Journal articles: 'Tree talks'

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McNeilly, Kevin. "The Tree of Meaning: Thirteen Talks (review)." University of Toronto Quarterly 77, no. 1 (2008): 451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/utq.0.0254.

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Carvalho, Edward. "A Branch on the Tree of Whitman: Martín Espada Talks about Leaves of Grass." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 26, no. 1 (2008): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13008/2153-3695.1883.

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Vernon, Jen. "Three Poems: ‘Charleena Chavon Lyles’, ‘Spotted Owl’, ‘Economics’." Journal of Working-Class Studies 5, no. 3 (2020): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/jwcs.v5i3.6309.

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This collection of poems is based in working-class life through an intersectional lens on the west coast of the US. It includes a documentary poem to a young Black woman, Charleena Chavon Lyles, who has been elegized by the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in Seattle. It draws on news articles and an obituary to support its truth claims and aims to counter the official police report and support the global, working class, BLM movement. ‘Spotted Owl’ is a poem that talks back to the opposition between loggers and the forest, in part from the point of view of an old growth tree. It highlights the intimate relationship between trees and owls and between blue- collar workers who directly work with natural resources and the environment. ‘Economics’ is about work beyond capitalism, through a focus on the relationship between bees and a chaste tree and the Irish word for labor, saothar. In sum, these poems address the lived experience of class through the author’s vantage at this place and time, from the US west coast.

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Madhuri, M. Bindu. "Mythical Women and Journey towards destined Roles -Comparison between the Contemporary Characters in the Novels: The thousand Faces of Night and the Vine of Desire." Vol-6, Issue-2, March - April 2021 6, no. 2 (2021): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.62.49.

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India is a land of culture and tradition. Indian mythology has carved its niche om the world of Mythology. Indian Mythology is rich in scriptures and Vedas. The Hindu mythology has its roots in the religion. The rituals and tradition area part of the Hindu Mythology. The present paper focuses on the Hindu Mythology with special reference to the Panchakanyas from the Vedic Scriptures. These Panchakanyas were revered in the scriptures and their names were chanted during the sermons and rituals as they are believed to be the Pativratas. This paper focus on the mythical figures from the fiction of Sudha Murthy “The Daughter from a wishing tree” these women carved their own destiny. This paper gives a comparative study of the characters ‘ Devi’, from “Thousand Faces Of Night” and ‘Sudha’ from “The vine Of Desire” with that of the mythical characters .These people from the novels carved their own destinies .Along with these mythical women the writer talks about many women and their tales were of importance to mention.

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Ahalya, R. "Role of Nature in Michelle Cohen Corasanti’s The Almond Tree." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, no. 1 (2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i1.6294.

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: This paper entitled “Role of Nature in Michelle Cohen Corasanti’s The Almond Tree” represents the relationship man has with nature and vice versa. It also explains that though The Almond Tree is a war novel, Corosanti brings in the tint of nature here and there in the novel. It also talks about certain ways through which nature can be retained and the double destruction on nature due to the man-made causes. The obliteration caused to man and to nature by war has been portrayed in this paper. It is the duty of every human being to look after the well being of nature. When one put in the effort to protect the nature, it naturally attracts others to protect the nature. Unless protecting the nature, it is the future generation which suffers the most than the present generation. In short, this paper stresses on the necessity of protecting the nature. God, the creator of the whole world, creates nature as well as man. He then delivers the nature in the hands of man with a hope that man gives priority to protect his creation. Nature is a mother, nurturer, doctor, teacher and entertainer. It is filled with adventures, amusements, beauty and sometimes even danger. There is a balance within the ecosystem to enjoy the benefits of mutual co-existence. When this balance is maintained, there blooms peace and happiness. But if any one of it tries to dominate, there would be great tragedy. Nature is a best healer in every situations of human life. Though selfishness leads the man to destroy the nature, there are few people who are able to understand the importance of nature. There is a deep relationship between the man and nature. So, it is necessary to look at the relationship between the nature and the man in Corasanti’s The Almond Tree.

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Thomas, Virginia. "Black Tree Play: Learning From Anti-Lynching Ecologies in The ‘Life and Times’ of an American Called Pauli Murray." Feminist Review 125, no. 1 (2020): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141778920918582.

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This article reads the photo album, The ‘Life and Times’ of an American Called Pauli Murray as an archive of anti-lynching pasts and futures. While scholarly discourses have leveraged Murray’s archive for evidence of her ‘true’ gender and sexual orientation, this article uses the reading practice of ‘accompaniment’ to reframe investigations of Murray’s identity into thinking with and learning from the strategies she archived in the album for living in atmospheres of antiblackness. Working with Christina Sharpe’s (2016) concept of ‘weathering’, I read several photographs in Murray’s album as burgeoning ecologies of repair in relation to visual technologies of racial capture, particularly that of lynching photography. Reading passages in which Murray talks about lynching and race as atmospheric from Proud Shoes (1999 [1956]) and Song in a Weary Throat (1987) alongside The ‘Life and Times’, I read Murray’s portraits as rupturing white property relations through turning lynching photography’s scripts inside out.

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MARSANO, JOSEPH. "BRANE/ANTIBRANE CONFIGURATIONS IN TYPE IIA AND M-THEORY." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 37 (2007): 2775–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307025686.

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We investigate the relation between large N duality applied to systems of D5's and [Formula: see text]'s wrapping vanishing cycles of local CY in type IIB and M-theory lifts of the NS5/D4/[Formula: see text] systems in type IIA to which they are related by T-duality. Through a simple example based on a local CY constructed using an A2 singularity, we review this well-known correspondence in the supersymmetric setting and describe the manner in which it generalizes when antibranes are added. Agreement between the IIB and IIA pictures, which supports the assertion that [Formula: see text] supersymmetry is spontaneously broken in these systems at string tree level, is demonstrated when gs ≪ 1. Novel nonholomorphic features can arise away from this regime and their physical origin is discussed. This note is based on talks given at KITP, Harvard University, TIFR, the University of Tokyo at Hongo, the 2007 Les Houches Summer School, and the 2007 Simons Workshop, is based on work done in collaboration with K. Papadodimas and M. Shigemori, and contains some previously unpublished results.

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Rotherham, Ian D. "Tree talk." Arboricultural Journal 34, no. 2 (2012): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2012.709718.

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Teng, Zhiyang, and Yue Zhang. "Head-Lexicalized Bidirectional Tree LSTMs." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (December 2017): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00053.

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Sequential LSTMs have been extended to model tree structures, giving competitive results for a number of tasks. Existing methods model constituent trees by bottom-up combinations of constituent nodes, making direct use of input word information only for leaf nodes. This is different from sequential LSTMs, which contain references to input words for each node. In this paper, we propose a method for automatic head-lexicalization for tree-structure LSTMs, propagating head words from leaf nodes to every constituent node. In addition, enabled by head lexicalization, we build a tree LSTM in the top-down direction, which corresponds to bidirectional sequential LSTMs in structure. Experiments show that both extensions give better representations of tree structures. Our final model gives the best results on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank and highly competitive results on the TREC question type classification task.

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BRESLOW, LEONARD A., and DAVID W. AHA. "Simplifying decision trees: A survey." Knowledge Engineering Review 12, no. 01 (1997): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888997000015.

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Induced decision trees are an extensively-researched solution to classification tasks. For many practical tasks, the trees produced by tree-generation algorithms are not comprehensible to users due to their size and complexity. Although many tree induction algorithms have been shown to produce simpler, more comprehensible trees (or data structures derived from trees) with good classification accuracy, tree simplification has usually been of secondary concern relative to accuracy, and no attempt has been made to survey the literature from the perspective of simplification. We present a framework that organizes the approaches to tree simplification and summarize and critique the approaches within this framework. The purpose of this survey is to provide researchers and practitioners with a concise overview of tree-simplification approaches and insight into their relative capabilities. In our final discussion, we briefly describe some empirical findings and discuss the application of tree induction algorithms to case retrieval in case-based reasoning systems.

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Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi, Francisco Lloret, and David D. Breshears. "Drought-induced forest decline: causes, scope and implications." Biology Letters 8, no. 5 (2011): 689–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1059.

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A large number of episodes of forest mortality associated with drought and heat stress have been detected worldwide in recent decades, suggesting that some of the world's forested ecosystems may be already responding to climate change. Here, we summarize a special session titled ‘Drought-induced forest decline: causes, scope and implications’ within the 12th European Ecological Federation Congress, held in Ávila (Spain) from 25 to 29 September 2011. The session focused on the interacting causes and impacts of die-off episodes at the community and ecosystem levels, and highlighted recent events of drought- and heat-related tree decline, advances in understanding mechanisms and in predicting mortality events, and diverse consequences of forest decline. Talks and subsequent discussion noted a potentially important role of carbon that may be interrelated with plant hydraulics in the multi-faceted process leading to drought-induced mortality; a substantial and yet understudied capacity of many forests to cope with extreme climatic events; and the difficulty of separating climate effects from other anthropogenic changes currently shaping forest dynamics in many regions of the Earth. The need for standard protocols and multi-level monitoring programmes to track the spatio-temporal scope of forest decline globally was emphasized as critical for addressing this emerging environmental issue.

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Jenitha, T., S. Santhi, and J. Monisha Privthy Jeba. "Prediction of Students’ Performance based on Academic, Behaviour, Extra and Co-Curricular Activities." Webology 18, Special Issue 01 (2021): 262–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v18si01/web18058.

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Since Academic institutions contain huge volume of data regarding students such as academic scores, scores in co and extracurricular activities, family annual income, family background and other supporting documents, predicting individual students performance in all aspects manually is a difficult task. The proposed work uses data mining techniques to identify students who are eligible for scholarships and other benefits. Students are classified into different categories by means of academic, behavior, extra and co-curricular activities. Machine Learning algorithms such as Naive Bayes, Decision Tree Classifier and Support Vector Machine are used for predicting the performance of the student. With the help of this proposed model parents and instructors can monitor student’s performance and they can also provide essential technical and moral support. Also this helps in providing academic scholarship and training to the students to support them financially and to enrich their knowledge. It suggests the Academic Institutions to organize induction or training programmes at the beginning of the semester. Technical training, motivational talks, Yoga, etc are organized by the institutions by keeping in mind of students physical and mental health. Considering the e-learning platforms huge volumes of data and plethora of information are generated. In this work, various learning models are constructed and their accuracies are compared to analyse which algorithm out-performs.

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Tucovic, Aleksandar, and Dragan Karadzic. "Biology of forest tree protection: its tasks and perspectives." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 85 (2002): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0285007t.

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The logical conclusion of the short analysis of criteria on natural resource planning and management in situ and ex situ (scale, number, intraspecific variability, ecology of communities, policy, economy, organisation of research, recreation), referring to active biological protection of trees, is as follows: biological resources of trees in situ and ex situ should be large, diverse and geographically and ecologically distributed throughout the country. Their number and scale depend on our potentials. At the beginning of the new century, we have to create an active (functional) strategy of the protection of tree biology, especially endemic and relic species. Accordingly, the biologists interested in tree resource protection should already exercise their influence in solving these issues (organisation of active protection, more or less directed reproduction, of economically significant species, etc). The biological protection of trees has an intensive development in the developed countries of the world, while the developing countries are trying to follow the trend, depending on their material sources, culture and attitude of their state government Biological protection of trees is an open, new, and very wide area of further research in already set aside natural resources in situ and ex situ. This is a new field of research, without a long tradition. Along with the scientific value of this approach of the systematic and systemic solution of more or less directed tree reproduction, we also need an economic stimulation. The scope and the complexity of this field of research requires further scientific work of a greater number of teams, some of which should be supported by forestry profession and the society in general The introduction of the model of tree recombination system enables a completely new approach to quality control of the successive generations of trees. This means that all current and planned measures in the model must be clearly scientifically defined, integrally (ecosystem) understood and, most importantly, efficiently realized. Also, their definition and realisation must be synchronised and continual both in case of short-term and long-term measures, which are interdependent and inter-conditioned .

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Syvertsen, J. P., M. L. Smith, and B. J. Boman. "GROWTH, MINERAL NUTRITION, AND LEACHING LOSSES FROM SALINIZED CITRUS TREES." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 579c—579. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.579c.

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Effects of salinized irrigation water on tree canopy and root growth, water use, foliar nutrition, and leaching losses below the rootzone were studied during a 2-year period using single tree lysimeters. Eighteen 6-year-old `Valencia' orange trees on either Carrizo citrange (CC) rootstock or sour orange (SO) rootstock were each transplanted into 7.8 m3 drainage lysimeters and irrigated with water having an electrical conductivity of 0.3, 1.6, or 2.5 dS m-1 from a 3:1 ratio of NaCl:CaCl2. Six additional trees (3 on each rootstock) were transplanted into soil without tanks. Trees outside the tanks were smaller, but nutritionally similar to the low salinity trees in lysimeters. Trees on CC were larger, had greater root densities, and were associated with less leaching of ions and nutrients into drainage water from the tanks than trees on SO. High salinity irrigation water reduced canopy growth and ET, but increased fibrous root dry weight. Trees on CC accumulated more Cl in leaves and in fruit juice than those on SO. Leaching loss of total N varied from 2-8% of that annually applied to trees, but up to 70% of the applied N and up to 80% of the applied K were leached from the blank tank with no tree. Salinized trees lost more N and K to drainage water, especially those on SO. Tree size, root density, and irrigation water quality can influence leaching losses beyond the rootzone.

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Sungheetha, Akey, and Rajesh Sharma R. "A Comparative Machine Learning Study on IT Sector Edge Nearer to Working From Home (WFH) Contract Category for Improving Productivity." December 2020 2, no. 4 (2021): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jaicn.2020.4.004.

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Many private companies in India offered working from home (WFH) for employees due to COVID’19 lockdown. The WFH has both merits and demerits for the employees as well as employer when it compared within office working environment. Many research works is showing many opinions about increases or decreases of productivity in the real time for any industries. This works talks about WFH impression is leads to edge nearer for the efficient productivity to any employer. In addition, the research article is providing survey of the benefits and demerits of WFH in India. In the view of the higher capacity, ultra very low level inactivity for better security is in the internetwork domain, there are lots of benefits in telework, and internet based work. The predicting development is done by Random Forest, Decision Tree, and Naïve Bayes for future with the help of three datasets. The datasets has taken from three types of general public such as city, town, and village for this research analysis. This research article is weighing up the rate of changes of productivity from the employees. Finally, this research work compares the learning method analysis includes prediction of rate of change of productivity from employees at city region. This prediction is computed by ML algorithm. Based on this prediction employers can improve and plan for their production and control the system in a better way.

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Graham, Martin, and Jessie Kennedy. "A Survey of Multiple Tree Visualisation." Information Visualization 9, no. 4 (2009): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ivs.2009.29.

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This article summarises the current state of research into multiple tree visualisations. It discusses the spectrum of current representation techniques used on single trees, pairs of trees and finally multiple trees, in order to identify which representations are best suited to particular tasks and to find gaps in the representation space, in which opportunities for future multiple tree visualisation research may exist. The application areas from where multiple tree data are derived are enumerated, and the distinct structures that multiple trees make in combination with each other and the effect on subsequent approaches to their visualisation are discussed, along with the basic high-level goals of existing multiple tree visualisations.

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D’ALCHÉ-BUC, FLORENCE, DIDIER ZWIERSKI, and JEAN-PIERRE NADAL. "TRIO LEARNING: A NEW STRATEGY FOR BUILDING HYBRID NEURAL TREES." International Journal of Neural Systems 05, no. 04 (1994): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012906579400027x.

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Neural trees are constructive algorithms which build decision trees whose nodes are binary neurons. We propose a new learning scheme, “trio-learning,” which leads to a significant reduction in the tree complexity. In this strategy, each node of the tree is optimized by taking into account the knowledge that it will be followed by two son nodes. Moreover, trio-learning can be used to build hybrid trees, with internal nodes and terminal nodes of different nature, for solving any standard tasks (e.g. classification, regression, density estimation). Significant results on a handwritten character classification are presented.

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Jaśkowski, Wojciech, Krzysztof Krawiec, and Bartosz Wieloch. "Multitask Visual Learning Using Genetic Programming." Evolutionary Computation 16, no. 4 (2008): 439–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco.2008.16.4.439.

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We propose a multitask learning method of visual concepts within the genetic programming (GP) framework. Each GP individual is composed of several trees that process visual primitives derived from input images. Two trees solve two different visual tasks and are allowed to share knowledge with each other by commonly calling the remaining GP trees (subfunctions) included in the same individual. The performance of a particular tree is measured by its ability to reproduce the shapes contained in the training images. We apply this method to visual learning tasks of recognizing simple shapes and compare it to a reference method. The experimental verification demonstrates that such multitask learning often leads to performance improvements in one or both solved tasks, without extra computational effort.

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Syvertsen, J. P., and M. L. Smith. "Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency and Leaching Losses from Lysimeter-grown Citrus Trees Fertilized at Three Nitrogen Rates." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 1 (1996): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.1.57.

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Four-year-old `Redblush' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on either the relatively fast-growing rootstock `Volkamer' lemon (VL) (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.) or on the slower-growing rootstock sour orange (SO) (C. aurantium L.) were transplanted into 7.9-m3 drainage lysimeter tanks filled with native Candler sand, irrigated similarly, and fertilized at three N rates during 2.5 years. After 6 months, effects of N application rate and rootstock on tree growth, evapotranspiration, fruit yield, N uptake, and leaching were measured during the following 2 years. When trees were 5 years old, low, medium, and high N application rates averaged about 79,180, or 543 g N/tree per year and about 126,455, or 868 g N/tree during the following year. Recommended rates average about 558 g N/tree per year. A lysimeter tank with no tree and additional trees growing outside lysimeters received the medium N treatment. Nitrogen concentration in the drainage water increased with N rate and exceeded 10 mg·liter-1 for trees receiving the high rates and also for the no tree tank. Leachate N concentration and total N recovered was greater from trees on SO than from those on VL. Average N uptake efficiency of medium N rate trees on VL was 6870 of the applied N and 61 % for trees on SO. Nitrogen uptake efficiency decreased with increased N application rates. Trees outside lysimeters had lower leaf N and fruit yield than lysimeter trees. Overall, canopy volume and leaf N concentration increased with N rate, but there was no effect of N rate on fibrous root dry weight. Fruit yield of trees on SO was not affected by N rate but higher N resulted in greater yield for trees on VL. Rootstock had no effect on leaf N concentration, but trees on VI. developed larger canopies, had greater fibrous root dry weight, used more water, and yielded more fruit than trees on SO. Based on growth, fruit yield and N leaching losses, currently recommended N rates were appropriate for trees on the more vigorous VL rootstock but were 22% to 69 % too high for trees on SO.

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Smith, Michael W. "Relationship of Trunk Size to Selected Canopy Size Parameters for Native Pecan Trees." HortScience 43, no. 3 (2008): 784–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.3.784.

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Trees in a native pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch.] grove vary in size, age, and genotype and tree spacing pattern is not uniform. This presents some problems for managing tree density, calibrating pesticide sprayers, and other management tasks. Trunk and canopy diameters and tree height of diverse sizes of native pecan trees in managed groves were measured and the relationships of cross-sectional trunk area with canopy footprint, surface area, and volume were determined. The canopy footprint, surface area, and volume per hectare were then calculated for the recommended stocking density of 6.9 m2·ha−1 of cross-sectional trunk area. Cross-sectional trunk area was strongly correlated with canopy footprint, surface area, and volume. Groves with an average tree size between 0.02 and 0.75 m2·ha−1 cross-sectional trunk had ≈50% canopy cover per unit land area and 3 ha·ha−1 bearing surface per unit land area at the recommended stocking density.

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최종덕. "Some Issues and Tasks of Global Citizenship Education." Theory and Research in Citizenship Education 46, no. 4 (2014): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35557/trce.46.4.201412.007.

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Marcoulaki, Eftychia C. "A Heuristic Methodology for Efficient Reduction of Large Multistate Event Trees." Journal of Quality and Reliability Engineering 2013 (June 10, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/532350.

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This work proposes a new methodology for the management of event tree information used in the quantitative risk assessment of complex systems. The size of event trees increases exponentially with the number of system components and the number of states that each component can be found in. Their reduction to a manageable set of events can facilitate risk quantification and safety optimization tasks. The proposed method launches a deductive exploitation of the event space, to generate reduced event trees for large multistate systems. The approach consists in the simultaneous treatment of large subsets of the tree, rather than focusing on the given single components of the system and getting trapped into guesses on their structural arrangement.

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Oksamytna, Kseniya, and Magnus Lundgren. "Decorating the “Christmas Tree”." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 27, no. 2 (2021): 226–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02702006.

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Abstract Contemporary peacekeeping operations carry out many disparate tasks, which has triggered a debate about “Christmas Tree mandates.” Did the UN Secretariat or the UN Security Council drive this expansion? Using original data on nineteen UN peacekeeping missions, 1998–2014, this article compares peacekeeping tasks recommended by the Secretariat to those mandated by the Council. It finds that the two bodies expressed different preferences regarding the nature, number, and novelty of peacekeeping tasks. First, the Council dropped Secretariat-recommended tasks as often as it added new ones on its own initiative. Second, the two bodies disagreed more over peacebuilding and peacemaking tasks than over peacekeeping tasks. Third, the Council preferred to be the one to introduce novel tasks that had not appeared in previous mandates. Finally, among the countries that “held the pen” on peacekeeping resolutions, the United States was the most prone to dropping Secretariat-proposed tasks and the least willing to add tasks itself.

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Taghizadeh, Nasrin, and Heshaam Faili. "Cross-lingual Adaptation Using Universal Dependencies." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 4 (2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3448251.

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We describe a cross-lingual adaptation method based on syntactic parse trees obtained from the Universal Dependencies (UD), which are consistent across languages, to develop classifiers in low-resource languages. The idea of UD parsing is to capture similarities as well as idiosyncrasies among typologically different languages. In this article, we show that models trained using UD parse trees for complex NLP tasks can characterize very different languages. We study two tasks of paraphrase identification and relation extraction as case studies. Based on UD parse trees, we develop several models using tree kernels and show that these models trained on the English dataset can correctly classify data of other languages, e.g., French, Farsi, and Arabic. The proposed approach opens up avenues for exploiting UD parsing in solving similar cross-lingual tasks, which is very useful for languages for which no labeled data is available.

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Sun, Shuaichao, Quang V. Cao, and Tianjian Cao. "Evaluation of distance-independent competition indices in predicting tree survival and diameter growth." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 5 (2019): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0344.

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Competition indices play a significant role in modeling individual-tree growth and survival. In this study, six distance-independent competition indices were evaluated using 200 permanent plots of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The competition indices were classified into three families: (1) size ratios, which include diameter ratio and basal area ratio; (2) relative position indices, which include basal area of larger trees (BAL) and tree relative position based on the cumulative distribution function (CDF); and (3) partitioned stand density index and relative density. Results indicated that different families of competition indices were suitable for different tree survival or diameter growth prediction tasks. The diameter ratio was superior for predicting tree survival, whereas the relative position indices (BAL and CDF) performed best for predicting tree diameter growth, with CDF receiving the highest rank.

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Williams, Adina, Andrew Drozdov*, and Samuel R. Bowman. "Do latent tree learning models identify meaningful structure in sentences?" Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 6 (December 2018): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00019.

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Recent work on the problem of latent tree learning has made it possible to train neural networks that learn to both parse a sentence and use the resulting parse to interpret the sentence, all without exposure to ground-truth parse trees at training time. Surprisingly, these models often perform better at sentence understanding tasks than models that use parse trees from conventional parsers. This paper aims to investigate what these latent tree learning models learn. We replicate two such models in a shared codebase and find that (i) only one of these models outperforms conventional tree-structured models on sentence classification, (ii) its parsing strategies are not especially consistent across random restarts, (iii) the parses it produces tend to be shallower than standard Penn Treebank (PTB) parses, and (iv) they do not resemble those of PTB or any other semantic or syntactic formalism that the authors are aware of.

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Christen, Kris. "When trees talk." Analytical Chemistry 77, no. 9 (2005): 165 A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0533671.

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Luo, Jiajia, Hongtao Shan, Gaoyu Zhang, et al. "Exploiting Syntactic and Semantic Information for Textual Similarity Estimation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (January 23, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4186750.

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The textual similarity task, which measures the similarity between two text pieces, has recently received much attention in the natural language processing (NLP) domain. However, due to the vagueness and diversity of language expression, only considering semantic or syntactic features, respectively, may cause the loss of critical textual knowledge. This paper proposes a new type of structure tree for sentence representation, which exploits both syntactic (structural) and semantic information known as the weight vector dependency tree (WVD-tree). WVD-tree comprises structure trees with syntactic information along with word vectors representing semantic information of the sentences. Further, Gaussian attention weight is proposed for better capturing important semantic features of sentences. Meanwhile, we design an enhanced tree kernel to calculate the common parts between two structures for similarity judgment. Finally, WVD-tree is tested on widely used semantic textual similarity tasks. The experimental results prove that WVD-tree can effectively improve the accuracy of sentence similarity judgments.

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Zhirkova, Marina Anatol'evna. "Christmas tales of H. C. Andersen “The Fir Tree” and A. I. Kuprin “The Life” in historical-literary dialogue." Litera, no. 5 (May 2020): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.5.30798.

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This article presents a comparative analysis of the tales of H. C. Andersen &ldquo;The Fir-Tree&rdquo; and A. I. Kuprin &ldquo;The Life. Both tales are based on the theme of Christmas, which celebration becomes the culmination in life of a fir tree; as well as have common elements &ndash; description of the life of trees in the forest, gathering of people, Christmas festivities. Tale by the Danish writer moves towards death, demise of the tree that can be considered as punishment for indifference and ambitiousness, inability to find joy in what is given by life. Kuprin&rsquo;s story contradicts Andersen&rsquo;s tradition, demonstrating a markedly different writer&rsquo;s position &ndash; affirmation of life in contrast to death. Attention is focused on not only the plot, but also genre peculiarities of each composition. Tales are allegorical, they can be called the philosophical tales-parables, urging the reader to reasoning on their own life. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the text of A. I. Kuprin&rsquo;s tale is being analyzed for the first time. It is viewed in related to the tradition set by Andersen&rsquo;s tales, as a Christmas text. The article also determine the role of the late among the works of the writer.

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Okada, Hugo Kenji Rodrigues, Andre Ricardo Nascimento das Neves, and Ricardo Shitsuka. "Analysis of Decision Tree Induction Algorithms." Research, Society and Development 8, no. 11 (2019): e298111473. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v8i11.1473.

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Decision trees are data structures or computational methods that enable nonparametric supervised machine learning and are used in classification and regression tasks. The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between the decision tree induction algorithms C4.5 and CART. A quantitative study is performed in which the two methods are compared by analyzing the following aspects: operation and complexity. The experiments presented practically equal hit percentages in the execution time for tree induction, however, the CART algorithm was approximately 46.24% slower than C4.5 and was considered to be more effective.

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Dagan, Tal, and William Martin. "Getting a better picture of microbial evolution en route to a network of genomes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1527 (2009): 2187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0040.

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Most current thinking about evolution is couched in the concept of trees. The notion of a tree with recursively bifurcating branches representing recurrent divergence events is a plausible metaphor to describe the evolution of multicellular organisms like vertebrates or land plants. But if we try to force the tree metaphor onto the whole of the evolutionary process, things go badly awry, because the more closely we inspect microbial genomes through the looking glass of gene and genome sequence comparisons, the smaller the amount of the data that fits the concept of a bifurcating tree becomes. That is mainly because among microbes, endosymbiosis and lateral gene transfer are important, two mechanisms of natural variation that differ from the kind of natural variation that Darwin had in mind. For such reasons, when it comes to discussing the relationships among all living things, that is, including the microbes and all of their genes rather than just one or a select few, many biologists are now beginning to talk about networks rather than trees in the context of evolutionary relationships among microbial chromosomes. But talk is not enough. If we were to actually construct networks instead of trees to describe the evolutionary process, what would they look like? Here we consider endosymbiosis and an example of a network of genomes involving 181 sequenced prokaryotes and how that squares off with some ideas about early cell evolution.

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park young serk. "Trends and Tasks on Settlement of Social Studies' Evaluation Domains." Theory and Research in Citizenship Education 42, no. 2 (2010): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35557/trce.42.2.201006.003.

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Cann, Rebecca L. "Talking trees tell tales." Nature 405, no. 6790 (2000): 1008–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35016679.

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Williams, Stanley N. "Dead trees tell tales." Nature 376, no. 6542 (1995): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/376644a0.

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Šilhán, K., T. Pánek, and J. Hradecký. "Implications of spatial distribution of rockfall reconstructed by dendrogeomorphological methods." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 7 (2013): 1817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1817-2013.

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Abstract. Rockfall is a dangerous geomorphological process. The prediction of potentially threatened areas requires thorough reconstruction of spatial rockfall activity. Dendrogeomorphic methods allow precise determination of both temporal and spatial occurrences of rockfall without the necessity of long-term monitoring. At the case-study site of Taraktash, located among southern slopes of the Crimean Mountains, 114 Crimean pine trees (Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana) were sampled on a talus slope located under a 150 m high rockwall. Based on their age, the trees were divided into two distinct groups (young and old trees). Considerable disturbance in the age structure of the trees on the talus was probably caused by a series of strong earthquakes. Major differences were identified in the ability of young and old trees to record a rockfall event. We found that in the first decades of their growth, the ability of the studied P. nigra to record rockfall events gradually increased. The trees showed the highest sensitivity at the age of 80 to 90 yr; after that age their sensitivity gradually decreases. Two indicators were selected for the spatial reconstruction of rockfall events (the number of rockfall events per tree and recurrence interval). The highest activity was identified on the talus using selected indicators.

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Kim, Taeuk, Jihun Choi, Daniel Edmiston, Sanghwan Bae, and Sang-goo Lee. "Dynamic Compositionality in Recursive Neural Networks with Structure-Aware Tag Representations." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016594.

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Most existing recursive neural network (RvNN) architectures utilize only the structure of parse trees, ignoring syntactic tags which are provided as by-products of parsing. We present a novel RvNN architecture that can provide dynamic compositionality by considering comprehensive syntactic information derived from both the structure and linguistic tags. Specifically, we introduce a structure-aware tag representation constructed by a separate tag-level tree-LSTM. With this, we can control the composition function of the existing wordlevel tree-LSTM by augmenting the representation as a supplementary input to the gate functions of the tree-LSTM. In extensive experiments, we show that models built upon the proposed architecture obtain superior or competitive performance on several sentence-level tasks such as sentiment analysis and natural language inference when compared against previous tree-structured models and other sophisticated neural models.

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park young serk. "Issues and Tasks related to validity of Economics in elective curriculum." Theory and Research in Citizenship Education 39, no. 3 (2007): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35557/trce.39.3.200709.006.

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park young serk. "Forms of convergence education and tasks for realization in Social studies." Theory and Research in Citizenship Education 44, no. 4 (2012): 77–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.35557/trce.44.4.201212.004.

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Durham, Craig. "Technology Focus: Well Integrity (January 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 01 (2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0121-0057-jpt.

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Integrity (noun): the condition of having no part or element wanting; unbroken state; material wholeness, completeness, entirety. I don’t need to explain to readers of this journal why these definitions are important in relation to oil and gas wells. It is a life-of-well obligation that remains even after abandonment, and any responsible operator will have a dedicated well- integrity group advising asset managers with regard to these obligations. While reviewing the abstracts for this feature, I was struck by the huge range of issues and challenges to maintaining “material wholeness” beyond the routine testing of tree and safety valves. That made me wonder why more drilling, completion, and production engineers do not spend at least part of their early career development in a well-integrity team. A good way to learn how to design and operate a well that will last the test of time is to spend time evaluating the reasons why some wells do not. Anyone desiring to get a pretty good awareness of geology and geomechanics, casing and tubing design, drilling fluid and cementing practices, oilfield equipment material specification, design and testing, with some production engineering fluid temperature and pressure modeling thrown in, could do a lot worse than spend a year or two in a well-integrity department. It might not seem the most cutting-edge role in the company, and many older wells have integrity issues that seem almost intractable, so it is perhaps natural that we are more interested in the shiny and new. But, if you have read this far, I would encourage you to read some of these papers and see how these authors have approached the issues as challenges to be faced, not shied away from. And, because it’s that time of year for personal development planning and goal setting, why not work to attend once of the many well-integrity conferences, seminars, or talks organized by SPE each year? Better yet, for your own career material wholeness, why not consider a secondment to your well-integrity department?

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Tavallali, Pooya, Peyman Tavallali, and Mukesh Singhal. "Optimization of Hierarchical Regression Model with Application to Optimizing Multi-Response Regression K-ary Trees." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 5133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33015133.

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A fast, convenient and well-known way toward regression is to induce and prune a binary tree. However, there has been little attempt toward improving the performance of an induced regression tree. This paper presents a meta-algorithm capable of minimizing the regression loss function, thus, improving the accuracy of any given hierarchical model, such as k-ary regression trees. Our proposed method minimizes the loss function of each node one by one. At split nodes, this leads to solving an instance-based cost-sensitive classification problem over the node’s data points. At the leaf nodes, the method leads to a simple regression problem. In the case of binary univariate and multivariate regression trees, the computational complexity of training is linear over the samples. Hence, our method is scalable to large trees and datasets. We also briefly explore possibilities of applying proposed method to classification tasks. We show that our algorithm has significantly better test error compared to other state-ofthe- art tree algorithms. At the end, accuracy, memory usage and query time of our method are compared to recently introduced forest models. We depict that, most of the time, our proposed method is able to achieve better or similar accuracy while having tangibly faster query time and smaller number of nonzero weights.

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Hobbs, F. Collin, Daniel J. Johnson, and Katherine D. Kearns. "A Deliberate Practice Approach to Teaching Phylogenetic Analysis." CBE—Life Sciences Education 12, no. 4 (2013): 676–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe-13-03-0046.

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One goal of postsecondary education is to assist students in developing expert-level understanding. Previous attempts to encourage expert-level understanding of phylogenetic analysis in college science classrooms have largely focused on isolated, or “one-shot,” in-class activities. Using a deliberate practice instructional approach, we designed a set of five assignments for a 300-level plant systematics course that incrementally introduces the concepts and skills used in phylogenetic analysis. In our assignments, students learned the process of constructing phylogenetic trees through a series of increasingly difficult tasks; thus, skill development served as a framework for building content knowledge. We present results from 5 yr of final exam scores, pre- and postconcept assessments, and student surveys to assess the impact of our new pedagogical materials on student performance related to constructing and interpreting phylogenetic trees. Students improved in their ability to interpret relationships within trees and improved in several aspects related to between-tree comparisons and tree construction skills. Student feedback indicated that most students believed our approach prepared them to engage in tree construction and gave them confidence in their abilities. Overall, our data confirm that instructional approaches implementing deliberate practice address student misconceptions, improve student experiences, and foster deeper understanding of difficult scientific concepts.

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EIDSON, JOHN R. "Tree Leaf Talk: A Heideggerian Anthropology:Tree Leaf Talk: A Heideggerian Anthropology." American Anthropologist 106, no. 2 (2004): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2004.106.2.386.1.

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Stepisnik, Tomaz, Aljaz Osojnik, Saso Dzeroski, and Dragi Kocev. "Option predictive clustering trees for multi-target regression." Computer Science and Information Systems 17, no. 2 (2020): 459–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis190928006s.

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Decision trees are one of the most widely used predictive modelling methods primarily because they are readily interpretable and fast to learn. These nice properties come at the price of predictive performance. Moreover, the standard induction of decision trees suffers from myopia: a single split is chosen in each internal node which is selected in a greedy manner; hence, the resulting tree may be sub-optimal. To address these issues, option trees have been proposed which can include several alternative splits in a new type of internal nodes called option nodes. Considering all of this, an option tree can be also regarded as a condensed representation of an ensemble. In this work, we propose to learn option trees for multi-target regression (MTR) based on the predictive clustering framework. The resulting models are thus called option predictive clustering trees (OPCTs). Multi-target regression is concerned with learning predictive models for tasks with multiple numeric target variables.We evaluate the proposed OPCTs on 11 benchmark MTR data sets. The results reveal that OPCTs achieve statistically significantly better predictive performance than a single predictive clustering tree (PCT) and are competitive with bagging and random forests of PCTs. By limiting the number of option nodes, we can achieve a good trade-off between predictive power and efficiency (model size and learning time).We also perform parameter sensitivity analysis and bias-variance decomposition of the mean squared error. Our analysis shows that OPCTs can reduce the variance of PCTs nearly as much as ensemble methods do. In terms of bias, OPCTs occasionally outperform other methods. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of OPCTs for multifaceted interpretability and illustrate the potential for inclusion of domain knowledge in the tree learning process.

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Gascuel, Olivier, and Mike Steel. "A Darwinian Uncertainty Principle." Systematic Biology 69, no. 3 (2019): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz054.

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Abstract Reconstructing ancestral characters and traits along a phylogenetic tree is central to evolutionary biology. It is the key to understanding morphology changes among species, inferring ancestral biochemical properties of life, or recovering migration routes in phylogeography. The goal is 2-fold: to reconstruct the character state at the tree root (e.g., the region of origin of some species) and to understand the process of state changes along the tree (e.g., species flow between countries). We deal here with discrete characters, which are “unique,” as opposed to sequence characters (nucleotides or amino-acids), where we assume the same model for all the characters (or for large classes of characters with site-dependent models) and thus benefit from multiple information sources. In this framework, we use mathematics and simulations to demonstrate that although each goal can be achieved with high accuracy individually, it is generally impossible to accurately estimate both the root state and the rates of state changes along the tree branches, from the observed data at the tips of the tree. This is because the global rates of state changes along the branches that are optimal for the two estimation tasks have opposite trends, leading to a fundamental trade-off in accuracy. This inherent “Darwinian uncertainty principle” concerning the simultaneous estimation of “patterns” and “processes” governs ancestral reconstructions in biology. For certain tree shapes (typically speciation trees) the uncertainty of simultaneous estimation is reduced when more tips are present; however, for other tree shapes it does not (e.g., coalescent trees used in population genetics).

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Hu, Ruo, and Zan Fu Xie. "Classification of Knowledge Discovery Methods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 63-64 (June 2011): 859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.63-64.859.

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Knowledge Discovery, the science and technology of exploring knowledge in order to discover previously unknown patterns, is a part of the overall process of getting information in databases. In today’s computer-driven world, these databases contain a lot of information. The significant value of this information makes knowledge discovery a matter of considerable importance and necessity. A decision tree is a predictive model which can be used to represent both classifiers and regression models. When a decision tree is used for classification tasks, it is more appropriately referred to as a classification tree.in this paper, Classification Trees Method of Knowledge Discovery In Internet is given.

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Abrams, Marc D. "Tales from the Blackgum, a Consummate Subordinate Tree." BioScience 57, no. 4 (2007): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/b570409.

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Meltzer, Françoise. "Reviving the Fairy Tree: Tales of European Sanctity." Critical Inquiry 35, no. 3 (2009): 493–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/598812.

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Herrmann, Julien, Loris Marchal, and Yves Robert. "Memory-aware tree traversals with pre-assigned tasks." Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 75 (January 2015): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2014.10.004.

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Corbridge, S., and S. Kumar. "Community, corruption, landscape: tales from the tree trade." Political Geography 21, no. 6 (2002): 765–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-6298(02)00029-x.

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Santoro, Franco, Eufemia Tarantino, Benedetto Figorito, Stefania Gualano, and Anna Maria D'Onghia. "A tree counting algorithm for precision agriculture tasks." International Journal of Digital Earth 6, no. 1 (2013): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2011.642902.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tree talks'

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