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Journal articles on the topic 'Tree breeding and improvement'
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1
Lebedev, Vadim G., Tatyana N. Lebedeva, Aleksey I. Chernodubov, and Konstantin A. Shestibratov. "Genomic Selection for Forest Tree Improvement: Methods, Achievements and Perspectives." Forests 11, no. 11 (2020): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111190.
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The breeding of forest trees is only a few decades old, and is a much more complicated, longer, and expensive endeavor than the breeding of agricultural crops. One breeding cycle for forest trees can take 20–30 years. Recent advances in genomics and molecular biology have revolutionized traditional plant breeding based on visual phenotype assessment: the development of different types of molecular markers has made genotype selection possible. Marker-assisted breeding can significantly accelerate the breeding process, but this method has not been shown to be effective for selection of complex traits on forest trees. This new method of genomic selection is based on the analysis of all effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) using a large number of molecular markers distributed throughout the genome, which makes it possible to assess the genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) of an individual. This approach is expected to be much more efficient for forest tree improvement than traditional breeding. Here, we review the current state of the art in the application of genomic selection in forest tree breeding and discuss different methods of genotyping and phenotyping. We also compare the accuracies of genomic prediction models and highlight the importance of a prior cost-benefit analysis before implementing genomic selection. Perspectives for the further development of this approach in forest breeding are also discussed: expanding the range of species and the list of valuable traits, the application of high-throughput phenotyping methods, and the possibility of using epigenetic variance to improve of forest trees.
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Mahajan, R., and P. Gupta. " Molecular markers: their use in tree improvement." Journal of Forest Science 58, No. 3 (2012): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5579-jfs.
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Earlier breeders used phenotypic selection based on morphological characteristics to improve tree varieties. These selections often take many cycles of breeding and backcrossing in order to place desired characteristics. But today the knowledge has paved the way for a much deeper understanding of the mechanics of cell biology and the hereditary process itself. Breeders are presented with numerous possibilities of altering the behaviour of existing varieties. Linkage between molecular markers can be translated to genetic linkage maps, which have become an important tool in plant genetics. They may choose to use marker-assisted approaches in order to facilitate the selection of favourable combinations of genes that occur naturally within a tree species.  
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Assis, Teotônio Francisco, and Marcos Deon Vilela de Resende. "Genetic improvement of forest tree species." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 11, spe (2011): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-70332011000500007.
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Brazilian forestry sector is considered one of the most developed in the world, being the base for important industrial segments which use wood as raw material. Tree breeding has played an important role on improving the competitiveness of Brazilian forestry-based companies, especially for its positive reflexes on increasing adaptation, forestry productivity and wood quality. In spite of the importance of other forest trees for the economy, such as Schizolobium, Araucaria, Populus and Hevea, the main genera under genetic improvement in the country are Eucalyptus, Pinus, Acacia and Tectona. They are used by industries like pulp and paper, siderurgy, tannin, chips for exportation and lumber, constituting an important source of revenues for the Brazilian's economy, besides their positive social and environmental impacts. This paper presents a generic approach to genetic improvement aspects of these four major genera currently undergoing breeding in Brazil.
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Ulyanovskaya, E. V., and T. V. Bogdanovich. "GENETIC RESOURCES FOR BREEDING IMPROVEMENT OF THE APPLE-TREE." Fruit growing and viticulture of South Russia 3, no. 51 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30679/2219-5335-2018-3-51-1-14.
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McKeand, Steve. "The Success of Tree Breeding in the Southern US." BioResources 10, no. 1 (2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.1.1-2.
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Nowhere in the world have tree improvement and silviculture had a bigger impact on forest productivity and value to landowners than in the southern US. The economic impact from almost 60 years of tree improvement in the southern United States has been staggering. For example, over 300,000 hectares are planted each year with seedlings from the breeding efforts with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) by members and staff of the North Carolina State University Cooperative Tree Improvement Program. The present value of continued genetic gains from traditional tree improvement efforts is estimated to be $2.5 billion USD to landowners and citizens in the southern US.
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Cheliak, W. M., and D. L. Rogers. "Integrating biotechnology into tree improvement programs." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 4 (1990): 452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-062.
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Time is a major constraint in the progress of tree improvement programs. Four ways in which time influences the tree improvement process are (i) evolutionary time, (ii) time to harvest, (iii) time to achieve phenotypic stability, and (iv) time to reach reproductive maturity. The ways in which each of these affects the three phases of a tree improvement program (conservation, selection and breeding, and propagation) are identified and discussed. How biotechnological techniques, as well as other enabling technologies, address the time constraint problem is also discussed. The biotechnological approaches include tissue culture, molecular genetics, and genetic engineering; the enabling technologies include early testing and flower induction. Through tissue culture it is possible to increase genetic gain per unit time and increase total genetic gain by using more of the total genetic variation. Development of high-resolution linkage maps, through application of molecular genetics technology, will provide new approaches to early screening, testing, and selection. Additionally, molecular probes will be useful in improving methods that genetically fingerprint germ plasm. Genetic engineering has considerable potential to reduce time constraints. However, because of the diverse breeding and production populations typically employed, much basic work needs to be done to integrate genetically engineered materials into tree improvement programs. Early selection and flower induction address the time constraints imposed by age-stable performance and reproductive maturity. When used in combination with the previously described biotechnologies, a powerful system is created that can dramatically reduce the time required to integrate genetically improved material into forest regeneration programs. An example of integrating tree improvement, clonal forestry, and biotechnology is described for an existing black spruce regeneration program.
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Faulkner, Roy. "Genetics and breeding of Sitka spruce." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, no. 1-2 (1987): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006266.
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SynopsisSitka spruce is a monoecious, wind-pollinated, cross-fertilising species showing wide genetic variation which suggests heterozygosity for many alleles and natural selection against self-fertilisation. Phenotypic selection for the important trait of vigour is ineffective, so testing progenies of selected individuals and clonal testing is an essential and time-consuming part of any improvement programme. Old trees can be vegetatively propagated by grafting and very young trees by rooted cuttings.The British tree improvement programme is based, in the short term, on the use of seed collected from superior plantation trees of desirable origins; in the mid term on seed derived from clonal orchards based on mixtures of clones previously tested for superiority in family tests; and in the longer term on highly superior seed or clones derived from a system of recurrent mating with family selection. Three populations are being developed. There is a small interspecific hybridisation programme.
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Blackburn, David, Ross Farrell, Matthew Hamilton, et al. "Genetic improvement for pulpwood and peeled veneer in Eucalyptus nitens." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 9 (2012): 1724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-105.
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Genetic improvement of wood properties affecting the quality of pulpwood and peeled veneer products is of general interest to tree breeders worldwide. If the wood properties of Eucalyptus nitens (H. Deane & Maiden) Maiden are under genetic control and the correlations between them are favourable, it may be possible to breed to simultaneously improve the plantation resource for both products. Acoustic wave velocity (AWV) measured in standing trees can predict wood stiffness, basic density, and kraft pulp yield (KPY) and therefore has the potential for use in tree breeding programs. From an E. nitens progeny trial in Tasmania, 540 trees were selected for rotary peeling. Of the wood properties assessed, there were significant differences among races in diameter, stem straightness, standing-tree, log, and billet AWV, and near infrared predicted cellulose content (CC). All traits displayed significant within-race genetic variation, and genetic correlations between AWV and veneer sheet modulus of elasticity (MOE) and between AWV and KPY and CC were strongly positive and highly significant. A similar relationship was found between veneer sheet MOE and KPY and between diameter at breast height and veneer sheet MOE. Basic density was genetically correlated with AWV and veneer sheet MOE. Results indicate that it should be possible for breeders to simultaneously improve properties in pulpwood and peeled veneer products and that AWV measured in the standing tree shows promise as a breeding selection criterion for both pulpwood and peeled veneer products.
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Fundova, Irena, Henrik R. Hallingbäck, Gunnar Jansson, and Harry X. Wu. "Genetic Improvement of Sawn-Board Stiffness and Strength in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)." Sensors 20, no. 4 (2020): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041129.
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Given an overall aim of improving Scots pine structural wood quality by selective tree breeding, we investigated the potential of non-destructive acoustic sensing tools to accurately predict wood stiffness (modulus of elasticity, MOE) and strength (modulus of rupture, MOR) of sawn boards. Non-destructive measurements of wood density (DEN), acoustic velocity (VEL) and MOE were carried out at different stages of wood processing chain (standing trees, felled logs and sawn boards), whilst destructively measured stiffness and strength served as benchmark traits. All acoustic based MOE and VEL estimates proved to be good proxies (rA > 0.65) for sawn-board stiffness while MOETREE, VELHIT and resistograph wood density (DENRES) measured on standing trees and MOELOG and VELFAK measured on felled logs well reflected board strength. Individual-tree narrow-sense heritability ( h i 2 ) for VEL, MOE and MOR were weak (0.05–0.26) but were substantially stronger for wood density (0.34–0.40). Moreover, additive genetic coefficients of variation for MOE and MOR were in the range from 5.4% to 9.1%, offering potential targets for exploitation by selective breeding. Consequently, selective breeding based on MOETREE, DENRES or stem straightness (STR) could improve several structural wood traits simultaneously.
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Norton, J. D., Hongwen Huang, and Fenny Dane. "Breeding and Improvement of Chinese Chestnut." HortScience 33, no. 4 (1998): 600f—600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.600f.
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The Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) is a valuable germplasm resource for horticultural traits such as resistance to chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), excellent quality, wide adaptation, and consistent high yield. The Chinese chestnut breeding program was established at Auburn Univ. in 1933 from nuts directly introduced from China by the USDA. A recurrent selection breeding program with progeny from the 1933, 1953, and 1991 plantings with selection for blight resistance, precocity, nut size, and storage quality, yield, and pest resistance. Cultivars released from the 1933 planting were `Alaling,' `Alamore', and `Black Beauty'. `AU-Cropper', `AU-Leader', and `AU-Homestead' were named from the 1953 planting. Two blight-resistant, precocious seedlings, AU-91-P1-26 and AU-P4-26, appear to be very promising selections for improvement of all Chinese chestnut cultivars for nut size and other selection traits. Since there is little information available regarding heritability of certain traits in perennial tree species, results of 65 years of breeding at Auburn Univ. should provide us with guidance for further improvement of selection traits in chestnut breeding.
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Li, Xiaobo, Dudley A. Huber, Gregory L. Powell, Timothy L. White, and Gary F. Peter. "Breeding for improved growth and juvenile corewood stiffness in slash pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 10 (2007): 1886–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-043.
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The importance of integrating measures of juvenile corewood mechanical properties, modulus of elasticity in particular, with growth and disease resistance in tree improvement programs has increased. We investigated the utility of in-tree velocity stiffness measurements to estimate the genetic control of corewood stiffness and to select for trees with superior growth and stiffness in a progeny trial of 139 families of slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. grown on six sites. Narrow-sense heritability estimates across all six sites for in-tree acoustic velocity stiffness at 8 years (0.42) were higher than observed for height (0.36) and diameter at breast height (DBH) (0.28) at 5 years. The overall type B genetic correlation across sites for velocity stiffness was 0.68, comparable to those found for DBH and volume growth, indicating that family rankings were moderately repeatable across all sites for these traits. No significant genetic correlations were observed between velocity stiffness, DBH, and volume growth. In contrast, a significant, but small, favorable genetic correlation was found between height and velocity stiffness. Twenty percent of the families had positive breeding values for both velocity stiffness and growth. The low cost, high heritability and nearly independent segregation of the genes involved with in-tree velocity stiffness and growth traits indicate that acoustic methods can be integrated into tree improvement programs to breed for improved corewood stiffness along with growth in slash pine.
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Vijayan, K., P. P. Srivastava, P. J. Raju, and B. Saratchandra. "Breeding for higher productivity in mulberry." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 48, No. 4 (2012): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/162/2011-cjgpb.
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Mulberry (Morus L.) is an economically important tree being cultivated for its leaves to rear the silkworm Bombyx mori. Rearing of silkworm is an art and science popularly known as sericulture; an agrobased cottage industry provides employment to millions in China, India, Korea, Vietnam, etc. Mulberry is a perennial tree that maintains high heterozygosity due to the outbreeding reproductive system. It is recalcitrant to most of the conventional breeding methods, yet considerable improvement has been made in leaf yield and leaf quality. Conventional breeding in mulberry is a tedious, labour intensive and time taking process, which needs to be complemented with modern biotechnological methods to speed up the process. This article enumerates the problems, challenges, constraints and achievements in mulberry breeding along with recent advances in biotechnology and molecular biology to enable mulberry breeders to tackle specific problems more systematically and effectively.
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Li, Xiang, Xiao-Ting Liu, Jia-Tong Wei, Yan Li, Mulualem Tigabu, and Xi-Yang Zhao. "Genetic Improvement of Pinus koraiensis in China: Current Situation and Future Prospects." Forests 11, no. 2 (2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020148.
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Pinus koraiensis (Sieb.et Zucc) is an economically and ecologically important tree species, naturally distributed in northeastern China. Conservation efforts and genetic improvement for this species began in the 1960s and 1980s, with the establishment of several primary seed orchards based on range-wide provenance evaluations. The original breeding objective was to improve growth and wood yield, but during the recent decade, it was redefined to include other traits, such as an enhancement of wood properties, seed oil content, cone yield, and the development of elite provenance with families, clones, and varieties with good tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, improvement processes are slow due to a long breeding cycle, and the number of improved varieties is still low. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the selective improvement of P. koraiensis varieties, such as elite provenance, family, and clones, using various breeding procedures. We collate information on advances in the improvement of P. koraiensis, based on conventional breeding and molecular marker-assisted breeding methods; identify gaps in our understanding of the tree improvement processes; and propose future research directions, which will provide new insight for subsequent genetic breeding research on P. koraiensis.
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Palmberg, Christel. "Research needs in forest tree breeding and improvement in developing countries." Agroforestry Systems 9, no. 1 (1989): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00120153.
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El-KASSABY, YOUSRY A., and MILAN LSTIBŮREK. "Breeding without breeding." Genetics Research 91, no. 2 (2009): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667230900007x.
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SummaryAn innovative approach to tree breeding called ‘breeding without breeding’ (BWB) is presented. The method, as applied on the material in hand, allows the capture of 75–85% of the genetic response to selection attained through conventional programmes without the need to do any controlled pollination and simplified or possibly no experimental field testing: both considered to be the most resource-demanding activities in breeding programmes. BWB combines the use of genotypic or phenotypic pre-selection of superior individuals, informative DNA markers for fingerprinting and pedigree reconstruction of offspring to assemble naturally created full- and half-sib families resulting from mating among selected parents, and quantitative genetics analyses to identify elite genotypes for further genetic improvement or the establishment of production populations. BWB utility is demonstrated using a retrospective study of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) progeny tests consisting of offspring produced from 150 controlled crosses among 60 parents and established over three sites. The empirical results are supported by theoretical expectations demonstrating anticipated minimum genetic response compared with conventional approaches. The method's simplicity offers an exceptional opportunity for the development of comparable breeding efforts in developing countries, advanced and new breeding programmes, and economically important and ‘minor’ species.
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Simpson, Dale, and Kathleen Tosh. "The New Brunswick Tree Improvement Council is 20 years old." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 5 (1997): 572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73572-5.
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Applied breeding programs in New Brunswick have been coordinated for the past 20 years by the New Brunswick Tree Improvement Council. First-generation programs for black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) consisted of seedling seed orchards and open-pollinated family tests, in contrast to those of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) and tamarack (Larix laricina [Du Roi] K.Koch), which were clonal seed orchards and control-pollinated progeny tests. Production from the seed orchards has been regular and heavy. In only 15 years, most reforestation stock was being grown from orchard seed. Early results from black spruce and jack pine realized gain tests indicate increases of 12 to 20% in volume growth by using genetically improved seed. This is double the prediction that was made when the program started. Stem straightness of jack pine trees has been improved by 25%. Second-generation programs of black spruce and jack pine are well underway and production from these orchards is steadily increasing. Indications are that gains from using this seed will be substantial. An ongoing research and development program has contributed to a more effective breeding program, has increased seed production, and has given further insights into wood quality. The success of the Council's program is due to excellent participation and team work by government, university and industrial agencies and their long-term commitment. Key words: seed production, tree improvement, black spruce, white spruce, jack pine, tamarack
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Knoth, Jenny, John Frampton, and Ray Moody. "Genetic Improvement of Virginia Pine Planting Stock for Christmas Tree Production in South Carolina." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (2002): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.675.
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Twenty open-pollinated families from a virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) seed orchard in South Carolina were planted and managed as Christmas trees at three sites. Retail value and related traits were assessed once the tests reached marketable size (4 years in the field). All traits assessed (except survival) proved to 1) be under a moderate degree of genetic control (family mean heritability = 0.68 for retail value) and 2) have a large range among open-pollinated family means ($11.42/tree to $22.00/tree, retail value) suggesting that they will response well to the traditional tree improvement approach of selection, breeding and testing. The retail value of the best five families tested averaged an increase of $3.47/tree or 20.7% more than the average. At a 6 × 6 ft (1.8 m) spacing [1,210 trees/acre (2,990 trees/ha)], these families would produce an increase in revenue of almost $4,200/acre ($10,387/ha). Much of this increase in value is a result of reducing the cull rate from 14.5% to 8.1%. Survival, height, crown density and straightness of these five families also exceeded the average of the 20 families tested.
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Sattar, Muhammad Naeem, Zafar Iqbal, Jameel M. Al-Khayri, and S. Mohan Jain. "Induced Genetic Variations in Fruit Trees Using New Breeding Tools: Food Security and Climate Resilience." Plants 10, no. 7 (2021): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071347.
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Fruit trees provide essential nutrients to humans by contributing to major agricultural outputs and economic growth globally. However, major constraints to sustainable agricultural productivity are the uncontrolled proliferation of the population, and biotic and abiotic stresses. Tree mutation breeding has been substantially improved using different physical and chemical mutagens. Nonetheless, tree plant breeding has certain crucial bottlenecks including a long life cycle, ploidy level, occurrence of sequence polymorphisms, nature of parthenocarpic fruit development and linkage. Genetic engineering of trees has focused on boosting quality traits such as productivity, wood quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recent technological advances in genome editing provide a unique opportunity for the genetic improvement of woody plants. This review examines application of the CRISPR-Cas system to reduce disease susceptibility, alter plant architecture, enhance fruit quality, and improve yields. Examples are discussed of the contemporary CRISPR-Cas system to engineer easily scorable PDS genes, modify lignin, and to alter the flowering onset, fertility, tree architecture and certain biotic stresses.
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White, T. L., and G. R. Hodge. "Best linear prediction of breeding values in a forest tree improvement program." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 76, no. 5 (1988): 719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00303518.
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Thakur, Ram Bichari, and Joachim Schmerbeck. "Role of Tree Breeding in Timber and Wood Supply in World and India: Status and Outlook." Initiation 5 (April 19, 2014): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10266.
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Tree breeding is an important component of tree improvement which involves the application of genetic principles for the mass production of seedlings with desired traits in order to achieve higher productivity, better adaptability of the environment and vigorous growth rate. It helps in increasing yields and shortened rotations so it has a large potentiality to supply timber and wood demand of the world. Species choice, provenance selection and propagation method are the major aspects of tree breeding. Plus tree selection, progeny testing, provenance test and vegetative propagation have been used since early of civilization and often regarded as conventional tree breeding techniques while seed orchards, clonal propagation, somatic embryogenesis, micro-propagation or in-Vitro propagation, and biotechnology are modern tree breeding techniques. Different countries have been developing tree breeding techniques and achieving maximum benefits from it. Southeast Asia is using Acacia mangium, A. crassicarpa, Gmelina arborea, and Eucalyptus spp.; Populus deltoids, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus spp. have been using by India; Teak has been vegetative propagated in Thailand; Salix babylonica has been growing in Greece for biomass production. Increasing yield and shortened rotation are the major prospects while loss of genetic diversity, higher production costs and requirement of constant upgrading are the major hindrances of tree breeding. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10266 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 153-163
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Carter, Katherine K., and J. Dale Simpson. "Status and Outlook for Tree Improvement Programs in the Northeast." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 2, no. 4 (1985): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/2.4.127.
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Abstract Tree improvement programs have been undertaken by several governmental and industrial organizations in Maritime Canada and the New York-New England region of the United States. Target species vary according to local interests, but at least five are of general interest within these regions: white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, white pine, and the larches. This paper examines the current status of breeding programs for these species and prospects for future development. North. J. Appl. For. 2:127-131, Dec. 1985.
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Isajev, Vasilije, Vladan Ivetic, Aleksandar Lucic, and Ljubinko Rakonjac. "Gene pool conservation and tree improvement in Serbia." Genetika 41, no. 3 (2009): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0903309i.
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This paper presents the concepts applied in the gene pool conservation and tree improvement in Serbia. Gene pool conservation of tree species in Serbia includes a series of activities aiming at the sustainability and protection of genetic and species variability. This implies the investigation of genetic resources and their identification through the research of the genetic structure and the breeding system of individual species. Paper also includes the study of intra- and inter-population variability in experiments - provenance tests, progeny tests, half- and full-sib lines, etc. The increased use of the genetic potential in tree improvement in Serbia should be intensified by the following activities: improvement of production of normal forest seed, application of the concept of new selections directed primarily to the improvement of only one character, because in that case the result would be certain, establishment and management of seed orchards as specialized plantations for long-term production of genetically good-quality forest seeds, and the shortening of the improvement process by introducing new techniques and methods (molecular markers, somaclonal variation, genetic engineering, protoplast fusion, micropropagation, etc.).
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Yang, Rong-Cai, and Francis C. Yeh. "Genetic consequences of in situ and ex situ conservation of forest trees." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 6 (1992): 720–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68720-6.
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To counteract loss of genetic diversity crucial for current and future tree improvement, tree breeders have conserved forest genetic resources in situ in their natural ecosystems in protected areas or ex situ in plantations, seed orchards, and breeding arboreta. This article reviews the genetic consequences of these two conservation methods in terms of single-locus and multilocus population structure from electrophoretic studies of natural forests and breeding populations. Although natural forest populations have maintained high level of genetic diversity and exhibited low level of population differentiation, loss of genetic diversity would occur during the entire conservation process, from population establishment to management of breeding and production populations. Since forest trees are still at their earliest stage of domestication in Canada, loss of genetic diversity comes primarily from the initial sampling process during population establishment. We discuss the optimal sampling strategy during population establishment to conserve common and widespread alleles, common and localized alleles, rare and widespread alleles, and rare and localized alleles. We also discuss three methods for studying the multilocus structure of forest trees and show how such information would be useful for conserving co-adapted gene complexes. We conclude that being small and maintained in controlled environments, ex situ conserved populations would retain less genetic diversity than in situ conserved forest populations. While ex situ conservation is operationally convenient for the short-term gains in tree improvement, we believe in situ conservation is essential for renewing the genetic diversity to meet the changing environments of an uncertain future.
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Zhan, Zhi Yong, Yang Dong Wang, J. Shockey, et al. "Breeding status of tung tree (Vernicia sp.) in China, a multipurpose oilseed crop with industrial uses." Silvae Genetica 61, no. 1-6 (2012): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2012-0033.
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Abstract As a developing country with the world’s largest population, China faces a serious challenge in satisfying its continuously increasing energy demands. Tung trees (Vernicia sp., especially V. fordii and V. montana), are multipurpose, perennial plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. The unique chemical properties of tung seed oil make it one of the best known industrial drying oils. In this review, the breeding status of tung trees in China and some factors which limit the development of tung tree breeding will be summarised. Improvements in ecological performance and pathogen resistance, through to improved breeding methods, will help to rapidly expand the development and use of tung trees and their oil products in China. It is essential for tung tree breeding to advance in the future to keep pace with the increased demand.
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Pijut, Paula M., Keith E. Woeste, G. Vengadesan, and Charles H. Michler. "Technological advances in temperate hardwood tree improvement including breeding and molecular marker applications." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 43, no. 4 (2007): 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11627-007-9026-9.
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Magnussen, S., and C. W. Yeatman. "Early testing of jack pine.: II. Variance and repeatability of stem and branch characters." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 6 (1987): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-079.
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Results on within-tree repeatability and among-tree variances of branch angle, stem and branch traits at age 6 years are presented from an intensively managed jack pine trial in the Petawawa National Forestry Institute's nursery (Ontario, Canada). Four local seed lots were tested at spacings of 2, 1, and 0.5 m. The expected response to changing growing space was observed in the mean values of all quantitative traits. Seedlot effects were unimportant. A method to estimate a tree's "genetic" value from multiple measurements is presented. The method is based on phenotypic residuals from analysis of covariance and the within-tree repeatability of a trait. Heteroscedacity of environmental and within-tree variances in the original data was removed in most traits by the procedure applied. Improvement of jack pine timber quality by breeding for wider branch angle is feasible within the four seed lots judged upon a standard deviation of 7° among trees and a within-tree repeatabilities between 0.22 and 0.36. Branch length and branch diameter were less promising traits for improvement.
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Hasnain, Sadiq, and William Cheliak. "Tissue Culture in Forestry: Economic and Genetic Potential." Forestry Chronicle 62, no. 4 (1986): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc62219-4.
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Vegetative propagation of Canadian conifers by tissue culture methods will allow the exploitation of the maximum genetic gain achieved in forest tree breeding programs. Tissue culture could provide a much more rapid means for delivering the genetic gain achieved to the commercial forests. Key Words: Forestry, biotechnology, plant tissue culutre, genetics, tree improvement.
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Matisons, Roberts, Volker Schneck, Diāna Jansone, et al. "South-Eastern Baltic Provenances of Scots Pine Show Heritable Weather-Growth Relationships." Forests 12, no. 8 (2021): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081101.
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The productivity of forests has been linked to the sensitivity of tree growth to meteorological conditions and their fluctuations, hence moderation of tree sensitivity is one of the goals for climate-smart forest management. For this, tree breeding is among the most effective means, particularly if breeding populations are supplemented with genotypes (provenances) adapted to the expected climates. Nonetheless, heritability of traits is essential for their improvement by breeding. In this study, heritability of growth sensitivity of south-eastern Baltic provenances of Scots pine differing by field performance to meteorological conditions was assessed combining methods of quantitative genetics and dendrochronology. Five parallel provenance trials within the south-eastern Baltic region were investigated. The effects of regional weather drivers of growth (moisture regime in summer, temperature regime in preceding summer and in the dormancy period) were estimated, yet their strengths differed among the provenances, indicating local specialization of metapopulations of Scots pine. The heritability of growth sensitivity to these factors ranged from low to moderate, similarly as observed for the morphometric traits within the region; however, the provenance (genetic) variation appeared to be higher. The differences in heritability of responses, however, indicated uneven adaptive significance of weather conditions. Although the estimates were based on a limited set of genotypes implying caution in the extrapolation of results, the weather-growth relationships and their heritability indicate that sensitivity of growth is a complementary trait aiding breeding of forest reproductive material best suited for future climates. Heritable weather-growth relationships also imply a high potential for forest breeding to moderate the sensitivity of the trees.
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Verrez, Alice, Dan Quiring, Thibaut Leinekugel Le Cocq, Greg Adams, and Yill Sung Park. "Genetically based resistance to the white pine weevil in jack pine and eastern white pine." Forestry Chronicle 86, no. 6 (2010): 775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc86775-6.
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White pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck) damage was evaluated in one white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and four jack pine(Pinus banksiana Lamb) half-sib family test sites to determine the role of tree genotype in resistance to the weevil. Halfsibfamily explained a significant proportion of the variation in weevil attack at all sites. Estimates of family (0.16-0.54)and individual (0.09-0.24) heritabilities of jack pine resistance to white pine weevil were moderate. Estimates of family(0.37) and individual (0.22) heritability of resistance of white pine to the weevil were also moderate when the percentageof test trees damaged by the weevil was relatively low, but were insignificant four years later when more than three-quartersof trees were damaged. Significant positive correlations between mean tree height and mean incidence of trees damagedby the weevil were observed for four of seven site-years but relationships were weak, suggesting that any cost, withrespect to height growth, to breeding weevil resistant trees may be small.Key words: Pinus, Pissodes strobi, trade-offs, tree improvement, tree resistance, white pine weevil.
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Li, Yu Wen, and Yun Jie Wu. "The Determination of Nitrate Reductase Activity of Leaves to the Dominant Species in Forest Community of Northern Aspect of Changbai Mountains." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 900–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.900.
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This paper addresses the application of improvement in vivo of traditional method for determination of nitrate reductase (NR) activity of leaves to dominant tree species in forest community of northern aspect of Changbai Mountains. It describes the NR activity of tree species related to the shade-endurance and shows that the intolerance tree species has higher NR activity. The NR of a species is also related to the ecological situation of the sites. Tree species with higher NR activities should be selected for breeding of fast growing and high yield tree species.
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Revord, Ronald, Sarah Lovell, Thomas Molnar, Kevin Wolz, and Chloé Mattia. "Germplasm Development of Underutilized Temperate U.S. Tree Crops." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (2019): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061546.
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In the Midwest U.S. dominated corn-soybean landscape, agroforestry systems can be particularly valuable for increasing the provisioning and regulatory capacity of the agricultural landscape. However, these systems have not yet been broadly integrated into the landscape of this region since they are mostly relegated to marginal lands. A growing body of literature suggests a path to increase the adoption of agroforestry in the Midwest U.S. lies in the incorporation of low-input food-producing tree species that provide economic incentives for farmers. Studies of the system-level integration of such approaches have proceeded by using the currently available cultivars and breeding selections of various tree nut and fruit species. While existing varieties and breeding selections provide the opportunity for initial system development and integration, their broad adaptability to the Midwest U.S. and its marginal land-types is unexplored. Thus, a second tier of research includes the genetic improvement and adaptation of tree crop selections to their respective target environments throughout the Midwest U.S. Fortunately, select tree crops of interest are amendable to systematic breeding and have wild relatives that are endemic across the region. In this paper, we discuss the value of these wild relatives for broadening the adaption of cultivated tree crop selections by using the hazelnut as an example species. We present a framework using geospatial tools to define and prioritize target environments for breeding and, in turn, exploiting wild relative germplasm.
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Adams, G. W., and K. J. Tosh. "The status and potential of using controlled parentage in operational reforestation in New Brunswick." Forestry Chronicle 74, no. 2 (1998): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc74190-2.
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Tree improvement programs began in New Brunswick in the 1970s, and, by the early 1990s, most of the seed used in reforestation was from seed orchards. Initial research such as fertilizer trials and other flower induction methods focussed on increasing seed orchard yields. Trials have also been established to investigate parental contribution to seed orchard production. As the New Brunswick Tree Improvement Council breeding programs advance into the second generation, two new approaches have been developed to capture genetic gain more efficiently. The use of controlled breeding followed by vegetative multiplication of black spruce has been adopted operationally by J.D. Irving, Limited, and a jack pine meadow orchard has been established by the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy. This paper presents an overview of these programs and the future challenges of using controlled parentage in operational reforestation stock production.
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Priddel, D., N. Carlile, C. Davey, and P. Fullagar. "The status of Gould's petrel, Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera, on Cabbage Tree Island, New South Wales." Wildlife Research 22, no. 5 (1995): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950601.
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Gould's petrel, Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera, breeds only on Cabbage Tree Island, New South Wales. Annual surveys to estimate the size of the breeding population and the reproductive output were conducted between 1989 and 1992. Annual estimates of the total number of pairs breeding in the two gullies containing the main population were between 122 +/- 20 (s.e.) and 202 +/- 26. Breeding success was less than 20% between 1989 and 1991, but rose to 24.7% in 1992. This marginal improvement may be the result of management action undertaken to reduce mortality of breeding adults and fledglings. The total population is estimated to have declined from 2004 (95% confidence limits: 1464,3185) in 1970 to 1479 (1250,1815) in 1992, a decline of 26% in 22 years. The reasons for this decline are unclear.
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WIBAUX, THOMAS, DANY-CLAUDE KONAN, DIDIER SNOECK, PATRICK JAGORET, and PHILIPPE BASTIDE. "STUDY OF TREE-TO-TREE YIELD VARIABILITY AMONG SEEDLING-BASED CACAO POPULATIONS IN AN INDUSTRIAL PLANTATION IN CÔTE D'IVOIRE." Experimental Agriculture 54, no. 5 (2017): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479717000345.
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SUMMARYIn Côte d'Ivoire, the world's largest cocoa producer, cacao (Theobroma cacaoL.) is usually grown from seed. The genetics consist of a mix of amelonado, trinitario and selected hybrids. This mix of varieties generates high phenotypic variabilities, including variability in tree productivity, within cacao populations in both smallholder and industrial plantations. Tree-to-tree variability in yield has been reported in cacao breeding trials under different environmental conditions. However, it has never been considered a limiting factor for agronomical performance of seedling-based cacao plantations. Around 10 000 cacao trees from seven plots under different environmental conditions in a cacao plantation in Côte d'Ivoire were monitored for 2 years. Pod production of individual trees was recorded and annual average tree pod yields were assessed. High heterogeneity in cacao-tree yields was observed in all plots, with coefficients of variation ranging from 56 to 102%. The distribution of cacao-tree yields in each plot was positively skewed. Analysis of these distributions showed that unproductive trees represented a significant proportion of cacao tree populations (7%), and the 20% least productive trees accounted for 3% of production. The 20% most productive trees were responsible for 46% of the total pod production of a plot. This heterogeneity reflects a major imbalance in the agronomical performances of low- and high-yielding trees and also represents possible efficiency gaps in seedling-based cacao plantations, which could be overcome through innovative corrective strategies, opening new pathways for improvement of cacao-based cropping systems.
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Hubert, Jason, and Steve Lee. "A review of the relative roles of silviculture and tree breeding in tree improvement: the example of Sitka spruce in Britain and possible lessons for hardwood breeding." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 78, no. 2 (2005): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpi011.
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Hanchor, Uraiwan, Somporn Maelim, Wathinee Suanpaga, Ji-Min Park, and Kyu-Suk Kang. "Growth Performance and Heritability Estimation of Acacia crassicarpa in a Progeny Trial in eastern Thailand." Silvae Genetica 65, no. 2 (2016): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2016-0017.
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Abstract Growth performance and heritability were studied in a progeny trial of Acacia crassicarpa in Chacheongsao province, eastern Thailand in order to provide information on suitable families for seed improvement and production. A randomized complete block design (originally 8 blocks, 80 family plots/block, 4 trees/plot) of the best 80 half-sib families selected from 7 provenances was thinned at ages 2.5, 4 and 5 years based on growth and tree form and so that there was one tree/plot remained at the stage of present study. All remaining trees were measured for diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), individual volume (VOL) and stem form (straightness and forked height) at ages 12, 12.5, 13 and 13.5 years, respectively. Narrow sense heritability (h2) based on family was estimated for each characteristic. Analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among families at the four ages for DBH, H and VOL. Stem straightness and forked height were not significantly different among families. The heritability of DBH was increased as trees were mature (h2 = 0.236, 0.285, 0.288, and 0.291) but those of H and VOL were a little decreased. The heritability of stem straightness was very low (0.013) and that of forked height was also low (0.138). The results implied that the tree breeding of A. crassicarpa could improve DBH, H and VOL considerably. Further selection testing is required to increase the heritability of stem form. The measured data would be useful for tree improvement and seed orchard establishment of Acacia crassicarpa.
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Schnell, R. J., J. S. Brown, D. N. Kuhn, et al. "CURRENT CHALLENGES OF TROPICAL TREE CROP IMPROVEMENT: INTEGRATING GENOMICS INTO AN APPLIED CACAO BREEDING PROGRAM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 738 (March 2007): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.738.11.
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Rufai, Shamsuddeen, M. M. Hanafi, M. Y. Rafii, S. Ahmad, I. W. Arolu, and Jannatul Ferdous. "Genetic Dissection of New Genotypes of Drumstick Tree (Moringa oleiferaLam.) Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Marker." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/604598.
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The knowledge of genetic diversity of tree crop is very important for breeding and improvement program for the purpose of improving the yield and quality of its produce. Genetic diversity study and analysis of genetic relationship among 20Moringa oleiferawere carried out with the aid of twelve primers from, random amplified polymorphic DNA marker. The seeds of twentyM. oleiferagenotypes from various origins were collected and germinated and raised in nursery before transplanting to the field at University Agricultural Park (TPU). Genetic diversity parameter, such as Shannon's information index and expected heterozygosity, revealed the presence of high genetic divergence with value of 1.80 and 0.13 for Malaysian population and 0.30 and 0.19 for the international population, respectively. Mean of Nei's gene diversity index for the two populations was estimated to be 0.20. In addition, a dendrogram constructed, using UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distance, grouped the twentyM. oleiferainto five distinct clusters. The study revealed a great extent of variation which is essential for successful breeding and improvement program. From this study,M. oleiferagenotypes of wide genetic origin, such as T-01, T-06, M-01, and M-02, are recommended to be used as parent in future breeding program.
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Högberg, K. A., I. Ekberg, L. Norell, and S. von Arnold. "Integration of somatic embryogenesis in a tree breeding programme: a case study with Picea abies." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 10 (1998): 1536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-137.
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Potential for integration of somatic embryogenesis in a breeding programme of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and its limitations, were investigated in a case study with an ordinary breeding population. A standard protocol was used for initiation, proliferation, and cryopreservation of embryogenic cultures; maturation of somatic embryos; and plant regeneration. This is a practical necessity when dealing with a large number of genotypes. Proliferation and maturation were identified as major constraints. Clear differences among families were seen for proliferation and for maturation. For plant regeneration, differences among cell lines within families were considerable while no significant differences were found among families. Significant differences among male parents were obtained for proliferation and maturation. Our calculations show that by using an improved standard protocol, at least one third of the genotypes can be propagated via somatic embryogenesis. No clear relationship was found between embryogenic characters of selected parents based on progenies and corresponding parental breeding values for growth and phenology characters. Three years can be gained by using somatic embryogenesis instead of cuttings in a breeding programme. Maintained propagation ability by including cryopreservation in the breeding programme will provide a very useful link between breeding and mass propagation. The results are encouraging, but further improvement of the standard protocol is necessary.
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Gonçalves, Paulo de Souza, Adriano Tosoni da Eira Aguiar, Reginaldo Brito da Costa, Elaine Cristine Piffer Gonçalves, Erivaldo José Scaloppi Júnior, and Roberto Botelho Ferraz Branco. "Genetic variation and realized genetic gain from rubber tree improvement." Scientia Agricola 66, no. 1 (2009): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162009000100006.
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Breeding cycle in rubber extends to 20-30 years between pollination and yield assessment, distributed over three selection stages. Five hectares of small scale trial of rubber tree [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell.-Arg.], was established in the Northwestern region of São Paulo State, Brazil. The population comprises 98 clones mostly derived from intensively selected plus tree in the natural forest of rubber tree in the Amazon. Three open pollinated progeny tests were established in three experimental stations. Seedlings from 98 progenies including a commercial check (CC) were planted in each one of the three locations. Assessments were made when the plants were one, two and three years old. The variation among progenies for girth was highly significant in all locations examined. In the combined analysis of variance over three locations, differences among progenies were also detected, while progeny × location interaction effect was not significant. Narrow sense heritability estimates on individual tree basis (h i²) were variable depending on the characteristic, age of assessment and experimental location. Realized genetic gains were calculated for the plant characteristics at the age of three years, by comparing the performance of improved (selected) materials to unimproved materials (CC). The total genetic gain from the genetically tested first generation clone population at Votuporanga is estimated as 25% for girth, 14% for rubber yield and 25% for bark thickness. Improvement of rubber tree by selection, establishment of clonal population (isolated garden) and progeny testing is a very promising and profitable operation.
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Korneyeva, S. A., E. N. Sedov, and T. V. Yanchuk. "Evaluation of Priokskoe columnar apple variety from All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 4 (September 6, 2021): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2021-4-32-36.
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The use of adaptive, scab-immune, stable-fruiting columnar apple tree varieties of domestic selection enhances profitability of commercial horticulture for a higher competitive power of national agricultural market. The diversity of columnar varieties remains little, yet offering a promising line of selection given a rising interest in this form of apple tree. The research aimed to comprehensively assess the economic and biological potential of the Priokskoe columnar variety to produce recommendations on its introduction in home and industrial gardening. A number of promising selected and elite genotypes, as well as five cultivars (Priokskoe, Poeziya, Vostorg, Orlovskaya Yeseniya, Girlyanda) have been identified from the extensive hybrid fund of columnar apple trees established at the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding for over 40 years. Priokskoe was the Institute’s first early-fruiting columnar variety starting at the third year post-inoculation on low-medium vigour rootstock. Average yield at planting density 14,000 plants/ha on dwarf stock 62-396 makes 49.1 t/ha and 78.3 t/ha — in the crown of skeleton-forming stock 3-17-38 at planting density 3,333 plants/ha. Priokskoe is a strong-vigour category among columnar varieties. A 7-year tree height on dwarf rootstock 62-396 was 217.3 cm, a crowned tree height on stem stock 3-4-98 — 281.7 cm. The variety’s winter hardiness is sufficient for its cultivation in the Middle Chernozem zone at no risk of irreversible winter loss. The Rvi6 gene-conditioned scab immunity enables improvement of the orchard phytosanitary situation via reduced chemical burden. The adaptability, economic and biological traits of the Priokskoe columnar variety ensure it a worthy rating among the current apple tree assortment recommended for intensive industrial horticulture.
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Perron, M. "A Strategy for the Second Breeding Cycle of Larix x marschlinsii in Québec, Canada Including Experiments to Guide Interspecific Tree Breeding Programme." Silvae Genetica 57, no. 1-6 (2008): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2008-0043.
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AbstractA strategy for the genetic improvement of Larix decidua P. Mill., L. kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière and their hybrid (L. x marschlinsii Coaz) in Québec, Canada, was set up to provide short and long-term genetic gains, as well as basic populations for some fundamental experiments. A reciprocal recurrent selection with forward selection strategy (RRS-FS) will be applied by using a pollen mix breeding with a partial population paternity analysis (PMX/WPPA). The genetic mechanisms responsible for heterosis among trees remain poorly understood. This complicates the implementation of multi-species genetic improvement programmes seeking to achieve the full benefits of interspecific hybridization. Various strategies to exploit heterosis are outlined. To expand our knowledge and guide our future choices, basic research has been integrated directly into breeding and testing activities, as well as through experiments integrated within activities leading to recommendations about the top-ranked families to be used in reforestation (cuttings). These experiments can also serve as the basis for future studies seeking a better understanding of heterosis through molecular genetics.
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Via, Brian K., Michael Stine, Todd F. Shupe, Chi-Leung So, and Leslie Groom. "GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF FIBER LENGTH AND COARSENESS BASED ON PAPER PRODUCT PERFORMANCE AND MATERIAL VARIABILITY – A REVIEW." IAWA Journal 25, no. 4 (2004): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000373.
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Improvement of specific gravity through tree breeding was an early choice made in the mid 20th century due to its ease of measurement and impact on pulp yield and lumber strength and stiffness. This was often the first, and in many cases, the only wood quality trait selected for. However, from a product standpoint, increased specific gravity has shown to lower many paper strength and stiffness properties and has been assumed to be directly attributable to increased fiber coarseness. As a result, it is currently not clear which fiber trait would best benefit a tree improvement program for paper products. This review found coarseness to be perhaps more important to paper strength and stiffness whereas tracheid length showed better promise from a breeding point of view due to its independence from specific gravity. However, both traits possessed strong heritability and influence on product performance and thus both would be beneficial to breed for depending on organizational goals and end product mix. The objective of this paper is to review and prioritize coarseness and tracheid length from both an end use and raw material perspective. To aid in prioritization, the variation, correlation, and heritability of both traits were reviewed along with significant genetic and phenotypic correlations. Variation trends within and between families as well as within a tree were reviewed.
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Lindgren, Dag, Darius Danusevičius, and Ola Rosvall. "Balanced forest tree improvement can be enhanced by selecting among many parents but maintaining balance among grandparents." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 11 (2008): 2797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-114.
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A model for a balanced tree breeding program that considers genetic gain and cost was used to assess the benefits of increasing the breeding population to allow for a component of among-parent selection while maintaining an equal contribution among grandparents, rather than relaying on within-family selection with an equal parental representation. The scenario used in this study had characteristics similar to those of the phenotypic selection strategy for Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) in Sweden. The results showed that investments in a greater number of parents and families to allow for among-parent selection resulted in a markedly higher genetic gain. The among-parent selection component increased the genetic gain by as much as 70% in a scenario with a high budget and no family creation costs and by as much as 20% in a scenario with a low budget and high family creation costs.
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Isik, Fikret, and Bailian Li. "Rapid assessment of wood density of live trees using the Resistograph for selection in tree improvement programs." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 12 (2003): 2426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-176.
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Wood density is traditionally determined by a volumetric method that is accurate but expensive for large-scale sampling. A new device called the Resistograph was investigated for rapid assessment of relative wood density of live trees in progeny trials. Fourteen full-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) produced by a six-parent half-diallel mating design were tested at four sites. For each family, wood density was measured with the traditional volumetric method and then compared with the Resistograph readings (amplitude). Amplitude had weak (0.29) to moderate (0.65) phenotypic correlations with wood density on an individual-tree basis over the four sites. The family mean correlation between the two measurements, however, was much stronger (0.92). The additive genetic correlation between the two measures was also high (0.95). Individual-tree breeding values of amplitude yielded more accurate rankings than phenotypic values. The rankings of the parental, general-combining abilities were identical for the two measures. Both wood density and amplitude were under strong genetic control at the family level (full-sib family heritability (h2fs) = 0.95 for wood density and h2fs = 0.85 for amplitude). The efficiency of using the Resistograph as a means of indirect selection for improvement of wood density was 87% at the family level. Results from this study suggest that the Resistograph could be used reliably and efficiently to assess relative wood density of live trees for selection in tree improvement programs. The method is rapid, nondestructive, and much cheaper than the traditional volumetric method.
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EDWIN, J., and W. A. MASTERS. "GENETIC IMPROVEMENT AND COCOA YIELDS IN GHANA." Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 4 (2005): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479705002887.
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This paper documents the yield gains attributable to the breeding and distribution of new cocoa varieties in Ghana, using data from a 2002 survey of 192 fields in the country's key cocoa producing regions. We find that planting the more recently-released varieties is associated with at least 42% higher yields, and that genetic improvement accounts for much but not all of the observed correlation between tree age and cocoa yield. Fertilizer use is also very important, being associated with 19% higher cocoa yield per 50 kg bag of fertilizer. We find no evidence that varieties differ in their response to fertilizer, pesticide use or labour, and no evidence of a decline in the yield advantage of new varieties over the 17-year age span observed in the sample.
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Schimleck, L. R., A. J. Michell, C. A. Raymond, and A. Muneri. "Assessment of the Pulpwood Quality of Standing Trees Using near Infrared Spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 6, A (1998): A117—A123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.178.
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In Australia, considerable effort has been directed at improving the pulp yield of plantation grown trees through tree breeding programs. However, an improvement in pulp yield relies on the assessment of large numbers of trees. Traditional methods of assessment are expensive, time consuming and destructive, inhibiting their use. Cores can be extracted non-destructively from standing trees using TRECOR, a handheld motor driven drill. The cores are milled, their near-infrared spectra obtained and pulp yield estimated using an appropriate calibration model. The height at which the core is taken is very important. It must represent the whole tree and sampling must be easy and practical. The longitudinal and radial (within-tree) variation of pulp yield for 15 Eucalyptus nitens trees was examined using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The trees were taken from three families (five trees per family) selected for giving high, medium and low pulp yields respectively. Three trees (one from each family) were examined in detail. Maps of within-tree variation of pulp yield were developed. Pulp yield was found to be highly variable within individual trees and between trees of the same family. The yield of samples from 10% of tree height (approximately 2.2 m) gave the best correlation with whole-tree yield. Samples from 5% of tree height (approximately 1.1 m) gave a slightly lower correlation but provided a more convenient sampling height. Ten Eucalyptus globulus and ten E. nitens trees growing on five sites in Australia were used to examine the longitudinal variation of pulp yield. Trees from sites in Tasmania, Western Australia and Victoria were sampled. The optimal sampling height for E. globulus was 1.1 m. No single sampling height could be recommended for E. nitens due to large site effects.
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Bouffier, Laurent, Philippe Rozenberg, Annie Raffin, and Antoine Kremer. "Wood density variability in successive breeding populations of maritime pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 8 (2008): 2148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-051.
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Growth and form are the two main traits used for genetic improvement of maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster Ait.) in the southwest of France. In this paper, wood density is studied to answer two main questions: Is there a general trend for density variability throughout tree development and has selection indirectly reduced wood density variability over breeding populations, owing to genetic unfavourable correlation with growth? Wood density and its components were studied in three polycross tests, each representative of one of the successive breeding populations. Wood density was measured with an X-ray densitometer in approximately 50 families per test with >1900 trees. A preliminary study showed that bark-to-pith ring indexing allows for a better estimation of genetic effects than does pith-to-bark indexing. Genetic variability of wood density appears to be highly dependent on the year considered and no general pattern can be detected over time. Whereas the variability of selected traits is known to have decreased over breeding populations, no significant change was found for variability of wood density.
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Bhusudsawang, Gunlayarat, Ratchanee Rattanawong, Thitaporn Phumichai, Wirulda Pootakham, Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang, and Kittipat Ukoskit. "Identification of Candidate Gene-Based Markers for Girth Growth in Rubber Trees." Plants 10, no. 7 (2021): 1440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071440.
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Girth growth is an important factor in both latex and timber production of the rubber tree. In this study, we performed candidate gene association mapping for girth growth in rubber trees using intron length polymorphism markers (ILP) in identifying the candidate genes responsible for girth growth. The COBL064_1 marker developed from the candidate gene (COBL4) regulating cellulose deposition and oriented cell expansion in the plant cell wall showed the strongest association with girth growth across two seasons in the Amazonian population and was validated in the breeding lines. We then applied single molecule real-time (SMRT) circular consensus sequencing (CCS) to analyze a wider gene region of the COBL4 to pinpoint the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that best explains the association with the traits. A SNP in the 3’ UTR showing linkage disequilibrium with the COBL064_1 most associated with girth growth. This study showed that the cost-effective method of ILP gene-based markers can assist in identification of SNPs in the candidate gene associated with girth growth. The SNP markers identified in this study added useful markers for the improvement of girth growth in rubber tree breeding programs.
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Neale, David B., and Claire G. Williams. "Restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping in conifers and applications to forest genetics and tree improvement." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 5 (1991): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-076.
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It is now technically possible to construct high-density restriction fragment length polymorphism maps for almost any conifer. Hundreds of new genetic markers will become available for forest genetics research and tree-improvement applications. Having a large number of genetic markers will improve efficiency in studies in which isozymes or other markers have traditionally been applied (e.g., genetic variation in populations, paternity analysis, varietal identification, and seed-orchard efficiency). High-density restriction fragment length polymorphism maps may make it possible to (i) identify quantitative trait loci and (ii) practice marker-assisted selection in conifer breeding.