Journal articles: 'Tree frogs'

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McCAY, MICHAEL G. "AERODYNAMIC STABILITY AND MANEUVERABILITY OF THE GLIDING FROG POLYPEDATES DENNYSI." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 16 (August 15, 2001): 2817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.16.2817.

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SUMMARY Gliding has evolved independently in two families of tree frog. Tree frogs glide to descend rapidly to mating sites over temporary pools on the forest floor or to escape predators. The physical mechanisms used by frogs to glide and maneuver were investigated using a combination of observations of live frogs (Polypedates dennysi) gliding in a tilted wind-tunnel and aerodynamic forces and torques measured from physical models of tree frogs in a wind-tunnel. Tree frogs maneuvered in the tilted wind-tunnel using two different turning mechanisms: a banked turn (the frog rolls into the turn) and a crabbed turn (the frog yaws into the turn). Polypedates dennysipossessed overall weak aerodynamic stability: slightly stable about the pitch and roll axis, slightly unstable about the yaw axis. The maneuverability of gliding tree frogs was quantified using a maneuverability index. The maneuverability of tree frogs was roughly equivalent for tree frogs performing a banked turn and performing a crabbed turn. The maneuverability of tree frogs was approximately one-third of the maneuverability of a falcon (Falcon jugger).

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Langowski, Julian K. A., Dimitra Dodou, Peter van Assenbergh, and Johan L. van Leeuwen. "Design of Tree-Frog-Inspired Adhesives." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 4 (May 15, 2020): 906–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa037.

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Synopsis The adhesive toe pads of tree frogs have inspired the design of various so-called ‘smooth’ synthetic adhesives for wet environments. However, these adhesives do not reach the attachment performance of their biological models in terms of contact formation, maintenance of attachment, and detachment. In tree frogs, attachment is facilitated by an interconnected ensemble of superficial and internal morphological components, which together form a functional unit. To help bridging the gap between biological and bioinspired adhesives, in this review, we (1) provide an overview of the functional components of tree frog toe pads, (2) investigate which of these components (and attachment mechanisms implemented therein) have already been transferred into synthetic adhesives, and (3) highlight functional analogies between existing synthetic adhesives and tree frogs regarding the fundamental mechanisms of attachment. We found that most existing tree-frog-inspired adhesives mimic the micropatterned surface of the ventral epidermis of frog pads. Geometrical and material properties differ between these synthetic adhesives and their biological model, which indicates similarity in appearance rather than function. Important internal functional components such as fiber-reinforcement and muscle fibers for attachment control have not been considered in the design of tree-frog-inspired adhesives. Experimental work on tree-frog-inspired adhesives suggests that the micropatterning of adhesives with low-aspect-ratio pillars enables crack arresting and the drainage of interstitial liquids, which both facilitate the generation of van der Waals forces. Our analysis of experimental work on tree-frog-inspired adhesives indicates that interstitial liquids such as the mucus secreted by tree frogs play a role in detachment. Based on these findings, we provide suggestions for the future design of biomimetic adhesives. Specifically, we propose to implement internal fiber-reinforcements inspired by the fibrous structures in frog pads to create mechanically reinforced soft adhesives for high-load applications. Contractile components may stimulate the design of actuated synthetic adhesives with fine-tunable control of attachment strength. An integrative approach is needed for the design of tree-frog-inspired adhesives that are functionally analogous with their biological paradigm.

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Aihara, Ikkyu, Ryu Takeda, Takeshi Mizumoto, Takuma Otsuka, and Hiroshi G. Okuno. "Size Effect on Call Properties of Japanese Tree Frogs Revealed by Audio-Processing Technique." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 29, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2017.p0247.

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[abstFig src='/00290001/23.jpg' width='300' text='Calling behavior of a male Japanese Tree Frog' ] Sensing the external environment is a core function of robots and autonomous mechanics. This function is useful for monitoring and analyzing the ecosystem for our deeper understanding of the nature and accomplishing the sustainable ecosystem. Here, we investigate calling behavior of male frogs by applying audio-processing technique on multiple audio data. In general, male frogs call from their breeding site, and a female frog approaches one of the males by hearing their calls. First, we conducted an indoor experiment to record spontaneous calling behavior of three male Japanese tree frogs, and then separated their call signals according to independent component analysis. The analysis of separated signals shows that chorus size (i.e., the number of calling frogs) has a positive effect on call number, inter-call intervals, and chorus duration. We speculate that a competition in a large chorus encourages the male frogs to make their call properties more attractive to conspecific females.

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Milius, Susan. "Frogs Play Tree." Science News 162, no. 23 (December 7, 2002): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4013877.

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Matich, Philip, and Christopher M. Schalk. "Move it or lose it: interspecific variation in risk response of pond-breeding anurans." PeerJ 7 (June 7, 2019): e6956. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6956.

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Changes in behavior are often the proximate response of animals to human disturbance, with variability in tolerance levels leading some species to exhibit striking shifts in life history, fitness, and/or survival. Thus, elucidating the effects of disturbance on animal behavior, and how this varies among taxonomically similar species with inherently different behaviors and life histories is of value for management and conservation. We evaluated the risk response of three anuran species—southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus), Blanchard’s cricket frog (Acris blanchardi), and green tree frog (Hyla cinerea)—to determine how differences in microhabitat use (arboreal vs ground-dwelling) and body size (small vs medium) may play a role in response to a potential threat within a human-altered subtropical forest. Each species responded to risk with both flight and freeze behaviors, however, behaviors were species- and context-specific. As distance to cover increased, southern leopard frogs increased freezing behavior, green tree frogs decreased freezing behavior, and Blanchard’s cricket frogs increased flight response. The propensity of green tree frogs to use the canopy of vegetation as refugia, and the small body size of Blanchard’s cricket frogs likely led to greater flight response as distance to cover increased, whereas innate reliance on camouflage among southern leopard frogs may place them at greater risk to landscaping, agricultural, and transportation practices in open terrain. As such, arboreal and small-bodied species may inherently be better suited in human altered-landscapes compared to larger, ground-dwelling species. As land-use change continues to modify habitats, understanding how species respond to changes in their environment continues to be of importance, particularly in ecosystems where human-wildlife interactions are expected to increase in frequency.

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WANG, HAO, LEI WANG, JINGDAN SHAO, TINGTING LIU, and ZHENDONG DAI. "LONG HINDLIMBS CONTRIBUTE TO AIR-RIGHTING PERFORMANCE IN FALLING TREE FROGS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 13, no. 06 (December 2013): 1340023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021951941340023x.

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Tree frogs are able to climb or even jump on leaves and branches using their toe pads adhering to and detaching from surfaces, but have to be in the face of the risk of falling down due to fatigue or a slip. While falling down from a great height, air-righting response was observed, which prevents tree frogs from injury caused by back hitting the ground, however the mechanism underlying is unknown. Using a high-speed camera with a plane mirror, we captured the body and limb kinematics of falling tree frogs as they performed rapid air-righting response in three-dimension. The kinematics were then characterized into three stages and substituted into a mathematical multi-body model to simulate the air-righting dynamics caused by the kinematics. The results show that a head-down tree frog performs rapid air-righting with specific series of actions in hindlimb motion, which generates sufficient local angular momentum for the frog to rotate its body upright and keep the total moment of momentum conserved. The applications of these results to small landing robots and multi-segment spacecraft are anticipated.

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Lukanov, Simeon, Andrey Kolev, Angel Dyugmedzhiev, and Miroslav Slavchev. "The lateral stripe – a reliable way for software assisted individual identification for Hyla arborea." Acta Herpetologica 19, no. 1 (June 21, 2024): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/a_h-15519.

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Traditional mark-recapture methods for amphibians and reptiles involve the application of invasive physical markers, such as toe clipping. Photographic identification methods are non-invasive alternative that use natural colouration of individuals for inexpensive, reliable identification. The relatively small species of the Hylidae family are susceptible to toe clipping – so dorsal, ventral, or leg patterns have been used in studies on different hylid species. The present study aims to test the usefulness of the lateral stripe in the Common tree frog Hyla arborea in software-assisted image recognition, which would allow for a reliable and time-efficient individual identification. A total of 258 adult tree frogs from a pond near the village of Oshtava, SW Bulgaria, were captured by hand in twelve sessions throughout the spring (April-May) of 2022 and 2023. The right and left side of each frog was photographed and the animals were released at the site of capture. Images were loaded into Hotspotter – free software for image recognition that has been demonstrated to work very well for several amphibian species. Results revealed 108 recaptures of 46 individual tree frogs (including 11 tree frogs captured more than twice and three recaptures between years). Only 12% of all frogs had similar right and left lateral stripes, with the others displaying significant variations. This study highlights both the applicability of the lateral stripe for individual recognition in this species and the need for consistency in image processing.

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Degani, Gad. "Life Cycle of Tree Frogs (Hyla savygnyi) in Semi-Arid Habitats in Northern Israel." International Journal of Biology 8, no. 1 (October 28, 2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v8n1p17.

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The life cycle of tree frogs (Hyla savygnyi) in localities of various habitats in northern Israel in the Upper Galilee and Golan Heights (annual rainfall range of 500-1,000 mm) and the Hula Valley, ranging from 212 to 740 m above sea level (ASL), was studied. Tree frogs were observed around winter rain pools, springs and streams. Fifty-one different breeding places were monitored. Only ponds and springs having stable non-flowing water are used by tree frogs for reproduction and are where larvae can metamorphose. The male call in the breeding places attracts the female, who then comes to the male, and breeding occurs underwater. Breeding time in Israel varies according to location and geographical and ecological conditions. It takes place in March-April in northern Israel, the Upper Galilee, the Golan Heights and the Hula Valley. In various breeding places, larvae grow between April and June. Apparently tree frog larvae adapt to breeding places where stable water is found, such as in ponds or springs, but not to breeding places with flowing water such as streams or rivers. Various Anuran and Urodela larvae were found in the same breeding sites where the larvae of H. savygnyi were found, including Pseudepidalea Viridis, Rana bedriagae, Pelobates syriacus, Salamandra infraimmaculata and Triturs vittatus. Following metamorphosis, H. savygnyi adapt to terrestrial life in semi-arid habitats, and is found on plants or in hiding places under rocks and in holes to prevent dehydration particularly during hot and dry weather. The ability to change color helped the frogs to hide in various substrates. The rate of water loss of terrestrial H. savygnyi during dehydration is around 50% of body weight. Plasma osmolality increased from 200 mOsm/kg to about 450 mOsm/kg, which helped the tree frog to survive in semi-arid habitats.

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Robinson, Darvé, Adrienne Warmsley, A. Justin Nowakowski, Kelsey E. Reider, and Maureen A. Donnelly. "The value of remnant trees in pastures for a neotropical poison frog." Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 4 (July 2013): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000382.

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Abstract:Conversion of natural habitats to anthropogenic land uses is a primary cause of amphibian declines in species-rich tropical regions. However, agricultural lands are frequently used by a subset of forest-associated species, and the habitat value of a given land use is likely modified by the presence and characteristics of remnant trees. Here we used mark–recapture methods to examine abundances and movement probability of the poison frog, Oophaga pumilio, at individual trees in forest-fragment edges and adjacent pastures in north-eastern Costa Rica. One hundred and forty-seven trees were surveyed at three replicate sites that each included a forest fragment and adjacent pasture. Trees were sampled at distances of ≤30 m into forest and ≤150 m into pastures for Oophaga pumilio, and local environmental characteristics were measured at each tree. We also measured indices of physical condition (size and endurance) of frogs captured in forest edges and in nearby pastures. Analyses of 167 marked individuals showed no difference in per-tree abundances or sex ratios between pasture and forest edges. We found significant interactions between habitat type and leaf-litter cover, tree dbh and number of logs, indicating greater influence of local variables on abundances in pastures. Movement among trees was infrequent and not predicted by sex, size, habitat type or environmental variables. While results of endurance tests did not differ for individuals from the two habitats, frogs captured in pastures were, on average, larger than frogs captured in forest edges. These data indicate that remnant trees are important habitat features for O. pumilio in pastures and corroborate research in other systems that suggests that large relictual trees should be retained to maximize the potential for altered landscapes to provide habitat for native species.

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Gourevitch, Eleanor H. Z., and J. Roger Downie. "Evaluation of tree frog tracking methods using Phyllomedusa trinitatis (Anura: Phyllomedusidae)." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 17, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v17i2p233-246.

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Evaluation of tree frog tracking methods using Phyllomedusa trinitatis (Anura: Phyllomedusidae). Investigating the behaviors of small, inconspicuous and cryptic animals can be helped by tracking their movements. The effectiveness of different tracking methods can be very dependent on behavior and ecology; radio-telemetry and thread bobbins have been widely used over a range of environments and taxa, but each presents problems. Phyllomedusa trinitatis is a tree frog found in Trinidad and Venezuela and has mostly been studied for its nest building and breeding behavior, but little is known about its behavior away from breeding ponds. This study aimed to identify the strengths and weaknesses, including impacts on the welfare of these frogs, of different tracking methods, thread bobbins and radio-telemetry, when used to track them in a dense rainforest environment. A pilot study found that fuorescent dyes were unsuitable for this species. Individuals were tested in laboratory conditions to determine the application time for each tracker and to test on this species the tracker 10% weight rule. The rule was found to be too restrictive for this frog; trackers up to 15% of body weight were used with no signifcant impacts on distances travelled. Frogs became lethargic when bearing trackers longer than two days, so we limited tracking in the feld to one overnight period. Of the 26 frogs tracked in the feld (nine radio-tags, 17 bobbins), 16 were successful (six radio-tags, 10 bobbins) and six untracked frogs were found in the feld during the day as controls. Bobbins were cheaper and allowed visualization of the detailed path taken, including substrates used, but caused more bruising due to entanglement, and individuals tracked with this method were less likely to return on following nights to the breeding ponds. Radio-tags had no threat of entanglement but were much more expensive and the signal was interrupted by the dense vegetation preventing some individuals from being found. There were no signifcant differences in the distances travelled by tracked or control frogs, from which we infer that these tracking methods did not impact signifcantly on movement. It appears that neither of these tracking methods work perfectly for Phyllomedusa in a densely vegetated environment, and that both incur welfare problems. Our study emphasizes the need to test out tracking methods on each species in each habitat.

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HANNA, GAVIN, W. JON, and W. P. JON BARNES. "Adhesion and Detachment of the Toe Pads of Tree Frogs." Journal of Experimental Biology 155, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.155.1.103.

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The mechanisms by which the toe pads of tree frogs adhere to and detach from surfaces during climbing have been studied in Osteopilus septentrionalis and other tree frogs using a variety of techniques. The experiments on attachment lend general support to the theory that toe pads stick by wet adhesion. First, the presence of a meniscus surrounding the area of contact shows that pad and surface are connected by a fluid-filled joint. Second, experiments on single toe pads of anaesthetised frogs demonstrate that the pads exhibit the velocity-dependent resistance to shear forces expected of any system employing a fluid as an adhesive mechanism. Third, the largest adhesive forces that toe pads can generate (approx. 1.2mNmm−2, calculated from data on sticking ability) are within the range that can be produced by wet adhesion. Simple measurements of the forces needed to separate a pair of metal discs joined by mucus demonstrate that both viscous forces (Stefan adhesion) and surface tension (the two components of wet adhesion) are likely to play significant roles in the tree frog's adhesive mechanism. The experiments on detachment demonstrate that toe pads are detached from surfaces by peeling, the pads being removed from the rear forwards during forward locomotion up a vertical surface. When the frogs were induced to walk backwards down this vertical slope, peeling occurred from the front of the pad rearwards. Use of a force platform to measure directly the forces exerted by the feet during climbing shows that, during forward locomotion up a vertical slope, this peeling is not accompanied by any detectable detachment forces. Such forces of detachment are seen, however, during backward walking down the slope and when belly skin comes into contact with the platform. That peeling occurs automatically during forward locomotion is supported both by observations of peeling in single toe pads of anaesthetised frogs and by the inability of frogs to adhere to vertical surfaces in a head-down orientation. Indeed, frogs on a rotating vertical surface were observed to adjust their orientations back towards the vertical whenever their deviation from the vertical reached 85.1 ±21.5°. During forward locomotion peeling seems to occur as a natural consequence of the way in which the toes are lifted off surfaces from the rear forwards, while during backward locomotion it is an active process involving the distal tendons of the toes. Note: To whom requests for offprints should be send.

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Gibb, Karen, Xavier Schobben, and Keith Christian. "Frogs host faecal bacteria typically associated with humans." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 7 (July 2017): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2017-0119.

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Tree frogs commonly access drinking water tanks; this may have human health implications. Although amphibians might not be expected to host mammalian faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), it is possible that they may have human FIB on their skin after exposure to human waste. We collected faeces and skin wash from green tree frogs (Litoria caerulea) from a natural environment, a suburban site, and a suburban site near a creek occasionally contaminated with sewage effluent. We used molecular techniques to test for FIB that are routinely used to indicate human faecal contamination. Enterococci colonies were isolated from both faecal and skin wash samples, and specific markers (Enterococcus faecium and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron) were found in frog faeces, demonstrating that these markers are not human- or mammalian-specific. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was detected in frogs from both natural and urban sites, but E. faecium was only associated with the sewage impacted site.

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Brinkworth, C. S., J. H. Bowie, M. J. Tyler, and J. C. Wallace. "A Comparison of the Antimicrobial Skin Peptides of the New Guinea Tree Frog (Litoria genimaculata) and the Fringed Tree Frog (Litoria eucnemis)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 9 (2002): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02070.

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The Fringed Tree Frog (Litoria eucnemis) is closely related to the Tree Frog Litoria genimaculata. Both species are found in northern Australia and New Guinea. We have reported that the major antibiotic peptide of L. genimaculata is maculatin 1.1 which has the sequence GLFGVLAKVAAHVVPAIEHF-NH2, and that this basic peptide is different from the hinged caerin 1 peptides (e.g. caerin 1.1, from Litoria splendida and other green tree frogs, which has the sequence GLLSVLGSVAKHVLPHVVPVIAEHL-NH2), in that it lacks four residues of the central hinge region of a caerin 1. Litoria eucnemis has three major host defence peptides, two of these are maculatins (e.g. maculatin 1.3; GLLGLLGSVVSHVVPAIVGHF-NH2) which are related in sequence to that of maculatin 1. The other antibiotic peptide is caerin 1.11 (GLLGAMFKVASKVLPHVVPAITEHF-NH2) a peptide related to the caerin 1 peptides of the green tree frogs of Australia. L. eucnemis is the only species of the Litoria genus (that we have studied) which contains both maculatin and caerin peptides in its skin secretion. The three antibiotic peptides of Litoria eucnemis are significantly less active than maculatin 1.1 and other caerins 1 isolated from anurans of the genus Litoria so far studied.

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Redmer, Michael, Lauren E. Brown, and Ronald A. Brandon. "Natural History of the Bird-voiced Treefrog (Hyla avivoca) and Green Treefrog (Hyla cinerea) in Southern Illinois." Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 36, no. 1-3 (September 30, 1999): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v36.124.

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The bird-voiced tree frog,Hyla avivoca Viosca 1928 and green tree frog, Hyla cinerea(Schneider 1799) are distributed primarily on the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains of the southeastern United States(Conant and Collins 1998).The ranges of both species reach their northern limits in the Midwest in southern Illinois where Smith (1961) recorded them from Alexander, Jackson, and Union counties. Because the few documented localities of these tree frogs in Illinois were, until recently, mainly in or near remnant Austroriparian swamplands(which are disappearing rapidly), concern has been expressed that their continued existence in the state is in jeopardy (Ackerman 1975; Ashton et al. 1976; Dyrkacz 1974). Since Smith's(1961)comprehensive study The Amphibians and Reptiles of Illinois, few additional records for these species have been reported. Carton and Brandon(1975)studied reproductive ecology andh abitat of H. cinerea at a southern Illinois swamp, but there has been no previous in depth environmental examination of H.avivoca in Illinois. The objective of this publication is to report the results of our study of the natural history of these two poorly known tree frogs in southern Illinois.

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Borkent, Art, and Peter Belton. "Attraction of female Uranotaenia lowii (Diptera: Culicidae) to frog calls in Costa Rica." Canadian Entomologist 138, no. 1 (February 2006): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n04-113.

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AbstractDuring a survey of frog-biting corethrellid midges in Costa Rica, we collected 79 female Uranotaenia lowii Theobald, mosquitoes known to bite frogs, from seven lowland localities using the recorded calls of a frog. The calls of male barking tree frogs, Hyla gratiosa LeConte, were repeated about once per second, lasted about 0.15 s, and had a fundamental frequency near 450 Hz. We suggest that this frequency is within the range of acoustic sensitivity of the female mosquito antennae. Males of several families of Nematocera use sound to detect flying females of their own species, but we believe ours is the first observation of female mosquitoes being attracted by the sound of a host.

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Imasuen, A. A., O. O. Ojo, O. O. Adesina, E. E. Enabuele, and M. S. O. Aisien. "Parasitic endohelminths of tree frogs from two rainforest habitats in Edo State, Nigeria." Zoologist (The) 17 (March 12, 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v17i1.3.

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Tree frogs are generally regarded as arboreal frogs and those associated with water during their breeding season as aquatic/arboreal frogs. Obazuwa Wetlands and Ikpako Riparian Habitat are both located in Ovia North East and Ovia South West Local Government Areas of Edo State, Nigeria. Frogs were captured from both habitats based on Acoustic Encounter Survey (AES) and the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) techniques. A total of 169 tree frogs were examined; 103 from Obazuwa Wetlands and 66 from Ikpako Riparian Habitat. The specimens from both sites comprised 08 species. Helminth parasites belonging to four taxa were recovered, which included: Cestoda, Trematoda, Nematoda and Acanthocephala. A prevalence of 39.8% and 30.5% were recorded for Obazuwa Wetlands and Ikpako Habitat, respectively. The helminth parasites were restricted to one of both habitats except for Foleyellides sp., which was common to both sites. Some of the helminth parasites were reported for the first time in some of the hosts such as Baerietta jaegerskioeldi (in Afrixalus nigeriensis and Leptopelis spiritusnoctis), Amplicaecum africanum (in Hyperolius guttulatus, Aplectana macintoshii (in L. spiritusnoctis), Cosmocerca commutata (in A. dorsalis and L. spiritusnoctis) and Physaloptera sp. (in Hyperolius concolor Phase B and H. concolor Phase C). The occurrence of Foleyellides sp. in 6 species of tree frogs with a prevalence range of 23.1-75.1% whereas only two species have been previously reported is exceptional and of pathological concern. Keywords: Tree frogs; helminthes; wetlands; riparian habitats; Edo State; Nigeria

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Nieuwboer, Lisa, Johan L. van Leeuwen, An Martel, Frank Pasmans, Annemarieke Spitzen-van der Sluijs, and Julian K. A. Langowski. "Does Chytridiomycosis Affect Tree Frog Attachment?" Diversity 13, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060262.

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The pandemic disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a major threat to amphibian biodiversity. For most species, the exact mechanisms of chytridiomycosis that lead to negative population dynamics remain uncertain, though mounting evidence suggests that sublethal effects could be an important driver. In this review, we propose that tree frog attachment is a promising case to study the sublethal effects of a Bd infection on amphibians. A synthesis of the current knowledge on the functional morphology of the adhesive toe pads of tree frogs, on the underlying mechanisms of tree frog attachment, and on the epidermal pathology of chytridiomycosis substantiates the hypothesis that Bd-induced epidermal alterations have the potential to disrupt tree frog attachment. We highlight a series of (biomechanical) experiments to test this hypothesis and to shed some light on the sublethal disease mechanisms of chytridiomycosis. The knowledge generated from such an approach could contribute to future research on Bd epidemiology and ultimately to the conservation of the biodiversity of arboreal anurans.

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Irwin, Darren E. "A tree of tree frogs around the Black Sea." Molecular Ecology 25, no. 17 (September 2016): 4093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.13760.

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Marín, Pablo, and José Manuel Mora. "PREDATION EVENT OF MILK FROG Trachycephalus typhonius (ANURA: HYLIDAE) ON A COMMON HOUSE GECKO Hemidactylus frenatus (SQUAMATA: GEKKONIDAE)." Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología 5, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fc.25942158e.2022.1.390.

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Observations of predation events are rare. These events are important to help understand trophic networks of biological communities in general and of introduced species in particular. Milk frogs (Trachycephalus typhonius) feed on insects and other arthropods, but some cases of vertebrates have been reported in its diet: a Sheep toad (Hypopachus variolosus) in México, a Black Myotis (Myotis nigrescens) in the Pantanal of Brazil, and an adult tree frog of Dendropsophus soaresi also in Brazil. Here we report the predation of an adult Milk frog on a Common house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) in Bajamar, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. The observation was made in a house in an area of pastures with trees near a mangrove swamp.

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Park, Jun-Kyu, and Yuno Do. "Seasonal Pattern of Advertisement Calling and Physiology in Prolonged Breeding Anurans, Japanese Tree Frog (Dryophytes japonicus)." Animals 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2023): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13101612.

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The calling behavior of anurans should be studied in detail as it greatly influences their physiology and immunity, particularly in prolonged breeding species. The effect can be further complicated by the emergence timing in the breeding season. We conducted a study comparing the physiology and calling behavior of the Japanese tree frog (Dryophytes japonicus), a prolonged breeder species, according to the breeding timing. During the middle of the breeding season, a high chorus size appeared, indicating a breeding peak. However, chorus size did not dominate physiology and calling behavior. In the early breeding season, frogs had a high energy storage state and immunity. In the middle of the breeding season, individuals from the early breeding season were considered to have exhausted their energy stores and had low immunity. Towards the end of the breeding season, frogs appeared to have newly introduced, at which time energy stores and immunity were as high as in the beginning. However, unlike the physiology, the pattern of calling constantly varied as the breeding season progressed. Frogs from the early season conserved energy used for calling, and frogs from the late season showed a breeding spurt for mating. Our results can help in understanding the energy metabolism of calling behavior, physiology, and disease epidemiology in prolonged breeder species. They also suggest that individuals coordinate their participation in the breeding season and that the timing of their appearance at breeding sites may not be random.

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Gray, L. A., and K. C. Nishikawa. "Feeding kinematics of phyllomedusine tree frogs." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.2.457.

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Previous studies have demonstrated that the phyllomedusine hylids possess highly protrusible tongues, a derived characteristic within the family Hylidae. In the present study, the kinematics of the feeding behavior of a phyllomedusine species, Pachymedusa dacnicolor, was analyzed using high-speed video (180 frames s-1). Its behavior was compared with that of Hyla cinerea, a species with a weakly protrusible tongue. P. dacnicolor exhibits a faster rate of tongue protraction, a longer gape cycle and more variable feeding kinematics than H. cinerea. In addition, the tongue is used in a unique 'fly-swatter' fashion, to pin the prey to the substratum as the frog completes the lunge. The rapid tongue protraction, extended gape cycle and fly-swatter action may have evolved in response to a diet of large, rapidly moving insects. In addition, several duration variables of the feeding cycle were greater for misses than for captures and drops, which suggests that sensory feedback rather than biomechanics controls gape cycle duration.

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Berger, Lee, Lee F. Skerratt, Xing-Quan Zhu, Sam Young, and Rick Speare. "SEVERE SPARGANOSIS IN AUSTRALIAN TREE FROGS." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45, no. 4 (October 2009): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-45.4.921.

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Lardner, Björn, and Maklarin bin Lakim. "Tree-hole frogs exploit resonance effects." Nature 420, no. 6915 (December 2002): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/420475a.

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Knight, K. "Listening to chorus sensitises tree frogs." Journal of Experimental Biology 217, no. 11 (May 28, 2014): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.107912.

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Holmes, Bob. "Tree frogs flag up biological hotspots." New Scientist 201, no. 2695 (February 2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(09)60407-3.

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Barnes, J., J. Smith, and J. Platter. "Climbing and adhesion in tree frogs." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 146, no. 4 (April 2007): S144—S145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.290.

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Smith, Benjamin P. C., Yoji Hayasaka, Michael J. Tyler, and Brian D. Williams. "β-caryophyllene in the skin secretion of the Australian green tree frog, Litoria caerulea: an investigation of dietary sources." Australian Journal of Zoology 52, no. 5 (2004): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo04019.

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Uptake of noxious and toxic compounds from the diet and their subsequent concentration in integumentary glands is an important step in the defence strategy of many frog species. In this study we show that the Australian green tree frog, Litoria caerulea White, is capable of sequestering β-caryophyllene (a prominent component of the parotoid gland secretion of wild frogs), and most probably other terpenes, from its diet. Animals fed caryophyllene-dosed crickets rapidly acquired the compound in high quantities after only one feeding. Furthermore, dietary analysis of wild-caught animals identified a major source of caryophyllene (the spur-throated grasshopper) in the frogs' diet. Although the ecological significance of this uptake system has not been clarified, the presence of terpenes in the parotoid gland secretions of L. caerulea is interesting when viewed in terms of their wide spectrum of bioactivity and abundance in the environment.

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Federle, W., W. J. P. Barnes, W. Baumgartner, P. Drechsler, and J. M. Smith. "Wet but not slippery: boundary friction in tree frog adhesive toe pads." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 3, no. 10 (May 30, 2006): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0135.

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Tree frogs are remarkable for their capacity to cling to smooth surfaces using large toe pads. The adhesive skin of tree frog toe pads is characterized by peg-studded hexagonal cells separated by deep channels into which mucus glands open. The pads are completely wetted with watery mucus, which led previous authors to suggest that attachment is solely due to capillary and viscous forces generated by the fluid-filled joint between the pad and the substrate. Here, we present evidence from single-toe force measurements, laser tweezer microrheometry of pad mucus and interference reflection microscopy of the contact zone in Litoria caerulea , that tree frog attachment forces are significantly enhanced by close contacts and boundary friction between the pad epidermis and the substrate, facilitated by the highly regular pad microstructure.

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Suriyamongkol, Thanchira, Kaitlyn Forks, Andrea Villamizar-Gomez, Hsiao-Hsuan Wang, William E. Grant, Michael R. J. Forstner, and Ivana Mali. "A Simple Conservation Tool to Aid Restoration of Amphibians following High-Severity Wildfires: Use of PVC Pipes by Green Tree Frogs (Hyla cinerea) in Central Texas, USA." Diversity 13, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13120649.

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Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate class based on the IUCN Red List. Their decline has been linked to anthropogenic activities, with wildfires being among the most conspicuous agents of habitat alterations affecting native amphibians. In 2011, the most destructive wildfire in Texas history occurred in the Lost Pines ecoregion of central Texas, USA, burning 39% of the 34,400 ha forest and drastically decreasing available habitats for many native wildlife species, including the green tree frog (Hyla cinerea). We investigated use of PVC pipes as artificial refuges for green tree frogs in different habitats within this post-fire pine forest. We monitored green tree frog use of small (diameter 38.1-mm, 1.5 inch) and large (diameter 50.8-mm, 2 inch) pipes located adjacent to, and 5 m from, ponds in burned and unburned areas over a 5-month period. We caught 227 frogs, 101 (24 adults and 77 juveniles) in burned and 126 (61 adults, 63 juveniles, and 2 unknown) in unburned areas. A relationship between pipe use by adults and/or juveniles and pipe location in burned versus unburned areas was found, but pipe use by adults and/or juveniles and pipe size were independent. Pipe use by adults and/or juveniles and pipe size were also independent. Juveniles were more frequently observed in pipes located adjacent to ponds. Our results confirmed that PVC pipes merit consideration as a simple, inexpensive, conservation tool to aid in restoration of green tree frog populations after high-severity wildfires. Such artificial refuges may be particularly important for survival of juveniles in severely altered post-fire habitats.

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Ali, Zakariyya, and Hukaymah Ali. "Interspecific amplexus between Warty Tree Frogs and Trinidad Leaf-nesting Frogs." Reptiles & Amphibians 30, no. 1 (May 22, 2023): e18329. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v30i1.18239.

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CREEPER, JH, DC MAIN, L. BERGER, S. HUNTRESS, and W. BOARDMAN. "An outbreak of mucormycosis in slender tree frogs (Litoria adelensis) and white-lipped tree frogs (Litoria infrafrenata)." Australian Veterinary Journal 76, no. 11 (November 1998): 761–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb12312.x.

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Liparoto, Anita, Daniele Canestrelli, Roberta Bisconti, Claudio Carere, and David Costantini. "Biogeographic history moulds population differentiation in ageing of oxidative status in an amphibian." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 21 (September 24, 2020): jeb235002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.235002.

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ABSTRACTRegulation of oxidative status plays a substantial role in physiological ageing. However, we know little about age-related changes of oxidative status in wild animals, and even less about the role of population history in moulding ageing rates. We addressed these questions by means of a common garden experiment, using the Tyrrhenian tree frog Hyla sarda as the study species. This species underwent a range expansion from northern Sardinia (source) up to Corsica (newly founded) during the Late Pleistocene, and then the two populations became geographically isolated. We found that, at the beginning of the experiment, Sardinian and Corsican frogs had similar concentrations of all oxidative status markers analysed. One year later, Corsican frogs had higher oxidative stress and suffered higher mortality than Sardinian frogs. Our results suggest the intriguing scenario that population differentiation in rates of physiological ageing owing to oxidative stress might be an overlooked legacy of past biogeographic processes.

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Litvinchuk, Spartak N., Gennady V. Grishanov, Yulia N. Grishanova, and Dmitry V. Skorinov. "Invasion of the North: The Eastern Tree Frog (<i>Hyla orientalis</i>) Range Shift in the East Baltic Sea Region." Russian Journal of Herpetology 31, no. 1 (February 29, 2024): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2024-31-1-24-30.

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Peculiarities of distribution of eastern tree frog in Kaliningrad Oblast’ of Russia were studied. Until recently, only rare records of tree frogs were observed here, which are probably associated with introductions or penetration of the species from border regions of Lithuania and Poland. However, in the period 2007 – 2022 we revealed here 41 new localities of Hyla orientalis throughout the southern part of Kaliningrad Oblast’. In all studied localities, where we found mating tree frogs, shallow fish-free puddles surrounding by agricultural fields were used as breeding habitats. Local populations of the species are quite abundant. The northern boundary of native range of H. orientalis in 1940 was on the adjacent territory of north-eastern Poland. Thus, we recorded a shift to the north of the range boundary of the species by approximately 30 – 40 km over the past 82 years. This is most likely is related to global warming. In the region, the average temperature and the amount of precipitation are increasing, which lead to favorable conditions for the long-term existence of warm puddles in the fields, in which tadpoles can successfully and more rapidly develop. The appearance of a large number of such biotopes allowed this species to successfully populate this territory.

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Edo-Taiwo, O., and M. S. O. Aisien. "Parasitic helminth fauna of tree frogs from cocoa plantations at Ugboke, Edo State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Life Sciences (ISSN: 2276-7029) 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/njls.v11i1.13.

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Cocoa pods are vulnerable to pest and diseases which often cause huge financial losses to farmers. To address this challenge and improve yield, cocoa farmers often resort to pesticide application on the cocoa trees. This leads to deposition of pesticides residues on the cocoa trees, the undergrowth and plantations floor with devastating consequences for amphibians including tree frogs. Previous studies have reported the immune suppressive nature of pesticides on anurans thereby rendering them more susceptible to infection. This study is part of an on-going investigation of the effect of pesticide application on the pattern of helminth parasitic infections of anurans in pesticide-treated cocoa plantations at Ugboke, Edo State. A total of 354 tree frogs belonging to three genera (Leptopelis, Hyperolius and Afrixalus), consisting of 14 species were examined. A high species richness (d=1.971) and diversity (H’=2.215) was recorded. Ten species (71.43%) of these frogs were infected while four (28.57%) were uninfected. The overall prevalence of parasitic infections was 30.23%. Thirteen helminth parasites including three cestodes, two digeneans and eight nematode species were recovered. A significantly higher (P<0.05) prevalence of infection was recorded during the wet season (31.64%) than in the dry (10.53%). There was high parasite diversity with low prevalence and infection intensity of infection as previously reported for other anurans collected from the same cocoa plantations

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Urošević, Aleksandar, Marko Anđelković, Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović, Imre Krizmanić, Rastko Ajtić, Aleksandar Simović, Milivoj Krstić, et al. "Distribution of Tree frogs (Hyla spp.) in Serbia: Implications of the recent taxonomic revision." Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, no. 15 (2022): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bnhmb2215137u.

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We present the updated distribution data of the Hyla arborea species complex in Serbia. Hyla arborea inhabits all biogeographic regions, while Hyla orientalis inhabits only the easternmost parts of northeastern , Eastern and southeastern Serbia. Potential hybrid zone encompasses parts of central and southern Serbia from the Đerdap gorge, over Niš to Bosilegrad. Since the taxonomic separation UROŠEVIĆ, A. ET AL.: DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FROGS (HYLA SPP.) IN Serbia 138 between the tree frog taxa was not yet recognized in national nomenclature, we propose the official Serbian names. The species H. arborea will keep the standard Serbian name "Gatalinka", while for the species H. orientalis we propose the name "Istočna gatalinka".

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Aihara, Ikkyu, Daichi Kominami, Yasuharu Hirano, and Masayuki Murata. "Mathematical modelling and application of frog choruses as an autonomous distributed communication system." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 181117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181117.

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Interactions using various sensory cues produce sophisticated behaviour in animal swarms, e.g. the foraging behaviour of ants and the flocking of birds and fish. Here, we investigate the behavioural mechanisms of frog choruses from the viewpoints of mathematical modelling and its application. Empirical data on male Japanese tree frogs demonstrate that (1) neighbouring male frogs avoid call overlaps with each other over a short time scale and (2) they collectively switch between the calling state and the silent state over a long time scale. To reproduce these features, we propose a mathematical model in which separate dynamical models spontaneously switch due to a stochastic process depending on the internal dynamics of respective frogs and also the interactions among the frogs. Next, the mathematical model is applied to the control of a wireless sensor network in which multiple sensor nodes send a data packet towards their neighbours so as to deliver the packet to a gateway node by multi-hop communication. Numerical simulation demonstrates that (1) neighbouring nodes can avoid a packet collision over a short time scale by alternating the timing of data transmission and (2) all the nodes collectively switch their states over a long time scale, establishing high network connectivity while reducing network power consumption. Consequently, this study highlights the unique dynamics of frog choruses over multiple time scales and also provides a novel bio-inspired technology that is applicable to the control of a wireless sensor network.

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Knight, K. "TREE FROGS CLEAN STICKY FEET BY WALKING." Journal of Experimental Biology 215, no. 22 (October 24, 2012): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.081281.

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Mizuhira, V. "The digital pads of rhacophorid tree-frogs." Journal of Electron Microscopy 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/53.1.63.

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Holmes, Bob. "Close calls don't fool smart tree frogs." New Scientist 199, no. 2672 (September 2008): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(08)62217-4.

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Knoll, Tricia. "The Tree Frogs of North Ash Creek." ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 24, no. 4 (2017): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/isx069.

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Green, DM, and MP Simon. "Digital Microstructure in Ecologically Diverse Sympatric Microhylid Frogs, Genera Cophixalus and Sphenophryne (Amphibia, Anura), From Papua-New-Guinea." Australian Journal of Zoology 34, no. 2 (1986): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9860135.

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The extent of development of digital adhesive toe-pads in sympatric species of microhylid frogs, Cophixalus and Sphenophryne, correlates with the degree of arboreality exhibited by the species. The same basic structures and cell types are found in the toe-pads of these microhylid frogs as are found in other arboreal and semi- arboreal frogs of many diverse evolutionary lineages. A variety of types of cell surface, with unknown functional significance but potential systematic use, are found on the feet of these frogs. Allometric increase in adhesive-pad area in larger species is by widening of the toe-pad, as opposed to acquisition of accessory pads as in some hylid tree frogs.

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Endlein, Thomas, Aihong Ji, Diana Samuel, Ning Yao, Zhongyuan Wang, W. Jon P. Barnes, Walter Federle, Michael Kappl, and Zhendong Dai. "Sticking like sticky tape: tree frogs use friction forces to enhance attachment on overhanging surfaces." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 80 (March 6, 2013): 20120838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0838.

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To live and clamber about in an arboreal habitat, tree frogs have evolved adhesive pads on their toes. In addition, they often have long and slender legs to facilitate not only long jumps, but also to bridge gaps between leaves when climbing. Both adhesive pads and long limbs are used in conjunction, as we will show in this study. Previous research has shown that tree frogs change from a crouched posture (where the limbs are close to the body) to a sprawled posture with extended limbs when clinging on to steeper inclines such as vertical or overhanging slopes. We investigated this change in posture in White's tree frogs ( Litoria caerulea ) by challenging the frogs to cling onto a tiltable platform. The platform consisted of an array of 24 three-dimensional force transducers, which allowed us to measure the ground reaction forces of the frogs during a tilt. Starting from a crouched resting position, the normal forces on the forelimbs changed sign and became increasingly negative with increasing slope angle of the platform. At about 106°±12°, tilt of the platform the frogs reacted by extending one or two of their limbs outwards. At a steeper angle (131°±11°), the frogs spread out all their limbs sideways, with the hindlimbs stretched out to their maximum reach. Although the extension was strongest in the lateral direction, limbs were significantly extended in the fore–aft direction as well. With the extension of the limbs, the lateral forces increased relative to the normal forces. The large contribution of the in-plane forces helped to keep the angle between the force vector and the platform small. The Kendall theory for the peeling of adhesive tape predicts that smaller peel angles lead to higher attachment forces. We compare our data with the predictions of the Kendall model and discuss possible implications of the sliding of the pads on the surface. The forces were indeed much larger for smaller angles and thus can be explained by peeling theory.

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Sonam Lhendup and Bal Krishna Koirala. "The first record of Medog Gliding Frog Rhacophorus translineatus Wu, 1977 (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Chhukha District, Bhutan." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 13 (November 26, 2021): 20078–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6839.13.13.20078-20083.

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Rhacophorus is a genus of tree frogs in the family Rhacophoridae commonly referred to as parachuting or gliding frogs, distinguished by extensive digital webbing. A rare species, Rhacophorus translineatus Wu, 1977, was recorded for the first time in Bhutan. Information on morphological characters, geographical distribution, habitat and natural history notes is provided.

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Layla, Elmajdoub O., Shabash, H. Elhamali, Omar, A. Mosaab, and Aborawis, M. Afaf. "Prevalence of endo-parasites of common tree frog (Rana Saharica) from Misurata, Libya." Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 14, 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v13i1.1688.

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The current study was conducted to detect the prevalence of parasitic infection among (62) common tree frogs (Rana Saharica), of different ages, with weights ranged between 1 - 25g. Results: The results revealed that 61 (98%) out of 62 examined common frogs were infected with endo-parasites. The the prevalence of infection with protozoal was (86.4%) and (80%) for helminthes, while the mixed infection with both was 65%.

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Reynaga, Crystal M., Caitrin E. Eaton, Galatea A. Strong, and Emanuel Azizi. "Compliant Substrates Disrupt Elastic Energy Storage in Jumping Tree Frogs." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 1535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz069.

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Abstract Arboreal frogs navigate complex environments and face diverse mechanical properties within their physical environment. Such frogs may encounter substrates that are damped and absorb energy or are elastic and can store and release energy as the animal pushes off during take-off. When dealing with a compliant substrate, a well-coordinated jump would allow for the recovery of elastic energy stored in the substrate to amplify mechanical power, effectively adding an in-series spring to the hindlimbs. We tested the hypothesis that effective use of compliant substrates requires active changes to muscle activation and limb kinematics to recover energy from the substrate. We designed an actuated force platform, modulated with a real-time feedback controller to vary the stiffness of the substrate. We quantified the kinetics and kinematics of Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) jumping off platforms at four different stiffness conditions. In addition, we used electromyography to examine the relationship between muscle activation patterns and substrate compliance during take-off in a knee extensor (m. cruralis) and an ankle extensor (m. plantaris). We find O. septentrionalis do not modulate motor patterns in response to substrate compliance. Although not actively modulated, changes in the rate of limb extension suggest a trade-off between power amplification and energy recovery from the substrate. Our results suggest that compliant substrates disrupt the inertial catch mechanism that allows tree frogs to store elastic energy in the tendon, thereby slowing the rate of limb extension and increasing the duration of take-off. However, the slower rate of limb extension does provide additional time to recover more energy from the substrate. This work serves to broaden our understanding of how the intrinsic mechanical properties of a system may broaden an organism’s capacity to maintain performance when facing environmental perturbations.

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Hua, YueJin, and Lee Kuizheng. "The Special Relationship Between Nepenthes and Tree Frogs." Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55360/cpn331.yh531.

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Stöck, Matthias, Agnès Horn, Christine Grossen, Dorothea Lindtke, Roberto Sermier, Caroline Betto-Colliard, Christophe Dufresnes, et al. "Ever-Young Sex Chromosomes in European Tree Frogs." PLoS Biology 9, no. 5 (May 17, 2011): e1001062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001062.

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EMERSON, SHARON B. "The ecomorphology of Bornean tree frogs (family Rhacophoridae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 101, no. 4 (April 1991): 337–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00656.x.

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John-Alder, Henry B., Peter J. Morin, and Sharon Lawler. "Thermal Physiology, Phenology, and Distribution of Tree Frogs." American Naturalist 132, no. 4 (October 1988): 506–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284868.

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Hoffman, Christopher, Tobias Johnson, and Matthew Junge. "From transience to recurrence with Poisson tree frogs." Annals of Applied Probability 26, no. 3 (June 2016): 1620–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/15-aap1127.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tree frogs'

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