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Journal articles on the topic 'Tree crown shape'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Franceschi, Eleonora, Astrid Moser-Reischl, Mohammad A. Rahman, Stephan Pauleit, Hans Pretzsch, and Thomas Rötzer. "Crown Shapes of Urban Trees-Their Dependences on Tree Species, Tree Age and Local Environment, and Effects on Ecosystem Services." Forests 13, no. 5 (2022): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050748.

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Crown shapes of common European urban tree species differ from tree species to tree species and are modified by the age of a tree and its local environment. A tree’s crown shape has a great influence on the crown volume and thus on the ecosystem service provision of a tree such as the shade area or the shade density. We used the data of 3852 tree individuals from eight German cities and the crown shape data of 528 trees for the species Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Aesculus hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelsior, Platanus × acerifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia and Tilia cordata to analyze tree

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2

Shamim, Ahmed, and Pretzsch Hans. "TLidar-based crown shape indicates tree ring pattern in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) trees across competition gradients. A modeling and methodological approach." Ecological indicators 2023, no. 148 (2023): 110116. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716499.

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Tree crowns and growth rings are physiologically and functionally connected through supporting and resource sharing. Management interventions may strongly influence tree growth by altering this linkage. However, conventional approaches have limited ability to characterize crown shape precisely, thus hindering our understanding of the relationship between crown shape and tree ring patterns. We, thus, aimed to test three hypotheses: (HI) Crown shape (regularity vs. irregularity) and ring patterns (regularity or irregularity) are significantly correlated and (HII) vary across density gradients; i

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3

Li, Jian Ke, Jing Hui Yang, Yan Jun Liu, et al. "Growth and Development of Feijoa with Different Plant Shape and in Greenhouses Environment." Advanced Materials Research 886 (January 2014): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.886.294.

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In order to explore the relation between tree crown shape and growth development and age of tree, flowering plants, fruiting plants, bearing plants, bearing branch and floweret, length of bearing branch were studied in greenhouse environments after tree corm shape were divided into three groups by live crown ratio of crown width to height and angle from the central leader to first scaffold branch. The result showed that the plants of upright crown shape were 83% at age one year among all plants, 45% at age two years and tree crown shapes, open tree increased to 25% at age of three years. The f

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4

Power, Hugues, Valerie LeMay, Frank Berninger, Derek Sattler, and Daniel Kneeshaw. "Differences in crown characteristics between black (Picea mariana) and white spruce (Picea glauca)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 9 (2012): 1733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-106.

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Black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) and white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) are phylogenetically proximal species that differ in productivity. Crown characteristics of these two species have not been extensively studied, in spite of the importance of these two species to the Canadian boreal forest and the importance of tree crowns for understanding and modelling tree growth. In this paper, we characterize and compare the crown lengths, crown profiles (i.e., radii), shapes, and surface areas of these two species using 65 white spruce and 57 black spruce t

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5

Qian, Chen, Chunjing Yao, Hongchao Ma, Junhao Xu, and Jie Wang. "Tree Species Classification Using Airborne LiDAR Data Based on Individual Tree Segmentation and Shape Fitting." Remote Sensing 15, no. 2 (2023): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020406.

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Individual tree species classification is of strategic importance for forest monitoring, analysis, and management, which are critical for sustainable forestry development. In this regard, the paper proposes a method based on the profile of segmented individual tree laser scanning points to identify tree species. The proposed methodology mainly takes advantage of three-dimensional geometric features of a tree crown captured by a laser point cloud to identify tree species. Firstly, the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and Digital Surface Model (DSM) are used for Crown Height Model (CHM) generation. T

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6

Escoto-Rodríguez, Martín, José M. Facelli, and Jennifer R. Watling. "Do wide crowns in arid woodland trees reflect hydraulic limitation and reduction of self-shading?" Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 12 (2014): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14022.

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In arid regions many tree species develop broad crowns. A number of hypotheses involve trade-offs between growth in height and horizontal spreading, but there is no explanation for the switch from vertical to horizontal growth during development. Using Acacia papyrocarpa Benth as a model, we measured tree height and crown shape across different sites and topographic positions. We also measured δ13C of phyllodes from crown tops and lateral spreading branches. Trees were significantly taller at the base of a hill, where water availability is typically greater, than on the adjacent steep hillslop

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Dai, Mingrui, and Guohua Li. "Soft Segmentation of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Cloud of Forests." Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (2023): 6228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13106228.

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As the three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner is widely used for forest inventory, analyzing and processing point cloud data captured with a 3D laser scanner have become an important research topic in recent years. The extraction of single trees from point cloud data is essential for further investigation at the individual tree level, such as counting trees and trunk analysis, and many developments related to this topic have been published. However, constructing an accurate and automated method to obtain the tree crown silhouette from the point cloud data is challenging because the tree crowns o

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8

Muhairwe, Charles K. "Tree form and taper variation over time for interior lodgepole pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 9 (1994): 1904–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-245.

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Changes in tree form and taper over time, as affected by changes in tree, stand, and site factors for interior lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm.) were investigated using detailed stem analysis data from interior British Columbia. It was found that tree shape and taper change along the stem at one time and over time with changes in tree and stand factors, particularly the diameter at breast height to total tree height ratio, crown length, and crown ratio, and with predicted quadratic mean diameter at age 50 years, a stand density measure. At young ages, the trees were parabol

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9

Aryal, Bimal, James Steenberg, and Peter Duinker. "The Effects of Residential Street Tree Spacing and Crown Interactions on Crown Dimensions and Canopy Cover." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47, no. 5 (2021): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2021.017.

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Urban trees provide people with a range of ecosystem services. Trees planted along streets have been a large focus of urban forest research and practice, and municipalities invest significant resources in their survival. However, the optimal spacing of street trees is not addressed in the scientific literature, and existing municipal street tree spacing standards are highly variable and poorly enforced. In this study, we examine variability in crown shape and size for street trees to test for possible interaction effects at closer spacings. We measured variability in crown diameters both paral

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10

Zeide, Boris, and Charles A. Gresham. "Fractal dimensions of tree crowns in three loblolly pine plantations of coastal South Carolina." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 8 (1991): 1208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-169.

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Because crown structure is closely associated with many aspects of tree growth, fractal dimension of the crown is likely to be a useful indicator of tree form as well as growth. This paper investigates the relationship between the fractal dimension of crowns and two growth-regulating factors, site quality and thinning intensity. The two-surface method allows one to calculate fractal dimension from the regression of foliage area (or mass) on the area (or volume) of the convex hull that envelopes the crown. The hull's volume can be computed from the length and width of a crown using an equation

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11

Ehoniyotan, Olayemi Ibukun, and Daniel Yomi Onemayin. "Studies on variation in morphological traits of mango trees (Mangifera indica) growing on Kogi State University campus, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (2020): 113–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4277010.

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Mango (<em>Mangifera indica</em>) is an economically important tropical fruit consumed all over the world due to its large fruit with a soft, sweet pulp. In this study, morphological characters of sixty (60) randomly selected mango trees growing on Kogi State University campus, Anyigba were examined. These characters were examined by comparison with those highlighted in mango descriptor by International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). The characters studied were crown shape, tree growth habit, leaf blade shape, leaf altitude in relation to branch, leaf apex shape, leaf margin, leaf

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12

Alves, Luciana F., and Flavio A. M. Santos. "Tree allometry and crown shape of four tree species in Atlantic rain forest, south-east Brazil." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 2 (2002): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740200216x.

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The allometry of crown shape and trunk diameter with tree height were analysed for four tree species in a tropical lowland rain forest, southeast Brazil. The dimensional relationships of a subcanopy species (Garcinia gardneriana) were contrasted with those of two canopy (Chrysophyllum flexuosum and Swartzia simplex) and one emergent species (Sloanea guianensis). For all trees ≥ 1 cm dbh, we recorded dbh, total height, branching height, crown area, crown width and crown length. Observed allometric relationships indicated interspecific variation in trunk diameter and crown shape with height. All

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13

Chmura, Daniel J., Mark G. Tjoelker, and Timothy A. Martin. "Environmental and genetic effects on crown shape in young loblolly pine plantations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 3 (2009): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-200.

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Tree crown shape is an important trait affecting the light environment in forest canopies. We examined genetic and environmental effects on outer crown shape of young single-family stands of loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.). Crown diameter profiles were measured after canopy closure at four experimental sites in the southeastern US. The two examined families of contrasting aboveground productivity differed in crown length but not in their outer crown shapes or crown shape ratios, defined as the ratio of crown diameter to crown length. Within each site, intensive silvicultural treatment, consist

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14

Dai, Mingrui, and Guohua Li. "Soft Segmentation and Reconstruction of Tree Crown from Laser Scanning Data." Electronics 12, no. 10 (2023): 2300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12102300.

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Point cloud data obtained by laser scanning can be used for object shape modeling and analysis, including forest inventory. One of the inventory tasks is individual tree extraction and measurement. However, individual tree segmentation, especially tree crown segmentation, is challenging. In this paper, we present a novel soft segmentation algorithm to segment tree crowns in point clouds automatically and reconstruct the tree crown surface from the segmented crown point cloud. The soft segmentation algorithm mainly processes the overlapping region of the tree crown. The experimental results sho

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15

Gao, Huilin, Dongsheng Chen, Xiaomei Sun, and Shougong Zhang. "Responses of the Crown Shape of Larix kaempferi Plantations to Site Index in Subtropical Areas of China." Forests 14, no. 11 (2023): 2181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14112181.

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This study addresses how site index may affect crown shape by developing a crown shape regression model for the planted L. kaempferi at high altitudes in the subtropical climate of China. A total of 9241 branches from 78 trees, including 39 dominant trees and 39 intermediate trees, were measured in Hubei Province, southern China. The branch characteristics, including branch length, branch angle, and branch chord length of all living branches, were measured by felling trees. The models that showed good performance in crown shape modeling were used and compared in the present study. The goodness

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16

Duchemin, Laurent, Christophe Eloy, Eric Badel, and Bruno Moulia. "Tree crowns grow into self-similar shapes controlled by gravity and light sensing." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 142 (2018): 20170976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0976.

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Plants have developed different tropisms: in particular, they reorient the growth of their branches towards the light (phototropism) or upwards (gravitropism). How these tropisms affect the shape of a tree crown remains unanswered. We address this question by developing a propagating front model of tree growth. Being length-free, this model leads to self-similar solutions after a long period of time, which are independent of the initial conditions. Varying the intensities of each tropism, different self-similar shapes emerge, including singular ones. Interestingly, these shapes bear similariti

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17

Hann, David W. "An Adjustable Predictor of Crown Profile for Stand-Grown Douglas-Fir Trees." Forest Science 45, no. 2 (1999): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/45.2.217.

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Abstract This study developed a method for predicting the crown profile of stand-grown trees that can be adjusted to other populations of the same species by using either measurements or predictions of the largest crown width (LCW) for trees in the alternative population. The method should be of particular interest for tree species such as Douglas-fir that have exhibited variation in crown attributes across both their geographic range and genotypes. To model crown profile, the crown was divided into two segments: the portion of the crown above the point where LCW occurs, and the portion below

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18

Polewski, P., J. Shelton, W. Yao, and M. Heurich. "SEGMENTATION OF SINGLE STANDING DEAD TREES IN HIGH-RESOLUTION AERIAL IMAGERY WITH GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORK-BASED SHAPE PRIORS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-717-2020.

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Abstract. The use of multispectral imagery for monitoring biodiversity in ecosystems is becoming widespread. A key parameter of forest ecosystems is the distribution of dead wood. This work addresses the segmentation of individual dead tree crowns in nadir-view aerial infrared imagery. While dead vegetation produces a distinct spectral response in the near infrared band, separating adjacent trees within large swaths of dead stands remains a challenge. We tackle this problem by casting the segmentation task within the active contour framework, a mathematical formulation combining learned models

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19

Rudnicki, Mark, Victor J. Lieffers, and Uldis Silins. "Stand structure governs the crown collisions of lodgepole pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 7 (2003): 1238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-055.

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We investigated tree sway and crown collision behavior of even-aged lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands of different structure in Alberta, Canada, to examine how these factors might affect loss of leaf area as stands mature. The Two Creeks stand (TC) had high density and slender trees, while the Chickadee stand (CH) had stout trees. The TC stand was then thinned (TCT) to reduce the stand density. For each stand, simultaneous tree sways of a group of 10 trees were monitored with biaxial clinometers during wind speed of 5 m/s (canopy top). Crown collisio

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20

Peterson, David L. "Crown scorch volume and scorch height: estimates of postfire tree condition." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 3 (1985): 596–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-097.

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In salvage operations after wildfire, timber managers need to identify those trees most likely to die. Crown scorch volume and scorch height are commonly used to estimate damage to conifers after fire. Calculated crown scorch volume based on scorch height and tree dimensions was compared with observed crown scorch volume for four common conifer species of the northern Rocky Mountains. Calculated crown scorch volume was significantly greater than observed crown scorch volume for all species. The overestimates are the result of differences among species and trees of varying crown shape. When pos

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21

Jacygrad, Ewelina, Maggi Kelly, Sean Hogan, John E. Preece, Deborah Golino, and Richard Michelmore. "Comparison between Field Measured and UAV-Derived Pistachio Tree Crown Characteristics throughout a Growing Season." Drones 6, no. 11 (2022): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6110343.

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Monitoring individual tree crown characteristics is an important component of smart agriculture and is crucial for orchard management. We focused on understanding how UAV imagery taken across one growing season can help understand and predict the growth and development of pistachio trees grown from rootstock seedlings. Tree crown characteristics (i.e., height, size, shape, and mean normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) were derived using an object-based image analysis method with multispectral Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAV) imagery flown seven times over 472 five-year-old pistachio tr

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22

Parmar, Bhumikaben Maganbhai, C. R. Patel, Nikita Chandrakant Patel, and Hemangini M. Rathva. "Study on Morphological Tree Characteristics of Half-Sib Seedling Genotypes of Mango Hybrid Sonpari." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 37, no. 4 (2025): 188–95. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2025/v37i45400.

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The present study was carried out at Agriculture Experimental Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Paria, Gujarat, India, during year 2023 & 2024 with 40 half sib seedling genotypes of mango hybrid variety Sonpari (Alphanso × Baneshan) which were evaluated and compared using morphological characters like tree height, trunk circumference, crown diameter, crown shape and descriptive statistics analysis was done. Mango hybrid Sonpari was taken as check variety. Among the half-sibs studied, genotypes SHS-61, SHS-123 and Sonpari were medium heighted (6.1-9.0 m) and remaining selected culti

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23

Heisler, Gordon. "Energy Savings with Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 12, no. 5 (1986): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1986.026.

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In conventional buildings, trees increase, decrease, or have little effect on energy use depending on general climate, building type, tree species, and tree location. Tree arrangements that save energy provide shade primarily for east and west walls and roofs and wind protection from the direction of prevailing winter winds. Particularly for buildings specially designed to use solar energy and those with solar collectors, it is important to place tree crowns so they do not block sun from collectors and south walls. But conventional houses also benefit from winter sun. Deciduous trees provide b

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24

Wang, Jie, Chunjing Yao, Hongchao Ma, Junhao Xu, and Chen Qian. "Sample Plots Forestry Parameters Verification and Updating Using Airborne LiDAR Data." Remote Sensing 15, no. 12 (2023): 3060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15123060.

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The rapid development of LiDAR technology has promoted great changes in forest resource surveys. The airborne LiDAR point cloud can provide the precise height and detailed structure of trees, and can estimate key forest resource indicators such as forest stock volume, diameter at breast height, and forest biomass at a large scale. By establishing relationship models between the forest parameters of sample plots and the calculated parameters of LiDAR, these developments may eventually expand the models to large-scale forest resource surveys of entire areas. In this study, eight sample plots in

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25

Wan Mohd Jaafar, Wan, Iain Woodhouse, Carlos Silva, et al. "Improving Individual Tree Crown Delineation and Attributes Estimation of Tropical Forests Using Airborne LiDAR Data." Forests 9, no. 12 (2018): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9120759.

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Individual tree crown (ITC) segmentation is an approach to isolate individual tree from the background vegetation and delineate precisely the crown boundaries for forest management and inventory purposes. ITC detection and delineation have been commonly generated from canopy height model (CHM) derived from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. Existing ITC segmentation methods, however, are limited in their efficiency for characterizing closed canopies, especially in tropical forests, due to the overlapping structure and irregular shape of tree crowns. Furthermore, the potential of 3-dimen

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26

Remphrey, W. R., C. G. Davidson, and M. J. Blouw. "A classification and analysis of crown form in green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 11 (1987): 2188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-301.

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Forty-five boulevard green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.), both male and female trees, were selected and numerous morphometric measurements were obtained. Multivariate and univariate techniques applied to the data suggested three crown shape classes based on the pattern of crown diameter changes. The crown shape classes were identified as broad and rounded (group C) to tall and conical (group A), with an intermediate category (group B). Although tree age was not significantly different, group C trees tended to be larger with larger crown areas and basal main-stem

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27

Bakhshaliyeva, N. "Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Persimmon in Sheki-Zagatala Economic Region of Azerbaijan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 11, no. 3 (2025): 336–52. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/112/41.

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Persimmon is one of the main export crops in Azerbaijan. The aim of the study was to assess the genetic diversity of persimmon in Azerbaijan. The studies were conducted in June-July 2023. Persimmon plantations in the Sheki-Zagatala economic region were studied. 30 plants were selected that differed in morphological parameters and probably belonged to different varieties. During direct field work, each plant was described by the following parameters: tree height, crown shape, length, shape and color of leaves, color and size of flowers, monoecious or dioecious plant. Genetic material was extrac

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Yan, Zhaojin, Rufei Liu, Liang Cheng, Xiao Zhou, Xiaoguang Ruan, and Yijia Xiao. "A Concave Hull Methodology for Calculating the Crown Volume of Individual Trees Based on Vehicle-Borne LiDAR Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 6 (2019): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11060623.

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Crown volume is an important tree factor used in forest surveys as a prerequisite for estimating biomass and carbon stocks. This study developed a method for accurately calculating the crown volume of individual trees from vehicle-borne laser scanning (VLS) data using a concave hull by slices method. CloudCompare, an open-source three-dimensional (3D) point cloud and mesh processing software package, was used with VLS data to segment individual trees from which single tree crowns were extracted by identifying the first branch point of the tree. The slice thickness and number to be fitted to th

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29

Paulo, M. J., A. Stein, and M. Tomé. "A spatial statistical analysis of cork oak competition in two Portuguese silvopastoral systems." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 11 (2002): 1893–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-107.

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This paper considers competition among cork oaks (Quercus suber L.) at three plots in two representative Portuguese stands. It uses spatial point pattern functions to describe densities and quantify differences among stands. Relations between cork oak characteristics and indices measuring intertree competition are modelled. Tree competition has a significant effect on tree crown characteristics. In particular, cork oaks with much competition have smaller and more elongated crowns. A standard model that relates crown diameter with diameter at breast height was improved. The R2 value increased f

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Perles-Garcia, Maria D., Matthias Kunz, Andreas Fichtner, Nora Meyer, Werner Härdtle, and Goddert von Oheimb. "Neighbourhood Species Richness Reduces Crown Asymmetry of Subtropical Trees in Sloping Terrain." Remote Sensing 14, no. 6 (2022): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061441.

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Reforestation in sloping terrain is an important measure for soil erosion control and sustainable watershed management. The mechanical stability of such reforested stands, however, can be low due to a strong asymmetric shape of tree crowns. We investigated how neighbourhood tree species richness, neighbourhood pressure, tree height, and slope inclination affect crown asymmetry in a large-scale plantation biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiment in subtropical China (BEF-China) over eight years. We took the advantage of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) measurements, which provide non-destr

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Hess, André Felipe, Kemely Alves Atanazio, Geedre Adriano Borsoi, et al. "Crown Efficiency and Pine Cones Production for Brazilian Pine (Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze) in South Brazil." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 6 (2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n6p247.

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Crown efficiency is a relation of growth with the area tree occupies (available area efficiency). Efficiency is associated with the vertical and lateral expansion capacity of the tree and crown, increase, density and light absorption. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate crown efficiency with pine cones∙tree-1 production and dendro/morphometric variables of individual araucaria trees in three forest sites in south Brazil. In each site of each tree, dendrometric and morphometric variables were measured and increment rolls were taken at the breast height diameter level. Together with these data, th

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Deleuze, Christine, Jean-Christophe Hervé, Francis Colin, and Luc Ribeyrolles. "Modelling crown shape of Piceaabies: spacing effects." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 11 (1996): 1957–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-221.

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A model of branch length increment and inclination was developed for Piceaabies (L.) Karst. to describe the dynamics of crown shape. Four trees belonging to the provenance Istebna, from Poland, were sampled in an experimental plot where density varied continuously from 200 to 10 000 stems/ha. Sampling along the density gradient enabled us to study the effect of spacing on tree morphology and development. The model of branch extension is based on height growth and on the year of elongation of the branch. A second model describes the change in branch inclination. Branch spread increased with bet

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Minařík, Robert, Jakub Langhammer, and Theodora Lendzioch. "Automatic Tree Crown Extraction from UAS Multispectral Imagery for the Detection of Bark Beetle Disturbance in Mixed Forests." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (2020): 4081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244081.

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Multispectral imaging using unmanned aerial systems (UAS) enables rapid and accurate detection of pest insect infestations, which are an increasing threat to midlatitude natural forests. Pest detection at the level of an individual tree is of particular importance in mixed forests, where it enables a sensible forest management approach. In this study, we propose a method for individual tree crown delineation (ITCD) followed by feature extraction to detect a bark beetle disturbance in a mixed urban forest using a photogrammetric point cloud (PPC) and a multispectral orthomosaic. An excess green

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Davidson, Campbell G., and William R. Remphrey. "An analysis of architectural parameters of male and female Fraxinus pennsylvanica in relation to crown shape and crown location." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 9 (1990): 2035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-266.

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Architectural variables from male and female green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintergerrima (Vahl) Fern.) comprising three different crown-shape classes were analyzed at four different crown levels to determine which variables influenced crown shape. The narrow conical shape class had the largest mid shoot diameters and the smallest shoot tip abortion frequencies. The broad to round shape class had greater abortion frequency overall. In addition, there was less difference in shoot length between the top and bottom of the crown. The more oval shape class was intermediate for both shoot

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Polewski, P., W. Yao, M. Heurich, P. Krzystek, and U. Stilla. "DETECTION OF SINGLE STANDING DEAD TREES FROM AERIAL COLOR INFRARED IMAGERY BY SEGMENTATION WITH SHAPE AND INTENSITY PRIORS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W4 (March 11, 2015): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w4-181-2015.

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Standing dead trees, known as snags, are an essential factor in maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Combined with their role as carbon sinks, this makes for a compelling reason to study their spatial distribution. This paper presents an integrated method to detect and delineate individual dead tree crowns from color infrared aerial imagery. Our approach consists of two steps which incorporate statistical information about prior distributions of both the image intensities and the shapes of the target objects. In the first step, we perform a Gaussian Mixture Model clustering in the pi

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Hosingholizade, Ali, Yousef Erfanifard, Seyed Kazem Alavipanah, et al. "Assessment of Pine Tree Crown Delineation Algorithms on UAV Data: From K-Means Clustering to CNN Segmentation." Forests 16, no. 2 (2025): 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16020228.

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The crown area is a critical metric for evaluating tree growth and supporting various ecological and forestry analyses. This study compares three approaches, i.e., unsupervised clustering, region-based, and deep learning, to estimate the crown area of Pinus eldarica Medw. using UAV-acquired RGB imagery (2 cm ground sampling distance) and high-density point clouds (1.27 points/cm3). The first approach applied unsupervised clustering techniques, such as Mean-shift and K-means, to directly estimate crown areas, bypassing tree top detection. The second employed a region-based approach, using Templ

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Long, Jie, and Michael D. Jones. "Reconstructing 3D Tree Models Using Motion Capture and Particle Flow." International Journal of Computer Games Technology 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/363160.

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Recovering tree shape from motion capture data is a first step toward efficient and accurate animation of trees in wind using motion capture data. Existing algorithms for generating models of tree branching structures for image synthesis in computer graphics are not adapted to the unique data set provided by motion capture. We present a method for tree shape reconstruction using particle flow on input data obtained from a passive optical motion capture system. Initial branch tip positions are estimated from averaged and smoothed motion capture data. Branch tips, as particles, are also generate

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Argamosa, R. J. L., E. C. Paringit, K. R. Quinton, et al. "FULLY AUTOMATED GIS-BASED INDIVIDUAL TREE CROWN DELINEATION BASED ON CURVATURE VALUES FROM A LIDAR DERIVED CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL IN A CONIFEROUS PLANTATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-563-2016.

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The generation of high resolution canopy height model (CHM) from LiDAR makes it possible to delineate individual tree crown by means of a fully-automated method using the CHM’s curvature through its slope. The local maxima are obtained by taking the maximum raster value in a 3 m x 3 m cell. These values are assumed as tree tops and therefore considered as individual trees. Based on the assumptions, thiessen polygons were generated to serve as buffers for the canopy extent. The negative profile curvature is then measured from the slope of the CHM. The results show that the aggregated points fro

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Argamosa, R. J. L., E. C. Paringit, K. R. Quinton, et al. "FULLY AUTOMATED GIS-BASED INDIVIDUAL TREE CROWN DELINEATION BASED ON CURVATURE VALUES FROM A LIDAR DERIVED CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL IN A CONIFEROUS PLANTATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-563-2016.

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The generation of high resolution canopy height model (CHM) from LiDAR makes it possible to delineate individual tree crown by means of a fully-automated method using the CHM’s curvature through its slope. The local maxima are obtained by taking the maximum raster value in a 3 m x 3 m cell. These values are assumed as tree tops and therefore considered as individual trees. Based on the assumptions, thiessen polygons were generated to serve as buffers for the canopy extent. The negative profile curvature is then measured from the slope of the CHM. The results show that the aggregated points fro

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Wang, Z., J. Wu, Y. Wang, et al. "CROWN-LEVEL TREE SPECIES CLASSIFICATION USING INTEGRATED AIRBORNE HYPERSPECTRAL AND LIDAR REMOTE SENSING DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (May 2, 2018): 2629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-2629-2018.

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Mapping tree species is essential for sustainable planning as well as to improve our understanding of the role of different trees as different ecological service. However, crown-level tree species automatic classification is a challenging task due to the spectral similarity among diversified tree species, fine-scale spatial variation, shadow, and underlying objects within a crown. Advanced remote sensing data such as airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and hyperspectral imagery offer a great potential opportunity to derive crown spectral, structure and canopy physiological information

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Lin, Xiaodan, Shaohui Ma, and Junjie Liu. "Extraction of Fruit Tree Canopy Images Based on Machine Vision." Applied Science and Innovative Research 9, no. 1 (2025): p248. https://doi.org/10.22158/asir.v9n1p248.

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With the rapid development of machine vision technology and the help of smart agriculture, machine vision technology has developed from medical, military, national defense and other fields to the agricultural field and achieved remarkable results. Such as: fruit and vegetable picking robot, fruit quality classification, weed pest monitoring and so on. In this paper, machine vision technology is used to complete the segmentation of fruit tree crown image, which is complicated due to the influence of fruit tree shape, planting mode and growth environment. For pear trees in orchards, OpenCV softw

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HD, Japheth, Vange T, and Amonum JI. "Crown bole diameter linear equation for Daniellia oliverii (Rolfe) Hutch and Daviz and its application to stand density control in natural stands." MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences 6, no. 1 (2021): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2021.06.00209.

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At present, no adequate information on the application of crown-bole diameter model to stand density and stock control for Daniellia oliverii (Rolfe) Hutch and Daviz open grown trees for sustainable forest management in the study area. The species numbers are threatened, because farmers and foresters do not actively plant this tree species. Livestock, fire, and anthropogenic activities are few factors that limit the success of natural regeneration of the species; and is facing regeneration problem. These have led to the species declining in the natural forest areas and the loss of biological v

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Efthimiou, Georgios, Athanasios Papadopoulos, Manthos Trichias, and Eleni Andrianopoulou. "Ecological Evaluation and Sustainable Management of the Riparian Forest in Central Greece." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 78, no. 4 (2022): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.78.4.31174.

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The aim of this research is the ecological evaluation of the trees of a riparian peri-urban park, with measurement, inventory and processing of qualitative and quantitative variables of trees (Dendometry) in the riparian forest of the river Karpenissiotis in Central Greece. Each tree is recorded in relation to its species (structural elements) including the diameter at breast height (DBH), the height (H), the ruggedness coefficient (H/D), the height of the crown (Hk), the length of the crown (Lk), the diameter of the crown (Dk), the order of the crown, the order of vitality, the tendency of ev

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Osawa, Akira. "Inverse relationship of crown fractal dimension to self-thinning exponent of tree populations: a hypothesis." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 10 (1995): 1608–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-175.

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The self-thinning rule describes in overcrowded even-aged plant monocultures a consistent relationship of mean mass to the approximately −3/2 power of plant density. Recent analyses revealed cases of statistically significant departures of the exponent from −3/2, confirming earlier suggestions. Shade tolerance, crown structure, and stand conditions have been suggested to influence variation in the self-thinning exponent; however, quantitative relationships of the species' traits to thinning exponent have been unclear. I examined patterns of crown fractal dimension, a quantitative measure of cr

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Verma, Niva Kiran, and David W. Lamb. "The use of shadows in high spatial resolution, remotely sensed, imagery to estimate the height of individual Eucalyptus trees on undulating land." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 5 (2015): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15021.

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The shadows cast by 180 individual Eucalyptus trees, of varying canopy condition, on undulating land in south-eastern Australia were used to infer their heights from 50-cm spatial resolution, multispectral aerial imagery (blue = 0.4–0.5 μm; green = 0.5–0.6 μm; red = 0.6–0.7 μm; near infrared = 0.7–1 μm). A geometrical shadow model was developed incorporating the local slope and aspect of the ground from a digital elevation model at each tree location. A method of deriving ‘local tree time’ to infer the solar elevation angle, in situations where the image acquisition time is not available, was

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Tomșa, Vlăduț Remus, Alexandru Lucian Curtu, and Mihai Daniel Niță. "Tree Shape Variability in a Mixed Oak Forest Using Terrestrial Laser Technology: Implications for Mating System Analysis." Forests 12, no. 2 (2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020253.

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The accuracy of the description regarding tree architecture is crucial for data processing. LiDAR technology is an efficient solution for capturing the characteristics of individual trees. The aim of the present study was to analyze tree shape variability in a mixed oak forest consisting of four European white oak species: Quercus petraea, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, and Q. robur. Moreover, we tested for association between tree shape and individual heterozygosity and whether oak trees identified as pollen donors in a previous genetic study have a larger size in terms of crown and trunk charac

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Rahmania, Farhani Nurshafa, Bayu Agung Prahardika, and Rony Irawanto. "Tree Architecture Models of the Syzigium Genus Collection at the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 10, no. 2 (2025): jtbb12144. https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.12144.

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There are many species of plants in the genus Syzygium. This genus is distinguished by its strong root system, evergreen, sprawling and complex tree crowns and a powerful branching system on the trunk. The vertical structure of Syzygium trees is distinguished by branching a large crown. Based on its characteristics, the genus Syzygium has a great potential in supporting the sustainability of ecosystem balance. The diversity of tree architecture possessed by the genus Syzygium allows Syzygium species to play an active role in soil and water conservation efforts. The aim of this study is to iden

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Harja, Degi, Grégoire Vincent, Rachmat Mulia, and Meine van Noordwijk. "Tree shape plasticity in relation to crown exposure." Trees 26, no. 4 (2012): 1275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-012-0703-x.

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Wang, Chao, Shu Ying Zhang, Wei Lin Meng, and Hui Si. "Recursion for Capturing Leaf Mass." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2300–2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2300.

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By using the recursive method, the total mass of the leaves for the whole tree is determined by the small parts of the trees. On the basis of summarizing the growth law of the tree, and assuming the shapes, branches and leaves of the tree follow its growth law, the mass measurement model is established, and the mass of the leaves in the highest-level branch is estimated by establishing the mass equations of the leaves. The variables in this model are the crown width, the crown height, the branch angle and the number of branches on each level per unit length. The parameters of this model are ea

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Cameron, Ian R., Roberta Parish, James W. Goudie, and Catherine A. Bealle Statland. "Modelling the Crown Profile of Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) with a Combination of Component and Aggregate Measures of Crown Size." Forests 11, no. 3 (2020): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030281.

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Research Highlights: We present statistical methods for using crown measurement data from multiple destructive sampling studies to model crown profiles in the Tree and Stand Simulator (TASS) and evaluate it using component (branch-level) and aggregate (tree-level) predictions. Combining data collected under different sampling protocols offered unique challenges. Background and Objectives: The approach to modelling crown profiles was based on Mitchell’s monograph on Douglas-fir growth and simulated dynamics. The functional form defines the potential crown size and shape and governs the rate of

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