Academic literature on the topic 'Tree trunk hollows'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tree trunk hollows"
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Goldingay, Ross L. "Characteristics of tree hollows used by Australian birds and bats." Wildlife Research 36, no. 5 (2009): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08172.
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Many hundreds of species of wildlife worldwide are dependent on tree hollows (cavities) for their survival. I reviewed the published literature for hollow-using Australian birds and microbats to document their tree-hollow requirements and to guide future research and management. Such information is vital to the conservation of these species. The hollow requirements of only 35 of 114 hollow-using bird species and 15 of 42 hollow-using microbat species were documented in some detail. This overall paucity of information limits the ability to manage for the future requirements of species. However, some generalisations can guide management until further studies are conducted. Most species used a variety of available tree species, and the extensive use of dead trees probably reflects the high likelihood of these trees containing hollows. Birds (other than large parrots) and bats chose hollow entrances of a size close to body width. Large parrots require large hollows, with a preference for large vertical spouts and trunk hollows. Few birds or bats demonstrated an absolute requirement for high (>10 m) tree hollows, with most (70%) using some hollows with entrances ≤5 m above ground. Temperature has been postulated to influence roost selection among microbats because it enables passive rewarming from torpor and there is some evidence from Australian bats to support this. Many studies suggest a future shortage of hollow-bearing trees. Currently, artificial hollows appear to be the most likely interim solution to address this. Knowledge of the natural hollow requirements of species can be used to refine artificial-hollow designs. An increase in research effort is needed to address the many gaps in knowledge that currently exist. Priorities for research include (1) many additional studies to document the characteristics of the hollow-bearing trees used by species of microbat, (2) the need to conduct long-term bioregional studies of hollow-bearing tree attrition to help identify where management responses are most needed and (3) investigating whether fire plays a significant role in the creation of tree hollows of a range of size classes and therefore may have a management use. Such information has broad relevance because it will provide ecological insight that can be applied to the management of hollow-using birds and bats elsewhere in the world.
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Saeidi, Tale, Idris Ismail, Sarmad Nozad Mahmood, Sameer Alani, and Adam R. H. Alhawari. "Microwave Imaging of Voids in Oil Palm Trunk Applying UWB Antenna and Robust Time-Reversal Algorithm." Journal of Sensors 2020 (October 12, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8895737.
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The oil palm trees in Southeast Asia face a great challenge due to voids within tree trunks. Besides, both plantations and the palm oil industry suffered considerable losses due to ineffective inspection of defective trees. Several techniques such as ultrasound, X-ray, capacitive volume, gamma computed tomography, and microwave tomography were applied to detect and control the decay of a trunk. However, all the techniques showed substantial drawbacks (such as limited resolution, tedious processing time, and use of bulky equipment with limited mobility) except for microwave tomography which overtook the other techniques by using a method that distinguishes the dielectric properties of healthy and diseased trunks. This work proposes ultra-wide-band (UWB) signal transmission and reception using antenna sensor arrays that record reflections from affected regions in the trunk. Various factors have been considered, such as different cylindrical arrays of 4, 8, 12, and 16 antennas; different positions of hollows; a heterogeneous trunk; multiple targets; and larger trunk samples (16–30 cm). To validate the system’s capabilities, two cylindrical wood samples with different diameters of 100 mm and 140 mm and with one hollow and three hollows within are 3D-printed, investigated, and then measured. The authors recommended a robust time-reversal algorithm (RTR) to reconstruct 2D images that successfully identified and localized cavities with the smallest diameter of 3.5 mm. Furthermore, reconstructed images of measured data verified a practical and reliable oil palm trunk imaging and sensing system with a high structural similarity index and resolution.
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J. Taylor, R., and R. A. Chisholm. "The occurrence of hollows in eucalypts and Ironwood Erythrophleum chlorostachys in the Gulf region of the Northern Territory and its implications for timber harvesting." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 1 (2005): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050057.
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The occurrence of hollows in eucalypts and Ironwood Erythrophleum chlorostachys was examined in different habitats in Limmen National Park in the Gulf Falls and Uplands bioregion of the Northern Territory. For each tree sampled, the diameter of the trunk at breast height (DBH) and numbers of hollows in three size categories were recorded. It was found that the riparian zone had the highest density of hollows per unit land area, followed by the rocky hill zone, and then the sandy flat zone. The relationship between hollows per tree and DSH was compared for four species: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (the dominant riparian tree), Eucalyptus leucophloia (the dominant tree on rocky hills), Eucalyptus miniata (the dominant tree on sandy flats), and Ironwood. E. miniata and Ironwood were found to have fewer hollows for a given DBH. It is suggested that the low incidence of hollows in Ironwood is a result of the species' know resistance to termites. The low number of hollows per Ironwood tree, the scarcity of Ironwood in the study area, and the small size of Ironwood trees relative to most of the eucalypts resulted in very few Ironwood hollows overall. This considered, harvesting of Ironwood (a preferred timber species) in this area is unlikely to have an impact on the availability of hollows to fauna. Further research is required to clarify discrepancies with other studies, and assess whether these results apply more broadly, for instance to wetter areas with larger Ironwood trees.
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Beyer, Georgia L., Ross L. Goldingay, and David J. Sharpe. "The characteristics of squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) den trees in subtropical Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 56, no. 1 (2008): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08053.
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Effective management of tree-hollow-dependent wildlife requires a sound knowledge of the characteristics of the trees used for shelter or breeding. We used radio-tracking to identify the den trees of squirrel gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) in south-east Queensland (Qld) and north-east New South Wales (NSW). Squirrel gliders used dead trees as well as 13 species of living tree for dens across the two locations. Dead trees accounted for a large percentage of dens (54% of 48 dens in Qld, and 50% of 18 dens in NSW) despite comprising only 3–10% of the forest (trees >20 cm diameter at breast height (dbh)) at each location. This preference is largely due to dead trees being more likely to contain hollows, accounting for 26–44% of available hollow-bearing trees. Mean den tree size (dbh) was 48.9 ± 2.4 cm in Qld and 62.8 ± 5.6 cm in NSW. Den entrance height averaged 6.8 ± 1.2 m in Qld and 11.9 ± 1.3 m in NSW. Fissures in the trunk and holes in branches were the most common of six hollow types used. At one location branch end hollows were ignored relative to their availability. Den entrances varied in size (2.5–12 cm wide) but most were ≤5 cm in diameter. Entrance size of hollows appears to be the hollow attribute of most importance to squirrel gliders. Monitoring of these den trees over several years revealed the collapse of three dead den trees at each location, which is equivalent to an annual loss of 3% of den trees. Further research is needed to determine whether this will lead to a future shortage of den trees.
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Tsaralunga, Vladimir, Anna Tsaralunga, and Anna Korotkaya. "THE PROBLEM TO IDENTIFY AND ASSIGN THE LOGGING OF EMERGENCY TREES IN THE TERRITORY OF STATE FOREST FUND." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.3/9.
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The studies to determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pathologies on trees have carried out as a part of a survey of plantations along the Big Voronezh ecological trail. These characteristics are not taken into account in the guidance documents, but in fact they define these trees as emergency ones. In addition to stem rot and dangerous trunk slope, recommended by the instructions, trees with butt hollows, cancerous tumors on the trunk, splitting of the trunk and shriveled skeletal branches were taken into account. The collected material and its analysis showed that (in case of accounting for trees with such pathologies) the number of trees classified as emergency can increase by 62%. Among additional pathologies, butt hollows take the leading position. It is indicated that there is a number of pathologies fatal for trees found in other types of plantations (in addition to these pathologies characteristic of oak stands). It is concluded that the modern technique for identifying emergency trees is not perfect, since it does not take into account a significant number of tree pathologies that increase the likelihood of tree breaking off or falling out, which definitely makes such trees extremely dangerous.
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Kornienko, Vladimir Olegovich, and Svetlana Anatolyevna Prikhodko. "A new methodological approach to evaluation of mechanical resistance of green plantings in urban environments." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201872114.
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The trees growing in urban environments are exposed to the highest pressure of negative exogenous factors and, consequently, many tree species come to the critical age and become hazardous. A complex approach to evaluate the condition of green plantings under the technogenous load using visual, instrumental, biomechanical etc. methods allows timely and reliable identification of hazardous trees. For this purpose, we developed a new methodology of determining the hazardous degree of trees in residential areas. This method is based on the accounts of tree mechanical hardiness evaluation and up-to-date instrumental research data to be used by municipal services employed in plantings monitoring and care. The main parameters are: age, diameter of the base, diameter at height, trunk girth at the base, trunk girth at a height of 1,3 m, the height of the tree, the angle of inclination of the trunk, the vital status score for Saveleva, morphological damage to the trunk, the description of the crown architectonics, the presence of morphogenetic and exogenous damage to the leaf blade, the population of the trunk pests, the presence of hollows, the wind feature and the loading of this site, the mode of visiting the territory (recreational load), the direction of possible fall, percentage of sound rot, modulus of elasticity of wood, density of wood, the ratio of biomass to critical mass, mechanical resistance to static and dynamic loads according to calculations on biomechanics. In the case study of a model tree (London plane) the applicability of this approach to landscaping practices is shown.
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Filonenko, Y. "THE DISTRIBUTION OF WINDFALL RELIEF FORMS WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 70-71 (2018): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2018.70.9.
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There are rather ubiquitous relief forms on the Ukrainian territory, which are created by strong winds within the forest lands and other areas where woody vegetation is represented. This article analyzes peculiarities of the emergence of such windthrow relief forms as windthrow hills, hollows, microstrands, microcaves, percussive microcraters and root blocks. By size, they predominantly have a rank of nano- and microrelief while their surface is often complicated by picoforms of relief. According to the materials of our own field research in different regions of Ukraine and based on the analysis of available publications on the subject, morphological and morphometric features as well as the density of the location of such relief forms within the territories with domination of woody vegetation were described. On the grounds of the field research, it can be concluded that hollows, hills (“earth hills’) and microstrands are the most widespread windthrow relief forms. The mechanism of their formation can be described in the following way: the root system of the tree breaks out under the influence of the wind, captures a certain amount of soil and forms a windthrow hollow on the place where the tree used to grow, a windthrow hill (“earth hill’) appears on the edge of the windthrow hollow from which the windthrow microstrand branches out. The dimensions of the windthrow hills and hollows depend mainly on the structure and condition of the root system and the composition of the soil. Meanwhile, the dimensions of microstrands depend on the length and diameter of the tree trunk and the height of the windthrow hill. As a result of falling of mature trees up to 1m deep hollows are often formed. Only occasionally, they have a rounded shape with a diameter of about 2m. In most cases, these relief forms are oval, 2-3 m in length and 1-2 m in width. Smaller windthrow forms occur when relatively small trees fall. The density of the windthrow hills, hollows and microstrands in the forest lands of different regions of Ukraine can range from several items to several dozen per 1 hectare. In some cases, during strong winds, windthrow “microcaves” (the result of incomplete root canal deformation) and percussive “microcraters” (the result of hitting the earth’s surface by broken trunks and large branches) are formed. On the slopes, as a result of the interaction of eolian activity, gravity, phytogenic factor and sometimes erosion, the formation of such a kind of windthrows as “root blocks” might take place. The study of such relief forms enables to assess the role and extent of the influence of the eolian factor and biota on the formation of morphosculptural characteristics of the surface of particular regions of Ukraine.
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Рунова, Е., E. Runova, Людмила Аношкина, and Lyudmila Anoshkina. "Instrumental Assessment of Urban Plantings of Balsam Poplar." Forestry Engineering Journal 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2017): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59c22400ae6f23.26328219.
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Trees and shrubs grown in ordinary plantings along city streets play a role of barrier between residential developments and highway, protecting residential area from adverse impact of motor vehicles. Different varieties of poplar have received large spread in the greening of cities. This unpretentious, resistant to dust and gases, fast growing species is able to successfully protect living space from harmful emissions. In Bratsk, with harsh, sharply continental climate and adverse environmental conditions, balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) is dominant variety of species. The age of trees currently close to critical one (40-50 years), therefore there is a need of gradual replacement of plantations of Populus balsamifera L. in urban plantings. In one of the residential areas of the city a study on plantations of poplars was conducted. Samples of 653 tree were studied in a visual way: damage of different nature are fixed: thinning of branches, thinning of crown, frost cracks, side-dry tree, mechanical damage, curvature of trunk, presence of rot, hollows, exfoliation, contaminants. We compared the trees subjected to pruning of the crown and trees without pruning. It was discovered that beheading trees are damaged more. 102 trees were examined using Resistograph 4450 device. This method, which is less traumatic for the tree, allows to accurately determine the presence of rot in the trunk. Central rot was detected in different degrees of spread in all trees. There are trees, which state is normal in visual inspection, but the results of instrumental evaluation show internal damage to the trunk by more than 80 %. The greatest danger is the trees with inclination of the trunk, asymmetry of crown. In the presence of the central rot, such trees are considered hazardous ones. 17 of 102 trees were considered hazardous and they are recommended for cutting. A significant part of plantations are planted with violation of the rules: distance from the edge of the roadway to the axis of tree does not comply with the regulatory, which affects traffic safety and condition of plantations. On the basis of conducted research, conclusions are formulated and recommendations on the improvement of urban spaces are proposed, restoration of their environmental and aesthetic functions: to gradually replace old plantings of poplars to other dust - and gas resistant species, expanding the range of vegetation; to comply with the rules in cutting of poplars; to carry out agricultural activities, to remove damaged trees on time.
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Randhawa, H. S., T. Kowshik, and Z. U. Khan. "Efficacy of swabbing versus a conventional technique for isolation ofCryptococcusneoformansfrom decayed wood in tree trunk hollows." Medical Mycology 43, no. 1 (January 2005): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13693780410001712025.
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Ferreira-Júnior, W. G., A. F. Silva, C. E. G. R. Schaefer, J. A. A. Meira Neto, A. S. Dias, M. Ignácio, and M. C. M. P. Medeiros. "INFLUENCE OF SOILS AND TOPOGRAPHIC GRADIENTS ON TREE SPECIES DISTRIBUTION IN A BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC TROPICAL SEMIDECIDUOUS FOREST." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 64, no. 2 (July 2007): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428607000832.
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AbstractThis study investigated the effect of environmental variables such as soil class, soil water availability, topography and slope on spatial distribution patterns of tree species in a Brazilian Seasonal Semideciduous Forest area. Floristic and structural data for a tree community were obtained by sampling 100 plots 10 × 10 m in which every tree with trunk diameter (dbh) ⩾ 4.77 cm at 130 cm above ground level was sampled. The area under study showed a marked soil gradient, directly associated with the topography: flat hilltops with Al3+-rich Dystric Latosols give way to steep colluvial slopes with shallower and more Dystric Cambic Latosols without Al3+, changing over, at the bottom of the hollows, to Epieutrophic Cambisols richer in nutrients. The floristic-sociological parameters analysed for the soil habitats did not differ statistically from each other. The diversity and equability indices were 3.6 and 0.84, 3.48 and 0.85, 3.49 and 0.84 for the Dystric Latosol, Dystric Cambic Latosol and Epieutrophic Cambisol, respectively. The soil variables (related to the fertility and texture) and the soil water regime (drainage) were probably the principal factors determining the spatial distribution patterns of tree species in the forest.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tree trunk hollows"
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Ryding, Caroline. "Boxes with artificial habitats support saproxylic beetles in green areas near and within cities." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166238.
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The highest terrestrial biodiversity in Sweden is connected to old grown deciduous trees with tree trunk hollows and dead wood, such as oak and maple. A reduction of deciduous forest and old grown trees from anthropological activities has left many habitats wanting in size and fragmented. Many saproxylic species that are dependent on old grown trees with tree trunk hollows are now threatened. The aim of this study was to further develop artificial habitats (boxes) used for conservation of saproxylic beetles. The boxes were made larger, placed in cities’ green areas and filled with produce from the surrounding areas. The study assessed the effectiveness of these boxes, regarding species richness and composition, compared with earlier studies and tree trunk hollows. The study also aimed to assess what variables might affect the species richness and family and species composition. During April to August 2019, 3454 individuals of 105 saproxylic species were collected in 55 boxes. Of the species dependent on tree trunk hollows, 45% were found in the boxes, compared with tree trunk hollows. Of the variables included shading of the box, the amount of buildings surrounding the box and the amount of forest surrounding the box were found to affect species richness. More shading and a larger forest area increased the species richness in the boxes, and a higher concentration of buildings decreased species richness in the boxes. Conclusively, this study showed that boxes placed in cities’ green areas could act as an alternative habitat for saproxylic beetles.
Book chapters on the topic "Tree trunk hollows"
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Ehrenfeld, David. "Death of a Plastic Palm." In Swimming Lessons. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148527.003.0030.
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All over the United States, phone companies are planting artificial trees. An old-growth, imitation pine has just gone up in the community of Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, where it towers 100 feet over barns and fields. Holes in its synthetic brown bark admit bundles of black cables that travel up through the hollow metal trunk to the wireless digital phone antennas hidden among the plastic pine branches high above. In the desert near Phoenix, Arizona, where pines are scarce, another phone company plans to conceal its antennas inside a giant, imitation saguaro cactus. Evidently some large corporations are finally beginning to realize that the destruction of nature by their business activities is not accept-able. To improve public relations, they are now providing facsimiles of the nature they eliminate. This solves many annoying problems, but, alas, other difficulties have arisen. Copying nature is not as easy as it looks—it’s not like using a photocopier. If the phone companies don’t know this, somebody ought to tell them. I first became aware of the downside of artificial nature when I was living in Middlesex, New Jersey. To get to work at the university I had to drive through South Bound Brook, a down-at-the-heels little town nestled cozily between American Cyanamid’s huge organic chemical factory on one side and GAF and Union Carbide—also cooking up organics—on the other. True, the Raritan River runs alongside of South Bound Brook, and George Washington, an experienced surveyor who had seen many rivers, once described the Raritan as the most beautiful of all. But the river’s magic seemed to work feebly in South Bound Brook; my memories are only of floods, brown mud, and the occasional corpse of carp or sucker floating belly up past the dirty red brick of the aged factory walls. Then one day as I made my daily commute, I noticed an unexpected splash of color in the town. A popular saloon along the road I travelled had erected a very large plastic palm tree on the sidewalk next to the entrance.