0.13 ± 0.36 °C, p < 0.001) or zero (0.0 3 ± 0.38 °C, p < 0.001). Specificity was 0.96 when two or three variables met cut-points to predict lower Trec. These results suggest using heart rate, sweat rate, and thermal sensation adaptations to indicate that the adaptations in Trec is beneficial following heat adaptations, especially in field settings, as a practical and noninvasive method.
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Voorhees, Ellen, Tasmeer Alam, Steven Bedrick, et al. "TREC-COVID." ACM SIGIR Forum 54, no. 1 (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3451964.3451965.
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TREC-COVID is a community evaluation designed to build a test collection that captures the information needs of biomedical researchers using the scientific literature during a pandemic. One of the key characteristics of pandemic search is the accelerated rate of change: the topics of interest evolve as the pandemic progresses and the scientific literature in the area explodes. The COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to capture this progression as it happens. TREC-COVID, in creating a test collection around COVID-19 literature, is building infrastructure to support new research and technologies in pandemic search.
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Lupu, Mihai, Jimmy Huang, Jianhan Zhu, and John Tait. "TREC-CHEM." ACM SIGIR Forum 43, no. 2 (2009): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1670564.1670576.
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Cogley, Michael F., Amy E. Wiberley-Bradford, Sean T. Mochal, Sandra J. Dawe, Zachary D. Piro, and Mei W. Baker. "Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Using the Multiple of the Median Values of T-Cell Receptor Excision Circles." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 7, no. 3 (2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns7030043.
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All newborn screening programs screen for severe combined immunodeficiency by measurement of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs). Herein, we report our experience of reporting TREC assay results as multiple of the median (MoM) rather than using conventional copy numbers. This modification simplifies the assay by eliminating the need for standards with known TREC copy numbers. Furthermore, since MoM is a measure of how far an individual test result deviates from the median, it allows normalization of TREC assay data from different laboratories, so that individual test results can be compared regardless of the particular method, assay, or reagents used.
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Hazenberg, Mette D., Sigrid A. Otto, Elmar S. de Pauw, et al. "T-cell receptor excision circle and T-cell dynamics after allogeneic stem cell transplantation are related to clinical events." Blood 99, no. 9 (2002): 3449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v99.9.3449.
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Abstract It is generally believed that homeostatic responses regulate T-cell recovery after peripheral stem cell transplantation (PSCT). We studied in detail immune recovery in relation to T-cell depletion and clinical events in a group of adult patients who underwent PSCT because of hematologic malignancies. Initially, significantly increased proportions of dividing naive, memory, and effector CD4+and CD8+ T cells were found that readily declined, despite still very low numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. After PSCT, increased T-cell division rates reflected immune activation because they were associated with episodes of infectious disease and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) were measured to monitor thymic output of naive T cells. Mean TREC content normalized rapidly after PSCT, long before naive T-cell numbers had significantly recovered. This is compatible with the continuous thymic production of TREC+ naive T cells and does not reflect homeostatic increases of thymic output. TREC content was decreased in patients with GVHD and infectious complications, which may be explained by the dilution of TRECs resulting from increased proliferation. Combining TREC and Ki67 analysis with repopulation kinetics led to the novel insight that recovery of TREC content and increased T-cell division during immune reconstitution after transplantation are related to clinical events rather than to homeostatic adaptation to T-cell depletion.
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Tao, Jun, Paul S. Albert, Nellie Gottlieb, and Eric A. Engels. "Abstract 6213: T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) at birth and risk of childhood cancers." Cancer Research 85, no. 8_Supplement_1 (2025): 6213. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2025-6213.
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Abstract Introduction: Acquired immunosuppression is associated with higher risk for infection-related cancers. However, cancer risk among children born with primary immunodeficiency is unknown. Circulating T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) are a marker of thymus production of T-cells, which is used to identify severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) at very low levels during newborn screening. It is unknown whether TREC levels at birth are associated with cancer risk in children. Methods: The California (CA) and Texas (TX) cancer registries identified cancers in children aged 0-5 years born during 2013-2018. Controls were matched to cases by birth year and sex. TREC levels, measured at birth by the state SCID screening programs were linked to cases and controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess the association between tertiles (T) of TREC levels and cancer risk. Results: We included 1, 450 cancer cases and 7, 250 controls from TX and 2, 564 cases and 12, 820 controls from CA. Only 13 newborns in CA and 15 in TX had extremely low TREC level at birth. T2 levels of TREC was inversely associated with cancer risk compared to the lowest (T1), for several cancers(Table 1). However, only acute myeloid leukemia showed an inverse association for T2 and T3 in CA (odds ratio [OR] 95%CI: T2, 0.38, 0.22-0.66; T3, 0.47, 0.27-0.82), but this was not replicated in TX. Both T2 and T3 were associated with increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in TX (T2, 1.45, 1.05-1.99; T3, 1.49, 1.06-2.08) but not in CA. Conclusion: SCID is rare among children with cancer. We did not see consistent associations between TREC levels and cancer risk, either across tertile levels or between CA and TX. This indicates that differences in immune function do not contribute to the etiology of the childhood cancers examined. Alternatively, TREC assays are designed to detect children with the abnormally low TREC levels, and higher TREC levels may not reflect immune function. Citation Format: Jun Tao, Paul S. Albert, Nellie Gottlieb, Eric A. Engels. T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) at birth and risk of childhood cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2025; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2025 Apr 25-30; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2025;85(8_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 6213.
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Weinberg, Kenneth, Bruce R. Blazar, John E. Wagner, et al. "Factors affecting thymic function after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation." Blood 97, no. 5 (2001): 1458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v97.5.1458.
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Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is followed by profound immunodeficiency. Thymic function is necessary for de novo generation of T cells after HSCT. Circulating CD45RA+ naive T-cell levels are predictive of antigen-specific T-cell responses in the absence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). These T cells may not represent recent thymic emigrants, since naive T cells may maintain this phenotype if not antigen-activated. To accurately measure thymic output after HSCT and determine the factors that influence thymic function, T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) were examined in CD4+ and CD8+ cells from a cross-section of patients following HSCT. TREC levels rose weeks after HSCT and could be detected in patients 6 years after HSCT. TREC levels correlated with the frequency of phenotypically naive T cells, indicating that such cells were not expanded progeny of naive T cells present in the donor graft. Chronic GVHD was the most important factor that predicted low TREC levels even years after HSCT. Patients with a history of resolved GVHD had decreased numbers of TREC, compared with those with no GVHD. Because few adults had no history of GVHD, it was not possible to determine whether age alone inversely correlated with TREC levels. Recipients of cord blood grafts had no evidence of decreased TREC induced by immunosuppressive prophylaxis drugs. Compared with unrelated donor grafts, recipients of matched sibling grafts had higher TREC levels. Collectively, these data suggest that thymopoiesis is inhibited by GVHD. Larger studies will be needed to determine the independent contributions of age and preparative regimen to post-transplant thymopoietic capacity.
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VOORHEES, ELLEN M. "The TREC question answering track." Natural Language Engineering 7, no. 4 (2001): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324901002789.
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The Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) question answering track is an effort to bring the benefits of large-scale evaluation to bear on a question answering (QA) task. The track has run twice so far, first in TREC-8 and again in TREC-9. In each case, the goal was to retrieve small snippets of text that contain the actual answer to a question rather than the document lists traditionally returned by text retrieval systems. The best performing systems were able to answer about 70% of the questions in TREC-8 and about 65% of the questions in TREC-9. While the 65% score is a slightly worse result than the TREC-8 scores in absolute terms, it represents a very significant improvement in question answering systems. The TREC-9 task was considerably harder than the TREC-8 task because TREC-9 used actual users’ questions while TREC-8 used questions constructed for the track. Future tracks will continue to challenge the QA community with more difficult, and more realistic, question answering tasks.
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Ruthven, Ian. "Relevance behaviour in TREC." Journal of Documentation 70, no. 6 (2014): 1098–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-02-2014-0031.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how various types of TREC data can be used to better understand relevance and serve as test-bed for exploring relevance. The author proposes that there are many interesting studies that can be performed on the TREC data collections that are not directly related to evaluating systems but to learning more about human judgements of information and relevance and that these studies can provide useful research questions for other types of investigation. Design/methodology/approach – Through several case studies the author shows how existing data from TREC can be used to learn more about the factors that may affect relevance judgements and interactive search decisions and answer new research questions for exploring relevance. Findings – The paper uncovers factors, such as familiarity, interest and strictness of relevance criteria, that affect the nature of relevance assessments within TREC, contrasting these against findings from user studies of relevance. Research limitations/implications – The research only considers certain uses of TREC data and assessment given by professional relevance assessors but motivates further exploration of the TREC data so that the research community can further exploit the effort involved in the construction of TREC test collections. Originality/value – The paper presents an original viewpoint on relevance investigations and TREC itself by motivating TREC as a source of inspiration on understanding relevance rather than purely as a source of evaluation material.
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Harman, Donna K., and Ellen M. Voorhees. "TREC: An overview." Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 40, no. 1 (2007): 113–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aris.1440400111.
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Sparck Jones, Karen. "Reflections on TREC." Information Processing & Management 31, no. 3 (1995): 291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4573(94)00048-8.
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Evans, David A., and Robert G. Lefferts. "CLARIT-TREC experiments." Information Processing & Management 31, no. 3 (1995): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4573(94)00054-7.
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Irwin, Melinda L., Diana Lowry, Marian L. Neuhouser, et al. "Transdisciplinary research in energetics and cancer (TREC) training program for early career investigators." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (2022): 11031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.11031.
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11031 Background: Given the rising prevalence of obesity, poor diet and physical inactivity, known in combination as “energy balance” or “energetics”, as well as their associations with cancer incidence and mortality, innovative research, clinical care and training of scientists are needed to lower the prevalence of these risk factors and in turn, lower cancer incidence and mortality rates. Methods: With NCI support (R25CA203650) from 2016-2021, we developed and offered an annual one-week, in-residence Transdisciplinary Research in Energetics and Cancer (TREC) Training workshop, followed by a yearlong mentoring program, that focused on energy balance and cancer research across the cancer control continuum. Results: We recruited, educated, trained and mentored 123 early career investigators (TREC Fellows) from 64 different institutions and from diverse academic backgrounds (i.e., 20% basic, 33% clinical and 47% population sciences) in transdisciplinary research in energetics and cancer. Fellows accepted to the TREC Training Program worked with more than 20 expert international TREC Faculty on developing grant applications and original research toward key gaps in energy balance and cancer research. TREC Fellows have published over 270 manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals, with at least 62 published manuscripts including the TREC Fellow as first or senior author and including a TREC Faculty and/or Fellow as co-author. Since completing the Program, TREC Fellows have received at least 31 extramural grants, as principal investigator. Building upon the strengths of the previous five years, we were awarded a competitive renewal to continue the TREC Training Program through 2026. TREC Training program goals are: (1) to continue to offer a TREC Training Program for ̃100 academically diverse early career investigators including a 5-day in-residence workshop focused on the Fellows research, networking, mentoring and professional development; (2) to evaluate the TREC Training Program and track TREC Fellows career development; and (3) to disseminate the TREC Training sessions, webinars and newsletter to the broader community of investigators. Conclusions: To our knowledge, no other in-residence training program exists that focuses on energetics and cancer research. Our vision is to continue the TREC mission of training scientists and clinicians to develop a cadre of well-trained, diverse researchers. The overall impact of this transdisciplinary training course will be defined by the degree to which TREC Fellows produce innovative research approaches and discoveries, thereby accelerating the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based approaches into everyday practice and patient care and improving the health of the population at risk for cancer as well as cancer survivors.
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Irwin, Melinda L., Diana Lowry, Marian L. Neuhouser, et al. "Transdisciplinary research in energetics and cancer (TREC) training program for early career investigators." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (2022): 11031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.11031.
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11031 Background: Given the rising prevalence of obesity, poor diet and physical inactivity, known in combination as “energy balance” or “energetics”, as well as their associations with cancer incidence and mortality, innovative research, clinical care and training of scientists are needed to lower the prevalence of these risk factors and in turn, lower cancer incidence and mortality rates. Methods: With NCI support (R25CA203650) from 2016-2021, we developed and offered an annual one-week, in-residence Transdisciplinary Research in Energetics and Cancer (TREC) Training workshop, followed by a yearlong mentoring program, that focused on energy balance and cancer research across the cancer control continuum. Results: We recruited, educated, trained and mentored 123 early career investigators (TREC Fellows) from 64 different institutions and from diverse academic backgrounds (i.e., 20% basic, 33% clinical and 47% population sciences) in transdisciplinary research in energetics and cancer. Fellows accepted to the TREC Training Program worked with more than 20 expert international TREC Faculty on developing grant applications and original research toward key gaps in energy balance and cancer research. TREC Fellows have published over 270 manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals, with at least 62 published manuscripts including the TREC Fellow as first or senior author and including a TREC Faculty and/or Fellow as co-author. Since completing the Program, TREC Fellows have received at least 31 extramural grants, as principal investigator. Building upon the strengths of the previous five years, we were awarded a competitive renewal to continue the TREC Training Program through 2026. TREC Training program goals are: (1) to continue to offer a TREC Training Program for ̃100 academically diverse early career investigators including a 5-day in-residence workshop focused on the Fellows research, networking, mentoring and professional development; (2) to evaluate the TREC Training Program and track TREC Fellows career development; and (3) to disseminate the TREC Training sessions, webinars and newsletter to the broader community of investigators. Conclusions: To our knowledge, no other in-residence training program exists that focuses on energetics and cancer research. Our vision is to continue the TREC mission of training scientists and clinicians to develop a cadre of well-trained, diverse researchers. The overall impact of this transdisciplinary training course will be defined by the degree to which TREC Fellows produce innovative research approaches and discoveries, thereby accelerating the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based approaches into everyday practice and patient care and improving the health of the population at risk for cancer as well as cancer survivors.
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Pham, Thao, Marvin Belzer, Joseph A. Church, et al. "Assessment of Thymic Activity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative and -Positive Adolescents by Real-Time PCR Quantitation of T-Cell Receptor Rearrangement Excision Circles." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 2 (2003): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.2.323-328.2003.
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ABSTRACT Circular DNA molecules known as T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TREC) arise during T-cell development and are present in cells that have recently emigrated from the thymus. In cross-sectional studies, the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing TREC decreases with age, consistent with an anatomically demonstrated loss of thymic epithelial tissue. TREC numbers increase following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and during therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Quantitation of TREC has therefore been proposed as a parameter of thymic activity. In this study, we used real-time PCR to quantify TREC in peripheral blood samples obtained longitudinally from HIV-seronegative adolescents. TREC values in peripheral blood T cells were very stable throughout adolescence, once thought to be a time of rapid involution of the thymus. In addition, in a cross-sectional analysis, we examined TREC values in a cohort of HIV-positive adolescents and found evidence of ongoing thymopoiesis in perinatally infected individuals, despite lifelong infection. These data demonstrate the utility of TREC assessment in adolescents and that HIV infection does not uniformly result in accelerated thymic involution in childhood.
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Wolf, Dominik, Holger Rumpold, Christian Koppelstaetter, et al. "Maintenance of Telomere Length in Peripheral Blood CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T-Cells of Cancer Patients Despite Active Proliferation." Blood 106, no. 11 (2005): 3309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.3309.3309.
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Abstract CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells (Treg) are increased in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. It remains unclear whether this is due to redistribution or active proliferation. The latter would require the up-regulation of telomerase activity, whose regulation also remains unknown for Treg. We therefore isolated Treg and the respective CD4+CD25− control T-cell population from peripheral blood of cancer patients (n=23) and healthy age-matched controls (n=17). Analysis of their content of T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) revealed that the observed increase of Treg frequencies in peripheral blood is due to active cycling rather than to redistribution from other compartments (i.e. secondary lymphoid organs or bone-marrow), as Treg from cancer patients are characterized by a significant decrease of TREC content when compared to TREC content of Treg isolated from healthy age-matched controls. Surprisingly, despite their proven in vivo proliferation, telomere length is not further shortened in Treg from peripheral blood of cancer patients as shown by Flow-Fish, Real-Time PCR and Southern Blotting. Accodingly, telomerase activity of Treg was readily inducible in vitro by OKT3 together with IL-2. Notably, sorting of in vitro proliferating Treg using dilution of CFSE revealed a significant telomere shortening in Treg with high proliferative capacity (i.e. CFSElow fraction) under conditions of strong in vitro stimulatory growth conditions despite a high telomerase activity. Thus, under conditions of strong in vitro stimulation induction of telomerase seems to be insufficient to avoid progressive telomere shortening. In contrast, in actively proliferating peripheral blood Treg from patients with epithelial malignancies induction of telomerase activity is likely to compensate for further telomere erosion.
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de Moraes Arantes, Adriano, Kharen Kawemura, Adriana Seber, et al. "High pre-transplant TREC levels indicate good prognosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation." F1000Research 4 (December 16, 2015): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7330.1.
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BackgroundThymus-dependent T-cell reconstitution plays a role in immune recovery after stem cell transplantation (HSCT). High pre-HCST thymic function has been associated with higher survival, lower incidence of acute and chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) and lower incidence of infections. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between pre-HSCT peripheral blood levels of T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) and post-HSCT clinical events in recipients of HLA-identical hematopoietic stem cell transplants.MethodDelta deletion signal joint TRECs (sjTRECs) formed by the dREC-yJa rearrangement were quantified by real time PCR in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 62 HSCT recipients.ResultsUnivariate analysis revealed an association between low TREC levels and a higher incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD (p=0.026), bacterial infection (p=0.005) and cytomegalovirus infection (p=0.033), whereas high TREC levels were associated with higher overall survival (p=0.028). In the multivariate analysis, low pre-HSCT TREC levels remained independently associated with lower survival (p=0.032; RR 2.6), occurrence of grade II-IV acute GVHD (p=0.031; RR: 2.5), bacterial infection (p=0.006, RR: 6.6) and cytomegalovirus infection (p=0.039; RR:2.8).ConclusionOur results corroborate the concept that pre-HSCT recipient´s thymic function is an important predictor of risk for acute grade II-IV GVHD and infection.
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Smerdin, S. V., V. A. Aksenova, M. A. Plekhanova, et al. "TREC AND KREC AS PROMISING PROGNOSTIC MARKERS FOR THE TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION ACTIVITY." Pediatria. Journal named after G.N. Speransky 101, no. 6 (2022): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24110/0031-403x-2022-101-6-73-81.
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Scientists around the Globe are making deliberate attempts to develop the new methods for predicting and diagnosing tuberculosis, but these measures are not enough to end its epidemic. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the excisional rings of the T-cell receptor (TREC) and K-deletion element of B-cells (KREC) in infants and preschool children at high risk of tuberculosis as a promising prognostic marker for tuberculosis infection activity. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jan. - Sept. 2022. The observation group consisted of 87 children aged 1 to 7 [6 (5‒7)] y/o, of which 13 (14.9%) aged 1 to 3 y/o and 74 aged 4 to 7 y/o; 53 (60.9%) boys/34 (39.1%) girls. The three groups were formed: G1 (n=27) with an established diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), G2 (n=34) with TB infection diagnosis made based on the results of tuberculin diagnosis and without signs of a local specific process, and [control] G3 (n=26) without signs of TB infection according to the results of specific skin tests and without signs of TB, i.e., conditionally healthy. All children, in addition to methods to confirm or exclude TB and methods of specific immunodiagnostics, have undergone a molecular genetic study: DNA extraction from a dry blood spot and quantitative determination of TREC and KREC by real-time PCR in values of TREC and KREC copies per 105 cells. In order to build the reference values of TREC and KREC quantitative indicators in dry blood spots, the results obtained in G3 were analyzed as well. Results: the reference values of TREC and KREC were established for children of early and preschool ages when extracting DNA from a dry blood spot. When assessing tuberculosis infection in children of early and preschool ages, statistically significant criteria were determined, such as: anti-tuberculosis therapy (F=42.001; p<0.001), positive or negative reaction to the recombinant tuberculosis allergen during an intradermal test (F=39.394; p<0.001), high blood TREC level (F=12.707; p<0.001), tuberculin reaction (F=10.625; p<0.001), and KREC level (F=3.182; p=0.039). Conclusion: high level of TREC can be considered as a marker for the activity or a personalized predictor for the risk of progression of TB infection in children of early and preschool ages with high risk of TB.
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Lees, Angela, Jim Lea, Hannah Salvin, Linda Cafe, Ian Colditz, and Caroline Lee. "Relationship between Rectal Temperature and Vaginal Temperature in Grazing Bos taurus Heifers." Animals 8, no. 9 (2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8090156.
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This study evaluated the relationship between rectal temperature (TREC, °C) and vaginal temperature (TVAG, °C) in grazing Bos taurus heifers, to develop an understanding of the reliability of these measures as estimates of core body temperature. Nineteen Angus heifers (BW = 232.2 ± 6.91 kg) were implanted with intra-rectal and intra-vaginal data loggers. Rectal temperature and TVAG were simultaneously recorded at 20 s intervals over 18.5 h. Heifers were housed as a singular cohort on grazing pastures for the duration of the study. A strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.72, p < 0.0001) between the measurement sites was identified. The mean difference between TREC and TVAG was small, in which TVAG was on average 0.22 ± 0.01 °C lower than TREC. Individual twenty second TREC and TVAG data were used to determine the pooled mean TREC and TVAG and then to highlight the within measure variation over time. The coefficient of variation was, on average, lower (p < 0.001) for TVAG (0.38%) than TREC (0.44%), indicating that TVAG exhibited less variation. Overall, the results from the current study suggest that a strong relationship exists between TREC and TVAG, and that TVAG may be a more reliable estimate of core body temperature than TREC in grazing Bos taurus heifers.
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Gilmour, Kimberly C. "Flow Cytometry Confirmation Post Newborn Screening for SCID in England." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 8, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns8010001.
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An evaluation program for newborn screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency began in England in September 2021 based on TREC analysis. Flow cytometry is being used as the follow up diagnostic test for patients with low/absent TRECS. The immunology laboratories have established a protocol and values for diagnosing SCID, other T lymphopenias and identifying healthy babies. This commentary describes the flow cytometry approach used in England to define SCID, T lymphopenia and normal infants after a low TREC result. It provides background to the flow cytometry assays being used and discusses the need to monitor and potentially change these values over time.
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Morita-Hoshi, Yuriko, Yuji Heike, Shizuka Yamagata, et al. "Evaluation of Pre-Transplantation T-Cell Receptor Excision Circles (TREC) in Reduced-Intensity Stem Cell Transplantation (RIST) Recipients." Blood 108, no. 11 (2006): 2905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.2905.2905.
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Abstract 〈Background and Methods〉: Previous studies have shown that the recipient’s thymic function before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is critical for subsequent immune reconstitution and that the value of pre-transplantation T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) is related to the incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), infection and survival. However, these observations have been mainly based on younger patients, who were eligible for myeloablative HSCT. In contrast, little is known about thymic function in elderly patients and its influence on the outcome of reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation (RIST). In this study, TREC values were measured in a total of 180 HSCT recipients who received myeloablative HSCT (n=60: mean age, 34 y) or RIST (n=120, 51 y). Quantification of thymic signal joint TREC was performed by real-time quantitative PCR and TREC values were calculated as TREC copies per 10 ng DNA obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 〈Results〉: The mean and median pre-transplantation TREC values were 3.9 and 1.3, respectively, and these showed a significant inverse correlation with patient age (p=0.0002). The mean TREC value was 3.0 in males and 5.1 in females (p=0.22), and was significantly lower in 19 patients who had received previous radiation therapy involving the mediastinum (0.96, p=0.003). The TREC value was 3.7 in 99 patients who had a disease duration of longer than 365 days, and 4.2 in 81 patients with a shorter duration (p=0.61). The TREC value was 5.5 for solid tumor (n=10), 5.0 for CML (n=10), 4.8 for AML (n=52), 3.7 for MDS (n=23), 4.0 for ALL (n=23), 2.8 for lymphoma (n=60) and 0.4 for myelofibrosis (n=2), with no difference between those in complete remission and others (both 3.9). The clinical outcome in relation to the TREC value was analyzed in 98 patients who received RIST from an HLA-identical donor. A comparison of 51 patients with lower pre-transplant TREC values (<1.3) and 47 patients with higher values (>1.3) disclosed that the incidence of acute GVHD was 64% vs 57% (p=0.52), that of chronic GVHD was 69% vs 77% (p=0.56), CMV reactivation was 72% vs 60% (p=0.20) and progression-free survival at day 100 was 72% vs 100% (p=0.0001). 〈Conclusion〉: Pre-transplant TREC values showed an inverse correlation with age, and were significantly lower among patients who received radiotherapy involving the thymus. Although these differences were not statistically significant, patients with lymphoid malignancy, patients with longer disease duration and male patients tended to have lower TREC values, while the disease status did not influence the TREC value. This study provides the baseline reference data regarding the thymic function in patients undergoing RIST, although further study is required to evaluate the significance of TREC on the clinical outcome of RIST.
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Bachiyeva, L. I., L. Yu Barycheva, R. A. Zhetishev, and A. N. Obedin. "TREC, KREC as potential predictors for infection development in preterm infants: a single-center study." Pediatria. Journal named after G.N. Speransky 104, no. 1 (2025): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.24110/0031-403x-2025-104-1-45-54.
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Populational screening with TREC/KREC determination is a universal method for detecting severe combined immunodeficiency prior to the onset of infectious diseases. The prognostic significance of TREC/KREC low levels in preterm infants with secondary lymphopenia has not been sufficiently studied as yet. The purpose of this research was to determine the value of TREC/KREC indicators for predicting severe infections in preterm infants. Materials and methods used: the study was conducted on the basis of the Stavropol Krai Regional Clinical Perinatal Center (Stavropol, Stavropol Krai, Russia). An analysis of neonatal screening results for 100 preterm infants was conducted in Jan. 01, 2023-June 30, 2024, and clinical and laboratory data of 18 patients who were hospitalized in the ICU were studied retrospectively. Statistical analysis utilized the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test and ROC curve analysis. Results: among the causes of secondary lymphopenia not associated with congenital immune defects, preterm birth accounts for 77.8%. Preterm infants have reduced levels of TREC and KREC with statistically significant differences observed in those with gestational ages below 28 weeks. The median TREC in preterm infants admitted to the ICU was significantly lower than in the comparison group. A TREC value below 509 copies/105 may be used as a predictor for life-threatening infections. Conclusion: preterm infants with low and abnormal TREC/KREC values are at high risk for adverse outcomes and therefore require throughout and careful monitoring.
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Hosokawa, Yuri, William M. Adams, Rebecca L. Stearns, and Douglas J. Casa. "Comparison of Gastrointestinal and Rectal Temperatures During Recovery After a Warm-Weather Road Race." Journal of Athletic Training 51, no. 5 (2016): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.7.02.
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Context: It has been well established that gastrointestinal temperature (TGI) tracks closely with rectal temperature (TREC) during exercise. However, the field use of TGI pills is still being examined, and little is known about how measurements obtained using these devices compare during recovery after exercise in warm weather. Objective: To compare TGI and TREC in runners who completed an 11.3-km warm-weather road race and determine if runners with higher TGI and TREC present with greater passive cooling rates during recovery. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Field. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty recreationally active runners (15 men, 15 women; age = 39 ± 11 years, weight = 68.3 ± 11.7 kg, body fat = 19.2% ± 5.0%). Main Outcome Measure(s): The TGI and TREC were obtained immediately after the race and during a 20-minute passive rest at the 2014 Falmouth Road Race (heat index = 26.2°C ± 0.9°C). Temperatures were taken every 2 minutes during passive rest. The main dependent variables were mean bias and limits of agreement for TGI and TREC, using Bland-Altman analysis, and the 20-minute passive cooling rates for TGI and TREC. Results: No differences were evident between TGI and TREC throughout passive rest (P = .542). The passive cooling rates for TGI and TREC were 0.046 ± 0.031°C·min−1 and 0.060 ± 0.036°C·min−1, respectively. Runners with higher TGI and TREC at the start of cooling had higher cooling rates (R = 0.682, P &lt; .001 and R = 0.54, P = .001, respectively). The mean bias of TGI during the 20-minute passive rest was −0.06°C ± 0.56°C with 95% limits of agreement of ±1.09°C. Conclusions: After participants completed a warm-weather road race, TGI provided a valid measure of body temperature compared with the criterion measure of TREC. Therefore, TGI may be a viable option for monitoring postexercise-induced hyperthermia, if the pill is administered prophylactically.
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Kumari, Lalitha, and Ch Satyanarayana. "An novel cluster based feature selection and document classification model on high dimension trec data." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.1 (2017): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.10146.
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TREC text documents are complex to analyze the features its relevant similar documents using the traditional document similarity measures. As the size of the TREC repository is increasing, finding relevant clustered documents from a large collection of unstructured documents is a challenging task. Traditional document similarity and classification models are implemented on homogeneous TREC data to find essential features for document entities that are similar to the TREC documents. Also, most of the traditional models are applicable to limited text document sets for text analysis. The main issues in the traditional text mining models in TREC repository include :1) Each document is represented in vector form with many sparsity values 2) Failed to find the document semantic similarity between the intra and inter clusters 3) High mean squared error rate. In this paper, novel feature selection based clustered and classification model is proposed on large number of different TREC repositories. Traditional latent Semantic Indexing and document clustering models are failed to find the topic relevance on large number of TREC clinical text document sets due to computational memory and time. Proposed document feature selection and clustered based classification model is applied on TREC clinical benchmark datasets. From the experimental results, it is proved that the proposed model is efficient than the existing models in terms of computational memory, accuracy and error rate are concerned.
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Barycheva, L. Yu, L. I. Bachieva, N. A. Kozmova, L. S. Khachirova, and V. V. Kuznetsova. "TREC and KREC profiles in patients with inborn errors of immunity." Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 69, no. 6 (2025): 51–58. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2024-69-6-51-58.
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TREC/KREC analysis is utilized in neonatal screening for the detection of primary immunodeficiencies caused by genetic defects in proteins essential for T- and B-lymphocyte development. However, the diagnostic value of this method for the postnatal detection of various primary immunodeficiency forms has not yet been fully established. This study aimed to analyze the TREC/KREC profiles in patients with confirmed inborn errors of immunity. TREC/KREC levels were assessed in 44 patients using real-time PCR at the time of diagnosis. Nine patients were diagnosed with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), 25 with syndromic combined immunodeficiency, five with immune dysregulation disorders, and five with antibody production defects. Abnormal TREC/KREC values were observed in 100% of children with classical SCID, 56% with syndromic immunodeficiencies, and 80% with antibody production defects. Sub-threshold TREC/KREC levels were found in 55.6% of children with Louis-Bar syndrome, 40% with DiGeorge syndrome, and both patients with Nijmegen syndrome. Normal TREC levels were observed in two children with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, in cases of immune regulation disorders, and in isolated cases of Job syndrome and hyper-IgM syndrome. The lowest TREC values were identified in patients with combined immunodeficiency. These findings support the potential of the TREC/KREC assay as a tool for postnatal screening, including for patients with late-onset inborn errors of immunity.
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Geenen, V., JF Poulin, ML Dion, et al. "Quantification of T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles to estimate thymic function: an important new tool for endocrine-immune physiology." Journal of Endocrinology 176, no. 3 (2003): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1760305.
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Although the thymus constitutes a target organ for most protein and steroid hormones, it has been quite difficult to determine the precise control exerted in vivo by the endocrine system upon thymic function. The biological role of the thymus is to ensure the generation of a diversified population of peripheral T cells able to respond to non-self-antigens but nevertheless tolerant to self-antigens. For a long time, thymic function could not be monitored, as a consequence of the absence of adequate technology to differentiate recent thymic emigrants from naive T cells. The generation of T cell receptor (TCR) diversity occurs in the thymus through recombination of gene segments encoding the variable parts of the TCR alpha and beta chains. During these processes, by-products of the rearrangements are generated in the form of TCR excision circles (TRECs). As these molecules are lost upon further cell division, their quantification is actually considered as a very valuable tool to estimate thymic function. The most appropriate TREC is deltaRec-Psi(J)alpha TREC or signal joint TREC resulting from deltaRec-Psi(J)alpha rearrangement (TCRD deletion) that occurs late during thymopoiesis, before V(alpha)-J(alpha) rearrangement. Here we describe how TREC quantification is a powerful and reliable method to evaluate the impact of hormones and endocrine disorders upon thymic function.
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Boyarchuk, O. R., N. M. Yarema, M. I. Kinash та ін. "НЕОНАТАЛЬНИЙ СКРИНІНГ Т- І В-ЛІМФОПЕНІЙ". Вісник соціальної гігієни та організації охорони здоров'я України, № 3 (21 грудня 2020): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/1681-2786.2020.3.11615.
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Мета: визначити можливості проведення неонатального скринінгу Т- і В-лімфопеній в Україні для діагностики тяжких комбінованих імунодефіцитів (ТКІД).
 Матеріали і методи. Проведено пошук і аналіз доступних літературних джерел бази PubMed, використовуючи комбінацію ключових слів «рання діагностика», «неонатальний скринінг», «TREC», «KREC», «первинні імунодефіцити», «ТКІД», «Т- і В-лімфопенії».
 Результати. Виявлення тяжких комбінованих імунодефіцитів і дефектів антитілоутворення ґрунтується на методиці з використанням молекулярно-генетичних методів кількісного виявлення TREC (T-cell receptor excision circle), які є побічним продуктом Т-клітинної диференціації в тимусі, що визначають Т-лімфопенію, та KREC (kappa-deleting recombination excision circle), які утворюються в процесі дозрівання B-клітин у кістковому мозку та визначають В-лімфопенію.
 Неонатальний скринінг за допомогою аналізу TREC/KREC дасть можливість раннього виявлення ТКІД та забезпечить проведення вчасної трансплантації гемопоетичних стовбурових клітин (ТГСК) до приєднання тяжких інфекцій, які значно погіршують прогноз радикального лікування. Окрім того, неонатальний скринінг дозволить встановити реальну частоту поширеності ТКІД в Україні, а також дасть можливість діагностувати й інші захворювання, які перебігають з тяжкою лімфопенією.
 Висновки. Аналіз літературних даних вказує на доцільність проведення пілотного дослідження з неонатального скринінгу первинних імунодефіцитів методом TRECs і KRECs визначення Т- і В-лімфопеній, який дозволить обрати найоптимальніший метод, визначити межі TRECs і KRECs для діагностики лімфопеній і ТКІД, а також економічну доцільність впровадження методу в Україні.
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Hersh, William, and Paul Over. "TREC-8 interactive track." ACM SIGIR Forum 33, no. 2 (1999): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/344250.344251.
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Sparck Jones, Karen. "Further reflections on TREC." Information Processing & Management 36, no. 1 (2000): 37–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4573(99)00044-8.
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Smeaton, Alan F. "TREC-6: personal highlights." Information Processing & Management 36, no. 1 (2000): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4573(99)00045-x.
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Zhang, Shirley L., and Avinash Bhandoola. "Losing TREC with Age." Immunity 36, no. 2 (2012): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.005.
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Voorhees, Ellen M. "Report on TREC-9." ACM SIGIR Forum 34, no. 2 (2000): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/381258.381260.
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De Rossi, Anita, A. Sarah Walker, Davide De Forni, et al. "Relationship between Changes in Thymic Emigrants and Cell-Associated HIV-1 Dna in HIV-1-Infected Children Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy." Antiviral Therapy 10, no. 1 (2005): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350501000104.
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Objectives and methods To investigate the relationship between cell-associated HIV-1 dynamics and recent thymic T-cell emigrants, HIV-1 DNA and T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TREC, a marker of recent thymic emigrants) were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 181 samples from 33 HIV-1-infected children followed for 96 weeks after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Results At baseline, HIV-1 DNA was higher in children with higher TREC ( P=0.02) and was not related to age, CD4 or HIV-1 RNA in multivariate analyses ( P>0.3). Overall, TREC increased and HIV-1 DNA decreased significantly after ART initiation, with faster HIV-1 DNA declines in children with higher baseline TREC ( P=0.009). The greatest decreases in HIV-1 DNA occurred in children with the smallest increases in TREC levels during ART ( P=0.002). However, this inverse relationship between changes in HIV-1 DNA and TREC tended to vary according to the phase of HIV-1 RNA decline ( P=0.13); for the same increase in TREC, HIV-1 DNA decline was much smaller during persistent or transient viraemia compared with stable HIV-1 RNA suppression. Conclusions Overall, these findings indicate that TREC levels predict HIV-1 DNA response to ART and suggest that immune repopulation by thymic emigrants adversely affects HIV-1 DNA decline in the absence of persistent viral suppression, possibly by providing a cellular source for viral infection and replication.
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Clark, Darren L., Suzanne B. DeBow, Melanie D. Iseke, and Frederick Colbourne. "Stress-induced fever after postischemic rectal temperature measurements in the gerbil." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, no. 9 (2003): 880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y03-083.
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Postischemic temperature, which modulates brain injury, is commonly determined via a rectal temperature (Trec) probe. This procedure causes a stress-induced fever (SIF) in rodents that may aggravate injury or diminish the efficacy of a neuroprotectant. We continually measured core temperature (Tcore) via an implanted telemetry probe and made 16 Trec measurements over 4 days in sham and ischemic gerbils (5 min bilateral carotid artery occlusion). Controls did not have Trec sampled, but Tcore was measured. Rectal temperature measurements predicted Tcore in sham and ischemic gerbils. The Trec measurements caused a SIF (1°C peak) in shams that did not habituate, whereas the SIF was initially absent and then increased over days in ischemic gerbils. Ischemic groups had similar CA1 injury (~32% remaining), presumably because Trec measurements only resulted in a significant SIF starting on day 2 postischemia, when cell death is less sensitive to hyperthermia. Caution is warranted with Trec measurements, since the resultant SIF occurs to different extents in normal and ischemic rodents. Furthermore, the SIF could vary according to many other factors, such as the type and severity of insult, the time and frequency of measurement, and drug treatment. Accordingly, postischemic Trec measurements should be replaced with telemetry probes.Key words: ischemia, stress-induced fever, hyperthermia, gerbil, rectal temperature.
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Barycheva, L. Yu, L. I. Bachieva, A. A. Puchkov, J. G. Selezneva, and N. A. Kozmova. "TREC and KREC values in patients with congenital heart defects — neonatal screening data." Allergology and Immunology in Paediatrics, no. 3 (October 5, 2024): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53529/2500-1175-2024-3-42-53.
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Relevance. Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at high risk of infectious complications with unfavorable outcomes, which is associated with inadequate immune responses. TREC and KREC are recognized biomarkers of T- and B-cell lymphopoiesis.Objective of the study: to evaluate the number of circular DNA segments — TREC and KREC in children with congenital heart defects.Materials and methods. The study used data from neonatal screening for primary immunodeficiencies in the Stavropol region from January 1, 2023, to June 30, 2024. An analysis of TREC and KREC was conducted in 43 newborns with CHD compared to healthy infants.Results. The levels of TREC and KREC in children with CHD were lower than in healthy children. A correlation was established between TREC levels and absolute lymphopenia, as well as the development of infectious complications. A decrease in KREC was identified in infants with CHD and genetic syndromes. It was shown that a TREC level of less than 650 copies per 105 cells may be a predictor of the development of infectious complications in newborns with CHD.Conclusions. The reduction in the number of TREC and KREC copies in neonatal screening allows for the identification of children with CHD at high risk of infection, opening potential opportunities for preventive therapy.
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Ярема, Н. М., О. Р. Боярчук, Г. В. Макух та ін. "НОВІ МОЖЛИВОСТІ СКРИНІНГУ АТАКСІЇ-ТЕЛЕАНГІЕКТАЗІЇ". Вісник соціальної гігієни та організації охорони здоров'я України, № 3 (23 грудня 2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/1681-2786.2021.3.12622.
Full textAbstract:
Мета: встановити діагностичну значущість кількісного визначення рівнів TREC/KREC для раннього виявлення змін імунної системи у дітей з атаксією-телеангіектазією (АТ).
 Матеріали і методи. Визначено рівні TREC/KREC методом полімеразної ланцюгової реакції у режимі реального часу в 25 дітей з АТ віком від 3 до 14 років та 173 здорових дітей контрольної групи. У дітей з АТ також проведено аналіз клінічних даних на основі медичних карт.
 Результати. Встановлено низькі показники TREC-молекул у 84 % дітей з АТ, а кількість KREC була зниженою у 48 % дітей з АТ. Показники TREC-молекул були нижчі за показники KREC і між ними спостерігалася пряма кореляційна залежність y дітей з АТ (r=0,4743, p<0,05). Окрім того, встановлено зворотний зв’язок між значеннями TREC та концентрацією альфа-фетопротеїну (r=-0,5507).
 Висновки. Достовірне зниження рівнів TREC/KREC у дітей з АТ свідчить про уроджені дефекти Т- і В-клітин та може бути використано для ранньої діагностики АТ. Раннє виявлення АТ у програмах масового скринінгу на тяжкі комбіновані імунодефіцити дозволяє ідентифікувати захворювання до клінічної маніфестації, провести ефективне лікування, запобігти розвитку тяжких інфекцій.
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Khadzhieva, Maryam B., Ekaterina V. Kalinina, Sergey S. Larin, et al. "TREC/KREC Levels in Young COVID-19 Patients." Diagnostics 11, no. 8 (2021): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081486.
Full textAbstract:
COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have an immune imbalance when systemic inflammation and dysfunction of circulating T and B cells lead to a more severe disease. Using TREC/KREC analysis, we studied the level of mature naive T and B cells in peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients and its relationship with clinical and laboratory data. TREC/KREC analysis was performed by multiplex real-time quantitative PCR on a sample of 36 patients aged 45 years or younger. The reduced TREC/KREC level was observed in ARDS patients compared with non-ARDS patients, and similar results were found for the deceased patients. During days 6 to 20 of hospitalization, a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was detected in ARDS patients compared with non-ARDS patients. TREC/KREC negatively correlated with NLR; the highest correlation was recorded for TREC per 100,000 cells with the coefficient of determination R2 = 0.527. Thus, TREC/KREC analysis is a potential prognostic marker for assessing the severity and outcome in COVID-19.
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Lewin, Sharon R., Glenn Heller, Linqi Zhang, et al. "Direct evidence for new T-cell generation by patients after either T-cell–depleted or unmodified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations." Blood 100, no. 6 (2002): 2235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v100.6.2235.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) requires reconstitution of normal T-cell immunity. Recipient thymic activity, biologic features of the allograft, and preparative regimens all contribute to immune reconstitution. We evaluated circulating T-cell phenotypes and T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TRECs) in 331 blood samples from 158 patients who had undergone allogeneic HSCTs. All patients had received myeloablative conditioning regimens and were full donor chimeras in remission. Younger patients exhibited more rapid recovery and higher TRECs (P = .02). Recipients of T-cell–depleted allografts initially had lower TRECs than unmodified allograft recipients (P < .01), but the difference abated beyond 9 months. TREC level disparities did not achieve significance among adults with respect to type of allograft. Measurable, albeit low, TREC values correlated strongly with severe opportunistic infections (P < .01). This finding was most notable during the first 6 months after transplantation, when patients are at greatest risk but before cytofluorography can detect circulating CD45RA+ T cells. Low TRECs also correlated strongly with extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease (P < .01). Recipients of all ages of either unmodified or T-cell–depleted allografts therefore actively generate new T cells. This generation is most notable among adult recipients of T-cell–depleted allografts, most of whom had also received antithymocyte globulin for rejection prophylaxis. Low TREC values are significantly associated with morbidity and mortality after transplantation. T-cell neogenesis, appropriate to age but delayed in adult recipients of T-cell– depleted allografts, justifies interventions to hasten this process and to stimulate desirable cellular immune responses.
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Lewin, Sharon R., Glenn Heller, Linqi Zhang, et al. "Direct evidence for new T-cell generation by patients after either T-cell–depleted or unmodified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations." Blood 100, no. 6 (2002): 2235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v100.6.2235.h81802002235_2235_2242.
Full textAbstract:
Successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) requires reconstitution of normal T-cell immunity. Recipient thymic activity, biologic features of the allograft, and preparative regimens all contribute to immune reconstitution. We evaluated circulating T-cell phenotypes and T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TRECs) in 331 blood samples from 158 patients who had undergone allogeneic HSCTs. All patients had received myeloablative conditioning regimens and were full donor chimeras in remission. Younger patients exhibited more rapid recovery and higher TRECs (P = .02). Recipients of T-cell–depleted allografts initially had lower TRECs than unmodified allograft recipients (P < .01), but the difference abated beyond 9 months. TREC level disparities did not achieve significance among adults with respect to type of allograft. Measurable, albeit low, TREC values correlated strongly with severe opportunistic infections (P < .01). This finding was most notable during the first 6 months after transplantation, when patients are at greatest risk but before cytofluorography can detect circulating CD45RA+ T cells. Low TRECs also correlated strongly with extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease (P < .01). Recipients of all ages of either unmodified or T-cell–depleted allografts therefore actively generate new T cells. This generation is most notable among adult recipients of T-cell–depleted allografts, most of whom had also received antithymocyte globulin for rejection prophylaxis. Low TREC values are significantly associated with morbidity and mortality after transplantation. T-cell neogenesis, appropriate to age but delayed in adult recipients of T-cell– depleted allografts, justifies interventions to hasten this process and to stimulate desirable cellular immune responses.
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Iwao, Noriaki, Junji Tanaka, Naoko Kato, et al. "Analysis of TREC (T Cell Receptor Excision Circles) Levels in CD94 Expressing CD8 T Cells in Chronic GVHD." Blood 106, no. 11 (2005): 5367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.5367.5367.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract CD94 is one of the C-type lectin family members, forms a heterodimer with NKG2 gene family, and CD94 /NKG2A are inhibitory receptors. Not only NK cells but a subset of T cells express CD94/NKG2A, and previously we revealed the proportion of CD94/NKG2A expressing CD8 T cells were higher in patients with chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD), and CD94 expressing T cells have suppressive effects on mixed lymphocyte culture(MLC). We focus on CD94 positive T cell during T cell reconstitution after allogeneic hematopietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). T cell receptor excision circles (TREC) are suggested to be a useful marker of recent thymic output. In this study, we attempt to study TREC-containing CD8 T cell subset expressing CD94, and to examine the relation of TREC DNA level in CD94 expressing CD8 T cell and GVHD. We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 24 patients (82 samples) undergone allo-HSCT including 15 patients with bone marrow transplantation and 9 patients with non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. CD4 positive T cells were separated from PBMCs by magnetic cell sorting, and CD4 negative cell population was divided into CD94 positive CD8 T cells and CD94 negative CD8 T cells by fluorescence activated cell sorter. Genomic DNA was extracted from these separated T cell subsets. TREC DNA copy numbers per 105 isolated T cells (TREC level) were quantified by real time PCR. We investigated TREC levels in clinical status with pre-allo-HSCT, no episodes of GVHD or before manifestation of GVHD (No GVHD), chronic GVHD on disease (C-GVHD), and no symptoms and remission status of GVHD after immunosuppressive therapy (R-GVHD). Statical analyses were carried out by Mann-Whitney U test. There were no significant differences in TREC level of sorted CD4 positive T cells in C-GVHD compared with No GVHD (p=0.75) and R-GVHD (p=0.61), and also CD94 negative CD8 T cells in C-GVHD compared with No GVHD (p=0.79) and R-GVHD (p=0.20). On the other hand, TREC level of CD94 positive CD8 T cells in C-GVHD decreased in comparison with No GVHD (p=0.015) and R-GVHD (p=0.0019). The reduction of TREC level is thought to be induced not only by low thymic output but also by dilution of TREC concentration due to peripheral T cell expansion without duplications of TREC. These results may suggest that CD94 positive T cells play a role in modulation of GVHD, and proliferate during chronic GVHD with dilution of TREC in CD94 positive CD8 T cells. It is suggested that TREC level of CD94 expressing CD8 T cells may be useful markers of chronic GVHD.
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Kung, Che-Pei, Meghan B. Skiba, Erika J. Crosby, et al. "Key takeaways for knowledge expansion of early-career scientists conducting Transdisciplinary Research in Energetics and Cancer (TREC): a report from the TREC Training Workshop 2022." JNCI Monographs 2023, no. 61 (2023): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jncimonographs/lgad005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The overall goal of the annual Transdisciplinary Research in Energetics and Cancer (TREC) Training Workshop is to provide transdisciplinary training for scientists in energetics and cancer and clinical care. The 2022 Workshop included 27 early-to-mid career investigators (trainees) pursuing diverse TREC research areas in basic, clinical, and population sciences. The 2022 trainees participated in a gallery walk, an interactive qualitative program evaluation method, to summarize key takeaways related to program objectives. Writing groups were formed and collaborated on this summary of the 5 key takeaways from the TREC Workshop. The 2022 TREC Workshop provided a targeted and unique networking opportunity that facilitated meaningful collaborative work addressing research and clinical needs in energetics and cancer. This report summarizes the 2022 TREC Workshop’s key takeaways and future directions for innovative transdisciplinary energetics and cancer research.
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Holder, Michael W., Matthew A. Leonard, Hannah W. Collins, Allison A. Brogan, and J. Bracken Burns. "Impact of Trauma Resuscitation Emergency Care Nurse Deployment in Trauma Activations in a Rural Trauma Center." Journal of Trauma Nursing 30, no. 4 (2023): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jtn.0000000000000733.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: Although the role of a dedicated trauma nurse has been implemented in an urban setting, it has not been studied in the rural trauma setting. We instituted a trauma resuscitation emergency care (TREC) nurse role to respond to trauma activations at our rural trauma center. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the impact of TREC nurse deployment on the timeliness of resuscitation interventions in trauma activations. METHODS: This pre- and postintervention study at a rural Level I trauma center compared the time to resuscitation interventions before (August 2018 to July 2019) and after (August 2019 to July 2020) deploying TREC nurses to trauma activations. RESULTS: A total of 2,593 participants were studied, of which 1,153 (44%) were in the pre-TREC group and 1,440 (56%) in the post-TREC group. After TREC deployment, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) emergency department times within the first hour decreased from 45 (31.23–53) to 35 (16–51) min (p = .013). The median (IQR) time to the operating room within the first hour decreased from 46 (37–52) to 29 (12–46) min (p = .001), and within the first 2 hr, decreased from 59 (43.8–86) to 48 (23–72) min (p = .014). CONCLUSION: Our study found that TREC nurse deployment improved resuscitation intervention timeliness during the first 2 hr (early phase) of trauma activations.
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Saitgalina, M. A., N. E. Liubimova, Yu V. Ostankova, R. N. Kuznetzova, and A. A. Totolian. "Determination of reference values for TREC and KREC in circulating blood of the persons over 18 years." Medical Immunology (Russia) 24, no. 6 (2022): 1227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-dor-2587.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing attention is being paid to methods for detecting primary and secondary T and/or B cell immunodeficiencies. Their implementation into laboratory diagnostics would contribute to the early diagnostics of immunodeficiencies. Currently, the number of identified adult patients with immunodeficiencies of various origins is steadily increasing. Age, gender and ethnicity of patients may be significant factors of immunity. Hence, determination of the population reference intervals for TREC and KREC DNA excision rings in peripheral blood of adult persons is an urgent laboratory task for in-depth examination of both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency conditions. Our purpose was to determine the reference intervals for the quantitative assay of TREC and KREC fragments in peripheral blood among the adult population of St. Petersburg. We studied whole blood samples obtained from 717 apparently healthy volunteers aged 18 to 108 years within the program of population immunity assessment among residents of St. Petersburg. The exclusion criterion included immunodeficiency of any origin, viral hepatitis A, B, C, HIV infection. Quantitation of the target TREC and KREC DNA fragments was carried out using a set of reagents for the quantitative determination of excisional rings TREC and KREC by Real-time PCR (TREC/KREC-AMP PS). The reference intervals were determined by the direct method according to the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and the Russian State Standard (GOST) R 53022.3-2008. The volunteers were divided into six age groups: 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 years old, and the persons over 70. The amounts of TREC and KREC in each blood sample were determined for all age groups. Upon correlation analysis, we have revealed a negative relationship between the concentration of TREC molecules in blood samples, and the age of study participants (Spearman correlation coefficient r = -0.80 (p-value < 0.0001)). Significant differences in TREC levels between different age groups were revealed. No correlations were detected between KREC contents in blood samples and age as well as any differences between age groups. Reference intervals of the TREC level were determined for each mentioned age group. A unified reference range was established for the KREC levels. The established reference intervals for TREC and KREC molecules in adults are significantly lower than in newborns. The obtained results enable determination of reference intervals for TREC and KREC levels among adults, thus contributing to effective personalized laboratory diagnosis of immunodeficiency states of various origins.
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Okamoto, Yukari, Daniel C. Douek, Richard D. McFarland, and Richard A. Koup. "Effects of exogenous interleukin-7 on human thymus function." Blood 99, no. 8 (2002): 2851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v99.8.2851.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Immune reconstitution is a critical component of recovery after treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, cancer chemotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The ability to enhance T-cell production would benefit such treatment. We examined the effects of exogenous interleukin-7 (IL-7) on apoptosis, proliferation, and the generation of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TRECs) in human thymus. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the highest level of TRECs (14 692 copies/10 000 cells) was present in the CD1a+CD3−CD4+CD8+stage in native thymus, suggesting that TREC generation occurred following the cellular division in this subpopulation. In a thymic organ culture system, exogenous IL-7 increased the TREC frequency in fetal as well as infant thymus, indicating increased T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement. Although this increase could be due to the effect of IL-7 to increase thymocyte proliferation and decrease apoptosis of immature CD3− cells, the in vivo experiments using NOD/LtSz-scid mice given transplants of human fetal thymus and liver suggested that IL-7 can also directly enhance TREC generation. Our results provide compelling evidence that IL-7 has a direct effect on increasing TCR-αβ rearrangement and indicate the potential use of IL-7 for enhancing de novo naı̈ve T-cell generation in immunocompromised patients.