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Journal articles on the topic 'Tree-Retardant Ethylene Propylene Rubber'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 January 2023

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Zirnstein, Benjamin, Dietmar Schulze, and Bernhard Schartel. "Mechanical and Fire Properties of Multicomponent Flame Retardant EPDM Rubbers Using Aluminum Trihydroxide, Ammonium Polyphosphate, and Polyaniline." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 15, 2019): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121932.

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In this study, multicomponent flame retardant systems, consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), and polyaniline (PANI), were used in ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. The multicomponent system was designed to improve flame retardancy and the mechanical properties of the rubber compounds, while simultaneously reducing the amount of filler. PANI was applied at low loadings (7 phr) and combined with the phosphorous APP (21 phr) and the mineral flame retardant ATH (50 phr). A comprehensive study of six EPDM rubbers was carried out by systematically varying the fillers to explain the impact of multicomponent flame retardant systems on mechanical properties. The six EPDM materials were investigated via the UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), FMVSS 302, glow wire tests, and the cone calorimeter, showing that multicomponent flame retardant systems led to improved fire performance. In cone calorimeter tests the EPDM/APP/ATH/PANI composite reduced the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) to 142 kW·m−2, a value 50% lower than that for the unfilled EPDM rubber. Furthermore, the amount of phosphorus in the residues was quantified and the mode of action of the phosphorous flame retardant APP was explained. The data from the cone calorimeter were used to determine the protective layer effect of the multicomponent flame retardant systems in the EPDM compounds.

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2

Oh, Jaeho, Gopi Sathi Shibulal, Bismark Mensah, Dae-Up Ahn, Seong-Jin Kim, Kwang-Un Jeong, and Changwoon Nah. "Lifetime Prediction of Flame Retardant-Filled Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Termonomer Rubber Compounds." Polymer Korea 39, no. 5 (September 30, 2015): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2015.39.5.795.

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3

You, Jiayi, Hikaru Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Ishii, Naoshi Hirai, and Yoshimichi Ohki. "Degradation of flame‐retardant ethylene‐propylene‐diene rubber by radiation and steam." IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering 15, no. 11 (September 11, 2020): 1572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.23227.

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4

Zirnstein, Benjamin, Dietmar Schulze, and Bernhard Schartel. "The impact of polyaniline in phosphorus flame retardant ethylene-propylene-diene-rubber (EPDM)." Thermochimica Acta 673 (March 2019): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2019.01.019.

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5

Chen, Ruiyu, Shouxiang Lu, Changhai Li, Manhou Li, and Siuming Lo. "Characterization of thermal decomposition behavior of commercial flame-retardant ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) rubber." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 122, no. 1 (May 26, 2015): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4701-2.

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6

Yamaguchi, Hikaru, Hiroyuki Ishii, Naoshi Hirai, and Yoshimichi Ohki. "Degradation of Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Flame‐Retardant Ethylene Propylene Rubber by Thermal Aging." IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering 15, no. 4 (January 14, 2020): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.23079.

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7

Abitha, V. K., Ajay Vasudeo Rane, Rane Uday, Nikesh Samarth, Amit Vasudeo Rane, and Vinayak Kamble. "Studies in Effect of Nano Aluminium Trihydroxide Concentration on Flame Retardant Properties of Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber." Advanced Engineering Forum 14 (October 2015): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.14.3.

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The science and technology of synthetic polymers has undergone explosive growth in the last few decades and the number of different polymeric materials in our built environment increases almost daily. All organic polymers burn and thus entail some measure of fire hazard in some situations. With increasing awareness of the nation’s fire problem it has become evident that the problems associated with flammability of polymeric materials must be attacked and solved. With the large number of polymers in commercial use. Problems of flammability and fire retardation are complex and multifaceted properties have to be developed, or existing polymers must be modified by addition of fire-retardant compounds. EPDM Rubber has many attractive properties such as low shrinkage, ease of cure and processing, excellent moisture, solvent and chemical resistance, good mechanical and electrical properties, as well as ease of modification to optimize the properties. However flammability is a major limitation in area requiring high flame resistance. Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) due to its flame retardancy property is widely used as non reinforcing filler in wires and cable compound along with silica and carbon black. In this study carbon black is fully replaced by nano ATH to make environment friendly rubber products. However, the dispersion of nano particles in rubber is remarkably poor and hence techniques like melt mixing, solution mixing and master batching of nano ATH with EVA (Ethylene- vinyl acetate) are used to improve the dispersion of nano ATH particles in EPDM elastomers. In the current study we have used melt mixing for improving the dispersion of nano ATH and excellent results were obtained with optimum loading of nano ATH.

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8

Wang, Junsheng, Lei Xue, Bi Zhao, Guide Lin, Xing Jin, Dan Liu, Haibo Zhu, Jinjun Yang, and Ke Shang. "Flame Retardancy, Fire Behavior, and Flame Retardant Mechanism of Intumescent Flame Retardant EPDM Containing Ammonium Polyphosphate/Pentaerythrotol and Expandable Graphite." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 4, 2019): 4035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244035.

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The intumescent flame retardant ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) was prepared using intumescent flame retardant (IFR), including ammonium polyphosphate (APP) /pentaerythrotol (PER) and expandable graphite (EG), as the flame retardant agent. The effects of IFR and EG on the flame retardancy, fire behavior, and thermal stability of the EPDM were investigated. The results show that IFR and EG have excellent synergistic flame retardant effects. When the mass ratio of IFR to EG is 3:1 and the total addition content is 40 phr, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the EPDM material (EPDM/IFR/EG) can reach 30.4%, and it can pass a V-0 rating in the vertical combustion (UL-94) test. Meanwhile, during the cone calorimetry test, the heat release rate and total heat release of EPDM/IFR/EG are 69.0% and 33.3% lower than that of the pure EPDM, respectively, and the smoke release of the material also decreases significantly, suggesting that the sample shows good fire safety. In addition, the flame retardant mechanism of IFR and EG is systematically investigated by thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results indicate that IFR and EG have only physical interaction. Moreover, the reason why IFR exhibits a poor flame retardant effect in EPDM materials is explained.

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9

Su, Zhanpai, Pingkai Jiang, Qiang Li, Ping Wei, and Yong Zhang. "Toughening of Polypropylene Highly Filled with Aluminum Hydroxide." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 2 (February 2005): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300203.

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The flame retardant and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP), highly filled with aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and toughened with ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and zinc neutralized sulfated EPDM ionomer (Zn-S-EPDM), were studied along with their morphology. The PP matrix when highly filled with Al(OH)3 particles can achieve an adequate level of flame retardancy, but there is a decrease in the mechanical properties because of inadequate adhesion between the Al(OH)3 particles and the PP matrix and the strong tendency of the filler to agglomerate. The rubber incorporated in the PP/Al(OH)3 composites has two roles: as compatibilizer and toughening agent. Although ordinary EPDM significantly improves the Izod impact strength of the composites, the tensile properties are much worse because of the weak interfacial adhesion between the modifier and the matrix. Using Zn-S-EPDM instead EPDM, the tensile properties are much improved with only a slight decrease in toughness, because of improvements in the interfacial adhesion between modifier and matrix. SEM micrographs show that the rubber phase is dispersed in the continuous PP matrix and that most Al(OH)3 particles are uniformly distributed in the rubbery phase. Larger, obviously rubbery, domains can be seen in the PP/EPDM/Al(OH)3 ternary composites. Much finer rubbery domains were found in the PP/Zn-S-EPDM/Al(OH)3 composites.

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10

Andreev, A. N., P. M. Polyakova, Yu V. Olikhova, and A. M. Tolstov. "Research of Flame-Retardant and Physical and Mechanical Properties of Thermally Expanding Sealing Tapes Based on Polyolefin Thermoplastic Elastomers." Kauchuk i Rezina 80, no. 3 (2021): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47664/0022-9466-2021-80-3-140-143.

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A study of the flame-retardant (FR) properties, the degree of expansion (DE) and the strength properties of thermally expanding sealing tapes (TST) based on polyolefin thermoplastic elastomers is presented. Experimental TST based on ethylene vinyl acetate rubber (БК-E), and a semi-crystalline copolymer of ethylene and propylene (БК-V) with additives of oxidized graphite (OG) were obtained on laboratory equipment. DE, categories of FR and strength properties of БК-E and БК-V differ slightly. The morphology of the char foams of the obtained compositions was determined. Based on the summary of the results it was found that the composition of БК-E has a better FR in comparison with БК-V. It is estimated that this is primarily due to the nature of the polymer matrix of the compositions, as well as the distribution of components in it, in particular, OG, and their interaction with each other during the combustion process. It is shown that the properties of the developed TST are at the level of the existing ones. A further series of research is expected.

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11

Abdikarimov, Malik N., R. Kh Turgumbayeva, S. S. Sagintaeva, R. Mussabekov, and S. K. Abildinova. "Heatfireprotection Polymer Coatings on the Basis of EPDM-40 with Additives." Key Engineering Materials 816 (August 2019): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.816.356.

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Triple ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPDM) are used for the making of structural elements exposed to mechanical loads and are heat-resistant [1, 2], but their widespread use in aviation and shipbuilding equipment and other industries is limited due to Flammability. Double ethylene-propylene rubbers are practically limiting, and triple (EPDM), Dicyclopentadiene is used as the third component, due to the small content of double bonds in the side chains, have high heat resistance compared to diene rubbers [2], and therefore the issues of fire resistance of rubber-technical products based on them remain more and more urgent [3-7]. In [7] it is shown that if the values of the oxygen index (OI) and PP and EPDM are equal 17 % and 18.5 %, respectively, the coke numbers (CN) - 0 % and 0.5 %, and the copolymer is a PP/EPDM = 37,5/62,5 OI increases to 19.5% and CN up to 1.5 %. For copolymer PP / EPDM = 61.5 / 38.5 OI and CN are 21% and 3.4%, respectively, i.e. fire resistance in copolymers does not increase, which is an urgent problem. Polyolefins as it is shown in [7] and other works, at pyrolysis in soft conditions decompose practically without the rest, at thermal blows the mechanism of destruction changes and the carbonized rest is formed. The presence of cross-linked structures in the macromolecules of polyolefins also leads to the appearance of a carbonized residue. In work [8] the formulations of rubber mixtures resistant to wet chlorine, aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride, hydrogen, for the production of gaskets for electrolyzers and in [9] the effect of dithiophosphate accelerators on the complex properties of rubbers based on rubber grade EPDM-40. In [10] investigated the effect of a modified alumino-silicate intumescent microfiber filler kaolin microfiber (KMF) on the fire and heat protective properties (FHP) of vulcanizates based on ethylene-propylene-diene rubber EPDM-40. The compositions contained from 3 to 15 Weight Part (W.P.) KMV with a fractional composition of 25-110 microns and a fiber diameter of about 10 microns. As modifiers used a phosphorus boron containing oligomer (FBO), contributing to the increase of fireheat protective properties and multifunctional additive - hexachlor-p-xylene. It has been established that the modification of the kaolin microfiber leads to an improvement in the fire and heat protective properties at high temperature exposure: the rate of linear combustion decreases by 14%, the formation of the coke layer (CL) increases. It is shown that in conditions of erosion ablation, the fire-protective material has a 10 to 15% increase in tearing strength of CL, the time of onset of fire increases by 20-40% and the time of CL separation by 30%. In [ 11 ], the effect of HYPERLINK "https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=ru&prev=_t&sl=ru&tl=en&u=https://elibrary.ru/keyword_items.asp%3Fid%3D12826492" microcarbon fiber, a solution of FBO, HYPERLINK "https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=ru&prev=_t&sl=ru&tl=en&u=https://elibrary.ru/keyword_items.asp%3Fid%3D2483721" elastomers and HYPERLINK "https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=ru&prev=_t&sl=ru&tl=en&u=https://elibrary.ru/keyword_items.asp%3Fid%3D4285142" elastomeric materials on the fire-protective properties of EPDM-40 was investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate the processes of pyrolysis in the condensed phase, improving the properties of incombustibility and the creation of flame retardant rubber based on EPDM-40 for metal constructures.

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12

Puertas, María Luisa, Teresa Durán, José Florindo Bartolomé, and Antonio Esteban-Cubillo. "Synthesis of a Zinc Hydroxystannate/Sepiolite Hybrid Additive to Avoid Fire Propagation and Reduce Smoke Emission of EPDM Rubber Nanocomposites." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 10, 2022): 6297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186297.

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A zinc hydroxystannate/sepiolite (SEPZHS) hybrid additive was successfully prepared following a facile wet chemical route synthesis where zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) nanoparticles were grown on the sepiolite’s surface. SEPZHS particles have a fibrillar structure with ZHS nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed and with significantly smaller particle sizes than the synthesized ZHS nanoparticles alone. Sepiolite and SEPZHS were organically modified and introduced in a basic ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) formulation for cable to evaluate the nanocomposite behavior under direct fire sources. The results confirmed the synergistic effect of the hybrid SEPZHS additive in the formation of a most stable and efficient char barrier, thus improving the flame-retardant behavior of EPDM nanocomposite in terms of heat emission, with reductions of more than 40% in the peak of Heat Release Rate (cone calorimeter test), and smoke suppression, with more than 25% reduction in the Total Smoke Production and Smoke Density parameters (smoke chamber test). Moreover, the addition of sepiolite-based additives increased the mechanical properties (hardness) of the nanocomposites, as a result of the matrix reinforcement. This suggests that the SEPZHS hybrid additive may provide a promising option for a new, cost-effective, eco-friendly, yet efficient flame-retardant solution.

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13

He, J., X. Zhang, X. Li, and R. Yang. "Effect of OMMT on ablative, thermal and flame retardant properties of ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) composite." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 44, no. 5 (June 2015): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743289815y.0000000013.

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14

Lee, Yu Jun, Su Bin Lee, Jae Young Jung, Dam Hee Lee, and Ur Ryong Cho. "A Study on Composites of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer and Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubber with Aluminum Hydroxide as a Fire Retardant." Elastomers and Composites 51, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7473/ec.2016.51.2.93.

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15

Szadkowski, Bolesław, Anna Marzec, Przemysław Rybiński, Waldemar Maniukiewicz, and Marian Zaborski. "Aluminum-Magnesium Hydroxycarbonate/Azo Dye Hybrids as Novel Multifunctional Colorants for Elastomer Composites." Polymers 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010043.

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This study presents the preparation and characterization of new organic-inorganic pigments based on aluminum-magnesium hydroxycarbonate (LH) and azo dyes. Solvent resistance studies, XRD, SEM, and TGA confirmed the successful formation of hybrid pigments, which were characterized in terms of their physicochemical properties. The new hybrid pigments were applied in acrylonitrile-butadiene (NBR) and ethylene-propylene (EPM) rubber composites and cured with sulfur and peroxide curing systems, respectively. The mechanical properties, dispersion quality, and flame-retardant properties of the NBR/hybrid and EPM/hybrid pigment composites were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), SEM, and microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). Complex experimental investigations revealed that the layered nature of hybrid pigments could improve the barrier ability and flame retardancy of elastomer composites. In comparison to unmodified aluminum-magnesium hydroxycarbonate, the modified LH dye structures contributed to significantly decrease the heat release rate and the total heat release of the NBR and EPM composites, offering a new approach to imparting low flammability to elastomer materials.

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16

Tang, Zhongfeng, Youshuang Chen, Feng Tian, Haitao Lin, and Zengfang Zhang. "Component Ratio Effect of Melamine Cyanurate/Magnesium Hydroxide on the Flame-retardant Properties of Ethylene-Propylene-diene Terpolymer Rubber." Plastic and Polymer Technology 4 (2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14355/papt.2016.04.003.

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17

Chen, Ruiyu, Shouxiang Lu, Changhai Li, Yanming Ding, Bosi Zhang, and Siuming Lo. "Correlation analysis of heat flux and cone calorimeter test data of commercial flame-retardant ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 123, no. 1 (July 8, 2015): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4900-x.

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18

Kablov, V. F., O. M. Novopol’tseva, V. G. Kochetkov, and V. V. Pudovkin. "Physicomechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties of elastomer compounds based on ethylene–propylene–diene rubber and filled with hollow aluminosilicate microspheres." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 90, no. 2 (February 2017): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s107042721702015x.

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19

Watanabe, Aiki, Asuka Haga, Takefumi Minakawa, Masaaki Ikeda, Naoshi Hirai, and Yoshimichi Ohki. "Insulation Performance of a Cable Insulated with Flame-retardant Ethylene-propylene-diene Rubber Removed from a Nuclear Power Plant under Severe Accident Conditions." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 142, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.142.368.

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20

Ohki, Yoshimichi, Naoshi Hirai, and Sohei Okada. "Penetration Routes of Oxygen and Moisture into the Insulation of FR-EPDM Cables for Nuclear Power Plants." Polymers 14, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 5318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235318.

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The polymeric insulation used in nuclear power plants (NPPs) carries the risk of molecular breakage due to oxidation and hydrolysis in the event of an accident. With this in mind, tubular specimens of flame-retardant ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (FR-EPDM) insulation were obtained by taking conductors out of a cable harvested from an NPP. Similar tubular specimens were made from a newly manufactured cable and those aged artificially using a method called the “superposition of time-dependent data.” The inner and outer surfaces of each tubular specimen were subjected to various instrumental analyses to examine their oxidation, moisture uptake, and cross-linking. As a result, it has become clear that oxygen penetrates the cable through gaps between the twisted conductor strands. Meanwhile, water vapor diffuses more often through the sheath than through gaps between the conductor strands. Of the two methods used to simulate design-based accidents in NPPs, the one used to simulate the designed loss-of-coolant accident is more severe to FR-EPDM than the one used to simulate the designed severe accident. In addition, the validity of the method called the “superposition of time-dependent data,” which is used to give artificial aging treatments to cable samples, was confirmed. Measurements of spin-spin relaxation time and residual dipolar coupling using time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance were found suitable to use to obtain information on the cross-linking of FR-EPDM insulation.

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21

Komarov, I. V., D. A. Polyakov, K. I. Nikitin, and V. Yu Miroshnik. "Mathematical model of insulation breakdown prediction based on partial discharge characteristics." Omsk Scientific Bulletin, no. 175 (2021): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/1813-8225-2021-175-46-49.

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The paper investigates the existing mathematical models of insulation destruction. It has been determined that most of the models for assessing the residual life of insulation are based on models of thermal and thermo-oxidative destruction of insulation materials. Currently, solid dielectrics are gaining popularity, including crosslinked polyethylene, PVC, ethylene-propylene rubber, and others. In such dielectrics, it is possible to estimate the residual life in the short term. This possibility and necessity is due to the possibility of growth of tree defects under the influence of partial discharges. The article describes the proposed mathematical model for assessing the residual resource of insulation by modeling the growth of a defect. To take into account the influence of random variables, the model uses the Weibull distribution. The model assumes the division of the insulation thickness into some areas, each of which is destroyed independently of the others. The destruction of these areas occurs when partial discharges occur with certain energy sufficient to destroy the material. Insulation failure is predicted using the least squares method. The results obtained can be useful in assessing the residual life of insulating materials and in conducting research in this area

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22

Ahmed, Ashraf Fathy, and Suong V. Hoa. "Thermal insulation by heat resistant polymers for solid rocket motor insulation." Journal of Composite Materials 46, no. 13 (October 11, 2011): 1549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998311418850.

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A new method for the development (design, fabrication, and characterization) of asbestos-free rubbers for use as rocket motor insulators is presented. Such insulation is based on chopped carbon fiber (CCF) and aramid fiber in pulp form asreinforcement for ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) along with ammonium polyphosphate (AP) flame retardant agent. Six millimeters long CCFs and/or Kevlar pulp (KP) are dispersed in the EPDM polymeric matrix to obtain a homogenous master batch for curing. The new method involves the development of two types of prepregs andthe lamination of these types of prepregs. The first one consists of CCF/EPDM/AP (50 phr CCF) and the second type of prepreg KP/EPDM/AP (30 phr KP). Laminates composed of six alternative layers of these prepregs have been shown to exhibit better thermal, mechanical, physical, and ablative properties than their non-laminated counterparts.

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23

Ding, Zhengmao, Yingchun Li, Maoyong He, Wensheng Wang, and Chao Wang. "The combination of expandable graphite, organic montmorillonite, and magnesium hydrate as fire-retardant additives for ethylene-propylene-diene monomer/chloroprene rubber foams." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 134, no. 23 (February 11, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.44929.

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