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Journal articles on the topic 'Trees – Effect of wind on – Congresses'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Topaçoğlu, Osman, and Seray Özden Keleş. "Effect of wind exposure on stem stand characteristics and anatomical features of fir trees." BioResources 20, no. 3 (2025): 5602–19. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.20.3.5602-5619.

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Wind causes significant damage to trees in many parts of the world, affecting tree growth, morphology, and forest ecology. The risk of wind damage is believed to be increasing due to global climate change. In this study, effects of wind exposure on the anatomical traits and stem stand characteristics in stands of Trojan fir trees (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani [Asch. and Sint. ex Boiss] Coode and Cullen) were investigated. The study was conducted on Ilgaz Mountain, northwest of Kastamonu City, Türkiye. The wind-damaged and undamaged Trojan fir trees were identified, and their wood ana

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2

Szkordilisz, Flóra, and András Zöld. "Effect of Vegetation on Wind-Comfort." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.811.

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Air flow pattern in urban environment are radically influenced by the sophisticated topography of buildings. Although in general the wind velocity is less than that in rural areas there are many critical points where the air movement accelerates. Such phenomenon can be observed in narrow streets, around the corners and below arcades.Vegetation can not only decrease the wind velocity but accelerate it. Trees can redirect air flow downward, whilst shrubs do upward. Around the corners of buildings high wind velocity and turbulence can develop which itself may lead to discomfort, in case of gust e

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3

Crane, J. H., and B. Schaffer. "EFFECT OF WIND SPEED ON CARBON ASSIMILATION, WATER RELATIONS, AND GROWTH OF YOUNG CARAMBOLA AND SUGAR APPLE TREES." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 579f—579. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.579f.

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The effect of wind stress on growth, net CO2 assimilation (A), and leaf water potential of eighteen-month-old, containerized carambola (Averrhoa carambola cv. Arkin) and seedling sugar apple (Annona squamosa) trees was investigated. In a glasshouse, trees were exposed to fan-generated wind speeds of 0 (control), 4 (low wind; LW), or 7 (high wind; HW) m sec-1 for 4 hr/day (1000-1400 hr) for 30 days. No differences in A, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and fresh and dry wt of mature carambola or sugar apple leaves or shoots were observed among treatments. In contrast, as wind speed increase

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4

Deng, Lirui, Xibei Jia, Wei Wang, and Syed Asad Hussain. "Revealing Impacts of Trees on Modeling Microclimate Behavior in Spaces between Buildings through Simulation Monitoring." Buildings 12, no. 8 (2022): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081168.

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Urban trees have been recognized as having different impacts on the microclimate and thermal comfort. Therefore, this study conducted on-site measurement and simulation to explore and clarify how trees impact the microclimate, thermal comfort, and façade temperature. A campus site was selected as the test field and two models—one with and one without trees—were built with the ENVI-met. Meanwhile, one microclimate station and four sensors were installed to simulate and validate the microclimate. Twelve blocks with different tree conditions were also selected to further investigate the specific

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5

Fang, Fuh-Min, Jen-Chieh Chang, Yi-Chao Li, Cheng-Yang Chung, and Ming-Hsun Chan. "Shelter Effect of Pedestrian Wind behind Row Trees in a Line Arrangement." Forests 13, no. 3 (2022): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13030392.

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Flow past a single-line arrangement of evenly-spaced row trees, in an open territory, was numerically simulated under the action of a boundary-layer type of oncoming flow, with a strength of “strong breeze”, based on the Beaufort scale. By selecting Koelreuteria henryi as the demonstrated tree species, the spatial wind speed variations behind row trees at the pedestrian level, at various tree heights and tree spaces, were analyzed to investigate the corresponding downstream shelter effects from a systematic basis. Based on the results of the analyses, the tendency of stream-wise wind speed var

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6

Ren, Xinyi, Guoyi Zhang, Zhonggou Chen, and Junhao Zhu. "The Influence of Wind-Induced Response in Urban Trees on the Surrounding Flow Field." Atmosphere 14, no. 6 (2023): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14061010.

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In recent years, cities have experienced frequent climate changes and deteriorating wind environments. Urban vegetation has become an important measure to improve local microclimates with its flexible configuration. Leaves and branches also reorient with the direction of wind, affecting the airflow through the tree. However, trees are usually considered as stationary porous media areas and are not influenced by wind speed in existing numerical simulation studies. Therefore, by considering the response of a tree under natural wind, this study established a fitted relationship between porosity a

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7

Schönheit, David, and Dominik Möst. "The Effect of Offshore Wind Capacity Expansion on Uncertainties in Germany’s Day-Ahead Wind Energy Forecasts." Energies 12, no. 13 (2019): 2534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132534.

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Germany has experienced rapid growth in onshore wind capacities over the past two decades. Substantial capacities of offshore wind turbines have been added since 2013. On a local, highly-resolved level, this analysis evaluated if differences in wind speed forecast errors exist for offshore and onshore locations regarding magnitude and variation. A model based on the Extra Trees algorithm is proposed and found to be a viable method to transform local wind speeds and capacities into aggregated wind energy feed-in. This model was used to analyze if offshore and onshore wind power expansion lead t

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8

Snepsts, Guntars, Mara Kitenberga, Didzis Elferts, Janis Donis, and Aris Jansons. "Stem Damage Modifies the Impact of Wind on Norway Spruces." Forests 11, no. 4 (2020): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040463.

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Bark stripping caused by cervids can have a long-lasting negative effect on tree vitality. Such trees of low vitality might be more susceptible to other disturbances. The amplifying effects of disturbance interactions can cause significantly more damage to forest ecosystems than the individual effects of each disturbance. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of bark stripping (stem damage) on the probability of wind damage and snapping height for Norway spruces (Picea Abies (L.) H. Karst.). In this study, we used the Latvian National Forest Inventory data from the period 2004–2018.

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9

Alvey, Alexis, P. Eric Wiseman, and Brian Kane. "Efficacy of Conventional Tree Stabilization Systems and their Effect on Short-Term Tree Development." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35, no. 3 (2009): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2009.028.

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We evaluated three conventional tree stabilization systems (staking, guying, and root ball anchoring) on 6.4 cm (2.5 in) caliper field-grown, balled and burlapped white ash (Fraxinus americana L. ‘Autumn Purple’). At five weeks and at seven months after planting, performance of the stabilization systems was evaluated under ambient wind conditions as well as wind-simulating pull tests. Nonstabilized ash trees remained upright during both the 5-week and 7-month studies despite occasionally substantial wind gusts. From the pull tests, the study found the stabilization systems performed equally we

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10

Gao, Siqi, Qianxi Chen, Yuxing Chen, Jing Ye, and Lingyan Chen. "A Study on Street Tree Planting Strategy in Pingtan Island Based on Road Wind Environment Simulation." Sustainability 16, no. 14 (2024): 6252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16146252.

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In this paper, the landscape of typical roadway trees and their planting parameters on Pingtan Island are investigated and analyzed in the field. A three-dimensional model of street trees was created using AutoCAD 2020, and Ansys Fluent 2022 was used to simulate the wind condition of trees with various planting parameters under high wind circumstances. The study explores the stress and adaptability of roadway trees in the wind environment under different planting parameters, such as different heights, plant spacing, lower shrub heights, and two-row and three-row planting with different row spa

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11

Chan, Woei Leong, Yongdong Cui, Siddharth Sunil Jadhav, et al. "Experimental study of wind load on tree using scaled fractal tree model." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 14n16 (2020): 2040087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220400871.

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Green urbanism has stimulated more research on the aerodynamics of tree in recent years. The insight gained in studying wind load on trees would mitigate risk of tree falling and enable sustainable landscape planning. However, deciphering the effect of wind on trees is a daunting task because trees come in various species, shapes and sizes. In this study, we aim at conducting wind tunnel tests on various species of trees, including measuring the respective drag coefficient and turbulent flow field using a force balance and particle image velocimetry system. The wind tunnel experiment is conduc

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Duperat, Marine, Barry Gardiner, and Jean-Claude Ruel. "Wind and Snow Loading of Balsam Fir during a Canadian Winter: A Pioneer Study." Forests 11, no. 10 (2020): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101089.

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Widely distributed across Quebec, balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill) is highly vulnerable to wind damage. The harsh winter conditions, freezing temperatures, and snow pose an additional risk. It is important to find the mechanical loads experienced by trees during winter to adapt forest management and minimize the risk of damage to this species. Many studies have been carried out on wind and snow loading damage risks in Northern Europe, mostly based on post-storm damage inventories. However, no study has continuously monitored the applied turning moment during a period with snow loading, an

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13

Gardiner, Barry, Alexis Achim, Bruce Nicoll, and Jean-Claude Ruel. "Understanding the interactions between wind and trees: an introduction to the IUFRO 8th Wind and Trees Conference (2017)." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 92, no. 4 (2019): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpz044.

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Abstract This paper discusses the advance in our understanding of the interaction between wind and trees over the last 25 years. It does this by comparing papers in this special issue of Forestry and a companion volume in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, based on work presented at the 8th IUFRO Wind and Trees Conference in 2017, with papers published in book format after the 1st IUFRO Wind and Trees Conference in 1993. The analysis is divided into sections on ‘airflow and tree mechanics’, ‘forest management and ecology’, ‘tree adaptation and acclimation’ and ‘modelling and statistical tech

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14

Kogut, Tomasz, Dagmara Wancel, Grzegorz Stępień, Małgorzata Smuga-Kogut, Marta Szostak, and Beata Całka. "Risk of Tree Fall on High-Traffic Roads: A Case Study of the S6 in Poland." Applied Sciences 14, no. 11 (2024): 4479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14114479.

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Modern technologies, such as airborne laser scanning (ALS) and advanced data analysis algorithms, allow for the efficient and safe use of resources to protect infrastructure from potential threats. This publication presents a study to identify trees that may fall on highways. The study used free measurement data from airborne laser scanning and wind speed and direction data from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management in Poland. Two methods were used to determine the crown tops of trees: PyCrown and OPALS. The effect of wind direction on potential hazards was then analyzed. The OPALS

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15

Nicoll, Bruce C., Alexis Achim, Shaun Mochan, and Barry A. Gardiner. "Does steep terrain influence tree stability? A field investigation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 10 (2005): 2360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-157.

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The anchorage of 40-year-old Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) trees grown in a plantation on a steep (ca. 30°) slope was compared with that of trees grown on an adjacent horizontal area. There was similar gleyed mineral soil on the sloping and horizontal areas. Trees were mechanically overturned using a winch, and anchorage was quantified by measuring load, stem angle, and tree dimensions. Trees on the slope were overturned upslope, downslope, or across-slope. Critical turning moments were calculated around the tree base and the actual hinge point. Critical wind speeds required to

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16

Martini, Angeline, Daniela Biondi, and Antonio Carlos Batista. "THE INFLUENCE OF STREET TREES ON URBAN MICROCLIMATE." FLORESTA 50, no. 3 (2020): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v50i3.62194.

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The microclimatic improvement is often cited as one of the benefits generated by urban trees, however, there are few studies which quantitatively address this effect. The aim of this paper was to compare the microclimate of streets with and without trees. Therefore, three samples containing a stretch of street with and without trees were selected, with the street with trees being composed of different species. The temperature, relative humidity and wind speed data were measured by automatic Kestrel® meteorological ministations installed on the street with trees and another in the street withou

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17

Hedden, R. L., T. S. Fredericksen, and S. A. Williams. "Modeling the effect of crown shedding and streamlining on the survival of loblolly pine exposed to acute wind." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 5 (1995): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-078.

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A simulation model using empirical data was developed to determine the effect of crown shedding and streamlining from stem and branch bending on the survival of mature loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) trees exposed to acute wind. Data collected from tree winching experiments were used to derive the forces necessary to cause stem failure. These data, combined with data on the vertical distribution of biomass and frontal surface area of sampled trees and hypothetical within-stand wind profiles, were used to calibrate models of static wind effect. Data collected on crown biomass, stem deflection, an

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18

Čakša, Linda, Silva Šēnhofa, Guntars Šņepsts, Didzis Elferts, Līga Liepa, and Āris Jansons. "Effect of Stem Snapping on Aspen Timber Assortment Recovery in Hemiboreal Forests." Forests 12, no. 1 (2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010028.

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Post-disturbance salvage logging mitigates economic loss after windthrow, and the value of salvaged timber is strongly linked to its quality and dimensions. We studied the occurrence of wind-induced damage of aspen in the hemiboreal forests of Latvia based on data from the National Forest Inventory and additional measurements. Individual tree data from three re-measurement periods were linked to follow a tree condition (live, broken, uprooted) and to link tree characteristics to a respective snag. Three linear models were developed to assess factors affecting the snapping height. An assortment

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19

Muraki, Yoshio, Masahiro Ohira, Tsuneharu Hatakeyama, and Hiroshi Saeki. "Experimental Study on Reducing Effect of Planting Trees on Wind-Waves." PROCEEDINGS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE OCEAN 10 (1994): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prooe.10.43.

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20

Fan, Chia-Cheng, Shu-Cheng Li, and Jin-Zong Lu. "Modeling the Effect of High Soil Moisture on the Wind Resistance of Urban Trees." Forests 13, no. 11 (2022): 1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111875.

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In urban areas, typhoons frequently cause the tilting and uprooting of trees, resulting in damage to city infrastructure. During periods of intense rainfall, at shallow soil depths, soil water content is typically high, reducing the anchoring resistance of tree roots in the soil. Tree root systems play an important role in providing anchoring resistance against severe winds during typhoons. In this study, we examined the influence of high soil saturation on the turning resistance of trees by conducting winching tests on three tree species found in urban areas. In highly saturated soils, the ma

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21

Kane, Brian, and Kenneth R. James. "Dynamic properties of open-grown deciduous trees." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 2 (2011): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-211.

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Natural frequency (f) and damping ratio (ζ) are important dynamic parameters that affect the likelihood of tree failure. Much work has investigated these parameters on conifers, but few data exist for open-grown deciduous trees. Considering the risk to people and property from tree failures in residential areas, a better understanding of f and ζ for open-grown deciduous trees is warranted. We measured free vibrations of Bradford pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne. ‘Bradford’) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) to calculate f and ζ. Subsequently, we remeasured trees after pruning and leaf-drop to i

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22

Sorensen, Frank C., and Timothy L. White. "Effect of Natural Inbreeding on Variance Structure in Tests of Wind-Pollination Douglas-Fir Progenies." Forest Science 34, no. 1 (1988): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/34.1.102.

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Abstract Studies of the mating habits of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) have shown that wind-pollination families contain a small proportion of very slow-growing natural inbreds. The effect of these very small trees on means, variances, and variance ratios was evaluated for height and diameter in a 16-year-old plantation by systematically deleting from analyses the shortest individuals in wind-pollination (W) and diallel (D) progenies of six parent trees. The progenies were growing together in a common field test. The D population served as a control (no inbreds). The low-v

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Laverne, Robert, and Geoffrey Lewis. "The Effect of Vegetation on Residential Energy use in Ann Arbor, Michigan." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 22, no. 5 (1996): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1996.036.

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Computer models have shown that proper placement of trees around climate- controlled buildings can significantly contribute to energy conservation by lowering cooling requirements in summer months and heating requirements in the winter. A study conducted in a residential neighborhood of Ann Arbor, Michigan, uses electric and natural gas utility company records to examine energy demand for homes in 3 areas with distinctly different levels of tree stocking. Field measurements quantify the density of vegetation that casts shade directly on homes, and aerial photo interpretation is used to evaluat

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Bock, C. H., P. E. Parker, and T. R. Gottwald. "Effect of Simulated Wind-Driven Rain on Duration and Distance of Dispersal of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri from Canker-Infected Citrus Trees." Plant Disease 89, no. 1 (2005): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0071.

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Dynamics of dispersal of the bacteria that causes citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) were assessed in simulated wind-driven rain splash. The wind/rain-splash events were simulated using electric blowers to generate turbulent wind (15 to 20 m s-1) and sprayer nozzles to produce water droplets entrained in the wind flow. The splash was blown at an inoculum source of canker-infected trees 1 m downwind. The splash downwind of the source of the infected trees was collected by vertical panel samplers and funnel samplers. The duration over which bacteria were dispersed in spray was asse

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Suzuki, Satoru, and Ayana Miyashita. "Measuring the dynamic wind load acting on standing trees in the field without destroying them." PLOS One 20, no. 5 (2025): e0323532. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323532.

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Wind loads are a factor in tree growth, tree architecture, and the occurrence of disasters and forest disturbances, e.g., tree falls. To understand forest ecosystems and manage forests effectively, it is necessary to understand the relationship between wind loads and trees. However, wind speed and direction always vary, which makes it difficult to measure wind loads acting on trees dynamically. We have proposed a method to accurately measure the dynamic wind load (Lw), the centroid of the dynamic wind load distribution (CL), and the dynamic wind load direction (DL) using multiple strain gauges

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Zhang, Jingjing. "Numerical Simulation Study of PM2.5 Diffusion and Distribution in Building Cluster Microenvironment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2941, no. 1 (2025): 012075. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2941/1/012075.

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Abstract In order to improve the quality of the micro-environment of the architectural complex and ensure that residents enjoy a healthy and comfortable living experience, this paper uses Fluent simulation software to simulate the wind environment under the three common layouts of the architectural complex and the diffusion status of PM2.5. On this basis, green trees are added around the pollution sources to compare and analyze the adsorption and blocking effect of green trees on particulate matter. The results showed that after the addition of green trees, the wind environment of the communit

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Kashyap, Anisha R. V., and Kiran M. Kolwankar. "Chaotic Properties of Single Element Nonlinear Chimney Model: Effect of Directionality." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 29, no. 04 (2019): 1950048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127419500482.

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We generalize the chimney model by introducing nonlinear restoring and gravitational forces for the purpose of modeling swaying of trees at high wind speeds. We have derived the general equations governing the system using Lagrangian formulation. We studied the simplest case of a single element in more detail. The governing equation we arrive at for this case has not been studied so far. We study the chaotic properties of this simple building block and also the effect of directionality in the wind on the chaotic properties. We also consider the special case of two elements.

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الجاسم, كاظم. "The effect of climatic factors on the productivity of palm trees in Iraq." Kufa Journal of Arts 1, no. 5 (2009): 279–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.36317/kaj/2010/v1.i5.6503.

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To study the impact of climatic factors on the productivity of palm trees in Iraq, it is necessary to identify the most important climatic conditions suitable for palm production, as the growth of palm trees is affected by many factors, the most important of which are temperature, amount of solar brightness, wind, humidity, rain, and other factors, where the effect of each factor varies. According to the germination period, which also varies from place to place, according to the astronomical location of the agricultural region.

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Liu, Xiaoying, Songhua Wu, Hongwei Zhang, Jianjun Zhang, Zhiqiang He, and Xi Zhang. "Detection of Complex Terrain-Induced Wind Shear by Doppler Lidar at Beijing Capital International Airport." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023706004.

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In November 2018, the lidar-based wind shear synchronous experiment was performed at Beijing Capital International Airport (BCIA). In this experiment, aiming at the measurement of the terrain-induced wind shear and the wind field around the runway, the glide path scanning mode, and the RHI strategy were conducted alternately. Radial velocity retrieved from the glide path scanning can obviously present the wakes caused by complex terrain (e.g., hills, tall trees, residential and terminal buildings). The Pulse Coherent Doppler Lidar (PCDL) warned the terrain-induced wind shear, which was verifie

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Maison, Alice, Cédric Flageul, Bertrand Carissimo, Yunyi Wang, Andrée Tuzet, and Karine Sartelet. "Parameterizing the aerodynamic effect of trees in street canyons for the street network model MUNICH using the CFD model Code_Saturne." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 14 (2022): 9369–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9369-2022.

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Abstract. Trees provide many ecosystem services in cities such as urban heat island reduction, water runoff limitation, and carbon storage. However, the presence of trees in street canyons reduces the wind velocity in the street and limits pollutant dispersion. Thus, to obtain accurate simulations of pollutant concentrations, the aerodynamic effect of trees should be taken into account in air quality models at the street level. The Model of Urban Network of Intersecting Canyons and Highways (MUNICH) simulates the pollutant concentrations in a street network, considering dispersion and physico-

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Kim, Yeon-Uk, Seung-Bok Lee, Chang Hyeok Kim, Seonyeop Lee, and Kyung-Hwan Kwak. "Aerodynamic and Dry Deposition Effects of Roadside Trees on NOx Concentration Changes on Roadways and Sidewalks." Atmosphere 16, no. 3 (2025): 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16030344.

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This study analyzes changes in NOx concentrations due to the aerodynamic and dry deposition effects of roadside trees in the Jongno area, a central business district of Seoul, Republic of Korea, using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The simulation results indicate that the on-road NOx concentration was slightly increased (2.09%) due to the aerodynamic effect of roadside trees. However, the dry deposition effect of roadside trees had a greater impact on reducing NOx concentrations (−2.77%) along sidewalks. It was observed that the reduction in NOx concentration due to the dry deposi

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Lamprecht, Sebastian, Johannes Stoffels, and Thomas Udelhoven. "ALS as Tool to Study Preferred Stem Inclination Directions." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22 (2020): 3744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223744.

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Although gravitropism forces trees to grow vertically, stems have shown to prefer specific orientations. Apart from wind deforming the tree shape, lateral light can result in prevailing inclination directions. In recent years a species dependent interaction between gravitropism and phototropism, resulting in trunks leaning down-slope, has been confirmed, but a terrestrial investigation of such factors is limited to small scale surveys. ALS offers the opportunity to investigate trees remotely. This study shall clarify whether ALS detected tree trunks can be used to identify prevailing trunk inc

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Toader, Traian-Nicu, Călin G. R. Mircea, Alina M. Truta, and Horia Constantinescu. "Coniferous Trees as Bioinspiration for Designing Long Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Columns." Biomimetics 9, no. 3 (2024): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030165.

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This article contains the results of identifying the potential of coniferous trees to act as bioinspiration for the structural design of columns in single-story warehouses subjected to high wind velocity and severe seismic action. This study starts by analyzing the biomechanics of coniferous trees, continues with an abstraction of the relevant features, and ends with the transfer of a design methodology for long reinforced and prestressed concrete columns. To verify the applicability and validity of the mathematical relationships extracted from the bibliographic study to characterize the biome

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Gilman, Edward, and Forrest Masters. "Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Root Growth and Lateral Stability of Quercus virginiana." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36, no. 6 (2010): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2010.037.

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This research aimed to evaluate impact of slicing the outer edge of container root balls, initial tree size at planting, and root ball composition on post-planting tree stability in a simulated wind storm. One-hundred twenty Cathedral Oak® live oak were planted in March 2005. Thirty field-grown trees were transplanted, and 60 trees of similar size were planted from 170 L containers. Root ball sides on 30 containers were sliced prior to planting. Thirty smaller trees from 57 L containers were planted without slicing. Trees were pulled with an electric winch, and blown with a hurricane simulator

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Krisans, Oskars, Roberts Matisons, Steffen Rust, et al. "Presence of Root Rot Reduces Stability of Norway Spruce (Picea abies): Results of Static Pulling Tests in Latvia." Forests 11, no. 4 (2020): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040416.

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Storms are the main abiotic disturbance in European forests, effects of which are expected to intensify in the future, hence the importance of forest stand stability is increasing. The predisposition of Norway spruce to wind damage appears to be enhanced by pathogens such as Heterobasidion spp., which reduce stability of individual trees. However, detailed information about the effects of the root rot on the stability of individual trees across diverse soil types is still lacking. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of root rot on the individual tree stability of Norway spruce growin

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Wells, Lenny. "Mechanical Hedge Pruning Affects Nut Size, Nut Quality, Wind Damage, and Stem Water Potential of Pecan in Humid Conditions." HortScience 53, no. 8 (2018): 1203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13217-18.

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Recent extensive pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] plantings coincided with a shift toward the planting of pecan trees at higher density by Georgia pecan producers in anticipation of maintaining these densities through hedge pruning. Initial studies of mechanical hedge pruning in the low-light environment of the southeastern United States have failed to show significant benefits to pecan production. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of hedge pruning on pecan nut quality, yield, and midday stem water potential (ψ) of pecan trees in the temperate climate of th

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Bock, Clive H., Michael W. Hotchkiss, Ted E. Cottrell, and Bruce W. Wood. "The Effect of Sample Height on Spray Coverage in Mature Pecan Trees." Plant Disease 99, no. 7 (2015): 916–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-14-1154-re.

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Pecan scab (caused by Fusicladium effusum) is the most damaging disease of pecan in the southeastern United States. Large air-blast sprayers for orchards are used to apply fungicide to control the disease but little quantitative information exists on the spray coverage achieved in the canopy of these trees. A series of experiments using water-sensitive spray cards to record spray coverage (percent area) at different heights and locations up to 15 m in the canopy of pecan trees showed a significantly greater percentage of card area covered at the lowest sample height when compared with the high

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Alok, Chandra Pal. "ROLE OF LANDSCAPE IN MITIGATION OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT." Research & Reviews: Journal of Architectural Designing 5, no. 1 (2023): 12–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7844413.

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<em>Due to improper design in the landscape planning the urban heat island effect are happening. This paper will make a proper understanding how trees play important role in balancing the comfortable temperature to survive. Too much concrete used in one essential area can be reduced to mitigate the urban heat island effect by using turf blocks instead of using full concrete surfaces. Multiple layered canopies should be designed in the green space. Denser foliage of trees should be used in hot and dry condition. How trees can direct the wind flow. Hence, it can be suggested to mitigate the urba

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Heisler, Gordon. "Energy Savings with Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 12, no. 5 (1986): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1986.026.

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In conventional buildings, trees increase, decrease, or have little effect on energy use depending on general climate, building type, tree species, and tree location. Tree arrangements that save energy provide shade primarily for east and west walls and roofs and wind protection from the direction of prevailing winter winds. Particularly for buildings specially designed to use solar energy and those with solar collectors, it is important to place tree crowns so they do not block sun from collectors and south walls. But conventional houses also benefit from winter sun. Deciduous trees provide b

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Yoon, Tae Kyung, Seonghun Lee, Seungmin Lee, et al. "A Wind Tunnel Test for the Effect of Seed Tree Arrangement on Wake Wind Speed." Forests 15, no. 10 (2024): 1772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15101772.

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Changes in canopy structures caused by harvesting and regeneration practices can significantly alter the wind environment. Therefore, it is essential to understand the wind patterns influenced by seed tree arrangements for predicting seed dispersal by winds and ensuring the success of natural regeneration. This study aimed to identify how wind speed responds to seed tree arrangement designs with differing horizontal distances, vertical positions, and free-stream wind speeds. A wind tunnel test was conducted using pine saplings for a scale model of various seed tree arrangements, and the change

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Niu, Shengnan, Annan Wang, and Xing Jin. "Preliminary Study on Influence of Outdoor Trees on Natural Ventilation of Teaching Buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 03056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235603056.

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The emphasis of this study lied in the impact of tree planting spacing around the teaching building on the indoor wind environment. CFD simulations of the indoor wind environment of teaching building affected by trees were performed utilizing the ANSYS Fluent software using the standard k-ε model with additional source terms. Deciduous broad-leaved trees and coniferous trees were selected as representative tree species for comparison. Five different tree planting spacings were arranged outside the teaching building, and the indoor airflow velocity distribution and pressure distribution were si

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Doare´, O., B. Moulia, and E. de Langre. "Effect of Plant Interaction on Wind-Induced Crop Motion." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 2 (2004): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1688773.

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Plant motion due to wind affects plant growth, a phenomenon called thigmomorphogenesis. Despite intensive studies of the turbulence over plant canopies, the study of plant motion induced by wind has often been limited to individual trees or cereal plants. Few models of global canopy motions are available. Moreover the numerical analysis of models that are based on individual stems becomes time consuming when dealing with crops. A model of motion within the canopies is proposed here using a wave propagation equation within a homogenized continuous medium, and a forcing function representing tur

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Karamzadeh, Sarkhosh, Mehrdad Nikooy, Kambiz Taheri Abkenari, Farzam Tavankar, Angela Lo Monaco, and Rodolfo Picchio. "The Relationship between Stand Structure and Tree Growth Form—Investigating the Effects of Selection Cuttings in Mountainous Mixed Beech Forests." Forests 14, no. 9 (2023): 1861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14091861.

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Among forest management methods, selection cutting puts into practice applications that follow the processes that naturally occur in the ecosystem. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of selection cutting on the stand structural characteristics and growth form of trees. The effect of selection cutting was evaluated in terms of the frequency and standing volume of trees and deadwood, diversity of tree species indices, stand structural complexity index (SCI), height-to-diameter ratio (HDR) or slenderness index, and live crown ratio of trees (LCR). These were measured and

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Fredericksen, T. S., R. L. Hedden, and S. A. Williams. "Effect of stem bending on hydraulic conductivity and wood strength of loblolly pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 3 (1994): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-060.

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Stems of 30-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) trees were bent with a winch to determine the effect of bending, which might occur from severe wind stress, on the hydraulic conductivity and wood strength of tree stems. Stems were bent to a point of imminent stem failure and then released. After release, stems leaned an average of 6.25° from their original vertical position. Measurements of sapwood permeability and viable conducting area were made on stem sections cut from bent trees and were compared with sections taken from unstressed (control) trees. Dye was used to determine the percenta

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Krišāns, Oskars, Roberts Matisons, Jānis Vuguls, et al. "Regularly Planted Rather Than Natural Understory of Norway Spruce (Picea abies H. Karst.) Contributes to the Individual Stability of Canopy Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.)." Forests 13, no. 6 (2022): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13060942.

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Forest plantations, particularly high-density planted stands, are considered to be more prone to wind damage compared to naturally regenerated stands. The wind resistance (mechanical stability) of plantations can, however, be improved by close-to-natural management, for example, combining pioneer and shade-tolerant species. Presumably, the stability of such stands would be enhanced by the reduced competition of canopy trees and stronger root contacts provided by understory trees, which depend on spatial distribution. In the hemiboreal forest zone, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Norway

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Morales, Paula, Frederick S. Davies, and Ramon C. Littell. "Pruning and Skirting Affect Canopy Microclimate, Yields, and Fruit Quality of `Orlando' Tangelo." HortScience 35, no. 1 (2000): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.1.30.

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Pruning and skirting (removal of low-hanging limbs) effects on canopy temperature, relative humidity (RH), and fruit yield and quality of `Orlando' tangelo trees (Citrus paradisi Macf. × Citrus reticulata Blanco) on `Carrizo' citrange rootstock [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] were studied at the Univ. of Florida Fifield Farm in Gainesville, Fla., in 1996–97. In the first season, treatments consisted of skirted and non-skirted trees. In the second season, two skirting (skirted and non-skirted) and three pruning (gable-top, flat-top, and non-pruned) treatments were ev

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Chan, Woei-Leong, Yong Eng, Zhengwei Ge, et al. "Wind Loading on Scaled Down Fractal Tree Models of Major Urban Tree Species in Singapore." Forests 11, no. 8 (2020): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080803.

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Estimation of the aerodynamic load on trees is essential for urban tree management to mitigate the risk of tree failure. To assess that in a cost-effective way, scaled down tree models and numerical simulations were utilized. Scaled down tree models reduce the cost of experimental studies and allow the studies to be conducted in a controlled environment, namely in a wind or water tunnel, but the major challenge is to construct a tree model that resembles the real tree. We constructed 3D-printed scaled down fractal tree models of major urban tree species in Singapore using procedural modelling,

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Tomczak, Arkadiusz, Tomasz Jelonek, Witold Pazdrowski, Witold Grzywiński, Przemysław Mania, and Karol Tomczak. "The Effects of Wind Exposure on Scots Pine Trees: Within-Stem Variability of Wood Density and Mechanical Properties." Forests 11, no. 10 (2020): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101095.

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Survival in variable conditions of wind exposure depends on the strategy of trees in adapting to environmental constraints. There are many studies investigating the effect of wind on the adaptation of trees, but little attention is paid to the properties of the wood, particularly within-stem variability. In the present work, an analysis was made of within-stem variability of the density and mechanical properties of Scots pine wood from parts of stands with different wind exposure (stand edge, forest interior). The research was carried out in north-western Poland, in seven selected pine stands

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Flowers, Bryon, and Kuo-Tsang Huang. "Developing a Chained Simulation Method for Quantifying Cooling Energy in Buildings Affected by the Microclimate of Avenue Trees." Atmosphere 15, no. 10 (2024): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101150.

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This paper introduces a methodology aimed at bridging the gap between building energy simulation and urban climate modeling. A coupling method was developed through the Building Control Virtual Test Bed (BCVTB) and applied to a case study in Taipei City, Taiwan, to address the microclimate factors of street trees crucial to cooling energy consumption. The use of the Urban Weather Generator for weather file modification revealed a 0.63 °C average air temperature disparity. The coupling method emphasized the importance of accurate wind speed and convective heat transfer coefficients (CHTCs) on b

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Lindgren, B. Staffan, Mark D. McGregor, Robert D. Oakes, and Hubert E. Meyer. "Suppression of Spruce Beetle Attacks by MCH Released from Bubble Caps." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 2 (1989): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/4.2.49.

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Abstract The attack density of the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), was reduced to 10-25% of that on untreated felled Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) trees, when the trees were treated with 9-15 bubble cap release devices, each releasing the aggregation inhibitor MCH at 1-3 mg/24 h at 20°C. In the first experiment, deterioration of many release devices reduced the suppression effect. In the second experiment, MCH reduced attacks by 85%, and total brood production by 79-88%. The attacks on the MCH treated trees occurred late, as evidenced by the early stage of development of

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