Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trees

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Trees'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Trees"

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Jasmine, Jasmine, Pankaj Bhambri, and Dr O. P. Gupta Dr. O.P. Gupta. "Analyzing the Phylogenetic Trees with Tree- building Methods." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2012/25.

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Page, Billy E. "Trees, trees, and more trees!" Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40, no. 5 (September 1985): 414–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224561.1985.12455893.

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Brower, Andrew V. Z. "Trees and more trees." Cladistics 32, no. 2 (May 6, 2015): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cla.12122.

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Alperin, J. L. "Trees and Brauer trees." Discrete Mathematics 83, no. 1 (July 1990): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-365x(90)90228-a.

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Chaffey, N. J. "Popular trees, specialist trees." New Phytologist 154, no. 3 (June 6, 2002): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00434_3.x.

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Steele, James, and Anne Kandler. "Language trees ≠ gene trees." Theory in Biosciences 129, no. 2-3 (June 9, 2010): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12064-010-0096-6.

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Pollin, Burton R. "Kilmer's Trees and Asselineau's Trees." Explicator 64, no. 3 (March 2006): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/expl.64.3.160-162.

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Maddison, Wayne P. "Gene Trees in Species Trees." Systematic Biology 46, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/46.3.523.

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Azais, Romain, Guillaume Cerutti, Didier Gemmerle;, and Florian Ingels. "treex: a Python package for manipulating rooted trees." Journal of Open Source Software 4, no. 38 (June 24, 2019): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.01351.

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Muslih, A. M., N. E. Hidayat, T. Arlita, A. Farida, I. Dewiyanti, and A. Sugara. "Mapping the tree damage index: A case study on the green lane in the urban area of Banda Aceh City." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1352, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1352/1/012046.

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Abstract Climate change mitigation efforts implemented by the Government of Banda Aceh by building green lanes with trees. The level of the tree’s ability to absorb carbon is highly correlated with the vitality of the tree itself. The health status of a tree can be known by the tree’s damage level. The aim of the research is to provide information on how much damage to trees and the degree of severity. The research was carried out on green lanes on urban streets in Banda Aceh City as many as 8 lines. The object of research is vegetation with the tree growth phase category, and tree damage index assessment using the forest health monitoring method with indicators of tree damage conditions with parameters of damage location code, damage type code, and damage level code. Based on the results, most of the trees suffered light damage. Of the total number of trees observed, there were 1797 individuals, 252 trees were in good health, 1494 were lightly damaged, 40 trees were medium damaged and 11 trees were heavily damaged. The type of damage experienced was dominated by 46% open wound, 32% cancer, 11% brum (excessive branching) and 11% the rest with other kinds of damage.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trees"

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Okoth, Isaac Owino. "Combinatorics of oriented trees and tree-like structures." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96860.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT : In this thesis, a number of combinatorial objects are enumerated. Du and Yin as well as Shin and Zeng (by a different approach) proved an elegant formula for the number of labelled trees with respect to a given in degree sequence, where each edge is oriented from a vertex of lower label towards a vertex of higher label. We refine their result to also take the number of sources (vertices of in degree 0) or sinks (vertices of out degree 0) into account. We find formulas for the mean and variance of the number of sinks or sources in these trees. We also obtain a differential equation and a functional equation satisfied by the generating function for these trees. Analogous results for labelled trees with two marked vertices, related to functional digraphs, are also established. We extend the work to count reachable vertices, sinks and leaf sinks in these trees. Among other results, we obtain a counting formula for the number of labelled trees on n vertices in which exactly k vertices are reachable from a given vertex v and also the average number of vertices that are reachable from a specified vertex in labelled trees of order n. In this dissertation, we also enumerate certain families of set partitions and related tree-like structures. We provide a proof for a formula that counts connected cycle-free families of k set partitions of {1, . . . , n} satisfying a certain coherence condition and then establish a bijection between these families and the set of labelled free k-ary cacti with a given vertex-degree distribution. We then show that the formula also counts coloured Husimi graphs in which there are no blocks of the same colour that are incident to one another. We extend the work to count coloured oriented cacti and coloured cacti. Noncrossing trees and related tree-like structures are also considered in this thesis. Specifically, we establish formulas for locally oriented noncrossing trees with a given number of sources and sinks, and also with given indegree and outdegree sequences. The work is extended to obtain the average number of reachable vertices in these trees. We then generalise the concept of noncrossing trees to find formulas for the number of noncrossing Husimi graphs, cacti and oriented cacti. The study is further extended to find formulas for the number of bicoloured noncrossing Husimi graphs and the number of noncrossing connected cycle-free pairs of set partitions.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : In hierdie tesis word ’n aantal kombinatoriese objekte geenumereer. Du en Yin asook Shin en Zeng (deur middel van ’n ander benadering) het ’n elegante formule vir die aantal geëtiketteerde bome met betrekking tot ’n gegewe ingangsgraadry, waar elke lyn van die nodus met die kleiner etiket na die nodus met die groter etiket toe georiënteer word. Ons verfyn hul resultaat deur ook die aantal bronne (nodusse met ingangsgraad 0) en putte (nodusse met uitgangsgraad 0) in ag te neem. Ons vind formules vir die gemiddelde en variansie van die aantal putte of bronne in hierdie bome. Ons bepaal verder ’n differensiaalvergelyking en ’n funksionaalvergelyking wat deur die voortbringende funksie van hierdie bome bevredig word. Analoë resultate vir geëtiketteerde bome met twee gemerkte nodusse (wat verwant is aan funksionele digrafieke), is ook gevind. Ons gaan verder voort deur ook bereikbare nodusse, bronne en putte in hierdie bome at te tel. Onder andere verkry ons ’n formule vir die aantal geëtiketteerde bome met n nodusse waarin presies k nodusse vanaf ’n gegewe nodus v bereikbaar is asook die gemiddelde aantal nodusse wat bereikbaar is vanaf ’n gegewe nodus. Ons enumereer in hierdie tesis verder sekere families van versamelingsverdelings en soortgelyke boom-vormige strukture. Ons gee ’n bewys vir ’n formule wat die aantal van samehangende siklus-vrye families van k versamelingsverdelings op {1, . . . , n} wat ’n sekere koherensie-vereiste bevredig, en ons beskryf ’n bijeksie tussen hierdie familie en die versameling van geëtiketteerde vrye k-êre kaktusse met ’n gegewe nodus-graad-verdeling. Ons toon ook dat hierdie formule ook gekleurde Husimi-grafieke tel waar blokke van dieselfde kleur nie insident met mekaar mag wees nie. Ons tel verder ook gekleurde georiënteerde kaktusse en gekleurde kaktusse. Nie-kruisende bome en soortgelyke boom-vormige strukture word in hierdie tesis ook beskou. On bepaal spesifiek formules vir lokaal georiënteerde nie-kruisende bome wat ’n gegewe aantal bronne en putte het asook nie-kruisende bome met gegewe ingangs- en uitgangsgraadrye. Ons gaan voort deur die gemiddelde aantal bereikbare nodusse in hierdie bome te bepaal. Ons veralgemeen dan die konsep van nie-kruisende bome en vind formules vir die aantal nie-kruisende Husimi-grafieke, kaktusse en georiënteerde kaktusse. Laastens vind ons ’n formule vir die aantaal tweegekleurde nie-kruisende Husimi-grafieke en die aantal nie-kruisende samehangende siklus-vrye pare van versamelingsverdelings.
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Drinkwater, Kara M. "Trees." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1907.

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Garton, Ian Spencer. "Concurrency in B-trees and tries : search and insert." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33400.

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Multiuser database systems require concurrency control in order to perform correctly. B-trees have become the standard data structure for storing indices that aid in data retrieval and there have been many algorithms published to enable concurrent operations for B-trees. Tries are another data structure useful for storing index data, particularly for text and spatial databases. Significant data compression can be achieved by using a trie to store index values. However, there have been no algorithms published to support concurrent trie operations.<br>We present algorithms that enable concurrent searches and inserts for tries with pointerless representation. We also measure the performance of our algorithms and compare with that of the best B-tree algorithms. In order to measure trie concurrency, we survey a number of studies that have been made for B-tree concurrency. Using these published studies, we build a simulation model to measure the concurrency of our algorithms.
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Hall, Justine Michelle. "Trees in towns : factors affecting the distribution of trees in high density residential areas of Greater Manchester." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/trees-in-towns-factors-affecting-the-distribution-of-trees-in-high-density-residential-areas-of-greater-manchester(568b58f3-4524-4a8d-abba-2094c4e21567).html.

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The distribution of trees across urban areas of the UK has been shown to be uneven, with lower density residential areas containing many more trees and much higher tree cover than areas of higher density housing. However, in Greater Manchester, tree number within high density housing areas also varies substantially. This thesis sought to explore the reasons for this variation in tree cover, whether tree cover should be increased and if so, how. The research investigated a potential cause for the variation in number of trees and tree cover within high density housing areas – housing type – for the study area of western Greater Manchester. Eleven different types of high density housing were categorised and all high density housing within the study area was classified as one of these types. Within these housing types, the amount of tree cover was determined, along with the proportions of other surface types. The land uses where the trees were growing were also determined. Finally, the potential increases in tree cover were also calculated for each housing type by a simulated planting technique. Maximum surface temperatures and rainfall runoff were calculated using computer models, for both existing and potential tree cover in each housing type. It was found that urban tree cover varies from 1.6% in pre 1919 terraced housing that opens directly onto the road to 14.8% in 1960s walkway-style housing. Tree cover could theoretically be increased by at least 5% in all housing types, reducing maximum surface temperatures by at least 1°C. In housing types with less than 4% existing tree cover, maximum surface temperatures could be reduced by up to 4.5°C. The views of residents were determined using a postal questionnaire about urban trees sent to residents of 4 different types of street environment. Residents of all street types surveyed were very positive about urban trees; their attitudes were not affected by whether there are trees in their street or not. The vast majority of respondents considered trees important to their quality of life, and that cost to the council should not prevent tree planting. The views and practices around urban trees and greening by practitioners were determined by running a workshop and their recommendations to increase tree cover are presented. These include changes in funding to include money for tree maintenance after planting, the importance of a full tree inventory and innovative ways to raise funding for trees. The effectiveness of a community greening scheme at increasing tree cover was compared with two regeneration schemes. The community tree planting scheme was found to deliver tree planting much closer to the potential than regeneration schemes.
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Abu-Ata, Muad Mustafa. "Tree-Like Structure in Graphs and Embedability to Trees." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1397345185.

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Bryant, David. "Building trees, hunting for trees, and comparing trees : theory and methods in phylogenetic analysis." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mathematics and Statistics, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7914.

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Phylogenetics is the study and identification of evolutionary patterns and structures in nature; this thesis explores the mathematics of these structures. The basic objects of study are the leaf labelled tree and its substructures: quartets, splits, clusters and rooted triples, among others. We present fundamental theorems and characterisations, as well as efficient algorithms for a range of phylogenetic problems. It is often possible to deduce phylogenetic information not in the original data. We characterise an intriguing system of inference 'rules' that arise in this way, and prove that there exist rules of every order that cannot be reduced to lower order rules. We describe a polynomial time algorithm that extracts maximum weight bounded degree trees from a given binary character set. The algorithm enables compatibility analysis of large data sets, in this case the daunting "Out of Africa" human mtDNA sequences. Other applications include consensus, quartet puzzling and split decomposition. We accelerate the Minimum Evolution method with an optimal O(n²) time algorithm for calculating OLS edge lengths and fast algorithms for WLS and GLS edge lengths. We show how a Minimum Evolution tree can be efficiently extracted from a collection of splits. Consensus methods are surveyed, characterised and classified. A new intuitive consensus method for edge weighted trees is introduced, together with an efficient algorithm for constructing it. We present an algorithm for the Maximum Agreement Subtree problem that is based on rooted triples and is much simpler than existing algorithms. We also provide algorithms for obtaining agreement subtrees with the largest number of edges, rooted triples or quartets. Issues of complexity are discussed throughout the thesis, with several new NP-completeness results and a list of standard NP-complete phylogenetic problems.
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Balakrishnan, Anantaram, Thomas L. Magnanti, and Prakash Mirchandani. "Heuristics, LPs, and Generalizations of Trees on Trees." Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Operations Research Center, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/5377.

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We study a class of models, known as overlay optimization problems, with a "base" subproblem and an "overlay" subproblem, linked by the requirement that the overlay solution be contained in the base solution. In some telecommunication settings, a feasible base solution is a spanning tree and the overlay solution is an embedded Steiner tree (or an embedded path). For the general overlay optimization problem, we describe a heuristic solution procedure that selects the better of two feasible solutions obtained by independently solving the base and overlay subproblems, and establish worst-case performance guarantees on both this heuristic and a linear programming relaxation of the model. These guarantees depend upon worst-case bounds for the heuristics and linear programming relaxations of the unlinked base and overlay problems. Under certain assumptions about the cost structure and the optimality of the subproblem solutions, the performance guarantees for both the heuristic and linear programming relaxation of the combined overlay optimization model are 33%. We also develop heuristic and linear programming performance guarantees for specialized models, including a dual path connectivity model with a worst-case performance guarantee of 25%, and an uncapacitated multicommodity network design model with a worst-case performance guarantee (approximately) proportional to the square root of the number of commodities.
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Magnanti, Thomas L., and Laurence A. Wolsey. "Optimal Trees." Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Operations Research Center, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/5122.

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Prosser, Christopher Skinner 1978. "Two Trees." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11048.

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1 score (viii, 79 p.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.<br>The Two Trees is a fifteen-minute musical composition for orchestra. Inspired by William Butler Yeats' poem of the same name, the piece depicts the images described by Yeats' poetic narrative through a double theme and variations form consisting of two contrasting themes that are related, one ascending and one descending. Each theme represents one of the two contrasting sections of the poem and is followed by a set of five variations for a total of ten. Since the rhyme scheme of each section of the poem is divided into five phrases of four lines, each musical variation corresponds to four lines of text.<br>Committee in Charge: David Crumb, Chair; Robert Kyr; Jack Boss
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Taylor, Paul Clifford. "Classification trees." Thesis, University of Bath, 1990. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306312.

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Books on the topic "Trees"

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Williams, Nancy Noel. Trees, trees, trees. Washington, DC: Teaching Strategies, 2010.

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Christle, Heather. The trees the trees. Portland, OR: Octopus Books, 2011.

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Bajaj, Y. P. S., 1936-, ed. Trees. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Luna, R. K. Plantation trees. Dehra Dun, India: International Book Distributors, 1996.

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Coombes, Allen J. Trees. New York: Dorling Kindersley, Inc., 1992.

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Gates, Galen. Trees. New York: Pantheon Books, 1996.

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Wetton, Molly. Trees. Guildford: Guildford Teachers Centre, 1985.

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Chauvin, Brigitte, Serge Cohen, and Alain Rouault, eds. Trees. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9037-3.

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Mattheck, Gerhard Claus. Trees. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58207-3.

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Harris, Esmond. Trees. London: Kingfisher, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trees"

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Sengupta, Saumyendra, and Carl Phillip Korobkin. "Trees and Tries." In C++, 409–525. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2636-9_8.

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Mattheck, Gerhard Claus. "Introduction." In Trees, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58207-3_1.

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Mattheck, Gerhard Claus. "The Absolute Minimum of Mechanical Knowledge." In Trees, 3–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58207-3_2.

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Mattheck, Gerhard Claus. "How the Tree Minimizes Its External Loading." In Trees, 9–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58207-3_3.

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Mattheck, Gerhard Claus. "Even Load Distribution: The Hypothesis of Constant Stress on the Surface." In Trees, 12–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58207-3_4.

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Mattheck, Gerhard Claus. "Mechanical Classification of Adaptive Growth." In Trees, 16–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58207-3_5.

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Mattheck, Gerhard Claus. "Case Studies." In Trees, 20–115. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58207-3_6.

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Mattheck, Gerhard Claus. "Conclusions." In Trees, 116–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58207-3_7.

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Ioffe, Dmitry. "Extremality of the Disordered State for the Ising Model on General Trees." In Trees, 3–14. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9037-3_1.

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Benassi, Albert. "Arbres et Grandes Déviations." In Trees, 135–40. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9037-3_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Trees"

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Nelson, J. L. "Hanford Double Shell Tank Corrosion Monitoring Instrument Trees." In CORROSION 1995, 1–5. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95440.

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Abstract High-level nuclear wastes at the Hanford site are stored underground in carbon steel double-shell and single-shell tanks (DSTs and SSTs). The installation of a prototype corrosion monitoring instrument tree into at least one DST is being considered for the fall of 1995. The instrument tree will have the ability to detect and discriminate between uniform corrosion, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and pitting. Additional instrument trees will follow in later years. Proof-of-technology testing is currently underway for the use of commercially available electric field pattern (EFP) analysis and electrochemical noise (EN) corrosion monitoring equipment. Creative use and combinations of other existing technologies is also being considered. Successful demonstration of these technologies will be followed by the development of a Hanford specific instrument tree. The first instrument tree will incorporate one of these technologies. Subsequent trees may include both technologies, as well as a more standard assembly of corrosion coupons. Successful development of these trees will allow their application to single shell tanks and the transfer of technology to other U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites.
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Rupsys, Petras. "STOCHASTIC SIMULATION OF SELF-THINNING." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024, 393–400. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s14.46.

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Understanding the principles of self-thinning forest ecosystems is essential for taking modern management techniques into practice. The spatial distribution of the surviving trees in a stand is influenced by a variety of factors, including tree mortality. In young forests, competition has a major role in determining spatial mortality; in older forests, random changes in the environment have a major role. The dynamics of the number of living and dead trees in the forests of central Lithuania will be addressed in this study. The Gompertz type mixed effect parameters univariate stochastic differential equations of the tree diameter, height, and occupied area combined with the normal copula function are used to derive new models for the number per ha of living and dead trees. The mean values of the dead tree size variables had much lower trajectories, which is especially apparent in mature stands, as demonstrated by the study of the individual tree size variables (height and diameter). The results are illustrated using experimental field studies carried out in Lithuania, in the municipality of Kazlu Ruda. The following information was gathered using 48 permanent test plots placed in mixed-species, uneven-aged stands: age, diameter at breast height (58,829 trees), tree position (58,829 trees), and height (10,796 trees). All results were implemented using the symbolic algebra system Maple.
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Miezit, Olga, Edgars Dubrovskis, Dace Brizga, and Aija Berzina. "NATURAL REGENERATION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. FROM SEED TREES IN POOR MINERAL SOILS." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024, 383–92. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s14.45.

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In economic forests, the productivity of forest stands should be increased as much as possible, because the global demand for timber is growing every year. Planted forest trees can be realized using the advantages of selection, naturally regenerated - faster growth can be achieved by improving the growing conditions and limiting factors that reduce or delay the formation of growth. Data were collected in 6-year-old P.sylvestris forest stands Cladinoso-callunosa and Vacciniosa. The plots were established in an area of 17.2 ha (R=7.98 m; S=200 m2), each with a seed tree in the center. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of left seed trees and soil preparation in furrows on the natural regeneration of Pinus sylvestris in poor mineral soils Cladinoso-callunosa and Vacciniosa. Pine trees that reached a height of 10 cm were measured for height and annual growth, diameter at the root neck, and a specific location in the plot (in the furrow or in unprepared soil and under or outside the canopy of seed trees). The diameter, height, number of seed trees, as well as the importance of the effect of the crown of seed trees and soil preparation on the natural regeneration of pine were calculated The dendrometric indicators of seed trees were calculated, the significance of the influence of the crown of seed trees and soil preparation on the natural regeneration of pine was determined. It has been established that when restoring a forest stand from left seeds of seed trees, soil preparation is necessary for both Cladinoso-callunosa and Vacciniosa, because the number of trees in the furrows is significantly higher, as well as the annual and average growth of tree height both under the crown of the seed tree and outside it ( p less than0.05) than in untreated soil. Compared to under the crown of the seed trees, the annual height increases of the Scots pine are significantly lower, therefore the seed trees should be cut down sooner up to the age of 6 than in the current practice, so as not to interfere with natural regeneration.
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Jawaharlal, Mariappan, Gustavo Vargas, and Lorenzo Gutierrez. "The Plant Kingdom in Engineering Design: Learning to Design From Trees." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72497.

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A tree may be the earliest multifunctional structure, and wood is the oldest known engineering material. Yet, trees have no place in engineering education. If we view a tree from merely a mechanical or civil engineering perspective, engineering mechanics can be learned from the tree’s example. Trees have survived by adapting to the most difficult circumstances: heavy winds, rains, floods, droughts, earthquakes, mammal damage, human intervention, etc. The root system must be strong and flexible enough to support the tree’s entire structure from varying load conditions and to provide food storage and nutrient transfer. The stem system provides structural support for the tree’s above-the-ground parts and transfers water and nutrients from the roots through the network of thick-walled cells to other parts of the tree. Leaves produce food and form the surface area surrounding the tree. Leaves come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The tree’s crown, comprising branches, leaves, and reproductive elements, help the tree to catch more sunlight. It moves upward and outward to expose more of its leaves to direct sunlight for photosynthesis while maintaining physical balance on the earth. A tree’s lifecycle can span hundreds of years, despite its vulnerability to constantly changing loads throughout the day and throughout its life. In monsoon and windy seasons, trees endure extremely difficult fatigue-loading. Various parts of the tree and its stem are subjected to combined loading conditions: tension, compression, shear, bending, and torsion. Trees develop and adapt stress management strategies by adjusting their shapes to the type or level of stress they endure: they add more mass where more strength is needed, allows material to easily break off (or physiologically inactive) from locations where it is not necessary, design optimum shapes, and create variable notch radii for reducing stress concentration. But a tree is much more than a structural member. It provides food and shelter for wildlife. It absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. It lowers air temperature and facilitates the water cycle. Structural analysis of a tree can benefit engineering students and practicing engineers alike. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of trees can help us to create multifunctional designs that are in a symbiotic relationship with other members in the system. In short, studying tree mechanics can help us to become better engineers. This paper presents our efforts to integrate trees into engineering curricula to teach mechanics ranging from equilibrium study to stress analysis. Students of statics, dynamics, the strength of materials, stress analysis, material science, design, etc., can benefit from learning about trees. This approach enables students to understand the complexities of real-world living systems, appreciate the genius of nature’s design, and develop methods for creating sustainable designs.
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Izza, Yacine, Alexey Ignatiev, and Joao Marques-Silva. "On Tackling Explanation Redundancy in Decision Trees (Extended Abstract)." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/779.

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Claims about the interpretability of decision trees can be traced back to the origins of machine learning (ML). Indeed, given some input consistent with a decision tree's path, the explanation for the resulting prediction consists of the features in that path. Moreover, a growing number of works propose the use of decision trees, and of other so-called interpretable models, as a possible solution for deploying ML models in high-risk applications. This paper overviews recent theoretical and practical results which demonstrate that for most decision trees, tree paths exhibit so-called explanation redundancy, in that logically sound explanations can often be significantly more succinct than what the features in the path dictates. More importantly, such decision tree explanations can be computed in polynomial-time, and so can be produced with essentially no effort other than traversing the decision tree. The experimental results, obtained on a large range of publicly available decision trees, support the paper's claims.
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Baldereschi, Marzia. "2nd Meeting TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH on STROKE (TREES)." In 2nd Meeting TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH on STROKE (TREES), edited by Benedetta Piccardi, Vanessa Palumbo, Cristina Sarti, Anna Letizia Allegra Mascaro, Emilia Conti, and Alessandro Sodero. Frontiers Media SA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88971-031-7.

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Boitet, Ch, and Y. Zaharin. "Representation trees and string-tree correspondences." In the 12th conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/991635.991648.

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Shibasaki, Satoshi, and Hideki Aoyama. "Development of Wood Grain Pattern Design System." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87094.

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Various approaches for generating woodgrain patterns using computer graphics have been proposed so far. However, the generation of various woodgrain patterns with conventional methods is difficult due to the need for the adjustment of numerous parameters to express a real woodgrain pattern. In this paper, a new mathematical approach for generating woodgrain patterns is proposed. Virtual trees are generated by simulating tree growing based on past actual weather information obtained from public organizations, and woodgrain patterns are then acquired by cutting the trunks of the virtual trees. In order to simulate tree growing, growth models of tree are constructed in consideration of dendrological characteristics and environmental conditions. Growth of tree is influenced by various environmental factors, such as sunlight, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, wind, precipitation, soil nutrient, inclination of ground, survival amongst surrounding trees, etc. With this system, the growth model of trees is constructed based on precipitation, temperature, sunlight, and inclination of ground, which especially have strong effects on tree growth. With this approach, various types of virtual trees can be obtained by changing growth conditions such as period and location of growth without the need to reset complicated parameters of tree species, and then the virtual trees can be cut at arbitrary areas, thus allowing a variety of woodgrain patterns to be easily generated by one parameter setup.
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Taynik, A., V. Barinov, and V. Myglan. "SEARCH, PROTECTION AND MONITORING OF THE OLDEST TREES IN SOUTH." In Reproduction, monitoring and protection of natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic landscapes. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/rmpnnaal2021_54-58.

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The article presents the results of 20 years of research work of the "Siberian dendrochronological laboratory". The studies allowed us to collect information about old-age trees for the territory of South Siberia. As a result, two Siberian larch trees of maximum age (779 years - the tree currently growing, 1307 years - a dead tree) were found on the territory of South Siberia.
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Narodytska, Nina, Alexey Ignatiev, Filipe Pereira, and Joao Marques-Silva. "Learning Optimal Decision Trees with SAT." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/189.

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Explanations of machine learning (ML) predictions are of fundamental importance in different settings. Moreover, explanations should be succinct, to enable easy understanding by humans. Decision trees represent an often used approach for developing explainable ML models, motivated by the natural mapping between decision tree paths and rules. Clearly, smaller trees correlate well with smaller rules, and so one challenge is to devise solutions for computing smallest size decision trees given training data. Although simple to formulate, the computation of smallest size decision trees turns out to be an extremely challenging computational problem, for which no practical solutions are known. This paper develops a SAT-based model for computing smallest-size decision trees given training data. In sharp contrast with past work, the proposed SAT model is shown to scale for publicly available datasets of practical interest.
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Reports on the topic "Trees"

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Duguma, Lalisa, Peter Minang, Ermias Aynekulu, Sammy Carsan, Judith Nzyoka, Alagie Bah, and Ramni Jamnadass. From Tree Planting to Tree Growing: Rethinking Ecosystem Restoration Through Trees. World Agroforestry Centre, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20001.pdf.

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Chamberlain, J. NTFPs from trees. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-su-137.

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Chamberlain, J. NTFPs from trees. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-su-138.

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Chamberlain, J. NTFPs from trees. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-su-139.

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Chamberlain, J. NTFPs from trees. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-su-140.

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Chamberlain, J. NTFPs from trees. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-su-141.

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Chamberlain, J. NTFPs from trees. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-su-142.

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Chamberlain, J. NTFPs from trees. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-su-144.

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Chamberlain, J. NTFPs from trees. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-su-145.

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Chamberlain, J. NTFPs from trees. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-su-147.

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