To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Tree nutrient.
Journal articles on the topic 'Tree nutrient'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Tree nutrient.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Weinbaum, Steven A. "Nutrient Demand-driven Macronutrient Uptake in Fruit Crop." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 556D—556. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.556d.
Full textAbstract:
Our understanding of the quantities and seasonal patterns of nutrient uptake by mature fruit trees has been limited by the difficulties in working with the large woody biomass of these organisms, tree-to-tree variability, and the resolution to distinguish between recently acquired nutrient from the nutrient background of the tree. We have coupled the use of stable isotopes of nitrogen (N) with periodic whole-tree excavations and nutrient analyses during the year. Vegetative growth, reproductive growth, and nutrient storage in perennial tree parts during tree quiescence represent nutrient sinks. Data obtained using mature pistachio, prune, and walnut trees indicate that macronutrient accumulation in metabolic sinks is associated with increases in tree macronutrient uptake. These data are consistent with the concept that sink removal of phloem-mobile nutrients from vascular circulation may provide the stimulus to further uptake of the nutrient(s) sequestered. We propose that the recognition of those patterns can be used to increase the efficiency of tree nutrient recovery and utilization.
2
Rosecrance, Richard C., Steven A. Weinbaum, and Patrick H. Brown. "Estimation and Significance of Nutrient and Starch Storage Pools in Mature, Alternate-Bearing Pistachio (Pistacia vera. L.) Trees." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 671e—671. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.671e.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of crop load on nutrient and starch storage in mature, alternate-bearing pistachio trees was examined. Tree storage pools were estimated from the differences in nutrient and starch contents of perennial tree parts between dormancy (the period of highest nutrient and starch content) and following spring flush (the period of lowest nutrient and starch content). Following a lightly cropping (off) year, trees contained significantly larger N, P, and K storage pools than following a heavily cropping (on) year. The relative contribution of leaf nutrient resorption to tree nutrient storage pools varied depending on the crop load. Nutrient storage is a function of net leaf nutrient resorption and current uptake from the soil. Leaf nutrient (N, P, and K) resorption was a more significant component of nutrient storage in on-year than off-year trees. The contribution of nutrient storage to shoot (i.e., leaves, fruit, current-year wood) nutrient contents was evaluated following the spring flush (May) and nut fill (September) periods. Nutrient storage pools are an important source of nutrients during the spring flush of growth, but nutrient demands during nut fill are met primarily by current nutrient uptake from the soil. The relationships between nutrient storage and uptake are discussed.
3
Zhu, H., R. H. Zondag, J. Merrick, T. Demaline, and C. R. Krause. "Nutrient Leaching from Container-Grown Ornamental Tree Production." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-33.2.76.
Full textAbstract:
Economical production of marketable container-grown ornamental shade trees with minimum amounts of nutrients in leachate requires careful management of fertilizer applications during a growing season. Sixteen fertilizer treatments were evaluated for their nutrient leaching potential in container-grown ‘Red Sunset’ red maple (Acer rubrum L.) production in a commercial nursery. Tests were conducted at two sites that were irrigated with either city or recycled pond water. Two slow-release granular fertilizers (18-5-12 and 12-0-42) were applied separately or together, by incorporation, top-dressed, or both, to trees grown in #7 containers and placed above or below ground. Trees irrigated with pond water also received supplemental liquid nutrients throughout the growing season along with nitric and phosphoric acids. Compared to either top-dressed or incorporation of fertilizer, incorporation of fertilizer combined with top-dressing doubled the amounts of nutrients applied but did not increase tree growth and caused greater nutrient leaching through the container substrate. Adding nitric and phosphoric acids to the supplemental liquid nutrients had little effect on lowering pH of the container substrate to the desired level. Trees irrigated with pond water had greater caliper growth than trees irrigated with city water, but this practice caused greater nutrient loss through the leachate and required additional nutrient inputs and labor throughout the growing season. Among the 16 fertilizer practices, the top-dressed fertilizer applications in the above- and below-ground containers were the most efficient method to produce fast tree growth with low nutrient leaching.
4
Hallman, Lukas M., Davie M. Kadyampakeni, John-Paul Fox, Alan L. Wright, and Lorenzo Rossi. "Root-Shoot Nutrient Dynamics of Huanglongbing-Affected Grapefruit Trees." Plants 11, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 3226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233226.
Full textAbstract:
With huanglongbing (HLB) causing a reduction in fine root mass early in disease progression, HLB-affected trees have lower nutrient uptake capability. Questions regarding the uptake efficiency of certain fertilizer application methods have been raised. Therefore, the goals of this study are to determine if nutrient management methods impact nutrient translocation and identify where in the tree nutrients are translocated. Destructive nutrient and biomass analysis were conducted on field grown HLB-affected grapefruit trees (Citrus × paradisi) grafted on ‘sour orange’ (Citrus × aurantium) rootstock under different fertilizer application methods. Fertilizer was applied in the form of either 100% soluble granular fertilizer, controlled release fertilizer (CRF), or liquid fertilizer. After three years, the entire tree was removed from the grove, dissected into eight different components (feeder roots, lateral roots, structural roots, trunk, primary branches, secondary branches, twigs, and leaves), weighed, and then analyzed for nutrient contents. Overall, application methods showed differences in nutrient allocation in leaf, twig, and feeder root; however, no consistent pattern was observed. Additionally, leaf, twig, and feeder roots had higher amount of nutrients compared to the other tree components. This study showed that fertilization methods do impact nutrient contents in different components of HLB-affected trees. Further research should be conducted on the impact of different fertilizer application methods and rates on HLB-affected trees.
5
Huruba, Rangarirai, Caroline Ndlovu, Peter J. Mundy, Allan Sebata, and Duncan N. MacFadyen. "Short duration overnight cattle kraaling in natural rangelands leads to increased tree damage by elephants." Journal of Tropical Ecology 38, no. 1 (October 27, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467421000353.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractElephants are attracted to nutrient hotspots created through short duration overnight cattle corralling (hereafter kraaling) in natural rangelands at Debshan, a mixed cattle-wildlife private ranch in central Zimbabwe, causing severe tree damage. We determined the effect of age of nutrient hotspot (i.e., time after kraal use) on elephant use and the extent of tree damage. Elephant use and tree damage were assessed in nutrient hotspots of varying ages (6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months after kraal use) and in surrounding landscape. We also compared Acacia karroo bark nutrient and soil nutrient concentration between nutrient hotspots (24 months after kraal use) and the surrounding landscape. Elephant use of nutrient hotspots was highest at 12 and 24 months after kraaling. The most severely damaged trees were in the 12-, 24- and 36-month-old nutrient hotspots. Acacia karroo bark nutrient concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron) were higher in nutrient hotspots than surrounding vegetation, while soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium) were higher in nutrient hotspots than surrounding landscape. We concluded that elephants mostly used nutrient hotspots 12 and 24 months after kraaling, while severe tree damage occurred 12, 24 and 36 months after kraal use.
6
Wang, Hongxing, Dongsheng Chen, and Xiaomei Sun. "Nutrient Allocation to Different Compartments of Age-Sequence Larch Plantations in China." Forests 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090759.
Full textAbstract:
Increased demand for forest-derived biomass has led to more intensive harvesting practices. However, the export of large nutrient quantities with the harvested biomass may lead to the depletion of soil nutrients. Therefore, improved knowledge concerning macronutrient allocation (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) to different components in forests along age sequences is crucial for their sustainable management. In this study, we quantified nutrient allocation to different ecosystem components, including trees, understorey, forest floor, and different soil depths within a chronosequence (6-, 15-, 23-, and 35-year-old) of larch plantations in China. We then assessed the danger of significant nutrient losses from whole tree harvesting (WTH). Nutrient amounts in trees increased with stand age due to an increase in biomass. Stems accounted for 59%–72% of tree biomass and contained 40%–50% of total tree nutrients in the 15- to 35-year-old stands. The forest floor’s nutrient quantities increased from the 6- to 23-year-old stands and then decreased in the 35-year-old plantations. Conversely, most soil indicators initially declined from 15- to 23-year-old stands and then increased in the 35-year-old stand. The total nutrient stocks were greatest in the soil (0–40 cm), which accounted for about 93%–99% of total nutrients in the larch ecosystem. These data indicate that WTH causes nutrient losses about 2.0–2.5 times higher than stem-only harvesting, when thinning 15- or clear-cut harvesting 23- and 35-year-old stands. However, nutrient losses by WTH have little effect on the soil nutrient pools. Prolonging the crop cycle of larch plantations may be beneficial to improve nutrient return through litterfall and allow available soil nutrients to recover.
7
Barrick, Kenneth A., and Anna W. Schoettle. "A comparison of the foliar nutrient status of elfinwood and symmetrically formed tall trees, Colorado Front Range, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-176.
Full textAbstract:
We tested the hypothesis of nutrient limitation in the trees of the alpine forest – tundra ecotone by comparing the foliar nutrient status of windsculpted elfinwood (also called krummholz) growing at the upper limit of tree success with symmetrically formed toll trees growing at the nearby timberline. The species investigated included Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelmann, Abies lasiocarpa (Hooker) Nuttall, pinus flexilis james, and Pinus aristata Bailey. The foliar nutrient concentrations of the ecotone trees were similar to other healthy montane forests. Most of the significant differences in mean foliar nutrient concentrations between elfinwood and tall trees indicate lower concentrations in elfinwood trees. We found significantly lower mean phosphorus concentrations in Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa elfinwood compared with tall trees, but the mean nitrogen–phosphorus ratios were within the normal range. The foliar nutrient status of Pinus aristata elfinwood was similar to tall trees, while Pinus flexilis had considerably more significant differences in nutrient concentrations between the tree forms. Although there are many theoretical processes that could cause nutrient deficiencies at treeline, this study suggests that the elfinwood along the Colorado Front Range is not currently nutrient deficient. We discuss the potential differences in nutrient ecology between elfinwood and tall trees. Keywords: foliar nutrients, alpine ecotone, treeline, elfinwood, krummholz, conifer.
8
Lovatt, Carol J. "Properly Timing Foliar-applied Fertilizers Increases Efficacy: A Review and Update on Timing Foliar Nutrient Applications to Citrus and Avocado." HortTechnology 23, no. 5 (October 2013): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.5.536.
Full textAbstract:
Foliar fertilization efficiently meets the nutrient demand of tree fruit crops during periods when soil conditions (low or high temperatures, low or excess soil moisture, pH, salinity) render soil-applied fertilizers ineffective, when nutrients (e.g., phosphate, potassium, and trace elements) become fixed in the soil, and when tree nutrient demand is high. Applying nutrients directly to leaves ensures that the metabolic machinery of the tree is not compromised by low availability of an essential nutrient. It should be noted that phloem mobile nutrients applied to the foliage are translocated to all tree parts, even feeder roots. Because foliar application of fertilizers can reduce nutrient accumulation in soil, runoff water, surface water (streams, lakes, ocean), and groundwater (drinking water supply), where they contribute to salinity, eutrophication, or nitrate contamination, with negative consequences to the environment and humans, it is highly desirable to replace soil-applied fertilizers at least in part with foliar-applied fertilizers. However, not all nutrients are taken up through leaves and, even if taken up, some nutrients are not phloem mobile. In addition, although foliar fertilizer rates are typically lower than soil fertilizer rates, application can be more costly. The goal has been to time the application of foliar fertilizers to key stages of citrus (Citrus sp.) and avocado (Persea americana) tree phenology when demand for the nutrient is likely to be high and especially when soil conditions are likely to compromise nutrient uptake by roots. This approach has proven successful for increasing yield, fruit size, and grower income even when the tree is not nutrient deficient by standard leaf analysis. Winter prebloom foliar-applied low-biuret urea was previously documented to increase total yield of both navel and ‘Valencia’ oranges (Citrus sinensis). Adaptation of this treatment to ‘Nules’ Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata) increased the yield of commercially valuable size fruit in two experiments. Foliar application of boron or low-biuret urea to ‘Hass’ avocado trees at the “cauliflower” stage of inflorescence development increased total yield; potassium phosphite applied at this stage of tree phenology increased the yield of commercially valuable size fruit.
9
Zhou, Qi, and Juan Carlos Melgar. "Tree Age Influences Nutrient Partitioning among Annually Removed Aboveground Organs of Peach." HortScience 55, no. 4 (April 2020): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14731-19.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this research was to assess how fruit tree age influences nutrient partitioning patterns in aboveground organs. We selected 6-year-old (mature) and 20-year-old (old) ‘Cresthaven’ peach trees and measured the macronutrient concentrations in organs removed during pruning, thinning, harvesting, and leaf fall for 3 years. Then, we calculated the total amount of nutrients removed at each event and studied the partitioning patterns between mature and old peach trees. The results showed that mature peach trees had higher phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations in fruit mesocarp and fallen leaves than old trees. When we estimated the total nutrient content, mature peach trees allocated more nitrogen (N), P, K, and calcium (Ca) to pruned wood and harvested fruit but had less N and Ca in senescing leaves compared with old peach trees. The results of this study suggest that the different proportion of organs removed through orchard management practices from trees of different ages as well as the concentration of nutrients in these organs must be considered when estimating nutrient restitution needs and tree nutritional requirements.
10
Chen, Weile, Roger T. Koide, Thomas S. Adams, Jared L. DeForest, Lei Cheng, and David M. Eissenstat. "Root morphology and mycorrhizal symbioses together shape nutrient foraging strategies of temperate trees." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 31 (July 18, 2016): 8741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601006113.
Full textAbstract:
Photosynthesis by leaves and acquisition of water and minerals by roots are required for plant growth, which is a key component of many ecosystem functions. Although the role of leaf functional traits in photosynthesis is generally well understood, the relationship of root functional traits to nutrient uptake is not. In particular, predictions of nutrient acquisition strategies from specific root traits are often vague. Roots of nearly all plants cooperate with mycorrhizal fungi in nutrient acquisition. Most tree species form symbioses with either arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. Nutrients are distributed heterogeneously in the soil, and nutrient-rich “hotspots” can be a key source for plants. Thus, predicting the foraging strategies that enable mycorrhizal root systems to exploit these hotspots can be critical to the understanding of plant nutrition and ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling. Here, we show that in 13 sympatric temperate tree species, when nutrient availability is patchy, thinner root species alter their foraging to exploit patches, whereas thicker root species do not. Moreover, there appear to be two distinct pathways by which thinner root tree species enhance foraging in nutrient-rich patches: AM trees produce more roots, whereas EM trees produce more mycorrhizal fungal hyphae. Our results indicate that strategies of nutrient foraging are complementary among tree species with contrasting mycorrhiza types and root morphologies, and that predictable relationships between below-ground traits and nutrient acquisition emerge only when both roots and mycorrhizal fungi are considered together.
11
Campisi-Pinto, Salvatore, Yusheng Zheng, Philippe E. Rolshausen, David E. Crowley, Ben Faber, Gary Bender, Mary Bianchi, Toan Khuong, and Carol J. Lovatt. "Optimal Nutrient Concentration Ranges of ‘Hass’ Avocado Cauliflower Stage Inflorescences—Potential Diagnostic Tool to Optimize Tree Nutrient Status and Increase Yield." HortScience 52, no. 12 (December 2017): 1707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12437-17.
Full textAbstract:
Optimizing ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) tree nutrient status is essential for maximizing productivity. Leaf nutrient analysis is used to guide avocado fertilization to maintain tree nutrition. The goal of this research was to identify a ‘Hass’ avocado tissue with nutrient concentrations predictive of yields greater than 40 kg of fruit per tree. This threshold was specified to assist the California avocado industry to increase yields to ≈11,200 kg·ha−1. Nutrient concentrations of cauliflower stage inflorescences (CSI) collected in March proved better predictors of yield than inflorescences collected at full bloom (FBI) in April, fruit pedicels (FP) collected at five different stages of avocado tree phenology from the end of fruit set in June through April the following spring when mature fruit enter a second period of exponential growth, or 6-month-old spring flush leaves (LF) from nonbearing vegetative shoots collected in September (California avocado industry standard). For CSI tissue, concentrations of seven nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were predictive of trees producing greater than 40 kg of fruit annually. Conditional quantile sampling and frequency analysis were used to identify optimum nutrient concentration ranges (ONCR) for each nutrient. Optimum ratios between nutrient concentrations and yields greater than 40 kg per tree were also derived. The high nutrient concentrations characterizing CSI tissue suggest current fertilization practices (timing or amounts) might be causing nutrient imbalances at this stage of avocado tree phenology that are limiting productivity, a possibility that warrants further investigation. Because CSI samples can be collected 4–6 weeks before full bloom, nutritional problems can be addressed before they affect flower retention and fruit set to increase current crop yield, fruit size, and quality. Thus, CSI nutrient analysis warrants further research as a potential supplemental or alternative tool for diagnosing ‘Hass’ avocado tree nutrient status and increasing yield.
12
Lteif, Arlette, Joann K. Whalen, Robert L. Bradley, and Claude Camiré. "Diagnostic tools to evaluate the foliar nutrition and growth of hybrid poplars." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 8 (August 2008): 2138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-069.
Full textAbstract:
This 2-year study examined the effect of fertilizers on tree growth and foliar nutrition in a Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray × Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. plantation located in southwestern Québec. The treatments included a control that did not receive N or P fertilizer, inorganic NP fertilizers, organic fertilizers applied at 65–70 kg N·ha–1, and organic fertilizers applied at 130–140 kg N·ha–1. Fertilized trees were taller and had larger diameters than control trees. Three methods were used to diagnose limiting nutrients and nutrient imbalances, and compare the nutrient supply from different fertilizer sources. The critical value approach and the compositional nutrient diagnosis methods found below-optimum N and P concentrations, sufficient K and Mg concentrations, and an excessive Ca concentration in foliage. Vector analysis compared the N nutrition in foliage from fertilized trees and the control trees. The compositional nutrient diagnosis r2(nutrient imbalance index) was negatively correlated with annual tree growth in height (r = –0.46, P < 0.05) and diameter (r = –0.59, P < 0.05), meaning that trees with a greater nutrient imbalance grew less in height and diameter than trees with balanced foliar nutrition. Of these diagnostic methods, compositional nutrient diagnosis holds promise for identifying nutrient limitations and predicting growth responses to fertilization in hybrid poplar plantations.
13
Parent, L. E., L. Khiari, and A. Pettigrew. "Nitrogen diagnosis of Christmas tree needle greenness." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 939–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-101.
Full textAbstract:
Christmas tree (Abies balsamea L.) fertilization is generally guided by needle colour or chemical analysis. Our objective was to develop critical values for the traditional critical nutrient range (CNR) and the compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) of Christmas tree needles for the Quebec Appalachians. We collected survey specimens (n = 174) and obtained a validation dataset made up of 10 paired dark green and pale green stands. The compositional simplex for CND comprised five nutrient concentration values (N, K, P, Ca, and Mg) and a filling value R5 computed from differences between the whole tissue composition (i.e., 1000 g kg-1) and the known nutrient concentration values expressed in g kg-1. Nutrient multi-ratios were computed as the natural logarithm of the ratio of one nutrient concentration value to the geometric mean of all nutrients and the R5. Nutrient indexes (IN1, …, IR5) were computed as standard variables usin the mean and the standard variation of nutrient multi-ratios for the high-greenness sub-population. A nutrient imbalance index, CNDr2, was computed as the sum of squared CND indexes. Needle colour was assessed using a colour chart and a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. The critical SPAD value was set at 48–50 for a high greenness rating in the survey dataset, and the high-greenness sub-population comprised 95 specimens. Nitrogen and P concentrations were highly correlated to each other. Critical concentrations were found to be 17.8 g N kg-1, and 1.8 g P kg-1. CND diagnosis of the validation dataset was similar to CNR, but CND classified nutrients in the order of their limitation to colour rating. Using the validation dataset, critical values were 17.2 g N kg-1 and −1.015 as IN. The validated critical CNDr2 for five nutrients (N, K, P, Ca, and Mg) was 12.6, which was close to the critical CNDr2 value using the survey dataset (11.6) and to the theoretical χ2 value of 11.1 (P < 0.05). Key words: Tissue analysis, nutrient diagnosis, chlorophyll index, nutrient imbalance index
14
Mattos Jr., Dirceu, José Antônio Quaggio, Heitor Cantarella, and Ashok Kumar Alva. "Nutrient content of biomass components of Hamlin sweet orange trees." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 1 (February 2003): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000100023.
Full textAbstract:
The knowledge of the nutrient distribution in trees is important to establish sound nutrient management programs for citrus production. Six-year-old Hamlin orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] on Swingle citrumelo [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. x Citrus paradisi Macfad.] rootstock, grown on a sandy Entisol in Florida were harvested to investigate the macro and micronutrient distributions of biomass components. The biomass of aboveground components of the tree represented the largest proportion of the total. The distribution of the total tree dry weight was: fruit = 30.3%, leaf = 9.7%, twig = 26.1%, trunk = 6.3%, and root = 27.8%. Nutrient concentrations of recent mature leaves were in the adequate to optimal range as suggested by interpretation of leaf analysis in Florida. Concentrations of Ca in older leaves and woody tissues were much greater than those in the other parts of the tree. Concentrations of micronutrients were markedly greater in fibrous root as compared to woody roots. Calcium made up the greatest amount of nutrient in the citrus tree (273.8 g per tree), followed by N and K (234.7 and 181.5 g per tree, respectively). Other macronutrients comprised about 11% of the total nutrient content of trees. The contents of various nutrients in fruits were: N = 1.20, K = 1.54, P = 0.18, Ca = 0.57, Mg = 0.12, S = 0.09, B = 1.63 x 10-3, Cu = 0.39 x 10-3, Fe = 2.1 x 10-3, Mn = 0.38 10-3, and Zn = 0.40 10-3 (kg ton-1). Total contents of N, K, and P in the orchard corresponded to 66.5, 52.0, and 8.3 kg ha-1, respectively, which were equivalent to the amounts applied annually by fertilization.
15
Wadt, Paulo Guilherme Salvador. "Nutritional status of Eucalyptus grandis clones evaluated by critical level and DRIS methods." Revista Árvore 28, no. 1 (February 2004): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622004000100003.
Full textAbstract:
Nutritional status of eight 1.0 and 4.7 years old clones of Eucalyptus grandis, cultivated in a medium textured Ustults - US - and a Quartzipsamments - PS - soils, in Lençóis Paulista, São Paulo, were evaluated by the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) and Critical Level (CL) methods. Based on multivariate discriminant analysis, the DRIS indices described the nutritional status of trees better in relation to tree age and soil type than in relation to nutrient composition. Spearman's correlation coefficients showed statistically significant relationships between volumetric tree growth and nutrients when applying DRIS indices or foliar nutrient concentrations. However, the DRIS indices indicated a lower number of trees with nutritional deficiencies, in relation to the CL method. According to the CL method, P, S, and Ca were deficient in the majority of the soils and tree age categories. By the DRIS method, Ca was the only deficient nutrient in PS soils, and appeared to be particularly limited in one-year-old trees. In conclusion, the DRIS method was more efficient than the CL method in evaluating the nutritional status of eucalyptus trees.
16
Arthur, Mary A., Steven P. Hamburg, and Thomas G. Siccama. "Validating allometric estimates of aboveground living biomass and nutrient contents of a northern hardwood forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-131.
Full textAbstract:
Accurate estimates of tree biomass and nutrient content are essential to the development of budgets for forest ecosystems. Aboveground biomass is typically estimated using allometric equations; nutrient content is calculated by multiplying elemental concentrations times the weight of each tree component. Allometric projections have seldom been compared with direct measurements; yet, such comparisons are necessary to assess the accuracy of forest biomass and nutrient estimates. For three 0.25-ha northern hardwood forest plots we compared allometric estimates with direct measurements of aboveground tree biomass and nutrients. Trees on each plot were skidded to a landing where they were chipped or removed whole. Chip vans and log trucks with material from each plot were weighed and subsampled for moisture and nutrient contents. The allometric and measured estimates of aboveground biomass did not differ significantly. Nutrient contents estimated using allometry were not significantly different from direct measurements for Ca, Mg, P, Mn, and Zn but underestimated K (24%), N (16%), and Fe (70%). The allometric approach proved accurate for estimating aboveground biomass; nutrient estimates were less consistent, requiring validation before they can be used with confidence. The direct measurements provide an estimate of uncertainty in biomass and nutrient contents.
17
Atta, Alisheikh A., Kelly T. Morgan, Davie M. Kadyampakeni, and Kamal A. Mahmoud. "The Effect of Foliar and Ground-Applied Essential Nutrients on Huanglongbing-Affected Mature Citrus Trees." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050925.
Full textAbstract:
The fate of foliar and ground-applied essential nutrients is the least studied topic under citrus greening or Huanglongbing (HLB)-affected citrus, which is inherently suffering from severe root decline because of HLB-associated problems. The objective of this study was to evaluate if ground-applied coupled with foliar spray of essential nutrients can reverse the decline in tree growth and understand the fate of the nutrients in the soil-root-tree interfaces. The treatments were arranged in a split-split plot design in which nitrogen (N) was ground-applied in 20 splits biweekly and Mn, Zn, and B were foliar and /or ground-applied in three splits following the spring, summer, and late summer flush seasons. Soil nutrients in three depths (0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm), root, and leaf nutrient concentrations of the essential nutrients, leaf area index (LAI), and tree canopy volume (TCV) data were studied twice (spring and summer) for two years. A significantly higher soil NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations were detected in the topsoil depth than the two lower soil depths (15–30 and 30–45 cm) indicating lesser nutrient leaching as trees received moderate (224 kg ha−1) N rate. Except for soil zinc (Zn) concentration, all the nutrient concentrations were significantly higher in the topsoil (0–15 cm), compared with two lower soil depths indicating that Zn was intricate by changes in soil environmental conditions, root acquisition, and/or leaching to lower soil depth. Leaf N concentration significantly increased over time following seasonal environmental fluctuations, tree growth, and development. Thus, leaf N concentration remained above the optimum nutrient range implying lower N requirement under irrigation scheduling with SmartIrrigation, an App used to determine the daily irrigation duration to meet tree water requirement and split fertigation techniques. Root Manganese (Mn) and Zn concentrations were significantly higher in the root tissues of the treated than the control trees and translocated to the leaves accordingly. Meanwhile, a significantly higher LAI for trees budded on Swingle (Swc) rootstock however, larger TCV for trees budded on Volkameriana (Volk) rootstocks. The trees had significantly larger TCV when the trees received a moderate N rate during early study years and under foliar 9 kg ha−1 coupled with the ground 9 kg ha−1 Mn and Zn treatments during the late study years. Therefore, split ground application of 224 kg ha−1 of N, foliar applied 9 kg ha−1 coupled with ground-applied 9 kg ha−1 Mn and Zn were the suggested rates to sustain the essential leaf nutrient concentration within the optimum ranges and improve the deterioration of vegetative growth associated with HLB-induced problems of citrus trees.
18
Rochon, P., D. Paré, and C. Messier. "Development of an improved model estimating the nutrient content of the bole for four boreal tree species." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x97-176.
Full textAbstract:
An improved model for estimating nutrient contents of the commercial portion of tree boles was developed for four boreal tree species (Populus tremuloides Michx., Betula papyrifera Marsh., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.). This model considers the spatial pattern of variation of nutrient concentrations inside the bole and its relationships with tree size. For all species-nutrient combinations, no significant pattern was found for vertical variations in nutrient concentrations, while two types of nonlinear models, using distance from the tree periphery as the independent variable, fit the pattern of horizontal (or radial) variations. These patterns of variability were used to estimate the global nutrient concentration of the bole by using mathematical integration. The values obtained with this method were generally lower, especially for large stems, than values obtained with traditional methods that do not consider the variability of nutrient concentrations inside the bole. This improved model would permit better estimates of the amounts of nutrients lost in biomass upon forest harvesting, as well as internal cycling of nutrients within the bole.
19
Picchioni, G. A., P. H. Brown, S. A. Weinbaum, and T. T. Muraoka. "Macronutrient Allocation to Leaves and Fruit of Mature, Alternate-bearing Pistachio Trees: Magnitude and Seasonal Patterns at the Whole-canopy Level." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 2 (March 1997): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.2.267.
Full textAbstract:
Estimates of leaflet and fruit macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) accumulation and resorption were developed in six (three heavily cropping, on-year and three noncropping, off-year) mature pistachio (Pistacia vera L. `Kerman') trees over three growing seasons during three stages of phenology [the spring growth flush (April to June); seed fill (late June to September); and leaf senescence (September to November)]. Crop load influenced total nutrient content per tree in annual organs (leaves and fruit), the relative allocation of nutrients between leaves and fruit, temporal patterns of nutrient accumulation in annual organs, and the magnitude of net leaf nutrient resorption per tree prior to leaf fall. In off-year trees, macronutrient accumulation in annual organs (leaves) was concentrated during the spring flush of growth. In contrast, significant macronutrient accumulation in annual organs of on-year trees (leaves plus fruit) occurred not only during the spring flush of growth but also during seed fill. Duration and magnitude of macronutrient accumulation were greater in on-year vs. off-year trees. Fruit N and P demand during seed fill was partially met by a net decrease in the N and P contents of the pericarp. These decreases in pericarp nutrient content during seed fill were equivalent to 32% and 26% of embryo accumulation of N and P, respectively. Fruit demand for N, P, and K during the spring flush of “on” years was accompanied by reduced leaf N, P, and K contents per tree. Net leaf N, Ca, and Mg resorption per tree during leaf senescence differed with crop load. Net leaf N resorption was significantly greater in off-year trees than on-year trees. Leaf N resorption presumably represents an important component of the N pool stored in perennial tree parts during dormancy. The greater leaf N resorption following “off” years was a function of greater leaf N concentration and greater leaf biomass per tree. In contrast, net leaf resorption of Ca and Mg was greater in on-year vs. off-year trees. Experimental validation of the magnitude and periodicity of nutrient uptake by mature pistachio trees is needed during the alternate-bearing cycle, especially in light of the potential contribution of current fertilization practices to groundwater contamination.
20
Lovatt, Carol J. "Timing Citrus and Avocado Foliar Nutrient Applications to Increase Fruit Set and Size." HortTechnology 9, no. 4 (January 1999): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.4.607.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this research was to identify the role essential nutrients play in the physiology of tree crops, and then to apply the nutrient as a foliar fertilizer to stimulate a specific metabolic process at phenological stages when nutrient demand is high. This approach has proven successful. A single winter prebloom foliar application of nitrogen as low-biuret urea [0.16 kg N/tree (0.35 lb N/tree)] to 30-year-old `Washington' navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) trees during flower initiation significantly increased yield and fruit number per tree for each of 3 consecutive years (P ≤ 0.05). The number of commercially valuable largesize fruit also increased significantly with yield increases (r2 = 0.88). Sodium tetraborate applied foliarly to `Hass' avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees at the cauliflower stage of inflorescence development (elongation of inflorescence secondary axes, pollen and ovule development) increased the number of pollen tubes reaching the ovule, ovule viability and cumulative yield (P ≤ 0.05). Additional examples are presented.
21
Baldi, Elena, Maurizio Quartieri, Givambattista Sorrenti, and Moreno Toselli. "Evaluation of nutrients removed and recycled in a commercial peach orchard over a 14-years-production cycle." Italus Hortus 28, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2021.3.0112.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding nutrient dynamics within a peach orchard is fundamental to the development of accurate nutrient management practices. The present study investigated the nutrient uptake and redistribution in a 14-years-old commercial orchard in the Po valley. At the end of the experiment, trees were harvested, biomass and organ nutrient concentration were determined. Skeleton and roots accounted for the highest plant biomass, followed by fruits at harvest, pruned wood and abscised leaves; thinned fruits were less than 1 kg tree-1. The difference between the amounts of nutrients in leaves sampled in summer and in autumn (at abscission) was used to estimate the fraction of nutrients remobilized during the vegetative season inside the tree. The decrease of N, P, S, Cu, Mn and Zn concentration in abscised, compared to summer-sampled leaves was the result of the translocation of nutrients into fruits and storage organs. Nutrient circulation in a commercial nectarine orchard was calculated by determination of the fractions of each nutrient recycled (sum of nutrients in abscised leaves, thinned fruits and pruned wood) and remobilized (sum of nutrients in fruits at harvest, roots and skeleton). In our experimental conditions, on average, nectarine Stark RedGold showed an annual request of (in kg ha-1) 100, 17, 73, 129, 16, and 6 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively. More than half of these quantities were recycled in the orchard and returned back to the soil; consequently, if the nutrient use efficiency is maximized, the fertilization of nectarine requires only small amount of external inputs.
22
Tremblay, Sylvie, Rock Ouimet, Daniel Houle, and Louis Duchesne. "Base cation distribution and requirement of three common forest ecosystems in eastern Canada based on site-specific and general allometric equations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 10 (October 2012): 1796–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-125.
Full textAbstract:
Base cations (Ca, Mg, and K) are essential nutrients for forest growth. Many studies have reported important decreases in the soils of several forests in eastern North America, partly because of atmospheric acid deposition and forest harvesting. To quantify the impacts of these perturbations on forest base cations, accurate estimation of tree biomass and nutrient content is needed. However, most of tree nutrient contents are calculated with general allometric equations, leading to inaccurate estimates. We thus calculated tree biomass and base cation content for three common forest types in eastern Canada using site-specific allometric equations and compared them with those calculated with general allometric equations and nutrient concentrations of tree compartments taken from the literature. General allometric equations resulted in above-ground tree biomass estimates in the same range as ours (±15%), but the use of nutrient concentrations taken from the literature resulted mainly in overestimation of above-ground tree nutrient content (–13% to +81%), leading to inaccurate wood requirement estimates (–63% to +86%). Therefore, the development of site-specific equations to estimate above-ground tree base cation content is recommended.
23
Perakis, Steven S., and Julie C. Pett-Ridge. "Nitrogen-fixing red alder trees tap rock-derived nutrients." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 11 (February 25, 2019): 5009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814782116.
Full textAbstract:
Symbiotic nitrogen (N)-fixing trees supply significant N inputs to forest ecosystems, leading to increased soil fertility, forest growth, and carbon storage. Rapid growth and stoichiometric constraints of N fixers also create high demands for rock-derived nutrients such as phosphorus (P), while excess fixed N can generate acidity and accelerate leaching of rock-derived nutrients such as calcium (Ca). This ability of N-fixing trees to accelerate cycles of Ca, P, and other rock-derived nutrients has fostered speculation of a direct link between N fixation and mineral weathering in terrestrial ecosystems. However, field evidence that N-fixing trees have enhanced access to rock-derived nutrients is lacking. Here we use strontium (Sr) isotopes as a tracer of nutrient sources in a mixed-species temperate rainforest to show that N-fixing trees access more rock-derived nutrients than nonfixing trees. The N-fixing tree red alder (Alnus rubra), on average, took up 8 to 18% more rock-derived Sr than five co-occurring nonfixing tree species, including two with high requirements for rock-derived nutrients. The increased access to rock-derived nutrients occurred despite spatial variation in community‐wide Sr sources across the forest, and only N fixers had foliar Sr isotopes that differed significantly from soil exchangeable pools. We calculate that increased uptake of rock-derived nutrients by N-fixing alder requires a 64% increase in weathering supply of nutrients over nonfixing trees. These findings provide direct evidence that an N-fixing tree species can also accelerate nutrient inputs from rock weathering, thus increasing supplies of multiple nutrients that limit carbon uptake and storage in forest ecosystems.
24
Barker, Hilary L., Denise Smith, Glen Stanosz, and Richard L. Lindroth. "Host genetics and environment shape fungal pathogen incidence on a foundation forest tree species, Populus tremuloides." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 9 (September 2016): 1167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0116.
Full textAbstract:
Diseases can markedly alter the ecological and economic value of poplars. To better understand poplar–pathogen interactions, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of tree genotype, soil nutrient limitation, and interspecific competition on incidence of powdery mildew (caused by the fungal obligate pathogen Erysiphe adunca (Wallr.) Fr., 1829) in a foundation tree species, trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). We established a common garden of potted aspen saplings, incorporating five tree genotypes, two levels of soil nutrients (low and high), and two levels of competition (with and without grass). We then surveyed natural incidence of powdery mildew and aspen vigor (i.e., growth). Incidence of powdery mildew varied among aspen genotypes, and variance in incidence shifted among environments in which the trees were grown. Added soil nutrients increased powdery mildew incidence on aspen, whereas grass competition had the opposite effect. Interestingly, grass competition either enhanced or dampened the variance in incidence of powdery mildew among tree genotypes, depending on soil nutrient levels. In addition, powdery mildew incidence was positively related to tree vigor. Our findings reveal strong genetic, environmental, and genetic×environmental effects of disease on a foundation tree species and that particular environments can either enhance or diminish variation in responses among tree genotypes.
25
Gautam, Tilak Prasad, and Tej Narayan Mandal. "Storage and Flux of Nutrients in Disturbed and Undisturbed Tropical Moist Forest of Eastern Nepal." International Journal of Forestry Research 2018 (October 18, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8516321.
Full textAbstract:
The disturbance activities in tropical forests shrink the nutrient cycling between the vegetation and soil. To understand the nutrient cycling in undisturbed and disturbed stands of mixed deciduous tropical forest of eastern Nepal, plant biomass was estimated within seventy randomly established sampling plots. The biomass values were multiplied with nutrient concentration of respective parts to estimate the nutrient stocks. The nutrient concentrations varied widely amongst components. In trees, concentrations of all nutrients were highest in leaves followed in decreasing order by fine roots (<5 mm) and twigs and then by branches, bole, and coarse roots. The contribution of different components to total nutrient stocks was in the following order: tree > stand fine root > shrub > herb, in both stands. The relative contribution of different components of trees to total nutrient stocks was in the following order: bole > coarse root > branch > leaf > twig > fine roots. In trees, leaves and fine roots had greater gross uptake of nutrients than other components. The concentrations of different nutrients in the plants are in the following order: nitrogen > potassium > phosphorus. Total nutrient return to the soil through the litterfall is almost 1.5 times greater than that from fine roots in both forests. In conclusion, various types of forest disturbances had adverse effect on the nutrient stocks and nutrient dynamics.
26
Weinbaum, S. A., F. J. A. Niederholzer, S. Ponchner, R. C. Rosecrance, R. M. Carlson, A. C. Whittlesey, and T. T. Muraoka. "Nutrient Uptake by Cropping and Defruited Field-grown `French' Prune Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 5 (September 1994): 925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.5.925.
Full textAbstract:
Four adjacent heavily cropping 12-year-old `Petite d'Agen' prune (Prunus domestica L.) trees were selected, and two of the trees were defruited in late spring (28 May) after the spring growth flush and full leaf expansion. Trees received K daily through the drip-irrigation system, and 15N-depleted (NH4)2SO4 was applied twice between the dates of defruiting and fruit maturation. Trees were excavated at the time of fruit maturity (28 July) and fractionated into their component parts. The following determinations were made after tree excavation and sample processing: tree dry weight, dry weight distribution among the various tree fractions (fruit, leaves, roots, trunk, and branches), tree nutrient contents, within-tree nutrient distribution, total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNCs), and recovery of labeled N. Trees only recovered ≈3% of the isotopically labeled fertilizer N over the 6-week experimental period. Heavily cropping trees absorbed ≈9 g more K per tree (17% of total tree K content) during the 2-month period of stage III fruit growth than defruited trees. The enhanced K uptake in heavily cropping trees was apparently conditioned by the large fruit K demand and occurred despite greatly reduced levels of starch and TNCs relative to defruited trees. Fruit K accumulation in heavily cropping trees was accompanied by K depletion from leaves and perennial tree parts. Except for K, fruited and defruited trees did not differ in nutrient content.
27
Ferrarezi, Rhuanito S., Arun D. Jani, H. Thomas James, Cristina Gil, Mark A. Ritenour, and Alan L. Wright. "Sweet Orange Orchard Architecture Design, Fertilizer, and Irrigation Management Strategies under Huanglongbing-endemic Conditions in the Indian River Citrus District." HortScience 55, no. 12 (December 12, 2020): 2028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15390-20.
Full textAbstract:
The prevalence of Huanglongbing (HLB) in Florida has forced growers to search for new management strategies to optimize fruit yield in young orchards and enable earlier economic returns given the likelihood of HLB-induced yield reductions during later years. There has been considerable interest in modifying orchard architecture design and fertilizer and irrigation management practices as strategies for increasing profitability. Our objectives were to evaluate how different combinations of horticultural practices including tree density, fertilization methods, and irrigation systems affect growth, foliar nutrient content, fruit yield, and fruit quality of young ‘Valencia’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] trees during the early years of production under HLB-endemic conditions. The study was conducted in Fort Pierce, FL, from 2014 to 2020 on a 1- to 7-year-old orchard and evaluated the following treatments: standard tree density (358 trees/ha) and controlled-release fertilizer with microsprinkler irrigation (STD_dry_MS), high tree density (955 trees/ha) with fertigation and microsprinkler irrigation (HDS_fert_MS), and high tree density with fertigation and double-line drip irrigation (HDS_fert_DD). Annual foliar nutrient concentrations were usually within or higher than the recommended ranges throughout the study, with a tendency for decreases in several nutrients over time regardless of treatment, suggesting all fertilization strategies adequately met the tree nutrient demand. During fruit-bearing years, canopy volume, on a per-tree basis, was higher under STD_dry_MS (6.2–7.2 m3) than HDS_fert_MS (4.3–5.3 m3) or HDS_fert_DD (4.9–5.9 m3); however, high tree density resulted in greater canopy volume on an area basis, which explained the 86% to 300% increase in fruit yield per ha that resulted in moving from standard to high tree density. Although fruit yields per ha were generally greatest under HDS_fert_MS and HDS_fert_DD, they were lower than the 10-year Florida state average (26.5 Mg·ha−1) for standard tree density orchards, possibly due to the HLB incidence and the rootstock chosen. Although tree growth parameters and foliar nutrient concentrations varied in response to treatments, management practices that included high tree density and fertigation irrespective of irrigation systems produced the highest fruit yields and highest yield of solids. Soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) were lower, and the SSC-to-TA ratio was highest under STD_dry_MS in 2016–17, with no treatment effects on quality parameters detected in other years. Both drip and microsprinkler fertigation methods sufficiently met tree nutrient demand at high tree density, but additional research is needed to determine optimal fertilization rates and better rootstock cultivars in young high-density sweet orange orchards under HLB-endemic conditions in the Indian River Citrus District.
28
Isaac, M. E., A. A. Kimaro, Y. Teng, and V. R. Timmer. "Increasing Agricultural Complexity: An Approach for Integration of Trees in Cropped Landscapes." Open Agriculture Journal 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2010): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501004010064.
Full textAbstract:
Temperate agricultural practices that lower external inputs, increase potential for carbon (C) storage, and augment system resilience, particularly through agrodiversity, remain crucial to productive landscapes. Agroforestry systems, the combination of trees and crops, achieve such shifts in agricultural management, predominantly when positive interspecific interactions are optimized. Although early growth competition between tree-crop systems has been well documented, little work has developed effective techniques to minimize residual antagonism with agroforestry systems. To mitigate such competition, we used a model tree-crop system to test the effectiveness of nutrient spiking the tree component [Pinus strobus L. (white pine)] on reducing belowground competition with the crop component [Zea mays L. (corn)]. Nutrient spiking is widely used in monoculture plantation systems, but no work has redirected this technique to multispecies agroforestry systems. We hypothesized that the internal accumulation and retention of nutrients associated with nutrient spiked pine seedlings will lower stress on native soil resources after out-planting, permitting increased nutrient availability for crop growth. Two levels of nutrient spiking [untreated (S0) and spiked (S1)] of white pine were intercropped with corn, as well as monoculture controls for each species, under greenhouse conditions. After 2 months, root biomass response of corn and pine was significantly higher (19% and 52% respectively as compared to monoculture growth) in the nutrient spiking treatment. Nutritionally, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) significantly increased in pine tissue with pre-transplant spiking. This presumably reduced stress on native soil nutrients and resulted in the steady or increased N, P, and K uptake in corn shoot tissue (increases of 19%, 0%, 49% respectively) intercropped with spiked pine in comparison to corn in monoculture. Our findings contribute a preliminary examination of pretransplant nutrient spiking practices to reduce resource stress and mitigate nutritional competition during early crop growth in an agroforestry context. Such specialized practices may be useful in order to promote integration of trees in cropped landscapes for the eventual benefits of nutrient and hydrological regulation as well as increased productivity and C storage capacity.
29
CG, Tsipouridis, Simonis AD, S. Bladenopoulos, Issakidis AM, and Stylianidis DC. "Nutrient element variability of peach trees and tree mortality in relation to cultivars and rootstocks." Horticultural Science 29, No. 2 (January 6, 2012): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4460-hortsci.
Full textAbstract:
Leaf samples from 12 peach cultivars (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch.) (Early Crest, May Crest, Flavor Crest,Sun Crest, Fayette, Katherina, Loadel, Andross, Everts, May Grand, Firebrite and Fairlane) grafted on four peach root-stocks were analyzed for their nutrient content. The analysis of variance for leaf nutrient concentrations indicated very significant effects and interactions among cultivars and rootstocks. The rootstock effect on the absorption of nutrient elements was higher for Ca, K, P, Mg, N, and lower for Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, and B. Generally cultivars grafted on GF 677 had higher N, K, Fe, Cu and lower Zn, Mn, and B, while leaves from cultivars grafted on wild seedlings were found to contain higher Mg and lower P, K, Fe concentrations. Leaf B and Ca were higher for cultivars grafted on Sant Julien GF 655/2, while cultivars on Damas GF 1869 had higher P, Zn, Mn and lower N, B, Ca, Cu concentrations. Leaf N was lower for Fayette on all four rootstocks and significantly different from all other cultivars. Leaf P was lower for Everts and higher for Katherina. Lower concentrations were observed in Early Crest for Fe and Zn, in Andross for Mn, and in Loadel for B, while Flavor Crest had higher concentrations of all these elements. Leaf Zn was the highest for Sun Crest on wild seedling and the lowest for Early Crest on the same rootstock. Similarly leaf N was the highest for Katherina on Damas and the lowest for Fayetteon the same rootstock. Also leaf Mg was the highest for Fayette on Damas and the lowest for Fairlane on Damas. Peach tree mortality was the highest for Damas 1869 and lowest for Sant Julien. Also tree mortality was highest for Early Crest and Sun Crest and lowest for May Grand, Firebrite, and Katherina. The observed trends in the leaf nutrient composition, as regards the cultivars, rootstocks and their interactions, emphasize the importance of these factors on a new peach orchard establishment and macro-microelement fertilization.
30
Smith Jr., C. T., M. L. McCormack Jr., J. W. Hornbeck, and C. W. Martin. "Nutrient and biomass removals from a red spruce – balsam fir whole-tree harvest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-065.
Full textAbstract:
A mechanized whole-tree harvest was conducted on a watershed in central Maine dominated by Picearubens Sarg. and Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill. The harvest removal and redistribution of biomass, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium were estimated and evaluated with respect to estimates of site nutrient reserves. Regression equations were developed to estimate the nutrient contents and ovendry weight of the aboveground components of the Picearubens and Abiesbalsamea. Unit area estimates of nutrient and biomass removals were based on the application of the regression equations to a tally of all trees on twelve 0.04-ha square plots. Unit area estimates were made of exchangeable and total nutrients contained in the forest floor and glacial till above a hardpan. The harvest removed 90% of the biomass, 91 % of the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, and 90% of the magnesium in the above-stump portions of the forest. These removals were from two to four times the amount of nutrients that would have been removed by a bole-only harvest, while increasing biomass removals by 1.4 times. The nutrients removed by the harvest were between 0.1 and 5% of the total soil reserves. Nutrient removals are evaluated in the context of three commonly used evaluation approaches: static comparisons of nutrient pools, nutrient input–output budgets, and computer simulation.
31
Maharani, Rizki, and Andrian Fernandes. "CORRELATION BETWEEN WOOD DENSITY AND FIBER LENGTH WITH ESSENTIAL MACRO-NUTRIENTS ON BASE OF STEM OF Shorea leprosula and Shorea parvifolia." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.231.
Full textAbstract:
<p>S. leprosula and S. parvifolia are widely developed as source of high quality wood. The quality of wood could be affected by nutrient elements. It is important to measure the nutrients contained in tree stem including wood density and fiber length due to their influence in tree growth. This research aims to know correlation between wood density and fiber length with distribution of essential macro-nutrients; N, P and K on stem base of S. leprosula and S. parvifolia trees. Wood density measurement followed DIN 2135 standard method, fiber length measurement followed FPL method, and nutrient measurement used AAS method. Further, the observation data was analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Wood density and fiber length on stem bases of both of tree species tended to increase radially from section nearby the pith to section nearby the bark respectively. Wood density of S. leprosula ranged from 0.333-0.362 with 1.279-1.343 µm in fiber length, while wood density of S. parvifolia ranged from 0.285-0.346 with 1.497-1.805 µm in fiber length. Distribution of nutrient N, P and K of stem base from pith to bark also tended to increase. On S. leprosula, nutrient elements N, P, K had significant correlation with wood density and fiber length. On S parvifolia, nutrient elements N, P, K had a significant correlation with wood density. Meanwhile, nutrient elements N, P, K had a non significant correlation with fiber length.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords</strong> : Shorea leprosula, Shorea parvifolia, base of the stem, wood quality distribution, nutrient distribution.</p>
32
Paré, David, Pierre Bernier, Benoit Lafleur, Brian D. Titus, Evelyne Thiffault, Doug G. Maynard, and Xiaojing Guo. "Estimating stand-scale biomass, nutrient contents, and associated uncertainties for tree species of Canadian forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 7 (July 2013): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0454.
Full textAbstract:
The growing demand for bioenergy feedstock from forest harvest residues is generating concerns about the potential loss of site productivity through nutrient removal. We used tree-level national biomass equations and a national database of forest plots to develop stand-level biomass equations for the different tree components of 30 major forest tree species found in Canada using basal area as the independent variable. We have also compiled more than 12 800 nutrient concentration values for different components of Canadian tree species from existing databases and the literature. Uncertainties were propagated across biomass equations and through conversion of nutrient concentrations to nutrient contents. Most of the uncertainty in nutrient contents estimates was found to be among the nutrient concentration measurements. The greatest levels of uncertainty were for estimates of phosphorus in woody components and of calcium in foliage. Grouping species into genera gave only a minor loss of precision. The coupling of biomass equations and nutrient concentration data can be used to provide first-order estimates of biomass and nutrients exported by tree component and species when harvesting any commercial stand in Canada. However, the associated uncertainties are important enough to warrant their inclusion in decision making.
33
Boerner, Ralph E. J. "Foliar nutrient dynamics, growth, and nutrient use efficiency of Hamamelis virginiana in three forest microsites." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 1476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-204.
Full textAbstract:
To determine the relative importance of soil moisture and soil nutrient availability in determining levels of nutrient use efficiency, seasonal nutrient dynamics and growth rates were determined for individuals of Hamamelis virginiana L., an understory tree, in three forest microsites. The mixed oak site had the lowest levels of soil nutrients and moisture, the mixed mesophytic site the highest nutrient availability, and the valley bottom the highest moisture levels. Foliar nitrogen and phosphorus levels declined over the season in all trees, while calcium levels increased with time. Relative growth rates did not differ significantly among sites, though growth varied inversely with tree mass. Proportional nitrogen resorption was highest in trees at the fertile mesophytic site. Phosphorus and calcium use efficiency were higher at the infertile mixed oak site than the others, and phosphorus resorption was highest in trees from the mixed oak site. Projected nitrogen uptake needs for the next growing season were least at the mixed mesophytic site, while projected phosphorus uptake needs were least at the mixed oak site. Within the ranges of moisture and soil pH – nutrient availability present, growth and nitrogen dynamics seemed most closely correlated to soil moisture, and phosphorus dynamics to phosphorus availability. This differential dependence among elements on moisture levels is suggested to be the underlying reason for differences in the form of the relationship between proportional resorption and soil availability of N and P for a variety of woody species.
34
Pond, Andrew P., James L. Walworth, Michael W. Kilby, Richard D. Gibson, Robert E. Call, and Humberto Núñez. "Leaf Nutrient Levels for Pecans." HortScience 41, no. 5 (August 2006): 1339–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.5.1339.
Full textAbstract:
Measurement of nutrients in leaf tissue is a practical method of monitoring the nutritional status of perennial crops such as pecan (Carya illinoinensis, Wang. C. Koch). Accurate interpretations require known standard concentrations for the crop and region. To determine standard concentrations for pecans, focusing on those grown in the desert southwest, we conducted a survey of 135 `Western Schley' pecan trees in Arizona for 2 years. Leaf nutrient concentrations and yield were collected for each tree. Leaf nutrient concentrations from the highest yielding trees (50th yield percentile) were used to calculate a mean and CV for each nutrient. Results were compared with data from New Mexico, Georgia, and Sonora, Mexico. Relatively large differences were noted in mean K, Ca, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn levels. Nutrient interpretation ranges were calculated based on Arizona population statistics using the balance index method.
35
Poleto, Gian Carlos, Dione Richer Momolli, Mauro Valdir Schumacher, Aline Aparecida Ludvichak, Kristiana Fiorentin dos Santos, Márcio Viera, Clayton Alcarde Alvares, and James Stahl. "Interaction of precipitation with tree canopy increases nutrient input." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 16, no. 6 (November 23, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2761.
Full textAbstract:
Given that atmospheric deposition is the first source of nutrient input into forest ecosystems, and that the precipitation partition serves as a nutritional source mainly when there is an interaction with the forest canopy, the objective of the present study was to quantify the nutrients input into rainfall, throughfall and stemflow in Eucalyptus urophylla stands with partial exclusion (E) and without exclusion (WE) of throughfall. The experiment was conducted in the northeast of the state of Paraná-Brazil, in the municipality of Telêmaco Borba. The partial precipitation exclusion system (E) is formed by a system of gutters that conduct 30% of throughfall out of the experiment. The nutrient input in rainfall was 55.7 kg ha-1 yr-1, while the sum of throughfall and stemflow was 64.1 kg ha-1 yr-1 in treatment (WE) and 39.8 kg ha-1 yr-1 in treatment (E). Interaction with the canopy of the trees enriched the rainfall with nutrients, mainly the elements potassium and chlorine, due to leaching of the vegetal tissues. The reduction of the water treatment system in partial exclusion of precipitation (E) reduced representative nutrient input. Although stemflow represents on average only 2.6% of the water volume, it is responsible for 6.7% of the amount of nutrients in relation to precipitation. Therefore, stemflow cannot be neglected in the balance of nutrient cycling. With a rotation of 7 years, the application of significant amounts of fertilizers can be avoided, considering the inputs of 449 and 277 kg ha-1year-1.
Keywords: nutrient cycling, stemflow, throughfall.
36
Martins, Thales G. V., Maria F. V. Rocha, Erick M. Nieri, Lucas A. de Melo, Maria L. de S. Silva, and Diana S. N. da Silva. "Nutrient accumulation in Eucalyptus bark at different population densities." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 1 (January 2019): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n1p40-46.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to quantify the accumulation of nutrients in the bark of four eucalyptus clones at 12 years-of-age, planted at different population densities, and the values were extrapolated to kg of nutrients per hectare. The experiment used randomized blocks in a 4 × 3 factorial design and three replications, with four Eucalyptus clones (2486, I182, I144, and GG100) planted at three population densities (416, 833, and 1111 trees ha-1). The rigorous cubage of three trees per plot was performed by collecting discs of bark at the following heights: diameter at breast height (1.30 m), 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the commercial height of the stem. The bark discs of each tree were grouped and used to determine N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S content, in addition to the basic density. The volume and dry mass of bark per tree was estimated and the accumulation of nutrients per tree ha-1 was estimated sequentially, for each population density. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s post-hoc tests verified that Ca showed the greatest accumulation in the bark, followed by N, K, S, Mg, and P. The increase in population density contributed to higher bark production and greater nutrient accumulation per hectare. However, this increase was not evident when comparing densities of 833 and 1111 trees ha-1.
37
Walworth, James L. "Tree‐to‐Tree Nutrient Variability in Pecan Orchards." Crops & Soils 53, no. 1 (January 2020): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crso.20008.
Full text
38
Reimchen, Thomas Edward, and Estelle Arbellay. "Influence of spawning salmon on tree-ring width, isotopic nitrogen, and total nitrogen in old-growth Sitka spruce from coastal British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 9 (September 2019): 1078–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0543.
Full textAbstract:
Coastal watersheds of the North Pacific benefit immensely from bear-mediated uploading of salmon nutrients, which increases aquatic and terrestrial productivity. To quantify the influence of spawning salmon on tree-ring signatures, we analyzed 543 rings from the heartwood of 13 old-growth Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) trees from five geographically separated watersheds in coastal British Columbia. In comparison with adjacent control trees, those receiving salmon nutrients (salmon trees) have rings that are, on average, 1.5 mm wider, 4.5‰ more enriched in isotopic nitrogen, and 0.021% more elevated in total nitrogen (P < 0.001, Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test). In this study, salmon nutrients enhance average stem growth by 19%. Furthermore, salmon trees show that increases in tree-ring width and nitrogen values lag sporadic, high salmon runs by 0 to 5 years. Using differences between control and salmon trees from the same site, our results collectively indicate that tree-ring width, isotopic nitrogen, and total nitrogen are valid, complementary tools for investigating historic, annual fluctuations in salmon abundance in coastal watersheds. We recommend their use in future, tree ring based reconstructions of past nutrient cycling over decadal to centennial time scales.
39
Hendrickson, O. Q., D. M. Burgess, and L. Chatarpaul. "Biomass and nutrients in Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest species: implications for whole-tree and conventional harvest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-037.
Full textAbstract:
Total aboveground biomass and nutrient contents were measured in a mixed conifer and hardwood stand in Ontario. Removal of woody stems > 9 cm dbh (conventional harvest) yielded 138 000 kg/ha; removal of essentially all aboveground woody material (whole-tree harvest) yielded an additional 52 000 kg/ha, a 38% increase. Whole-tree harvest increased N removal by 191 kg/ha (132%). Logging slash on the conventional harvest plot added 163 kg N/ha to the forest floor. Nutrients within various biomass components of seven tree species were compared. Pinusresinosa Ait., the dominant conifer, produced the greatest amount of biomass per unit mass of nutrient, combining low nutrient concentrations with a high proportion of biomass in stem wood. Populustremuloides Michx., the dominant hardwood, had high proportions of cation-rich bark but had a lower whole-tree N concentration than most other species. High nutrient contents in Abiesbalsamea (L.) (Mill.) and Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss were related to large amounts of fine branches and foliage. Compared with the dominants, shade-tolerant species had less differences in nutrient concentrations between small and large diameter portions of stems and branches, suggesting a limited capacity for retranslocation. Abiesbalsamea was particularly poor at conserving K. A conventional harvest often leaves small diameter stems of species (Abiesbalsamea, Acerrubrum L.) that accumulate large amounts of nutrients and that may be poorly adapted to low throughfall cation inputs and high light intensities following overstory removal. Replacement of stands of Pinus spp. by Populus spp. represents a less efficient use of site nutrient capital in that the latter species produce less biomass per unit nutrient retained in permanent aboveground tissues. Whole-tree harvesting on nutrient-poor sites in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest may lead to establishment of aspen stands of low productivity.
40
Cheng, Lailiang, and Richard Raba. "Accumulation of Macro- and Micronutrients and Nitrogen Demand-supply Relationship of ‘Gala’/‘Malling 26’ Apple Trees Grown in Sand Culture." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 134, no. 1 (January 2009): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.134.1.3.
Full textAbstract:
Six-year-old ‘Gala’/‘Malling26’ (‘M.26’) apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) trees grown in sand culture were provided with a total of 30 g of N per tree as enriched 15N-NH4NO3 in Hoagland's solution via fertigation to determine the magnitude and seasonal patterns of accumulation of macro- and micronutrients and the demand-supply relationship of N. Crop load was adjusted to 8.2 fruit/cm2 trunk cross-sectional area, at king fruit diameter of 10 mm by hand-thinning. At each of seven key developmental stages throughout one annual growth cycle, four trees were excavated and destructively sampled for complete nutrient analysis. Nutrient concentrations in leaves and fruit fell within the recommended optimal range, and the fruit yield was 18.8 kg/tree (equivalent to 52.45 t·ha−1) with an average fruit weight of 181 g. The net accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S from budbreak to fruit harvest was 19.8, 3.3, 36.0, 14.2, 4.4, and 1.6 g/tree, respectively, and that for B, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe was 93.6, 60.9, 46.5, 184.8, and 148.7 mg/tree, respectively. Nutrient accumulation by new growth (fruit plus shoots and leaves) accounted for over 90% of the net gain for N, P, K, Mg, S, and B in the whole tree and a large proportion of the net gain for Ca, Zn, Mn, and Fe (from 58.1% for Zn to 87.2% of Fe) from budbreak to fruit harvest. Differential nutrient accumulation patterns were found in shoots and leaves and fruit. The most rapid accumulation of all nutrients in shoots and leaves took place during active shoot growth from bloom to the end of shoot growth. The accumulation pattern of most nutrients corresponded well with the accumulation of dry matter, with continued accumulation observed only in total Ca and Mn in shoots and leaves after the end of shoot growth. Nutrient accumulation in fruit largely followed its dry matter accumulation, and a large proportion of the nutrient accumulation (from 58.1% for Zn to 77.4% of K) occurred from the end of shoot growth to fruit harvest. At harvest, fruit contained more P, K, B, and Fe, whereas shoots and leaves had more N, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, and Mn. Most of the N demand by new growth at bloom was provided by tree reserve N. Remobilization of N from perennial parts of the tree was found to support rapid fruit expansion from the end of shoot growth to fruit harvest. The most rapid uptake from current season's N supply occurred from bloom to the end of shoot growth, corresponding to the highest tree N demand. At harvest, 62.4% of the total N in new growth was in shoots and leaves, with the balance in fruit. Reserve N and current season's N uptake each contributed about 50% to the total N in the whole tree at harvest.
41
Washburn, C. SM, and M. A. Arthur. "Spatial variability in soil nutrient availability in an oak-pine forest: potential effects of tree species." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 2321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-157.
Full textAbstract:
Established species have been shown to affect soil nutrient availability, but the effects of "native invasive" species on soil nutrient availability are relatively unknown. Oak-dominated forests in the eastern deciduous forest are dynamic in their species composition, with increasing dominance of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) in the midstory and overstory. We hypothesized that higher quality red maple litter within a litter matrix dominated by oaks would accelerate N turnover, increase nutrient availability in the soil, and result in a thinner and less massive O horizon. We examined nutrient availability in soils under three overstory tree species (Quercus prinus L., A. rubrum, and Pinus echinata Mill. or Pinus rigida Mill.), under a shrub (Vaccinium spp.), and in locations without tree stems ("no tree"). Ex tract able nutrients (P, K, Mg, Ca) and total and available N were quantified in the O horizon and upper mineral soil at 0.5 m and 1.0 m from the base of individual trees or from the center of Vaccinium and no-tree locations. Despite low lignin concentration in red maple litter and low lignin/N ratio, the lowest N mineralization rates were found in red maple microsites; the highest N mineralization rates were found under oak. Extractable cations were generally highest under red maple and lowest under pines, and red maple had the highest levels of total N (but not NO3or NH4) in the upper mineral soil. Shifting species composition towards red maple and away from pines in these forests may alter nutrient cycling by increasing surface soil cation availability, but reducing soil N mineralization.
42
Lincoln, Noa K., Theodore Radovich, Kahealani Acosta, Eli Isele, and Alyssa Cho. "Toward Standardized Leaf Sampling for Foliar Nutrient Analysis in Breadfruit." HortTechnology 29, no. 4 (August 2019): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04358-19.
Full textAbstract:
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) cultivation is gaining momentum throughout the tropics due to its high yield and nutritious fruit. One impediment to expanding production of breadfruit is the lack of agronomic research related to production management. We examined foliar nutrient concentrations of different leaf positions and leaf parts to assess within- and between-tree variance to inform an effective sampling protocol. We further validated the sampling protocol on 595 trees at 87 sites that were assessed for yield and productivity. Foliar nutrients differed significantly by categories of productivity. For the first time, breadfruit-specific standards of foliar nutrient concentrations are presented for consideration. In conclusion, we recommend that foliar sampling use petioles harvested from leaves in the third position from the branch tip using sun-exposed leaves in the midcanopy of each tree.
43
Wu, Bingyun. "Visualization of nutrient translocation in ectomycorrhizal symbioses." Botany 92, no. 2 (February 2014): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0093.
Full textAbstract:
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi receive photosynthetically fixed carbon from the host tree and, in return, supply nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) from the soil. An ECM symbiosis system in a two-dimensional, soil-free rhizobox was developed to visualize nutrient translocation during ECM symbioses using a digital, time-course autoradiographic technique with imaging plates. Several studies using 14C and 33P radioisotope tracing experiments are discussed to demonstrate the translocation of 33P-phosphoric acid and photosynthetically fixed carbon between fungi and host trees and between mycelia via mycelia anastomosis. Additionally, novel techniques that can visualize nutrient translocation during mycorrhizal symbioses are discussed.
44
Leite, Fernando Palha, Ivo Ribeiro Silva, Roberto Ferreira Novais, Nairam Félix de Barros, Júlio César Lima Neves, and Ecila Mercês de Albuquerque Villani. "Nutrient relations during an eucalyptus cycle at different population densities." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 35, no. 3 (June 2011): 949–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832011000300029.
Full textAbstract:
To synchronize nutrient availability with the requirements of eucalyptus during a cultivation cycle, the nutrient flow of this system must be well understood. Essential, for example, is information about nutrient dynamics in eucalyptus plantations throughout a cultivation cycle, as well as impacts on soil nutrient reserves caused by the accumulation and subsequent export of nutrients via biomass. It is also important to quantify the effect of some management practices, such as tree population density (PD) on these fluxes. Some nutrient relations in an experiment with Eucalyptus grandis, grown at different PDs in Santa Barbara, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for one cultivation cycle. At forest ages of 0.25, 2.5, 4.5, and 6.75 years, evaluations were carried out in the stands at seven different PDs (between 500 and 5,000 trees ha-1) which consisted in chemical analyses of plant tissue sampled from components of the aboveground parts of the tree, from the forest floor and the litterfall. Nutrient contents and allocations of the different biomass components were estimated. In general, there were only small and statistically insignificant effects of PD on the nutrient concentration in trees. With increasing forest age, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations were reduced in the aboveground components and the forest floor. The magnitud of biochemical nutrient cycling followed the sequence: P > K > N > Mg. At the end of the cycle, the quantities of N, P, Ca and Mg immobilized in the forest floor were higher than in the other components.
45
CHINTU, R., P. L. MAFONGOYA, T. S. CHIRWA, M. MWALE, and J. MATIBINI. "SUBSOIL NITROGEN DYNAMICS AS AFFECTED BY PLANTED COPPICING TREE LEGUME FALLOWS IN EASTERN ZAMBIA." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 3 (June 24, 2004): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704001826.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen (N) is a major nutrient that limits crop production in southern Africa. We hypothesized that coppicing tree legumes, which are integrated in cropping systems, would intercept leaching nutrients and could also increase topsoil N in nutrient-depleted soils. This hypothesis was verified in three ongoing experiments at Msekera (experiments 1 and 2) and Kagoro (experiment 3) in Zambia. Planted tree fallows of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia angustisma, and Sesbania sesban were compared with natural fallows and with continuous maize cropping with or without fertilizer (no-tree) controls. Top and subsoil samples were taken in the tree treatments and in the no-tree controls to establish short and long-term tree effects on soil N dynamics. 15N was introduced at various soil depths down to 2 m to determine the vertical root-reach of coppicing trees. Samples taken on two different dates showed that planted trees are capable of capturing subsoil N. The amounts retrieved by trees in experiment 2 did not vary with depth or dates except for A. angustisma which retrieved more N from the top 0.20 m than from the subsoil. L. leucocephala and G. sepium had similar characteristics in terms of coppice biomass production and N content, and both species rooted to at least 2 m. G. sepium in a mixture with S. sesban, retrieved more applied N than when planted alone, implying that mixed fallows may be effective in resource capture. There was more inorganic-N in the topsoil of coppiced fallows was significantly higher than in unfertilized maize plots. Subsoil N accumulation was evident under fertilized maize plots. There was less subsoil nitrate-N beneath planted trees than beneath mono-cropped maize plots indicating that trees probably retrieved subsoil N. Maize yields subsequent to coppicing tree fallows were at least 170% higher than unfertilized controls indicating improved soil fertility status in the tree systems.
46
Titus, Brian D., Bruce A. Roberts, and Keith W. Deering. "Nutrient removals with harvesting and by deep percolation from white birch (Betula papyrifera [Marsh.]) sites in central Newfoundland." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-044.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of conventional stem-only and whole-tree harvesting on nutrient losses in biomass removal and in leachate fluxes over a 3-yr period after cutting three white birch stands in central Newfoundland were determined. Losses of nutrients in biomass were proportionately greater with more intensive harvesting as tree components with higher nutrient concentrations (branches, foliage) were removed. Stem-only harvesting removed 126, 9, 51, 126 and 23 kg ha–1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in biomass, respectively. Whole-tree harvesting led to a 19% increase in biomass removal as compared to stem-only harvesting, but nutrient removals with whole-tree harvesting increased by 127% for N, 138% for P, 151% for K, 72% for Ca and 90% for Mg. Nutrient losses in deep percolation of soil solution during the first 3 yr after harvesting were generally greater following stem-only than whole-tree harvesting. This may be the result of increased leaching from slash, increased mineralization beneath slash, and retardation by slash of the successional vegetation that could act as a nutrient sink. In the first 3 yr following harvesting, leaching losses after whole-tree harvesting were 4, 0.2, 8, 23 and 7 kg ha–1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively, as compared with 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha–1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg after stem-only harvesting. Nutrient losses in leachate were generally small compared to losses in biomass removal. Key words: Intensive harvesting; slash; nutrient budget; sustainable site productivity; Betula papyrifera (Marsh.)
47
Lu, Mingzhen, Mircea Davidescu, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, and Joshua H. Daskin. "Termites facilitate root foraging by trees in a Bornean tropical forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 6 (September 27, 2013): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000631.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract:Plants can develop novel adaptations for nutrient acquisition in nutrient-limited ecosystems. These adaptations include colonization by roots of tree trunks and logs that can act as nutrient reservoirs. Termites may facilitate this root colonization by digging tunnels and accelerating decomposition in logs and tree trunks. We measured the frequency with which above-ground tree root colonization co-occurs with the presence of termites or their tunnels inside living trees above 20 cm dbh (n = 178) and dead tree trunks and logs at least 15 cm in diameter (n = 146) in a Bornean tropical forest. Roots above the soil surface co-occur with termite tunnels 39% more frequently than expected by chance in trunks of living trees and 17% more frequently than expected by chance in logs. By categorizing logs according to hardness through ease of penetration, we found that softer logs at a late stage of decay did not show co-occurrence of termite activity and roots to the same extent as harder logs. This suggests that trees forage where termites have removed physical barriers to colonization. In this fashion, termites may accelerate nutrient cycling in tropical rain forests.
48
Nachtigall, Gilmar Ribeiro, and Antonio Roque Dechen. "Seasonality of nutrients in leaves and fruits of apple trees." Scientia Agricola 63, no. 5 (October 2006): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162006000500012.
Full textAbstract:
The nutrient accumulation curves of apple trees are good indicators of plant nutrient demand for each developmental stage. They are also a useful tool to evaluate orchard nutritional status and to estimate the amount of soil nutrient removal. This research aimed at evaluating the seasonality of nutrients in commercial apple orchards during the agricultural years of 1999, 2000, and 2001. Therefore, apple tree leaves and fruits of three cultivars 'Gala', 'Golden Delicious' and 'Fuji' were weekly collected and evaluated for fresh and dry matter, fruit diameter and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrient (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) concentrations. Leaf and fruit sampling started one or two weeks after full bloom, depending on the cultivar, and ended at fruit harvest or four weeks later (in the case of leaf sampling). In general, leaf concentrations of N, P, K, Cu, and B decreased; Ca increased; and Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn did vary significantly along the plant vegetative cycle. In fruits, the initial nutrient concentrations decreased quickly, undergoing slow and continuous decreases and then remaining almost constant until the end of fruit maturation, indicating nutrient dilution, once the total nutrient accumulation increased gradually with fruit growth. Potassium was the nutrient present in highest quantities in apple tree fruits and thus, the most removed from the soil.
49
Murbach, Marcos Roberto, Antonio Enedi Boaretto, Takashi Muraoka, and Euclides Caxambu Alexandrino de Souza. "Nutrient cycling in a RRIM 600 clone rubber plantation." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 2 (2003): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000200021.
Full textAbstract:
Few reports have been presented on nutrient cycling in rubber tree plantations (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). This experiment was carried out to evaluate: the effect of K rates on the amount of nutrients transfered to the soil in a 13-year old Hevea brasilensis RRIM 600 clone plantation, nutrient retranslocation from the leaves before falling to the soil, and nutrient loss by dry rubber export. The experiment started in 1998 and potassium was applied at the rates of 0, 40, 80 and 160 kg ha-1 of K2O under the crowns of 40 rubber trees of each plot. Literfall collectors, five per plot, were randomly distributed within the plots under the trees. The accumulated literfall was collected monthly during one year. The coagulated rubber latex from each plot was weighed, and samples were analyzed for nutrient content. Increasing K fertilization rates also increased the K content in leaf literfall. Calcium and N were the most recycled leaf nutrients to the soil via litterfall. Potassium, followed by P were the nutrients with the highest retranslocation rates. Potassium was the most exported nutrient by the harvested rubber, and this amount was higher than that transfered to the soil by the leaf literfall.
50
Jia, Luo, Wei Shuoxing, Zhou Xiaoling, Tian Yuxin, Chen Yongzhong, Song Qingan, and Chen Longsheng. "Nutrient contents in the organs and soil of young and mature Camellia oleifera C. Abel forests in China." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 51, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v51i2.60434.
Full textAbstract:
Nutrient contents in the organs and soil of the young and mature Camellia oleifera C. Abel were determined to study the demand and supply of nutrients for trees and soil, respectively. The young and mature C. oleifera forests were selected in the south suburb of Changsha, China. Results showed that the nutrient contents in the different tree organs of the mature forest in florescence period were in the order of leaf > flower > root > trunk > branch, and in the young forest were leaf > flower > branch > root > stem. In mature and young C. oleifera forests, the highest demand of macroelements in tree organs was for N and the lowest was for P. For microelements, the highest was for Mn and the lowest was for Cd. The soil nutrient supply in the mature and young C. oleifera forests consisted mainly the available N and K, and the available P in the least. The most macroelements were the total P and Ca, while the least was Mg. The nutrient demand of microelements was the highest for Fe and the lowest for Cd. The nutrient requirement of tree organs in mature and young C. oleifera forests was: young (2094.13 ± 656.79 mg/kg) > mature (1763.31 ± 419.27 mg/kg), while the soil nutrient supply was mature (2612.81 ± 756.68 mg/kg) > young (2312.99 ± 659.85 mg/kg). The nutrient content in the organs of the mature and young C. oleifera forest was high in the fructescence period as compared during the florescence period, while the soil nutrient supply was high in the florescence period than in the fructescence. Results could provide a scientific basis for the nutrition diagnosis and nutrition management of C. oleifera and other plants. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(2): 359-369, 2022 (June)