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Journal articles on the topic 'Tree plants'
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Li, Jian Ke, Jing Hui Yang, Yan Jun Liu, Jun Xun Huang, Chun Xia Wu, Ting Liu, and Wu Que Gong. "Growth and Development of Feijoa with Different Plant Shape and in Greenhouses Environment." Advanced Materials Research 886 (January 2014): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.886.294.
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In order to explore the relation between tree crown shape and growth development and age of tree, flowering plants, fruiting plants, bearing plants, bearing branch and floweret, length of bearing branch were studied in greenhouse environments after tree corm shape were divided into three groups by live crown ratio of crown width to height and angle from the central leader to first scaffold branch. The result showed that the plants of upright crown shape were 83% at age one year among all plants, 45% at age two years and tree crown shapes, open tree increased to 25% at age of three years. The flowering trees increased from 5% at age of one year to 55% in age of three years and fruit set increased from 0 to 44% following increase of age tree. Open trees had more flowers with 10.6 in 2-year-old tree, 38.6 in 3-year-old tree. Open trees had more percentage of bearing plants with around 47%. The average length of bearing branches was 11.5 cm at open trees, which was more than other crown shapes at age of three years. Open trees had most fruit number per bearing tree (6.5, 8.5 apart). Therefore, creating open tree crown shape may increase flowering, fruiting and yield in greenhouse production of feijoa.
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Levin, E., and V. Cherepanova. "PROSTAGLANDINS OF TREE PLANTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 344 (November 1993): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.344.22.
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Ritu Sharma et al.,, Ritu Sharma et al ,. "Trees, Plants and Mahasweta Devi’s “The Armenian Champa Tree”." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 10, no. 3 (2020): 4671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun2020442.
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Fallon, Breann. "“I am Mother to my Plants”." Fieldwork in Religion 13, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/firn.36021.
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The tree stands as a sacred symbol in many faith traditions. Unsurprisingly, nature-based new religious movements are no exception. This article considers the manifestation of sacred trees in a number of religious traditions, including Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander spirituality, Abrahamic traditions, Ancient Egyptian religion, Buddhism, Hinduism, Norse mythology, the Shinto faith, and nature-based new religious movements. After this initial section, I present the findings of a fieldwork project undertaken in 2016. Using the survey as a tool, this project enquired into the use of trees, plants, and private gardens among practitioners from nature-based new religious movements. This survey makes use of both quantitative and qualitative survey methods, having been distributed to various nature-based new religious movements in New Zealand, Australia, Europe, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Despite extensive tree lore, these survey results present the tree as a peripheral plant in the practitioners' everyday practice, with the garden as a whole being more critical than any single variety of vegetation.
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Mugunga, C. P., and D. T. Mugumo. "Acacia sieberiana Effects on Soil Properties and Plant Diversity in Songa Pastures, Rwanda." International Journal of Biodiversity 2013 (November 4, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/237525.
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Effects of A. sieberiana trees on soil properties and plant diversity were investigated in Songa pastures, Rwanda. Tree characteristics and crown architecture of A. sieberiana were studied. Soil properties were assessed and plants were identified under and away from tree crowns. Counts of individual plants/species were done only under tree crowns. Nitrogen, P, and K were analysed in the soil, grass, and A. sieberiana leaves. Plant diversity was determined using Simpson's diversity index. Data were subjected to ANOVA. Soil organic carbon (SOC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), Ca2+, N and pH, and plant diversity were higher in soils under tree canopies than in open areas. Tree leaves were significantly richer in N and poorer in P and K as compared to grasses. Tree crowns grew wider and horizontal and developed intertwined secondary branching, reducing light intensity to as low as 38% under tree canopies compared to the open pasture. At 3 trees/ha stocking, A. sieberiana trees shaded 0.18 ha and herbaceous plants and grasses unpalatable to livestock dominated under tree canopies. A tradeoff of A. sieberiana tree value versus the loss of palatable grass due to tree presence needs to be assessed to decide whether the trees should be included in pastures and if yes, the apporpriate stocking identified.
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Shcheglovitova, Mariya. "Valuing plants in devalued spaces: Caring for Baltimore's Street trees." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 1 (June 2, 2019): 228–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619854375.
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Baltimore City, MD is addressing its future with expansive sustainability initiatives. These include an aggressive tree planting campaign to double the city's tree canopy by 2037. While discourses of greening present tree plantings and related programs as a resolution for the legacies of racist housing market practices, these programs are themselves subject to the legacies of spatial inequalities in access to infrastructural care. Sustainability discourses present urban trees as inherently valuable economically and environmentally but these discourses are disconnected from trees' needs for ongoing care and maintenance. The daily material practices of caring for and maintaining trees are deprioritized in favor of planting more trees to gain these supposedly “inherent” benefits. In the spaces where trees were meant to bring economic and environmental vitality, their deaths reinforce the racist legacies they claim to correct. This paper examines these links and contradictions within the framework of relational urban political ecology. Through a lens of care, this paper shows how humans and non/humans actively co-construct urban space and how just spaces can come about through attention to the needs of humans and non/humans.
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KUMAR, Dr D. SURESH. "THE BAOBAB TREE." Hygeia J. D.Med.10 (1) August 2018 - January 2019 10, no. 1 (September 15, 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15254/h.j.d.med.10.2018.16.
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Trees are known to live for many years. Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment while meditating underneath a peepal tree (Ficus religiosa). A branch of the original tree was rooted in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka in 288 B.C. and is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi. It is the oldest plant in the world. Long-living plants are found in many parts of the world. The Baobab tree is one among them. Baobab is the common name of a genus of trees (Adansonia) distributed in Madagascar, Africa, Australia and India. The Baobab is the national tree of Madagascar. The Baobab is also known as “bottle tree”, “the tree of life”, “upside-down tree”, and “monkey bread tree”.
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Smith, Stephen A., Nathanael Walker-Hale, Joseph F. Walker, and Joseph W. Brown. "Phylogenetic Conflicts, Combinability, and Deep Phylogenomics in Plants." Systematic Biology 69, no. 3 (November 20, 2019): 579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz078.
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Abstract Studies have demonstrated that pervasive gene tree conflict underlies several important phylogenetic relationships where different species tree methods produce conflicting results. Here, we present a means of dissecting the phylogenetic signal for alternative resolutions within a data set in order to resolve recalcitrant relationships and, importantly, identify what the data set is unable to resolve. These procedures extend upon methods for isolating conflict and concordance involving specific candidate relationships and can be used to identify systematic error and disambiguate sources of conflict among species tree inference methods. We demonstrate these on a large phylogenomic plant data set. Our results support the placement of Amborella as sister to the remaining extant angiosperms, Gnetales as sister to pines, and the monophyly of extant gymnosperms. Several other contentious relationships, including the resolution of relationships within the bryophytes and the eudicots, remain uncertain given the low number of supporting gene trees. To address whether concatenation of filtered genes amplified phylogenetic signal for relationships, we implemented a combinatorial heuristic to test combinability of genes. We found that nested conflicts limited the ability of data filtering methods to fully ameliorate conflicting signal amongst gene trees. These analyses confirmed that the underlying conflicting signal does not support broad concatenation of genes. Our approach provides a means of dissecting a specific data set to address deep phylogenetic relationships while also identifying the inferential boundaries of the data set. [Angiosperms; coalescent; gene-tree conflict; genomics; phylogenetics; phylogenomics.]
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Pilcher, Jobeth, and Lisa Sogard. "Myelomeningocele, Avocados, and Rubber Tree Plants." Neonatal Network 24, no. 5 (September 2005): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.24.5.23.
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Infants with myelomeningocele and the nurses who care for them have something in common. Both are at higher risk than the general population for developing latex allergies. This article provides a review of the literature regarding latex production, latex allergic responses in children and adults, types of latex allergic reactions, and prevention of latex allergies.
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Aguiar, Adriano Tosoni da Eira. "BIOMETRIC EVALUATION OF RUBBER TREE PLANTS." Nucleus 10, no. 2 (October 30, 2013): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3738/1982.2278.896.
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Kozlova, Yelena Anatolyevna. "TREE PLANTS USED IN FLORISTIC COMPOSITIONS." Chronos 6, no. 7(57) (July 13, 2021): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-57-7-5.
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Floristics does not stand still, which allows new trends to appear. Today, along with floristic bouquets of fresh flowers, compositions using dried flowers and branches, leaves of woody plants, branches of coniferous plants are becoming popular. Such compositions will decorate residential premises, offices, business centers at any time of the year. The article presents some assortment of woody plants used in floristic compositions.
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Ennos, A. R. "The aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of plants." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 23 (December 1, 1999): 3281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.23.3281.
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Because they grow away from their substratum to compete for light, plants have to withstand hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag. Both water and land plants reconfigure in response to this drag, and this is presumed to reduce the risk of mechanical failure. However, there is little unequivocal evidence of drag reduction in large trees as a result of reconfiguration. Land plants must also transport water internally to their tissues, and many have developed xylem tracheids and vessels that help speed up this process. Recent evidence that tree height is limited by water supply suggests that water transport efficiency must be a crucial element in tree design. However, the resistance of many parts of the xylem is still unknown. More focused work is urgently required to shed light on the evolution and ecology of plants in relation to the flow of fluids.
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Lebedev, Vadim G., Konstantin V. Krutovsky, and Konstantin A. Shestibratov. "…Fell Upas Sits, the Hydra-Tree of Death †, or the Phytotoxicity of Trees." Molecules 24, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081636.
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The use of natural products that can serve as natural herbicides and insecticides is a promising direction because of their greater safety for humans and environment. Secondary metabolites of plants that are toxic to plants and insects—allelochemicals—can be used as such products. Woody plants can produce allelochemicals, but they are studied much less than herbaceous species. Meanwhile, there is a problem of interaction of woody species with neighboring plants in the process of introduction or invasion, co-cultivation with agricultural crops (agroforestry) or in plantation forestry (multiclonal or multispecies plantations). This review describes woody plants with the greatest allelopathic potential, allelochemicals derived from them, and the prospects for their use as biopesticides. In addition, the achievement of and the prospects for the use of biotechnology methods in relation to the allelopathy of woody plants are presented and discussed.
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Hofsess, Brooke Anne. "Follow the Plants." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 9, no. 2 (2020): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2020.9.2.85.
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Through poetic glimpses of an ongoing participatory art process, Tree Memory Gathering, this essay considers the special issue theme by questioning, “How might the concept of ‘social warming’ invite new possibilities for creative-relational inquiry?” Responses unfold through three variations of social warming inspired by socially engaged art and ecopoetry. These variations—gathering, participatory bookmaking, and perforating—unsettle residual boundaries between tree bodies and human bodies, generating ecological wisdom for living and inquiring differently in the world. Perforating is theorized as an alternative to research findings in post-qualitative approaches to inquiry.
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DARMAD, Anak Agung Ketut, Ni Nyoman WIRASITI, and I. Ketut GINANTRA. "Diversity of Species and Benefits of Telajakan Plant as a Potential Tourism Attraction in Bali." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 1 (May 8, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.1(33).11.
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Telajakan is a place of reforestation, one of the elements of traditional green open space in Balinese homes. Plants planted in various species are diversified, in some categories of plant and have various benefits in Balinese society. The study was conducted in 2018 in the Cengkilung village, Denpasar Municipality and Penglipuran Village, Bangli Regency, Bali Province. Data collection methods are carried out through observation with inventory and identification of plants, interviews with owners of taxation. The plants planted in these two villages are mostly used for beauty or ornamental plants increase the family's economy, ceremonies or rituals, and protectors. The highest Important Value (IV) on trees category in Telajakan plants at the Cengkilung village are the cabbage tree (Cordyline australis) as much as namely 129%. The shrub and herbaceous categories are Crotons 'Wide leaf' (Codaium variegatum) and Japanese grass (Zoysia japonica) amounting respectively 75.3% and 43.4%. The Telajakan plants at Penglipuran Village, which are on the category of trees, shrubs and herbs with the highest important values are the Cananga tree (Cananga odorata), Dwarf umbrella tree (Schefflera grandiflora), and spider plant (Chloropithum comosum) 109%, 33.4% and 64.6%.
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Buen, Lorena López-de, and Juan Francisco Ornelas. "Frugivorous birds, host selection and the mistletoe Psittacanthus schiedeanus, in central Veracruz, Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 15, no. 3 (May 1999): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467499000851.
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Frugivorous birds play an important role in parasitic mistletoe transmission among host species. The foraging behaviour and host selection of Psittacanthus schiedeanus mistletoe fruit-eating birds was studied in cloud forest remnants in Central Veracruz, México. Cedar waxwings, Bombycilla cedrorum, gray silky-flycatchers, Ptilogonys cinereus, and social flycatchers, Myiozetetes similis, eating ripe whole mistletoe fruits and defecating or regurgitating the seeds were observed. That variation in host species selection by frugivorous birds had a direct effect on mistletoe dispersion was hypothesized. To test whether mistletoe host species are visited in proportion to their abundance (total number of trees), or infested-tree abundance (total number of infested trees), or abundance of mistletoes (total number of individual mistletoe plants in each host species), the number of trees, infested trees and individual mistletoe plants were recorded. Tree abundance, infested-tree abundance and mistletoe abundance were different among host species. Frequency of birds' visits to host species varied depending on the tree, infested-tree, or mistletoe abundance. Liquidambar styraciflua was the most abundant host species with the highest number of infested trees and individual mistletoe plants, but Persea americana and Crataegus mexicana host species had the highest number of individual mistletoe plants in each tree. Our data suggest that L. styraciflua was the most selected host species by the three frugivorous birds. Host selection by birds is one behavioural factor in explaining differences in prevalence among host species, and variation in infection levels among individuals of one host species.RESUMEN. Las aves frugívoras juegan un importante papel en la transmisión de muérdagos parásitos hacia sus árboles hospederos. La conducta de forrajeo y selección de hospedero de aves consumidoras de frutos del muérdago Psittacanthus schiedeanus fueron estudiados en remanentes de bosque mesófilo de montaña del Centro de Veracruz, México. Bombycilla cedrorum, Ptilogonys cinereus and Myiozetetes similis fueron observados consumiendo frutos maduros enteros y defecando o regurgitando las semillas. Hipotetizamos que la variación en la selección de la especie hospedera por las aves frugívoras tiene un efecto directo en la dispersión del muérdago. Para probar si las especies de árboles hospederos son visitadas en proporción a su abundancia (número total de árboles), o la abundancia de hospederos infectados (número de árboles infectados) o la abundancia de muérdagos (número total de plantas individuales de muérdago en una sola especie de árbol); el número de árboles, árboles infestados y plantas de muérdago fueron registradas. La abundancia de árboles, de árboles infestados y de plantas de muérdago fue diferente entre las especies de árboles estudiadas. La frecuencia de visitas de las aves a las especies hospederas varió de acuerdo a la abundancia de árboles, de árboles infestados y de plantas de muérdago. Liquidambar styraciflua fue la especie hospedera más abundante con el mayor número de árboles infestados y abundancia de muérdagos, pero las especies Persea americana y Crataegus mexicana presentaron el mayor número de plantas de múerdago por árbol. Nuestros datos sugieren que L. styraciflua fue la especie hospedera más seleccionada por las aves frugívoras. La selección de hospederos por las aves es uno de los factores conductuales que explican las diferencias en prevalencia entre especies de hospedero, y la variación en los niveles de infestación entre individuos de una de las especies de hospedero.
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Supuka, Ján, Attila Tóth, Mária Bihuňová, Martina Verešová, and Karol Šinka. "Alien and native woody plants in scattered vegetation in agricultural landscape." Folia Oecologica 47, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2020-0013.
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AbstractThe woody plant species composition has been evaluated in three cadastral territories of southwestern Slovakia, together in 77 habitats of non-forest woody vegetation (NFWV). A total of 43 tree species have been identified; 8 of them were alien and 5 species were cultural fruit trees. In total 20 shrub species were identified, out of which 3 were alien. Three woody species are classified as invasive according to the law in Slovakia: Acer negundo L., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, and Lycium barbarum L. They occurred only in 2, maximum in 4 of the evaluated habitats. The most occurring alien tree species Robinia pseudoacacia L. was generally identified in 58 habitats and in 48 habitats, with an incidence over 40% and dominance index of 70.6. The second most occurring alien tree Populus × canadensis had a dominance index of 8.3. The dominant native trees in NFWV were Acer campestre L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Quercus robur L., Salix fragilis L. with the dominance index of 1–5 only.
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Sun, Yubo, Huaxing Bi, Huasen Xu, Hangqi Duan, Ruidong Peng, and Jingjing Wang. "Below-Ground Interspecific Competition of Apple (Malus pumila M.)–Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Intercropping Systems Based on Niche Overlap on the Loess Plateau of China." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 3022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093022.
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To provide a scientific basis and technical support for agroforestry management practices, such as interrow configuration and soil water and fertilizer management, a stratified excavation method was performed both to explore the fine-root spatial distribution and niche differentiation and to quantify the below-ground interspecific competition status of 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old apple (Malus pumila M.)–soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) intercropping systems and monocropping systems. The fine roots of older trees occupied a larger soil space and had both a greater fine-root biomass density (FRMD) and a greater ability to reduce the FRMD of soybean, but this ability decreased with the distance from the apple tree row. Similarly, the FRMD of apple trees was also adversely affected by soybean plants, but this effect gradually increased with a decrease in tree age or with the distance from the tree row. Compared with that of the 3- and 5-year-old monocropped apple trees, the FRMD of the 3- and 5-year-old intercropped apple trees increased in the 40–100 cm and 60–100 cm soil layers, respectively. However, compared with that of the 7-year-old apple and soybean monocropping systems, the FRMD of the 7-year-old intercropped apple trees and soybean plants decreased in each soil layer. Compared with that of the corresponding monocropped systems, the fine-root vertical barycenter (FRVB) of the intercropped apple trees displaced deeper soil and that of the intercropped soybean plants displaced shallower soil. Furthermore, the FRVB of both intercropped apple trees and intercropped soybean plants displaced shallower soil with increasing tree age. Intense below-ground interspecific competition in the 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old apple–soybean intercropping systems occurred in the 0–40 cm soil layer at distances of 0.5–0.9, 0.5–1.3, and 0.5–1.7 m from the apple tree row, respectively.
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Domingues, Miguel Sales, Cristiana Andrighetto, Gelci Carlos Lupatini, Gustavo Pavan Mateus, Aline Sampaio Aranha, Rafael Keith Ono, Mayara Mayumi dos Santos Shiguematsu, Polyana Vellone Giacomini, and Bianca Midori Souza Sekiya. "Growth and yield of corn forage intercropped with marandu grass in an agrosilvopastoral system with eucalyptus." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 6 (November 23, 2017): 3669. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3669.
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Corn and grass intercropping is an interesting practice, and forage plants belonging to the genus Urochloa are the most commonly used in these situations. These plants show excellent adaptation to low-fertility soil, easy establishment, considerable biomass production, as well as being an important competitor with weeds. In agrosilvopastoral systems, the yield of corn crops grown together with trees is hindered due to the reduced radiation incidence caused by tree shading. This study aimed to evaluate corn growth, light interception, and chlorophyll content when intercropped with marandu grass in an agrosilvopastoral system with one and three eucalyptus rows, and compare them with plants under full sun. The experiment was conducted in Andradina - SP (Brazil). Treatments consisted of intercropping with no eucalyptus (plants under full sun: control), one system with one eucalyptus row and another with three rows. We also assessed the effect of five distances between corn plants and eucalyptus trees (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 m). Between eucalyptus rows, corn plants were intercropped with marandu grass. The analyzed variables were corn plant height, ear height, chlorophyll content index, light interception, dry matter, and fresh and dry forage weights. The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial scheme plus a control, with four repetitions. Tree arrangements had no influence on corn forage, dry matter, plant height, or ear height. Lower results of yield, dry matter, plant height, and ear height were observed for plants spaced 2 m from trees. In the first two evaluations, significant differences of light interception were found for the different distances. Neither tree arrangements (one and three rows) nor the distances from the trees had any impact on corn heights, with no difference between control and the agrosilvopastoral systems. Neither plant distances from trees nor tree arrangements had an influence on chlorophyll content index of corn plants, with no difference between control and the treatments. As a result, corn growth and forage yield under agroforestry systems are similar in arrangements of 1 and 3 eucalyptus rows (15-month-old trees) and under full sun. However, corn dry matter contents were lower in systems containing trees. Intercropping corn and marandu grass in a system without trees increased light interception at harvest time, indicating a larger soil coverage. Corn forage yield and dry matter content were lower when plants were 2 m apart from eucalyptus trees since this condition provided a lower amount of light and greater competition for water and nutrients.
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Zytynska, Sharon E., Michael F. Fay, David Penney, and Richard F. Preziosi. "Genetic variation in a tropical tree species influences the associated epiphytic plant and invertebrate communities in a complex forest ecosystem." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1569 (May 12, 2011): 1329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0183.
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Genetic differences among tree species, their hybrids and within tree species are known to influence associated ecological communities and ecosystem processes in areas of limited species diversity. The extent to which this same phenomenon occurs based on genetic variation within a single tree species, in a diverse complex ecosystem such as a tropical forest, is unknown. The level of biodiversity and complexity of the ecosystem may reduce the impact of a single tree species on associated communities. We assessed the influence of within-species genetic variation in the tree Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) on associated epiphytic and invertebrate communities in a neotropical rainforest. We found a significant positive association between genetic distance of trees and community difference of the epiphytic plants growing on the tree, the invertebrates living among the leaf litter around the base of the tree, and the invertebrates found on the tree trunk. This means that the more genetically similar trees are host to more similar epiphyte and invertebrate communities. Our work has implications for whole ecosystem conservation management, since maintaining sufficient genetic diversity at the primary producer level will enhance species diversity of other plants and animals.
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Clarke, Charles, Jonathan A. Moran, and Lijin Chin. "Mutualism between tree shrews and pitcher plants." Plant Signaling & Behavior 5, no. 10 (October 2010): 1187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.10.12807.
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Hoßfeld, Uwe, Elizabeth Watts, and Georgy S. Levit. "The First Darwinian Phylogenetic Tree of Plants." Trends in Plant Science 22, no. 2 (February 2017): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2016.12.002.
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Murman, Kelly, Gregory P. Setliff, Cathryn V. Pugh, Michael J. Toolan, Isaiah Canlas, Stefani Cannon, Leslie Abreu, et al. "Distribution, Survival, and Development of Spotted Lanternfly on Host Plants Found in North America." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 6 (October 31, 2020): 1270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa126.
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Abstract Studies were conducted from 2015 to 2018 to evaluate spotted lanternfly (SLF) distribution and developmental suitability of different plant species in the U.S. Tree bands on 283 trees spanning 33 species captured 21,006 SLF in 2 yr. More SLF per tree were trapped on tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) than on other species, on average, and most adults were captured on tree-of-heaven. Frequency of detection of adult SLF was higher on tree-of-heaven than on other species but was actually equal or lower on tree-of-heaven than on all other species combined for younger SLF stages in 2015. An enclosed choice test between tree-of-heaven and black walnut Juglans nigra L. (Fagales: Juglandaceae) revealed nymphs showed little consistent preference, whereas adults consistently and significantly preferred tree-of-heaven. No-choice field sleeve studies evaluated SLF survivorship on 26 host plant species in 17 families. Ten plant species supported SLF for an average of ≥45 d, with the rest unable to support SLF for >30 d. Eight species were able to support development from first instar to adult: black walnut, chinaberry Melia azedarach L. (Sapindales: Meliaceae), oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (Celastrales: Celastraceae), tree-of-heaven, hops Humulus lupulus L. (Rosales: Cannabaceae), sawtooth oak Quercus acutissima Carruthers (Fagales: Fagaceae), butternut Juglans cinerea L, and tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifiera L. (Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae). The ability of SLF to develop to adult on hosts other than tree-of-heaven may impact pest management decisions.
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AVDEEV, Yuri Mikhailovich, Sergey Alekseevich GOROVOY, Elena KARPENKO, Valery KUDRYAVTSEV, and Lydia KOZLOVSKY. "EVALUATION OF THE STATE OF GREEN PLANTS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF URBANIZATION." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 34 (March 20, 2020): 966–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n34.2020.987_p34_pgs_966_975.pdf.
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The formation of an urban ecological environment is a local trend of the current time. It is necessary to solve the problems of city landscaping since, at the present stage, the deterioration of the state of green spaces and a decrease in the area that they occupy are observed. The article presents data on the state of tree vegetation in the largest park in Vologda (Vologda Region, Russia). According to the dendrometric assessment results in Mira Park, the number of drawback types in each tree species at a specific diameter of the trunk was revealed. It is worth noting that the most common types of drawbacks in linden trees in Mira Park are mechanical damage and frost cleft. The investigation was carried out based on the “Inventory Survey Procedure for Urban Plantations.” Most often, wood drawbacks in this species occur on the trunk diameters in the range from 40 to 52 cm. Based on the bioecological assessment performed in Mira Park, it can be stated that the highest percentage of good tree health status was found in pine – 67.3%, the highest percentage of satisfactory tree health status was found in elm – 35.7% and the highest percentage of poor tree health status was found in oak – 16.1%. According to the results of the investigation, it can be said that most of the tree plants are in good and satisfactory condition. The highest percentage of poor health status was found in tree species such as oak and poplar. There are such common flaws on tree plantations as mechanical damage, a frozen slot, and a curved trunk. The current situation in the biggest park in the city of Vologda is stable. However, to improve the systematic condition, it is necessary to hold some activities that should preserve and diversify the tree and shrub plantations, as well as help to solve existing problems.
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Bowman, Kim D. "Identification of Woody Plants with Implanted Microchips." HortTechnology 15, no. 2 (January 2005): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.2.0352.
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Secure identification of individual plants by some kind of labels in the field is an important part of many types of horticultural, plant science, and ecological research. This report describes implanted microchips as one method of plant tagging that is reliable, durable, and secure. This technology may be especially useful in long-term experiments involving perennial woody plants. Two methods are described for implanting microchips in citrus trees that would also be applicable to other woody plant species. One method of implanting microchips is demonstrated to have no deleterious effect on citrus tree growth through the first 18 months after implantation into the tree. Since microchips implanted beneath the bark will become more deeply embedded in wood as the plants grow, signal penetration through wood was evaluated and determined to be sufficient for long-term field utility. Implanted microchips are potentially useful for secure tagging of valuable or endangered plant species to deter theft by providing secure and conclusive identification.
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Tovkach, F. I., and G. I. Zhuminska. "Destabilization of the Phage-Bacteria System during Bacterial Infections of Tree Plants." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 81, no. 4 (July 30, 2019): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj81.04.118.
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Perrin, Adrien, Nicolas Daccord, David Roquis, Jean-Marc Celton, Emilie Vergne, and Etienne Bucher. "Divergent DNA Methylation Signatures of Juvenile Seedlings, Grafts and Adult Apple Trees." Epigenomes 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes4010004.
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The vast majority of previous studies on epigenetics in plants have centered on the study of inheritance of DNA methylation patterns in annual plants. In contrast, perennial plants may have the ability to accumulate changes in DNA methylation patterns over numerous years. However, currently little is known about long-lived perennial and clonally reproducing plants that may have evolved different DNA methylation inheritance mechanisms as compared to annual plants. To study the transmission of DNA methylation patterns in a perennial plant, we used apple (Malus domestica) as a model plant. First, we investigated the inheritance of DNA methylation patterns during sexual reproduction in apple by comparing DNA methylation patterns of mature trees to juvenile seedlings resulting from selfing. While we did not observe a drastic genome-wide change in DNA methylation levels, we found clear variations in DNA methylation patterns localized in regions enriched for genes involved in photosynthesis. Using transcriptomics, we also observed that genes involved in this pathway were overexpressed in seedlings. To assess how DNA methylation patterns are transmitted during clonal propagation we then compared global DNA methylation of a newly grafted tree to its mature donor tree. We identified significant, albeit weak DNA methylation changes resulting from grafting. Overall, we found that a majority of DNA methylation patterns from the mature donor tree are transmitted to newly grafted plants, however with detectable specific local differences. Both the epigenomic and transcriptomic data indicate that grafted plants are at an intermediate phase between an adult tree and seedling and inherit part of the epigenomic history of their donor tree.
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Mathews, Sarah, Mark D. Clements, and Mark A. Beilstein. "A duplicate gene rooting of seed plants and the phylogenetic position of flowering plants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1539 (February 12, 2010): 383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0233.
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Flowering plants represent the most significant branch in the tree of land plants, with respect to the number of extant species, their impact on the shaping of modern ecosystems and their economic importance. However, unlike so many persistent phylogenetic problems that have yielded to insights from DNA sequence data, the mystery surrounding the origin of angiosperms has deepened with the advent and advance of molecular systematics. Strong statistical support for competing hypotheses and recent novel trees from molecular data suggest that the accuracy of current molecular trees requires further testing. Analyses of phytochrome amino acids using a duplicate gene-rooting approach yield trees that unite cycads and angiosperms in a clade that is sister to a clade in which Gingko and Cupressophyta are successive sister taxa to gnetophytes plus Pinaceae. Application of a cycads + angiosperms backbone constraint in analyses of a morphological dataset yields better resolved trees than do analyses in which extant gymnosperms are forced to be monophyletic. The results have implications both for our assessment of uncertainty in trees from sequence data and for our use of molecular constraints as a way to integrate insights from morphological and molecular evidence.
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Darge, Wendu A., and Samuel S. Woldemariam. "Botryosphaeria Tree Fungal Pathogens and Their Diversity." International Journal of Phytopathology 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.010.01.3447.
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The genus Botryosphaeria identified in 1863 as saprophytes of dead tissue of woody plants have been described as pathogens of economically important plantation trees in agriculture and native forests. The genus is a species-rich, worldwide distributed occurring on diverse host ranges. Species of the Botryosphaeria are reported as the pathogens of many plantation trees, including species of Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Pinus causing canker and rapid dieback diseases which often end up in death. Botryosphaeria fungal pathogens have cross pathogenicity on different host tree species which enables them important and focus area of research. The taxonomy of Botryosphaeria spp. have been under research, identification of these fungi has generally been based on morphological features of the anamorph that usually seen under the microscope. Characters that are used to classify genera in the Botryosphaeria have mostly relied on the macroscopic features of the ascospores and the conidial features. Currently, molecular techniques such as DNA sequencing involving amplification of ITS region are important for exact identification of the genera to species level. Recent molecular, phylogenetic and morphological findings showed that order Botryosphaeriales is diverse consisting nine families and 33 genera with 23 genera only in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. Botryosphaeria spp. are naturally endophytes associated with tree plants known to cause monocyclic or polycyclic diseases resulting in polyetic epidemics. The factor that makes plants more prone to Botryosphaeria fungal species is assumed to be stress or wounding associated with the host plants. Global climate change driven drought is an important factor that initiate stress resulting in nutrient deficiencies. Botryosphaeria fungal tree diseases can be best managed by ensuring plants are in optimal health through appropriate integration of cultural, silvicultural and fungicidal applications to effectively prevent and control the diseases.
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West, D. H., A. H. Chappelka, K. M. Tilt, H. G. Ponder, and J. D. Williams. "Effect of Tree Shelters on Growth and Gas Exchange of Four Tree Species Under Field and Nursery Conditions." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-20.2.96.
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Abstract One-year-old seedlings of sawtooth oak, white oak, green ash and flowering dogwood were evaluated to determine the effect of tree shelters on survival, growth and gas exchange. Trees were grown under both field and container nursery conditions. Shelters had a significant impact on survival of field-grown trees, but not on containerized, nursery-grown seedlings. Overall survival was approximately 75 and 40% for sheltered and non-sheltered, field-grown trees, respectively. Sheltered plants had approximately a 90% survival rate and non-sheltered trees exhibited approximately 80% survival in a nursery situation. In the field, sheltered trees had greater height growth and biomass production than non-sheltered trees. However, sheltered plants exhibited a decrease in total biomass in the nursery study, the majority of which was reflected in an overall 62% reduction in root production in the sheltered trees. Photosynthesis of sheltered trees averaged 65% of non-sheltered trees and internal leaf CO2 was approximately 11% greater in sheltered trees. Shelters appear to benefit field-planted seedlings by providing physical protection and shade therefore, enabling the tree to better survive stresses from ambient conditions. In nursery situations, shelters may only be helpful in training attractive trees with less labor.
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Azaïs, Romain. "Nearest Embedded and Embedding Self-Nested Trees." Algorithms 12, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12090180.
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Self-nested trees present a systematic form of redundancy in their subtrees and thus achieve optimal compression rates by directed acrylic graph (DAG) compression. A method for quantifying the degree of self-similarity of plants through self-nested trees was introduced by Godin and Ferraro in 2010. The procedure consists of computing a self-nested approximation, called the nearest embedding self-nested tree, that both embeds the plant and is the closest to it. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that computes the nearest embedding self-nested tree with a smaller overall complexity, but also the nearest embedded self-nested tree. We show from simulations that the latter is mostly the closest to the initial data, which suggests that this better approximation should be used as a privileged measure of the degree of self-similarity of plants.
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Soukhovolsky, Vladislav, Viktor Voronin, Vladimir Oskolkov, and Anton Kovalev. "Express Estimation of the Physiological State of Woody Plants by Dielectric Characteristics of Tree Stem Tissues." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 2 (April 4, 2021): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-2-70-85.
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Dielectric spectroscopy methods for estimating the state of trees were considered. Dielectric characteristics describe cell membranes and conductivity of plant tissues. A pulsed Fourier transform dielectric spectrometer of an original design was used to measure the values of dielectric characteristics. The spectrometer was connected to a portable computer, which was used to control and power it. The device design allows to expressly (in about 1s) receive information on the dielectric characteristics of the tree trunk tissues in the frequency range from 1 to 100 kHz and to process, visualize and save the results of measurements on a computer in the field conditions. Tree state estimates obtained with the pulsed Fourier transform dielectric spectrometer were compared with the visual tree characteristics and radial growth data. It is shown that there are differences in the values of dielectric characteristics in trees of different state categories and with different values of radial growth. Dielectric spectroscopy data, unlike subjective qualitative visual indicators of tree state, are quantitative and objective. The data can be obtained much faster and with less effort compared to estimates of tree characteristics by radial growth. The described method was used to estimate the state of Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica), Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) in forest plantations of the Baikal region. Studies were carried out both in control (undamaged) plantations and in those affected by bacterial infection. It is shown that the proposed method can be applied to the express state estimation of trees and the level of their damage.
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Buba, Toma. "Impacts of Different Tree Species of Different Sizes on Spatial Distribution of Herbaceous Plants in the Nigerian Guinea Savannah Ecological Zone." Scientifica 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/106930.
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This study was aimed at finding the impacts of different tree species and individual trees of different sizes on species richness, diversity, and composition of the herbaceous layer. All the three tree species have greatly increased species richness and diversity both within and outside their crown zones compared with the open grassland. Both species richness and diversity were found to be higher under all the three tree species than outside their crowns, which was in turn higher than the open field.Daniella oliverihas the highest species richness and diversity both within and outside its crown zone followed byVitellaria paradoxaand thenParkia biglobosa. The result also revealed that the same tree species with different sizes leads to different herbaceous species richness, diversity, and composition under and around the trees’ crowns.P. biglobosaandV. paradoxatrees with smaller sizes showed higher species richness and diversity under their crowns than the bigger ones. The dissimilarity of species composition differs between the inside and outside crown zones of the individuals of the same tree species and among the different trees species and the open field.
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Vasiliev, Sergey Mikhailovich, Andrey Sergeevich Shtanko, and Yakov Evgenievich Udovidchenko. "THE FORECASTING TECHNIQUES OF APPLE TREE ROOT SYSTEMS." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i8pp76-82.
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The developed method allows predicting the basic morphometric parameters of the root systems of zoned apple trees for the studied conditions of their growth with an accuracy of 80–85%. The methodology and structure of the calculated dependencies can be used to develop appropriate recommendations on determining the geometric parameters of the root systems of the studied plants and for other tree stock-graft combinations of perennial woody plants cultivated in similar and other climatic conditions.
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Yao, Shengrui, and Robert Heyduck. "Ornamental Jujube Cultivar Evaluation in the Southwestern United States." HortTechnology 28, no. 4 (August 2018): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04073-18.
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All jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) cultivars can be used as fruit trees and in landscaping, but there are four striking ornamental cultivars in our collection: Dragon, Mushroom, So, and Teapot. These cultivars are decorative and can be used for fruit, tree shape, or both as edible landscape plants. We evaluated these four ornamental jujube cultivars in central and northern New Mexico. All four cultivars grew and produced well but performed differently. ‘So’, imported from China in 1914, was a productive and contoured cultivar with medium-sized, sweet/tart fruit and bushy trees, with a decorative tree shape in winter. ‘Dragon’, a recent import from China, was the most dwarf cultivar tested, with small fruit and gnarled trees, and suitable for four-season ornamental use in landscapes. ‘Mushroom’, another recent import from China, had the most decorative fruit shape among the four cultivars tested, with vigorous and productive plants. ‘Teapot’, also a recent import from China, had irregular fruit shapes and vigorous and productive plants. All four cultivars were good edible landscape plants depending on customers’ preferences and space availability/limitation.
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Hasibuan, Moses, Indriyanto ., and Melya Riniarti. "Inventarisasi Pohon Plus Dalam Blok Koleksi Di Taman Hutan Raya Wan Abdul Rachman." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 1, no. 1 (February 17, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl119-16.
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Plus tree inventory was an activity for collecting and compiling data.Collection block was an area within Great Forest Park region that contains different types of plant, either endemic or non-endemic plants, which serves for protection and preservation, research, science, education, support the cultivation, culture, tourism and recreation.The information about the existence of plus trees on the collection block still rare.So, plus tree inventory still necessary to fulfill the data.This research was held in Wan Abdul Rachman Great Forest Park Collection Block at February to March 2012.The aim of this research is to identify the trees which has plus tree criterias.Data collected by using line terraced layers method which placed systematically.The collected data include the types of trees, trunk diameter, branch height, trunk straightness, tree’s health condition, fruit production, branch corner, sphericity form of circumference stem, and the location of the plus tree.Based on the results, there were 9 species of trees that identified as plus trees,7 species of wooden trees, which are 3 taboo trees (Tetrameles nudiflora), 1 dadap tree (Erythrina fusca), 1 purple coral tree (Pterospermum javanicum), 1 sandpaper tree (Ficus ampelas), 6 kapok trees (Ceiba pentandra), 1 red cedar tree (Toona sureni), 1 mindi tree (Melia azedarach) and 2 species of MPTS trees, 1 durian tree (Durio zibethinus), and 1 mango tree (Mangifera indica).Total number of individual tree that meets the plus tree criterias are 16 trees.Keywords: inventory, plus trees
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Wang, Yi-Chung, and Bixia Chen. "Dust Capturing Capacity of Woody Plants in Clean Air Zones throughout Taiwan." Atmosphere 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060696.
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To exploit the ability of vegetation to capture particulate matter (dust) from the air and improve air quality, 546 clean air zones (CAZs) consisting of various types of urban green space have been established in Taiwan. This study systematically assessed the pollutant filtering efficiency of tree species planted in these green spaces. This research aims to provide quantitative data on individual trees’ dust retention functions for future green space planning in urban areas. Field surveys were conducted in 98 CAZs throughout Taiwan. The vegetation composition of approximately 14,000 woody trees, consisting of 210 species, was surveyed. The vegetation surveyed showed that the dominant species in many CAZs in southern Taiwan were introduced species. The dust capturing capacity of the tree species was found to be positively correlated with leaf size. However, the amount of dust retention was affected mainly by the surface structure and morphological characteristics of the leaves, such as a rough, hairy surface. Among the tree species, Spathodea campanulata, Pterocarpus indicus, and Delonix regia exhibited the best dust capture and retention capacity in southern Taiwan, and Ficus macrocarpa, Alstonia scholaris, and Melia azedarach were the most desirable dust retention species. The results suggest that native evergreen species are suitable for dust retention in urban green spaces.
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Hadinoto, Hadinoto, and Eni Suhesti. "MODEL ARSITEKTUR POHON ARBORETUM UNIVERSITAS LANCANG KUNING SEBAGAI PENUNJANG PEMBELAJARAN." Wahana Forestra: Jurnal Kehutanan 13, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/forestra.v13i1.1527.
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Arboretum is an example of forest which is a collection of trees which is a form of conservation of human-made germplasm. Arboretum with various vegetation containing scientific values can be used as an open laboratory for student education and research facilities. The pattern of branching plants will form a form of plant architecture. The branching architecture is a morphological representation of a particular phase of a series of tree growth series, real and observable at all times. This research was conducted by conducting a survey (survey) and direct observation of the model of bamboo branching architecture in plants located in the research location. Identification of tree architecture model using book by F. Halle & R.A.A.Oldeman, namely: An Essay On The Architecture and Dynamics of Growth of Tropical Trees. Each tree is observed and photographed, as research documentation. Analysis conducted in this research is descriptive analysis to the type and shape of architectural architecture of Arboretum University of Lancang Kuning. Based on the results of research that has been done, can be drawn conclusion as follows: obtained 10 shapes / models of tree architecture of 41 species of trees (diamater ≥ 20 cm).
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Partelli, Fábio Luiz, André Vasconcellos Araújo, Henrique Duarte Vieira, Jairo Rafael Machado Dias, Luis Fernando Tavares de Menezes, and José Cochicho Ramalho. "Microclimate and development of 'Conilon' coffee intercropped with rubber trees." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 49, no. 11 (November 2014): 872–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2014001100006.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of intercropping 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) with rubber trees on coffee tree microclimate, nutrition, growth, and yield. Rubber trees were planted in two double rows 33 m apart, with 4x2.3 m spacing between plants. Treatments consisted of the distances from the coffee plants to the rubber trees: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 m. Measurements of atmospheric variables (temperature, irradiance, and relative humidity), leaf nutrient concentration, internode length of plagiotropic and orthotropic branches, individual leaf area, chlorophyll content, and yield were performed. Intercropping promotes changes in the microclimatic conditions of coffee plants close to rubber trees, with reduction of temperature and irradiance level and increase in air relative humidity. The proximity of the coffee tree to the rubber trees promotes the elongation of the plagiotropic and orthotropic branches and increases the individual leaf area; however, it does not affect leaf concentrations of N, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, and B in 'Conilon' coffee and does not have a negative impact on yield.
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Beaune, David. "What would happen to the trees and lianas if apes disappeared?" Oryx 49, no. 3 (February 27, 2015): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000878.
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AbstractApes, like many frugivorous animals, are crucial allies for the reproduction of several fruiting tree species. Almost all apes, however, including bonobos Pan paniscus, are threatened with extinction. How will this affect tree conservation? How can plants that are adapted to seed dispersal by apes reproduce without their dispersal vectors? At LuiKotale, in an evergreen tropical forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the recruitment of 22 plant species in the absence of seed dispersal was investigated under the parental canopy, where a proportion of seeds fall without horizontal dissemination. Most bonobo-dispersed plant species (95% of 19 species) were unable to self-recruit under the canopy. As 40% of the tree species (65% of trees) at LuiKotale are dispersed by bonobos there is a risk of ecosystem decay and simplification (reduced biodiversity) if Pan paniscus disappears from its natural range. The extinction of other apes from their forests could have similar consequences. The conservation of tree species, therefore, must encompass conservation of pollinators, seed dispersal vectors and other species that provide ecological services to the trees and other fruiting plants.
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Zubair, Muhammad, Akash Jamil, Syed Bilal Hussain, Ahsan Ul Haq, Ahmad Hussain, Din Muhammad Zahid, Abeer Hashem, Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi, and Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah. "Diversity of Medicinal Plants among Different Tree Canopies." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052640.
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The moist temperate forests in Northern Pakistan are home to a variety of flora and fauna that are pivotal in sustaining the livelihoods of the local communities. In these forests, distribution and richness of vegetation, especially that of medicinal plants, is rarely reported. In this study, we carried out a vegetation survey in District Balakot, located in Northeastern Pakistan, to characterize the diversity of medicinal plants under different canopies of coniferous forest. The experimental site was divided into three major categories (viz., closed canopy, open spaces, and partial tree cover). A sampling plot of 100 m2 was established on each site to measure species diversity, dominance, and evenness. To observe richness and abundance, the rarefaction and rank abundance curves were plotted. Results revealed that a total of 45 species representing 34 families were available in the study site. Medicinal plants were the most abundant (45%) followed by edible plants (26%). Tree canopy cover affected the overall growth of medicinal plants on the basis of abundance and richness. The site with partial canopy exhibited the highest diversity, dominance, and abundance compared to open spaces and closed canopy. These findings are instrumental in identifying the wealth of the medicinal floral diversity in the northeastern temperate forest of Balakot and the opportunity to sustain the livelihoods of local communities with the help of public/private partnership.
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Ahuja, M. R. "Fate of forest tree biotechnology facing climate change." Silvae Genetica 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sg-2021-0010.
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Abstract Woody plants have been cultured in vitro since the 1930s. After that time much progress has been made in the culture of tissues, organs, cells, and protoplasts in tree species. Tree biotechnology has been making strides in clonal propagation by organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. These regeneration studies have paved the way for gene transfer in forest trees. Transgenics from a number of forest tree species carrying a variety of recombinant genes that code for herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, lignin modification, increased woody bio-mass, and flowering control have been produced by Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic methods, and some of them are undergoing confined field trials. Although relatively stable transgenic clones have been produced by genetic transformation in trees using organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis, there were also unintended unstable genetic events. In order to overcome the problems of randomness of transgene integration and instability reported in Agrobacterium-mediated or biolistically transformed plants, site-specific transgene insertion strategies involving clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9) platform offer prospects for precise genome editing in plants. Nevertheless, it is important to monitor phenotypic and genetic stability of clonal material, not just under greenhouse conditions, but also under natural field conditions. Genetically modified poplars have been commercialized in China, and eucalypts and loblolly pine are expected to be released for commercial deployment in USA. Clonal forestry and transgenic forestry have to cope with rapid global climate changes in the future. Climate change is impacting species distributions and is a significant threat to biodiversity. Therefore, it is important to deploy Strategies that will assist the survival and evolution of forest tree species facing rapid climate change. Assisted migration (managed relocation) and biotechnological approaches offer prospects for adaptation of forest trees to climate change.
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Lutz, James. "Reducing Deer Damage to Woody and Herbaceous Plants." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 830D—830. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.830d.
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Woody and herbaceous plants in urban and rural landscapes, nurseries, orchards, and Christmas tree plantations are becoming increasingly susceptible to deer damage. Most existing repellents are either ineffective, or are effective for short periods of time. This project presented four plant species treated with chicken eggs, Deer-Away, Hinder, Tree Guard, Milorganite, chicken eggs with Tree Guard, and chicken eggs with Transfilm, to 20 captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Only chicken eggs alone and Deer-Away deterred deer from feeding on the containerized nursery stock. Chicken eggs alone performed significantly better than Deer-Away. In a second experiment, pelletized deer food treated with Deer-Away, Hinder (1:1 and 1:5), Tree Guard, Miller Hot Sauce (0.62% and 6.2%), and two experimental predator urines were presented to ten captive deer. Both rates of Miller Hot Sauce and predator urine #1 significantly reduced deer feeding on pelletized deer food. Deer-Away, Hinder 1:1, and predator urine #2 also reduced feeding. Hinder 1:5 slightly reduced feeding. Tree Guard was completely ineffective.
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Pertiwi, Dina, Rahmat Safe'i, Hari Kaskoyo, and Indriyanto Indriyanto. "IDENTIFIKASI TIPE KERUSAKAN POHON MENGGUNAKAN METODE FOREST HEALTH MONITORING (FHM)." PERENNIAL 15, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/perennial.v15i1.6033.
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Trees are an important part of the compilation of forest ecosystems blocks of collections of plants and/or animals, Wan Abdul Rachman Forest Park, Lampung Province. Block collection of plants and or animals serves as a place for collecting, protecting and preserving biodiversity. The problems that occur in this block are changes in forest areas, initially primary forests become mixed forests due to land clearing. Land clearing causes various types of tree damage which causes a decrease in tree health and forest health, so it is necessary to identify tree damage conditions. The purpose of the study was to determine the condition of tree damage based on the location of tree damage, type of tree damage and severity. Identification is carried out using the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method, the measurement parameter is the condition of tree damage. The study was conducted in June 2018 in a collection block of plants and / or animals Tahura WAR Kelurahan Sumber Agung, Kemiling, Bandar Lampung covering 141.18 ha. The sampling intensity used was 2.30%, data collection was carried out in eight FHM cluster clusters. Based on the results of the study there were 144 individual trees that were damaged. The location of damage occurs mostly in the roots and the lower part of the stem is 29%, the lower stem is 18% and the branches are 15%. There were 11 types of damage observed with the largest type of damage, namely open wounds by 46%, broken or dead branches by 17%, cancer by 9% and leaves, shoots or shoots damaged by 9%. The most severe severity is found in the severity of 20% with a percentage of 39%, severity of 30% with a percentage of 35% and severity of 40% with a percentage of 7%.
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Weerathunga, Manasee, and Alexander S. Mikheyev. "Integrating host plant phylogeny, plant traits, intraspecific competition and repeated measures using a phylogenetic mixed model of field behaviour by polyphagous herbivores, the leaf-cutting ants." Journal of Tropical Ecology 36, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467420000012.
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AbstractHerbivores use a wide range of factors to choose their host, including their own physiological states, physical characteristics of plants and the degree of competition. Field observations of herbivores in their native habitats provide a means for simultaneously estimating the relative importance of these factors, but statistical analysis of all these factors may be challenging. Here we used a 7-week dataset of leaf-cutting ant (Atta cephalotes) foraging in a diverse Neotropical arboretum containing 193 tree species (822 trees) to examine the relative role of tree phylogeny, territoriality and tree functional characteristics using a phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) model. We observed that 54 tree species (117 trees) were foraged by the ants. This pattern was not random, but reflected known features of leaf-cutting ant foraging behaviour, such as a preference for larger trees and the decreased likelihood of foraging at the periphery of a colony’s territory. However, random effects such as tree phylogeny, the identity of individual trees and colony-specific effects explained most of the variation in foraging data. A significant phylogenetic effect on foraging likelihood (λ = 0.28), together with repeated measures of foraging on the same tree species, allowed estimation of relative palatability for each plant species. PGLS models can be flexibly scaled to include other covariates for even more complex investigation of foraging behaviour, and the link function can be modified to include the amount of plants foraged. As a result, PGLS can be used as a flexible framework for the study of LCA foraging.
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Lee, Thomas D., Audrey L. Perkins, Andrew S. Campbell, John S. Passero, Nathan A. Roe, Caleb M. Shaw, and Russell G. Congalton. "Incipient Invasion of Urban and Forest Habitats in New Hampshire, USA, by the Nonnative Tree, Kalopanax septemlobus." Invasive Plant Science and Management 8, no. 2 (June 2015): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-14-00047.1.
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We analyzed the recent (< 25 yr) spread in New Hampshire, USA, of the exotic tree Kalopanax septemlobus, native to Asia. The invasion was likely initiated by a single tree planted ca. 1972. Our objective was to assess the viability of the invasion, especially in light of the small propagule size. We tallied, mapped, aged, and measured the height and growth of K. septemlobus individuals at two sites, the University of New Hampshire campus (UC) and Thompson Farm (TF), both in Durham. We found over 3,800 plants at UC and 270 at TF in < 120 ha (296 ac) total area. Plant age ranged from 0 to 22 yr, and UC plants were as far as 775 m (2,543 ft) from the purported parent tree. Annual height growth was comparable to midtolerant native trees. Plants occurred in both open and forested habitats, and the mean level of photosynthetically active radiation incident on understory plants was 4 to 6% of full sun. The large population size, shade tolerance, rapid height growth, and ability to sprout from damaged stems suggest potential for K. septemlobus to invade and persist in forests, the most common natural ecosystem in the northeastern United States. We further suggest that small propagule size, likely a single tree, has not prevented K. septemlobus from initiating a spatially extensive and vigorous population. Kalopanax septemlobus has been planted as an ornamental in the northeastern United States, and prevention of region-wide invasion might depend on removal of these trees, even when they occur as single individuals.
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Polonsky, Vadim I., and Alena V. Sumina. "The effect of low frequency electromagnetic fields on fluctuating asymmetry of woody plants." RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 26, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2018-26-4-441-448.
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The paper analyzes the impact of environmental factors of physical and chemical nature on the stability of the development of three species of woody plants: common lilac, Siberian apple tree, birch tree. Determining the value of the fluctuating asymmetry index (FA) over the width of two halves of leaves was performed on plants growing in the suburban green area (control), in the suburban green area under high-voltage power lines of 220 kV (physical factor, experiment 1), as well as in the city of Krasnoyarsk in terms of air pollution by exhaust gases of cars (chemical factor, experiment 2). The values of the FA index of common lilac and Siberian apple tree, defined for the control variants, were 0.024 and 0.028, and calculated for experiments 1 and 2 were respectively equal to 0.032 and 0.039; 0.029 and 0.030. It is established that the response of common lilac and Siberian apple trees to the physical environmental factor - electromagnetic radiation of industrial frequency - which is expressed in the appearance of leaf asymmetry is stronger in comparison with the reaction to the chemical factor - exhaust gases of cars. It is shown that the value of the FA index of Siberian apple tree and common lilac can be a sensitive indicator when monitoring the anthropogenic load on the environment in the form of an alternating electromagnetic field of industrial frequency. The FA index of the birch tree, measured on the basis of the width of the right and left halves of the leaf, is less sensitive than in the case of the common lilac and the Siberian apple tree.
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Schoch, Siegrid, and Monica Ihl. "Substrate Specificity of Chlorophyllase from Different Plants." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 53, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1998): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1998-1-206.
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Abstract The activity of chlorophyllase (chlorophyll-chlorophyllido-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.14) extracted from six different species was compared with enzyme extracted from leaves of Tree of Heaven. The chlorophyllase activity from Swiss chard was similar to the Tree of Heaven enzyme, all the others were less active or inactive. We tested the substrate specificity with bacteriochlorophyll a, chlorophylls a and b. pheophytins a and b and also the synthetic pig ments Zn pheophytins a and b and Zn pyropheophytin a. The natural pigments were the best substrates, but the Zn derivatives were also hydrolysed, except Zn pyropheophytin a which was accepted only by the enzyme extracted from the leaves of Tree of Heaven.
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Kulkarni, Narendra Anant. "Carbon Sequestration in the Standing Trees at the Amrai Park of Sangli City (Maharashtra – 416 416)." Plantae Scientia 1, no. 04 (November 16, 2018): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32439/ps.v1i04.60-63.
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Plants are known to absorb the atmospheric carbon by photosynthesis. This absorbed carbon is stored in various organic forms and helps to produce the biomass. The absorption of the atmospheric carbon is depend on the structure and life form of the plants. Trees dominate this process. Greater and taller is the size of the tree more is the amount of carbon fixed. Hence trees are the major plant forms to absorb maximum atmospheric carbon and biomass production. Thus, the present investigation was carried out to calculate the carbon sequestration of 22 standing tree species in Amrai Park of Sangli city. The biomass and total organic carbon of standing trees is estimated by the non destructive method. The population of Swieteniamahagoni(C) Jacq.is more in the campus and it sequestrates the 77509.25 lbs carbon/year.
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Dünisch, Oliver, and João Vicente de Figueiredo Latorraca. "The Assimilate Partitioning Importance for Heartwood Extractives Formation in Robinia Pseudoacacia l. of Different Ages." Floresta e Ambiente 22, no. 3 (September 2015): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.083514.
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ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the influence of tree age on the assimilates partitioning and its significance for the formation of heartwood extractives in Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust). Assimilate translocation in 6- and 15-year-old plants was measured in May and August 2006 using the 14CO2 feeding method. The heartwood extractives content in the sapwood-heartwood transition zone and in individual tree rings of the pure heartwood were analysed by HPLC-chromatography. All plants, buds and young leaves showed the strongest 14C specific activity compared to other plant parts in May and August(14C specific activity in buds/leaves of 6-years old plants: 35.2-37.0%, 15-years old plants: 31.4-32.2%). However, in plants labelled in August 2006 at the sapwood-heartwood transition zone also showed a strong assimilates sink, while only small amounts of assimilates were translocated to the sapwood-heartwood transition zone in the plants labelled in May 2006. The amount of assimilates transported to the sapwood-heartwood transition zone was significantly higher in the 15-year-old plants compared to the 6-year-old plants. This was monitored by a higher content of extractives in the heartwood formed by the older plants compared to heartwood formed by the younger plants. The results indicate that uneven assimilate partitioning in younger and older black locust plants affects the heartwood extractives formation, which might lead to a lower natural durability of the heartwood formed by younger trees compared to heartwood formed by older trees.