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Journal articles on the topic 'Treeline elevation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Speed, J. D. M., V. Martinsen, A. J. Hester, et al. "Continuous and discontinuous variation in ecosystem carbon stocks with elevation across a treeline ecotone." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 11 (2014): 15435–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-15435-2014.

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Abstract. Treelines differentiate vastly contrasting ecosystems: open tundra from closed forest. Treeline advance has implications for the climate system due to the impact of the transition from tundra to forest ecosystem on carbon (C) storage and albedo. Treeline advance has been seen to increase above-ground C stocks as low vegetation is replaced with trees, but decrease organic soil C stocks as old carbon is decomposed. However, studies comparing across the treeline typically do not account for elevational variation within the ecotone. Here we sample ecosystem C stocks along an elevational

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2

Speed, J. D. M., V. Martinsen, A. J. Hester, et al. "Continuous and discontinuous variation in ecosystem carbon stocks with elevation across a treeline ecotone." Biogeosciences 12, no. 5 (2015): 1615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1615-2015.

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Abstract. Treelines differentiate vastly contrasting ecosystems: open tundra from closed forest. Treeline advance has implications for the climate system due to the impact of the transition from tundra to forest ecosystem on carbon (C) storage and albedo. Treeline advance has been seen to increase above-ground C stocks as low vegetation is replaced with trees but decrease organic soil C stocks as old carbon is decomposed. However, studies comparing across the treeline typically do not account for elevational variation within the ecotone. Here we sample ecosystem C stocks along an elevational g

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3

Pu, Xing, Xiaochun Wang, and Lixin Lyu. "Tree-Ring Isotopes Provide Clues for Sink Limitation on Treeline Formation on the Tibetan Plateau." Atmosphere 12, no. 5 (2021): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050540.

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Identifying what determines the high elevation limits of tree growth is crucial for predicting how treelines may shift in response to climate change. Treeline formation is either explained by a low-temperature restriction of meristematic activity (sink limitation) or by the photosynthetic constraints (source limitation) on the trees at the treeline. Our study of tree-ring stable isotopes in two Tibetan elevational transects showed that treeline trees had higher iWUE than trees at lower elevations. The combination of tree-ring δ13C and δ18O data further showed that photosynthesis was higher for

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4

Kullman, Leif. "One century of treeline change and stability - experiences from the Swedish scandes." Landscape Online 17 (March 2, 2010): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201017.

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This paper elaborates and visualizes processes recorded in a recent regional and multi-site study of elevational treeline dynamics during the period 1915 to 2007 in the Swedish Scandes. The purpose is to give a concrete face of the landscape transformation which is associated with the recorded treeline shifts. The main focus is on stand-level structure of past and present treelines and the advance zones, where climate change elicited responses by Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris. All species shifted their treelines upslope by a maximum of c. 200 m in elevati

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Lin, Chuan, Lisha Yang, Ruliang Zhou, Tianxiang Zhang, Yuling Han, and Yanxia Wang. "Spatial Pattern and Environmental Driving Factors of Treeline Elevations in Yulong Snow Mountain, China." Forests 15, no. 7 (2024): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15071261.

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The southwestern region of China is a global biodiversity hotspot. Understanding the environmental mechanisms behind treeline formation in high-altitude areas is crucial for predicting ecosystem changes, such as the upward movement of the treeline due to climate warming and the disappearance of high-altitude rocky beach and shrub ecosystems. Globally, observations show that growing seasonal temperatures at treelines are typically 6–7 °C, but trees do not always reach the predicted elevations. Spatial heterogeneity exists in the deviation (Dtreeline) between actual treeline elevation and the th

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Wang, Yafeng, Daihan Li, Ping Ren, Shalik Ram Sigdel, and Jesús Julio Camarero. "Heterogeneous Responses of Alpine Treelines to Climate Warming across the Tibetan Plateau." Forests 13, no. 5 (2022): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050788.

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The Tibetan Plateau hosts a continuous distribution of alpine treelines from the Qilian Mountains to the Hengduan Mountains and the Himalaya Mountains. However, not much is known about the broadscale alpine treeline dynamics and their responses to climate warming across the Tibetan Plateau. Herein, we collected a total of 59 treeline sites across different forest regions of the Tibetan Plateau and the related field data (i.e., upward advance magnitude, tree recruitment and height growth), expansion potential (i.e., elevational difference between the current treeline and the tree species line (

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7

Case, Bradley S., and Hannah L. Buckley. "Local-scale topoclimate effects on treeline elevations: a country-wide investigation of New Zealand’s southern beech treelines." PeerJ 3 (October 22, 2015): e1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1334.

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Although treeline elevations are limited globally by growing season temperature, at regional scales treelines frequently deviate below their climatic limit. The cause of these deviations relate to a host of climatic, disturbance, and geomorphic factors that operate at multiple scales. The ability to disentangle the relative effects of these factors is currently hampered by the lack of reliable topoclimatic data, which describe how regional climatic characteristics are modified by topographic effects in mountain areas. In this study we present an analysis of the combined effects of local- and r

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8

Tiwari, Achyut, Huasheng Huang, and Zhekun Zhou. "Temperature sensitivity of alpine larch treeline in the southeast of Tibetan Plateau." Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 14 (December 31, 2020): 29–38. https://doi.org/10.3126/botor.v14i1.80050.

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Tree-rings from upper forest boundary including treelines provide reliable indications of climatic changes as tree growth at treelines is highly sensitive to climate (temperature and moisture). Tibetan Plateau (TP) includes the highest elevation treeline in the world, and they show both temperature as well as moisture as a critical climatic factor for tree radial growth. Tree cores were collected from alpine larch (Larix potaninii) treeline ecotone from south east fringe of TP in Hengduan Mountains of China, and analyzed growth-climate relationship by using tree-ring width chronology. Our resu

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9

Holtmeier, Friedrich-Karl, and Gabriele Broll. "Treeline Research—From the Roots of the Past to Present Time. A Review." Forests 11, no. 1 (2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010038.

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Elevational and polar treelines have been studied for more than two centuries. The aim of the present article is to highlight in retrospect the scope of treeline research, scientific approaches and hypotheses on treeline causation, its spatial structures and temporal change. Systematic treeline research dates back to the end of the 19th century. The abundance of global, regional, and local studies has provided a complex picture of the great variety and heterogeneity of both altitudinal and polar treelines. Modern treeline research started in the 1930s, with experimental field and laboratory st

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10

Khandu, Yeshey, Anan Polthanee, and Supat Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya. "Ecological Dynamics and Regeneration Expansion of Treeline Ecotones in Response to Climate Change in Northern Bhutan Himalayas." Forests 13, no. 7 (2022): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071062.

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The alpine treeline ecotones are an early indicator of vegetation’s response to changes in climate, and the advancement of diffuse treeline ecotones has been associated with mean annual warming temperatures. However, the knowledge of how tree demographic size, age and population distribution, and regeneration decrease with increasing elevation and mean annual temperature remain fragmentary in Bhutan. There was no explanation of how treelines migrate in response to the climate. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate tree demographic size and age and population distribution,

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11

Pu, Xing, Xiaochun Wang, and Lixin Lyu. "Recent Warming-Induced Tree Growth Enhancement at the Tibetan Treeline and the Link to Improved Water-Use Efficiency." Forests 12, no. 12 (2021): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121702.

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Tree growth in high-elevation forests may increase as a result of increasing temperatures and CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere (Ca). However, the pattern and the physiological mechanism on how these two factors interact to affect tree growth are still poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the temporal changes in radial growth and tree-ring δ13C for Picea and Abies trees growing in both treeline and lower-elevation forests on the Tibetan Plateau. We found that the tree growth at the treeline has significantly accelerated during the past several decades but has remained largely stable or slig

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12

Daniels, Lori D., and Thomas T. Veblen. "Altitudinal treelines of the southern Andes near 40ºS." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 2 (2003): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79237-2.

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In the southern Andes near 40ºS, altitudinal treelines are dominated by Nothofagus pumilio, a broadleaf deciduous angiosperm in the beech family (Fagaceae). Treeline elevations, ranging from 1100 to 1500 m a.s.l., are influenced by regional climate and volcanism. At the local scale, disturbance influences treeline elevation, ecotone length, and vegetation productivity. Decadal and interannual variation in climate related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) significantly affected radial growth of krummholz trees and seedling demography; however, climate-treeline relations were complex. Radia

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13

Wang, Dan, Shuheng Li, and Shuyao Gao. "Distribution Characteristics of the Alpine Treeline and Vegetation Response to Climate Change of Taibai Mountain, China." Geofluids 2022 (August 13, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4517515.

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Climate change significantly affects global forest ecosystems, and the alpine treeline is sensitive to global warming. The alpine treeline data using high-resolution remote sensing images during four periods from 1987 to 2020 at Taibai Mountain are extracted. The dynamic change process of the alpine treeline and the response of vegetation near the alpine treeline to climate change are analyzed. The results showed that the alpine treeline of Taibai Mountain was primarily distributed in the range of 2266-3692 m, and the average elevation of the alpine treeline showed a trend of “rising-decreasin

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14

Müller, Michael, Udo Schickhoff, Thomas Scholten, Simon Drollinger, Jürgen Böhner, and Ram P. Chaudhary. "How do soil properties affect alpine treelines? General principles in a global perspective and novel findings from Rolwaling Himal, Nepal." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 40, no. 1 (2015): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133315615802.

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Little is known about how soil properties control tree growth at its upper limit. This paper reviews the state of knowledge and discusses the results specifically related to ecozones, to the scale-dependent importance of single factors, and to new findings from a near-natural treeline ecotone in Rolwaling Himal, Nepal. This paper identifies gaps in literature and shows where new research is needed, both conceptual and geographical. The review shows that at a global scale and throughout diverse ecozones, growing season soil temperature is considered a key factor for tree growth. Soil temperatur

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15

Shrestha, Krishna B., Annika Hofgaard, and Vigdis Vandvik. "Tree-growth response to climatic variability in two climatically contrasting treeline ecotone areas, central Himalaya, Nepal." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 11 (2015): 1643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0089.

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Tree growth at the treeline ecotone is known to be sensitive to climate variability and is thus considered to be a worldwide biomonitor of climate change. However, our understanding of within-region variation in growth responses through space and time is limited. A dry south-facing slope dominated by Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. and a wet north-facing slope dominated by Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Spach in Nepal, central Himalaya, were used to analyze the intersite (i.e., dry vs. wet sites) and intrasite (i.e., treeline vs. forest line elevations) tree-growth relationships, as well as response

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16

Resler, Lynn, and Yang Shao. "Assessing Functional Role and Community Dynamics of Whitebark Pine at Alpine Treeline, Grand Teton National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 38 (January 1, 2015): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2015.4101.

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Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a keystone and foundation tree species in high elevation ecosystems of the Rocky Mountains. At alpine treelines along the eastern Rocky Mountain Front and in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, whitebark pine often initiates tree islands through facilitation, thereby shaping vegetation pattern. This role will likely diminish if whitebark pine succumbs to white pine blister rust infection, climate change stress, and mountain pine beetle infestations. Here, we established baseline measurements of whitebark pineâs importance and blister infection rates at two

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17

Rentier, Eline S., Ondřej Mottl, L. Camila Pacheco-Riaño, et al. "Global variability in LGM cooling amongst paleoclimate datasets affects biome reconstructions in mountains." Frontiers of Biogeography 18 (May 29, 2025): e135871. https://doi.org/10.21425/fob.18.135871.

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Downscaled paleoclimate datasets are widely used in biogeographical research, aiding our understanding of past environmental shifts and species' responses to climate change. Numerous datasets exist, varying in spatiotemporal resolution and underlying methodologies, resulting in variation in estimated temperature. Understanding this variability is important for accurately reconstructing past biogeographical dynamics, especially in complex regions like mountains. We compare the Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from five different downscaled paleoclimate datasets —

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18

Bonnaventure, P. P., and A. G. Lewkowicz. "Scenario-based climate change modelling for a regional permafrost probability model of the southern Yukon and northern British Columbia, Canada." Cryosphere Discussions 6, no. 5 (2012): 4517–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-6-4517-2012.

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Abstract. Scenario-based climate change modelling for equilibrium conditions was applied to a Regional Model of permafrost probability for the southern Yukon and northwestern British Columbia. Under a −1 K cooling scenario, permafrost area expands from 58% (present day) of the 490 000 km2 to 76%, whereas warming scenarios of +1 K, +2 K and +5 K decrease the terrain underlain by permafrost to 38%, 24% and 9% respectively. The morphology of permafrost gain/loss under these scenarios is controlled by the Surface Lapse Rate (SLR), which varies across the region below and above treeline. The SLR is

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Bonnaventure, P. P., and A. G. Lewkowicz. "Impacts of mean annual air temperature change on a regional permafrost probability model for the southern Yukon and northern British Columbia, Canada." Cryosphere 7, no. 3 (2013): 935–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-935-2013.

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Abstract. Air temperature changes were applied to a regional model of permafrost probability under equilibrium conditions for an area of nearly 0.5 × 106 km2 in the southern Yukon and northwestern British Columbia, Canada. Associated environmental changes, including snow cover and vegetation, were not considered in the modelling. Permafrost extent increases from 58% of the area (present day: 1971–2000) to 76% under a −1 K cooling scenario, whereas warming scenarios decrease the percentage of permafrost area exponentially to 38% (+ 1 K), 24% (+ 2 K), 17% (+ 3 K), 12% (+ 4 K) and 9% (+ 5 K) of t

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20

Moiseev, Pavel A., and Nail’ F. Nizametdinov. "Climatic Effects on Position and Dynamics of Upper Open Forest Boundary in Altay and Western Sayan in the Last 60 Years." Forests 14, no. 10 (2023): 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14101987.

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The upper treeline ecotone is a global and typically climate-dependent phenomenon. Its elevation is usually coupled with the thermal limitations of tree growth. The air temperature rise connected with global warming is assumed as the main cause of treeline upslope shifts in the last century. It has been found that the treeline elevation also correlates with the distance from the coastline and the aridity or continentality of the climate or the mass elevation effect. However, previous and contemporary publications have not explained how the upper treeline position directly couples with climate

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21

Axelrod, Daniel I. "Diverse upland Eocene forests, western U.S.A." Journal of Palaeosciences 45 (December 31, 1996): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1996.1222.

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Mid-to Late Eocene floras in the eastern United States, preserved in thick piles of volcanic rocks, changed composition with increasing elevation. A deciduous hardwood forest above 455 m was replaced by conifer-deciduous hardwood forest near 1365 m, and it was supplanted by montane conifer forest at levels of about 1730 m. whereas a normal lapse rate (5.5°C/1000 m, usually indicates elevation of modern upland stations within 100-2000 m, a lapse rate of 3.0°C/1000 m, introduced recently to estimate palaeoelevation, yields levels for modern upland stations that are 1000-2000 m higher than actual

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22

Mensing, Scott, John Korfmacher, Thomas Minckley, and Robert Musselman. "A 15,000 year record of vegetation and climate change from a treeline lake in the Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, USA." Holocene 22, no. 7 (2011): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683611430339.

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Future climate projections predict warming at high elevations that will impact treeline species, but complex topographic relief in mountains complicates ecologic response, and we have a limited number of long-term studies examining vegetation change related to climate. In this study, pollen and conifer stomata were analyzed from a 2.3 m sediment core extending to 15,330 cal. yr BP recovered from a treeline lake in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming. Both pollen and stomata record a sequence of vegetation and climate change similar in most respects to other regional studies, with sagebrush steppe a

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23

Holtmeier, Friedrich-Karl. "Impact of wild herbivorous mammals and birds on the altitudinal and northern treeline ecotones." Landscape Online 30 (October 25, 2012): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201230.

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Wild herbivorous mammals may damage treeline vegetation an cause soil erosion at a local scale. In many high mountain areas of Europe and North America, large numbers of red deer have become a threat to the maintenance of high-elevation forests and attempts to restore the climatic treeline. In northern Fennoscandia, overgrazing by reindeer in combination with mass outbreaks of the autumnal moth are influencing treeline dynamics. Moose are also increasingly involved damaging treeline forest. In the Alps, the re-introduction of ibex is causing local damage to subalpine forests and tree establish

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Liu, Jian-Feng, Ze-Ping Jiang, Marcus Schaub, et al. "No Ontogenetic Shifts in C-, N- and P-Allocation for Two Distinct Tree Species along Elevational Gradients in the Swiss Alps." Forests 10, no. 5 (2019): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050394.

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Most of our knowledge about forest responses to global environmental changes is based on experiments with seedlings/saplings grown in artificially controlled conditions. We do not know whether this knowledge will allow us to upscale to larger and mature trees growing in situ. In the present study, we used elevation as a proxy of various environmental factors, to examine whether there are ontogenetic differences in carbon and nutrient allocation of two major treeline species (Pinus cembra L. and Larix decidua Mill.) along elevational gradients (i.e., environmental gradient) in the Swiss alpine

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Gruber, Andreas, Walter Oberhuber, and Gerhard Wieser. "Treeline-Quo Vadis? An Ecophysiological Approach." Forests 13, no. 6 (2022): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13060857.

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At high elevation or latitude, the margin of the life-form tree is set by low temperature, with trees defined as upright woody species taller than 2–3 m. Globally, the temperature limit of the life-form tree occurs whenever the growing season mean soil temperature declines to 6.7 ± 0.8 °C. Disturbance and human land use, however, can cause trees to be absent from the climatic treeline. After addressing definitions and concepts related to treeline ecophysiology and examining treeline structure and dynamics, the focus will be on future treeline developments with respect to climate, competition a

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Tiwari, Achyut. "Age-dependent growth responses to climate from trees in Himalayan treeline." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 4, no. 1 (2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v4i1.30669.

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Tree rings provide an important biological archive for climate history in relation to the physiological mechanism of tree growth. Higher elevation forests including treelines are reliable indicators of climatic changes, and tree growth at most elevational treelines are sensitive to temperature at moist regions, while it is sensitive to moisture in semi-arid regions. However, there has been very less pieces of evidence regarding the age-related growth sensitivity of high mountain tree species. This study identified the key difference on the growth response of younger (<30 years of age) and o

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Asner, G. P., C. Anderson, R. E. Martin, et al. "Landscape-scale changes in forest structure and functional traits along an Andes-to-Amazon elevation gradient." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 9 (2013): 15415–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-15415-2013.

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Abstract. Elevation gradients provide opportunities to explore environmental controls on forest structure and functioning, but plot-based studies have proven highly variable due to limited geographic scope. We used airborne imaging spectroscopy and LiDAR (light detection and ranging) to quantify changes in three-dimensional forest structure and canopy functional traits in a series of 25 ha landscapes distributed along a 3300 m elevation gradient from lowland Amazonia to treeline in the Peruvian Andes. Canopy greenness, photosynthetic fractional cover and exposed non-photosynthetic vegetation v

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Foster, Brodie J., Graham A. McCulloch, Marianne F. S. Vogel, Travis Ingram, and Jonathan M. Waters. "Anthropogenic evolution in an insect wing polymorphism following widespread deforestation." Biology Letters 17, no. 8 (2021): 20210069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0069.

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Anthropogenic environmental change can underpin major shifts in natural selective regimes, and can thus alter the evolutionary trajectories of wild populations. However, little is known about the evolutionary impacts of deforestation—one of the most pervasive human-driven changes to terrestrial ecosystems globally. Absence of forest cover (i.e. exposure) has been suggested to play a role in selecting for insect flightlessness in montane ecosystems. Here, we capitalize on human-driven variation in alpine treeline elevation in New Zealand to test whether anthropogenic deforestation has caused sh

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Webb, Ryan W., Keith Jennings, Stefan Finsterle, and Steven R. Fassnacht. "Two-dimensional liquid water flow through snow at the plot scale in continental snowpacks: simulations and field data comparisons." Cryosphere 15, no. 3 (2021): 1423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1423-2021.

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Abstract. Modeling the multidimensional flow of liquid water through snow has been limited in spatial and temporal scales to date. Here, we present simulations using the inverse TOUGH2 (iTOUGH2) model informed by the model SNOWPACK, referred to as SnowTOUGH. We use SnowTOUGH to simulate snow metamorphism, melt/freeze processes, and liquid water movement in two-dimensional snowpacks at the plot scale (20 m) on a sloping ground surface during multi-day observation periods at three field sites in northern Colorado, USA. Model results compare well with sites below the treeline and above the treeli

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Shi, Zheng, Xiuxiu Deng, Dengzhong Bai, et al. "Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Picea crassifolia Survival for Alpine Treeline Condition." Forests 11, no. 2 (2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020156.

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The physiological mechanisms driving treeline formation succession captured the attention of ecologists many years ago, yet they are still not fully understood. In this study, physiological parameters (soluble sugars, starch, and nitrogen) were investigated in combination with transcriptomic analysis in the treeline tree species Picea crassifolia. The study was conducted in the middle of Qilian Mountain Reserves, Gansu Province, China, within the elevation range of 2500–3300 m. The results showed that the concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates decreased with increasing elevation in the

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Han, Hudong, Hongshi He, Zhengfang Wu, et al. "Non-Structural Carbohydrate Storage Strategy Explains the Spatial Distribution of Treeline Species." Plants 9, no. 3 (2020): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030384.

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Environmental factors that drive carbon storage are often used as an explanation for alpine treeline formation. However, different tree species respond differently to environmental changes, which challenges our understanding of treeline formation and shifts. Therefore, we selected Picea jezoensis and Betula ermanii, the two treeline species naturally occurring in Changbai Mountain in China, and measured the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), soluble sugars and starch in one-year-old leaves, shoots, stems and fine roots at different elevations. We found that compared with P. j

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Wieser, Gerhard, Walter Oberhuber, and Andreas Gruber. "Effects of Climate Change at Treeline: Lessons from Space-for-Time Studies, Manipulative Experiments, and Long-Term Observational Records in the Central Austrian Alps." Forests 10, no. 6 (2019): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060508.

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This review summarizes the present knowledge about effects of climate change on conifers within the treeline ecotone of the Central Austrian Alps. After examining the treeline environment and the tree growth with respect to elevation, possible effects of climate change on carbon gain and water relations derived from space-for-time studies and manipulative experiments are outlined. Finally, long-term observational records are discussed, working towards conclusions on tree growth in a future, warmer environment. Increases in CO2 levels along with climate warming interact in complex ways on trees

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Irl, Severin D. H., Fabien Anthelme, David E. V. Harter, et al. "Patterns of island treeline elevation - a global perspective." Ecography 39, no. 5 (2015): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01266.

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Gill, Richard A., Colin S. Campbell, and Sarah M. Karlinsey. "Soil moisture controls Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) seedling carbon balance and survivorship at timberline in Utah, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 12 (2015): 1845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0239.

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Most hypotheses about controls over high-altitude forests, including treeline, the elevation for upright woody plants, or timberline, the upper elevation for aggregated forest, suggest that low temperature drives forest dynamics, either through effects on cell division and tree growth or indirectly through frost damage or nutrient availability. However, abiotic factors other than temperature, including water availability, may serve as other important controls at high elevations, particularly for seedlings. To test the hypothesis that the timing and amount of precipitation exerts a strong contr

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Condo, Theresa K., and Keith Reinhardt. "Large variation in branch and branch-tip hydraulic functional traits in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) approaching lower treeline." Tree Physiology 39, no. 8 (2019): 1461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz058.

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Abstract Few studies have quantified intraspecific variation of hydraulic functional traits in conifers across elevation gradients that include range boundaries. In the Intermountain West, USA, the lower elevational limit of forests (lower treeline) is generally assumed to be caused by water limitations to growth and water relations, yet few studies directly show this. To test this assumption, we measured changes in a suite of traits that characterize drought tolerance such as drought-induced hydraulic vulnerability, hydraulic transport capacity and morphological traits in branch tips and bran

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Jameson, Ryan G., Andrew J. Trant, and Luise Hermanutz. "Insects can limit seed productivity at the treeline." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 3 (2015): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0385.

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Numerous factors contribute to the variability in treeline change; however, the potential role of insect predation in limiting seed productivity is not well documented. Conditions for seed germination, establishment, and survival are not limiting at the Mealy Mountains treeline (Labrador, Canada), but seedlings are rarely encountered, suggesting a seed-related bottleneck to recruitment. Mature cones were collected in 2008 from four tree species (black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), eastern larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K.

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Hagedorn, Frank, Josephine Imboden, Pavel A. Moiseev, et al. "Distinct changes in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling in the litter layer across two contrasting forest–tundra ecotones." Biogeosciences 22, no. 12 (2025): 2959–77. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2959-2025.

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Abstract. At treeline, plant life forms and species change abruptly from low-stature plants in the tundra to trees in forests. Our study assesses how the vegetation shift affects the quality and elemental composition of the litter layer and consequently the microbial processing and nutrient release during decomposition. We sampled litter layers along elevation gradients across conifer- and broadleaf-dominated treelines in the Russian subarctic Khibiny Mountains and hemiboreal South Urals. Using microlysimeters at 5 and 15 °C, we measured carbon (C) mineralization and the release of inorganic n

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BANIYA, Chitra Bahadur, Torstein SOLHØY, Yngvar GAUSLAA, and Michael W. PALMER. "The elevation gradient of lichen species richness in Nepal." Lichenologist 42, no. 1 (2009): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282909008627.

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AbstractThis study of elevation gradients of lichen species richness in Nepal aimed to compare distribution patterns of different life-forms, substratum affinities, photobiont types, and Nepalese endemism. Distribution patterns of lichens were compared with elevational patterns shown by a wide range of taxonomic groups of plants along the Nepalese Himalayan elevational gradient between 200–7400m. We used published data on the elevation records of 525 Nepalese lichen species to interpolate presence between the maximum and minimum recorded elevations, thereby giving estimates of lichen species r

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Asner, G. P., C. B. Anderson, R. E. Martin, et al. "Landscape-scale changes in forest structure and functional traits along an Andes-to-Amazon elevation gradient." Biogeosciences 11, no. 3 (2014): 843–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-843-2014.

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Abstract. Elevation gradients provide opportunities to explore environmental controls on forest structure and functioning. We used airborne imaging spectroscopy and lidar (light detection and ranging) to quantify changes in three-dimensional forest structure and canopy functional traits in twenty 25 ha landscapes distributed along a 3300 m elevation gradient from lowland Amazonia to treeline in the Peruvian Andes. Elevation was positively correlated with lidar-estimated canopy gap density and understory vegetation cover, and negatively related to canopy height and the vertical partitioning of

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Pansing, Elizabeth R., and Diana F. Tomback. "Survival of Whitebark Pine Seedlings Grown from Direct Seeding: Implications for Regeneration and Restoration under Climate Change." Forests 10, no. 8 (2019): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080677.

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Whitebark pine populations are declining nearly range-wide, primarily from the exotic fungal pathogen that causes white pine blister rust (WPBR). Climate change is expected to exacerbate these declines by decreasing climatically suitable areas. Planting WPBR-resistant seedlings is a key restoration action, but it is costly, time consuming, and labor intensive. Direct seeding—sowing seeds rather than planting seedlings—may reduce costs and open remote areas to restoration; however, its efficacy remains largely unexplored. In this case study, we estimated the annual survival rates (ASR) of seedl

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Cansler, C. Alina, Donald McKenzie, and Charles B. Halpern. "Area burned in alpine treeline ecotones reflects region-wide trends." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 12 (2016): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16025.

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The direct effects of climate change on alpine treeline ecotones – the transition zones between subalpine forest and non-forested alpine vegetation – have been studied extensively, but climate-induced changes in disturbance regimes have received less attention. To determine if recent increases in area burned extend to these higher-elevation landscapes, we analysed wildfires from 1984–2012 in eight mountainous ecoregions of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Rocky Mountains. We considered two components of the alpine treeline ecotone: subalpine parkland, which extends upward from subalpine fore

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Lewis, Keith P., and Brian M. Starzomski. "Bird communities and vegetation associations across a treeline ecotone in the Mealy Mountains, Labrador, which is an understudied part of the boreal forest." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 6 (2015): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0309.

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We examined the factors structuring bird communities across a complex subarctic treeline in the Mealy Mountains, Labrador, Canada. Using point counts of bird abundance in 2007 and 2008, we show that changes in vegetation driven by elevation are strongly correlated with avian community structure in this treeline ecotone system. Overall, avian diversity was higher in the forest compared with other habitat classes (krummholz, deciduous shrub, and alpine). There were strong correlations between avian diversity and vegetation richness, as well as structure, among and within habitat class in 2008. N

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Zelazowski, Przemyslaw, Stefan Jozefowicz, Kenneth J. Feeley, and Yadvinder Malhi. "Establishing the Position and Drivers of the Eastern Andean Treeline with Automated Transect Sampling." Remote Sensing 15, no. 10 (2023): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15102679.

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The eastern Andean treeline (EATL) is the world’s longest altitudinal ecotone and plays an important role in biodiversity conservation in the context of land use/cover and climate change. The purpose of this study was to assess to what extent the position of the tropical EATL (9°N–18°S) is in near-equilibrium with the climate, which determines its potential to adapt to climate change. On a continental scale, we have used land cover maps (MODIS MCD12) and elevation data (SRTM) to make the first-order assessment of the EATL position and continuity. For the assessment on a local scale and to addr

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Leif Kullman. "Early Holocene presence of Norway spruce (Picea abies) on a high mountain nunatak in the Swedish Scandes: A further contribution to the biotic composition of the first deglaciated landscape and a link between past and present." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 6, no. 1 (2022): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2022.6.1.0127.

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A megafossil wood remnant of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was retrieved from a high-elevation nunatak in the southern Swedish Scandes. The site was nearly 600 m higher than the present-day treeline. These circumstances comply with analogous earlier recoveries, indicating presence of spruce at high elevations in the Scandes, several thousands of years prior to inferences made by pollen analysis. Radiocarbon-dating yielded a median age of 9300 cal a BP. This result adds firm detail and adheres to ongoing reappraisal of the structure and biodiversity of the late-glacial and early Holoc

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Evans, Martin. "Pollen evidence of Late Holocene treeline fluctuation from the southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 51, no. 1 (2002): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004816ar.

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Abstract Palynological records of Holocene climate change in the southern Coast Mountains identify the Neoglacial period, subsequent to 6 600 BP, as cooler and wetter than the preceding Hypsithermal. However, geomorphic evidence of alpine glacier advance suggests that there were three distinct cooler/wetter periods during the Neoglacial. By careful selection of a sensitive alpine site this study has enabled the recognition of two of these stages in a palynological record of Neoglacial climate. Pollen spectra, conifer needle macrofossils, organic matter content, and magnetic susceptibility were

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Yang, Yang, Hang Sun, and Christian Körner. "Explaining the exceptional 4270 m high elevation limit of an evergreen oak in the south-eastern Himalayas." Tree Physiology 40, no. 10 (2020): 1327–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa070.

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Abstract Unlike the well-understood alpine treeline, the upper range limits of tree taxa that do not reach the alpine treeline are largely unexplained. In this study, we explored the causes of the exceptionally high elevation (4270 m) occurrence of broad-leaved evergreen oaks (Quercus pannosa) in the south-eastern Himalayas. We assessed the course of freezing resistance of buds and leaves from winter to summer at the upper elevational limit of this oak species. Linked to leaf phenology, we analyzed freezing resistance and assessed minimum crown temperature for the past 65 years. We also examin

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McCaffrey, David, and Chris Hopkinson. "Repeat Oblique Photography Shows Terrain and Fire-Exposure Controls on Century-Scale Canopy Cover Change in the Alpine Treeline Ecotone." Remote Sensing 12, no. 10 (2020): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101569.

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Alpine Treeline Ecotone (ATE), the typically gradual transition zone between closed canopy forest and alpine tundra vegetation in mountain regions, displays an elevational range that is generally constrained by thermal deficits. At landscape scales, precipitation and moisture regimes can suppress ATE elevation below thermal limits, causing variability in ATE position. Recent studies have investigated the relative effects of hydroclimatic variables on ATE position at multiple scales, but less attention has been given to interactions between hydroclimatic variables and disturbance agents, such a

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Liang, Eryuan, Yafeng Wang, Shilong Piao, et al. "Species interactions slow warming-induced upward shifts of treelines on the Tibetan Plateau." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 16 (2016): 4380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520582113.

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The alpine treeline is commonly regarded as being sensitive to climatic warming because regeneration and growth of trees at treeline generally are limited by low temperature. The alpine treelines of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) occur at the highest elevations (4,900 m above sea level) in the Northern Hemisphere. Ongoing climatic warming is expected to shift treelines upward. Studies of treeline dynamics at regional and local scales, however, have yielded conflicting results, indicating either unchanging treeline elevations or upward shifts. To reconcile this conflict, we reconstructed in detail a

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Körner, Christian. "A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation." Oecologia 115, no. 4 (1998): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050540.

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Cuevas, Jaime G. "Gap characteristics in relation to forest structure and implications for southern beech forest dynamics." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 10 (2003): 1915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-114.

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Gap characteristics, as well as forest structure, were investigated in Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser stands on two slopes in Tierra del Fuego to test the following hypotheses: (i) there exists an altitudinal decline in tree height and stem diameter, (ii) this should result in gaps of decreasing size and abundance towards the upper forest, and (iii) this, in turn, should result in a longer suppressed growth of seedlings near the treeline (that is, an older seedling bank). Mean tree height on both slopes decreased significantly with increasing altitude from 21 to 11 m and from 13

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