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Journal articles on the topic 'Trees fungi biological control'
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El-Fouly, Mohie Zohier, Azza Abdel-Fattah M. Shahin, and Heba Abd-Alla El-Bialy. "Biological control of sapstain fungi in Egyptian wood stores and infected trees." Annals of Microbiology 61, no. 4 (January 18, 2011): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13213-011-0197-6.
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Hagge, Jonas, Claus Bässler, Axel Gruppe, Björn Hoppe, Harald Kellner, Franz-Sebastian Krah, Jörg Müller, Sebastian Seibold, Elisa Stengel, and Simon Thorn. "Bark coverage shifts assembly processes of microbial decomposer communities in dead wood." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1912 (October 9, 2019): 20191744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1744.
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Bark protects living trees against environmental influences but may promote wood decomposition by fungi and bacteria after tree death. However, the mechanisms by which bark determines the assembly process and biodiversity of decomposers remain unknown. Therefore, we partially or completely removed bark from experimentally felled trees and tested with null modelling whether assembly processes were determined by bark coverage and if biodiversity of molecularly sampled fungi and bacteria generally benefited from increasing bark cover. The community composition of fungi, wood-decaying fungi (subset of all fungi) and bacteria clearly separated between completely debarked, partly debarked and control trees. Bacterial species richness was higher on control trees than on either partly or completely debarked trees, whereas the species richness of all fungi did not differ. However, the species richness of wood-decaying fungi was higher on partially and completely debarked trees than on control trees. Deterministic assembly processes were most important in completely debarked trees, a pattern consistent for fungi and bacteria. Our findings suggest that human disturbances in forests shift the dominant assembly mechanism from stochastic to deterministic processes and thus alter the diversity of wood-inhabiting microorganisms.
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Al-Nuaimy, Maha, and Faten Mula Abed. "The Effect of Biological Control Agents on Fungi Isolated from some Citrus Trees in Mosul." Rafidain Journal of Science 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rjs.2021.167687.
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Minh, Nguyen Van, Mai Huu Phuc, Duong Nhat Linh, Tran Thi A. Ni, Tran Kien Duc, and Nguyen Anh Nghia. "Screening of endophytes from rubber trees (hevea brasiliensis) for biological control of Corticium salmonicolor." ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 8, no. 2 (June 4, 2020): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46223/hcmcoujs.tech.en.8.2.345.2018.
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28 leaves and living-tissue samples of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) were collected from Ho Chi Minh City, Binh Phuoc province and Binh Duong province (Viet Nam). We isolated and screened endophytes that have potential application as agents for biocontrol of Corticium salmonicolor, the agent of Pink Disease in rubber trees. As a result, 21 strains of endophytic bacteria and 14 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated. Antagonistic activity of the endophytes towards C. salmonicolor was checked by using a dual culture. Testing results showed that: T9, T15 and T16 strains have inhibited C. salmonicolor. T9 and T16 strains showed result that 100% of inhibiting C. salmonicolor at the concentration of 1:1. In the test of ability to kill C. salmonicolor, T9 and T16 strains showed that they could kill C. salmonicolor
after 3 sprays of bacterial filtrate. T9 and T6 strains, which were identified by biochemical methods, have similar characteristics to Bacillus thuringiensis.
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Yang, S. J., Z. Y. Du, Y. Yu, Z. L. Zhang, X. Y. Sun, and S. J. Xing. "Effects of root pruning on physico-chemical characteristics and biological properties of winter jujube rhizosphere soil." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 11 (November 8, 2011): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/38/2011-pse.
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The root system of six-year-old winter jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Zhanhua) trees were manually pruned at 3, 5 or 7 times trunk diameter distance along both inter-row sides, to study the effects of root pruning on physico-chemical characteristics and biological properties of winter jujube rhizosphere soil. The results showed that the root pruning of 3 and 5 times trunk diameter distance increased the available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium<sup><sup>[</sup></sup>concentrations and pH values in the rhizosphere soil and decreased organic matter concentrations, the contents of amino acids, organic acids and total sugars in the root exudates, the populations of bacteria, actinomyces and fungi, and inhibited the activities of catalase, invertase and urease enzymes in contrast to the control in early stage when root pruning was applied. The determined indexes presented a reverse trend as those in early stage after new roots appeared. Compared to the control, the trees by root pruning had higher pesticides residues of the rhizosphere soil in the whole experiment. No differences were noticed between 7 times trunk diameter distance and the control. It is proposed that root pruning had greater impacts on physico-chemical characteristics and biological properties of the rhizosphere soil depending on root pruning intensity. <br clear="all" />
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Lazarev, Vladimir, Zlatan Radulovic, and Slobodan Milanovic. "Interactions of polysporous cultures of antagonistic fungus Peneiphora gigantea (Fr.) Massee and some decay fungi of spruce from Stara planina." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 91 (2005): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0591163l.
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In the control of the fungus Heterobasidion annosum the most frequently applied method is stump treatment with biological preparations containing dehydrated spores of the saprophytic fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea (syn. Peniophora gigantea /Fr./ Massee). In the field, this fungus is a competitor to the fungus Heterobasidion annosum. This paper presents the results of laboratory analyses of interactions of decay fungi isolated from the root and butt of uprooted spruce trees in the Nature Park "Stara Planina", and their relation to the fungus Ph. gigantea. The interactions of these fungi were analyzed at the temperatures of 20?C, 25?C and 30?C.
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Schubert, Mark, Siegfried Fink, and Francis W. M. R. Schwarze. "FIELD EXPERIMENTS TO EVALUATE THE APPLICATION OFTRICHODERMASTRAIN (T-15603.1) FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WOOD DECAY FUNGI IN TREES." Arboricultural Journal 31, no. 4 (December 2008): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2008.9747542.
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Kwaśna, Hanna, Lucyna Walkowiak, Piotr Łakomy, Jolanta Behnke-Borowczyk, Roman Gornowicz, Artur Mikiciński, Stanisław Gałązka, and Wojciech Szewczyk. "Effects of silvicultural techniques on the diversity of microorganisms in forest soil and their possible participation in biological control of Armillaria and Heterobasidion." Journal of Plant Protection Research 55, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2015-0034.
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AbstractEffects of different pre-planting soil preparations and post-harvest wood debris applications in a clear-cut Scots pine plantation, on the abundance, diversity, and activity of culturable microorganisms were investigated. The investigation was done 9 years after the re-plantings had been done. This formed part of an investigation of silvicultural practices for conservation and the biological control ofArmillariaandHeterobasidionin northern temperate forests (Poland). The treatments being compared, were expected to have altered the soil’s physical and chemical properties, and consequently, its biological properties. Only soft-rot microfungi from the Ascomycota and Zygomycota were detected in the soil. Fungi, including those antagonistic toArmillariaandHeterobasidion, were more abundant after shallow ploughing than after deep ploughing or ridging, and where chipped rather than coarse wood debris was left on the soil surface or incorporated. Scots pine trees had the most biomass and the least mortality after ridging and leaving coarse wood debris on the surface (associated with only a relatively moderate abundance of fungi).
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Haque, Ahsanul, Rieks D. van Klinken, Ken Goulter, and Victor J. Galea. "Assessing the potential of fungi isolated from dieback-affected trees as biological control agents for prickly acacia (Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica)." BioControl 64, no. 2 (December 13, 2018): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-018-09919-9.
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Reid, Nick, and Simon F. Shamoun. "Contrasting research approaches to managing mistletoes in commercial forests and wooded pasturesThis minireview is one of a collection of papers based on a presentation from the Stem and Shoot Fungal Pathogens and Parasitic Plants: the Values of Biological Diversity session of the XXII International Union of Forestry Research Organization World Congress meeting held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, in 2005." Botany 87, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-109.
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Many mistletoe species are pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems throughout the world. Mistletoes are unusual “weeds” as they are generally endemic to areas where they achieve pest status and, therefore, classical biological control and broad-scale herbicidal control are usually impractical. In North American coniferous forests, dwarf mistletoe ( Arceuthobium spp.) infection results in major commercial losses and poses a public liability in recreation settings. Hyperparasitic fungi have potential as biological control agents of dwarf mistletoe, including species which attack shoots, berries, and the endophytic systems of dwarf mistletoe. Development of an inundative biological control strategy will be useful in situations where traditional silvicultural control is impractical or undesirable. In southern Australia, farm eucalypts are often attacked and killed by mistletoes ( Amyema spp.) in grazed landscapes where tree decline and biodiversity loss are major forms of land degradation. Although long-term strategies to achieve a balance between mistletoe and host abundance are promoted, many graziers want short-term options to treat severely infected trees. Recent research has revisited the efficiency and efficacy of silvicultural treatments and selective herbicides in appropriate situations. The results of recent research on these diverse management strategies in North America and Australia are summarized.
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Downer, A. J., J. A. Menge, and E. Pond. "Association of Cellulytic Enzyme Activities in Eucalyptus Mulches with Biological Control of Phytophthora cinnamomi." Phytopathology® 91, no. 9 (September 2001): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.9.847.
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A series of samples were taken from mulched and unmulched trees starting at the surface of mulch or soil to a 15 cm soil depth, forming a vertical transect. Saprophytic fungi isolated from the soil samples on rose bengal medium and surveyed visually were most abundant in mulches and at the interface of mulch and soil (P < 0.05). Microbial activity as assayed by the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate was significantly greater in mulch layers than in soils. Cellulase and laminarinase enzyme activities were greatest in upper mulch layers and rapidly decreased in soil layers (P < 0.05). Enzyme activities against Phytophthora cinnamomi cell walls were significantly greater in mulch than in soil layers. When Phytophthora cinnamomi was incubated in situ at the various transect depths, it was most frequently lysed at the interface between soil and mulch (P < 0.001). Roots that grew in mulch layers were significantly less infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi than roots formed in soil layers. In mulched soil, roots were commonly formed at the mulch-soil interface where Phytophthora populations were reduced, whereas roots in unmulched soil were numerous at the 7.5 cm depth where Phytophthora cinnamomi was prevalent. Enzyme activities were significantly and positively correlated with each other, microbial activity, and saprophytic fungal populations, but significantly and negatively correlated with Phytophthora recovery.
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Malik, Muhammad T., Syed A. H. Naqvi, Malik A. Bakhsh, and Talal Tariq. "FIELD CASE INVESTIGATIONS OF MANGO MALFORMATION DISEASE IN FIVE DISTRICTS OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB AND ITS BIOLOGICAL MEDIATED MANAGEMENT UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS." Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology 30, no. 2 (December 27, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.33866/phytopathol.030.02.0462.
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Mango is the king of fruits and keeps the status of national tree in some countries. Pakistani Mangoes are considered to the best in the world due to its shape, taste, flavor and deliciousness. Mango malformation is said to be the hundred century old disease consistently a source of losses for the mango industry. Extensive mango orchard’s survey showed a dynamic presence of the disease in the orchards. On the basis of visual systems the trees were evaluated and hence maximum disease severity (41.44) was recorded in District Layyah where the soils were observed more clayey as compared to the other districts of the South Punjab. Similarly, Multan ranked second in the infestation of Mango Malformation disease severity in the orchards while (30.11) was calculated in Lodhran followed by Muzaffar-Garh with (27.11) and Khanewal with (23.33). The fungus was identified as Fusarium mangiferae under the microscope and for the biological mediated management of the pathogen as hypothesized that if successful may be the best possible solution for the management of the disease in the orchards by utilizing the various Trichoderma spp. T. harzianum gave best control against F.mangiferae by depicting 71% inhibition against the pathogenic fungi. The use of Trichoderma spp against the pathogenic fungi will open new avenues in the biological control tactics of the plant diseases.
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Żółciak, Anna, Katarzyna Sikora, Marta Wrzosek, Marta Damszel, and Zbigniew Sierota. "Why Does Phlebiopsis gigantea not Always Inhibit Root and Butt Rot in Conifers?" Forests 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020129.
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This review aims to identify possible causes of differing effectiveness of artificial biological control of Heterobasidion root rot by the saprotrophic fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea. We describe published information in terms of pathogen–competitor relationships and the impact of environmental and genetic factors. We also revisit data from original research performed in recent years at the Forest Research Institute in Poland. We hypothesized that, in many cases, competition in roots and stumps of coniferous trees between the necrotrophic Heterobasidion spp. and the introduced saprotroph, Phlebiopsis gigantea, is affected by growth characteristics and enzymatic activity of the fungi, the characteristics of the wood, and environmental conditions. We concluded that both wood traits and fungal enzymatic activity during wood decay in roots and stumps, and the richness of the fungal biota, may limit biological control of root rot. In addition, we identify the need for research on new formulations and isolates of the fungal competitor, Phlebiopsis gigantea, as well as on approaches for accurately identifying the infectious threat from pathogens.
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Malusá, Eligio, Małgorzata Tartanus, Ewa M. Furmanczyk, and Barbara H. Łabanowska. "Holistic approach to control Melolontha spp. in organic strawberry plantations." Organic Agriculture 10, S1 (April 27, 2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13165-020-00295-2.
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AbstractTo achieve an effective reduction of the damage by root feeding grubs of Melolontha spp. in organic strawberry plantations, we have tested an approach targeting different stages of the insect’s biological cycle. Adult beetles were caught by using light traps or by manual shaking off trees associated to the monitoring of cockchafer swarm flights supported by forecasts models. Phytosanitary pre-crops and the application of biological control agents were tested against the larvae. The three predictive models utilized to forecast the period of emergence of the cockchafer were suitable to support the deployment of the light traps before the adults’ swarm flights. Traps positioned at 4-m height were more effective in attracting the beetles than those kept at 2-m height. Buckwheat in mixtures with either a mustard or leguminous species used as pre-crops was able to reduce the population of grubs, and considering also its capacity in solubilizing recalcitrant phosphorous sources should enter in a rotation with strawberry or any other crop susceptible to grubs damage. The distribution of two different strains of entomopathogenic fungi resulted in a reduction of the damage to plants due to the cockchafer grubs’ activity, even though the efficacy resulted to be dependent on environmental and agronomic factors, including the kind of formulation used. It is concluded that to assure a sufficient level of control of Melolontha spp. in organic strawberry plantations, it is necessary to integrate several methods that are targeting the different biological stages of the insect and are based on different kinds of practices.
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Wicks, TJ, and AR Granger. "Effects of low rates of pesticides on the control of pests and diseases of apples." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 3 (1989): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890439.
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Fungicides and insecticides used at the recommended rate, and reduced recommended rates were applied at low volume (100 L ha-1) to apple trees in field experiments in South Australia from 1985 to 1988. At harvest the incidence of fruit damaged by fungi and insects was assessed on Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Jonathan and Granny Smith cultivars. Mixtures of penconazole and mancozeb applied at the recommended rates of 800 mL and 4.5 kg ha-1 respectively as well as 25% and 10% of the recommended rates controlled apple scab completely in 1986, but were less effective in 1987. Azinphos-methyl applied at the recommended rate of 2.7 kg and 25% of the recommended rate reduced codling moth infestation to commercially acceptable levels of <2 % on Red Delicious only in 1987. Considerable cost savings are possible by using low rates of pesticides. Our results suggest that the use of low rates is more applicable to low valued cultivars such as Jonathans and orchards with low levels of pest and disease.
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Everett, K. R., and T. Machin. "The efficacy of fungicides and biocontrol agents for control of Glomerella cingulata on Satsuma mandarins." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4259.
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Six products were tested for efficacy for control of anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata on Satsuma mandarins There were three conventional fungicides (folpet copper hydroxide and mancozeb) and three new biological control agents (Botryzen Serenade and an experimental product HR42) Botryzen is a saprophytic fungus that competitively colonises plant material also invaded by pathogenic fungi Serenade is a saprophytic bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) that produces a diffusable substance that inhibits fungal pathogens and HR42 is a saprophytic bacterium with a similar mode of action to Serenade Application of Serenade HR42 and mancozeb significantly (Plt;0005) reduced symptoms (speckles) ascribed to G cingulata Isolations of Bacillus subtilis from leaf discs of Serenadetreated trees showed that leaves were successfully colonised by this bacterium up to at least a week after application Blotches that could not be removed appeared on fruit treated with Botryzen and copper hydroxide For Botryzen this may have been due to interaction with a surfactant
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PIMENTA, RAPHAEL SANZIO, JULIANA F. MOREIRA da SILVA, JEFFREY S. BUYER, and WOJCIECH J. JANISIEWICZ. "Endophytic Fungi from Plums (Prunus domestica) and Their Antifungal Activity against Monilinia fructicola." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 1883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-156.
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Enophytic fungi were isolated from plum (Prunus domestica) leaves, identified with ITS1 and ITS4 primers, and their antagonistic activity was tested against Monilinia fructicola, which causes brown rot, blossom blight, and twig blight of stone fruits, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which causes anthracnose on a variety of fruit crops. The production of antifungal compounds was determined in agar-diffusion and volatile inverted-plate tests. A total of 163 fungi were recovered from 30 plum trees, representing 22 cultivars. Twenty-nine morphotypes were detected, but only 14 species were identified genetically. The most frequently isolated species was Phaeosphaeria nodorum, constituting 86.5% of the total isolates. Four isolates produced inhibitory volatiles to M. fructicola; however, no isolate produced volatiles inhibitory to C. gloeosporioides. The volatiles produced by these fungi were identified as ethyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetic acid, 2-propyn-1-ol, and 2-propenenitrile. The fungal volatiles inhibited growth and reduced width of the hyphae, and caused disintegration of the hyphal content. This is the first study describing fungal endophytes in stone fruits. The P. nodorum strains producing inhibitory volatiles could play a significant role in reduction of M. fructicola expansion in plum tissues. Potential of these strains for biological control of this pathogen on stone fruits warrants further investigation.
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Syaukani, Syaukani, Zulia Ananda, Suhartono Suhartono, Sirtina Sirtina, Oviana Lisa, Alfizar Alfizar, and Samingan Samingan. "Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Entomopathogenic Fungal Isolates Using Molecular Approach." Elkawnie 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v6i2.6549.
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Abstract: Entomopathogenic fungi are essential to consider as one of the biological agents to control termite populations. This research aimed to molecularly identify entomopathogenic fungi isolates in termites based on the ITS rDNA region and to determine the relationship of fungi isolates. Identification was performed by DNA extraction, PCR amplification, electrophoresis, purification, and sequencing. Phylogenetic trees were generated using MEGA X. Molecular identification showed that the ISO1 sample was Penicillium oxalicum, the ISO2 sample was Trichoderma ghanense the ISO3 sample was Aspergillus niger, the ISO4 sample was Aspergillus fumigatus and the ISO5 sample was Aspergillus pseudonomius. The phylogenetic tree showed that the ISO1, ISO2, ISO3, ISO4, and ISO5 samples had the closest relationship with Penicillium oxalicum strain FR6-CGR12, Trichoderma ghanense isolate TM2, Aspergillus niger isolate 77, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus pseudonomius strain DTO 267D6, respectively.Abstrak: Kelimpahan jenis fungi entomopatogen adalah hal yang terpenting untuk dipertimbangkan sebagai agen hayati bagi populasi rayap.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi secara molekular isolat fungi entomopatogen pada rayap, berdasarkan daerah ITS rDNA dan mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan dari isolat fungi tersebut. Identifikasi dilakukan dengan cara ekstraksi DNA, amplifikasi menggunakan PCR, elektroforesis, purifikasi dan sekuensing. Selanjutnya kontruksi pohon filogenetik menggunakan aplikasi MEGA X. Berdasarkan uji molekular menunjukkan bahwa sampel ISO1 merupakan Penicillium oxalicum.ISO2 merupakan Trichoderma ghanense.ISO3 merupakan Aspergillus niger. ISO4 merupakan Aspergillus fumigatus.ISO5 merupakan Aspergillus pseudonomius.Konstruksi pohon filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa, sampel ISO1 berkerabat dekat dengan Penicillium oxalicum strain FR6-CGR12. Sampel ISO2 berkerabat dekat dengan Trichoderma ghanense isolat TM2. Sampel ISO3 berkerabat dekat dengan Aspergillus nigerisolat 77. Sampel ISO4 berkerabat dekat dengan Aspergillus fumigatus.Sampel ISO5 berkerabat dekat dengan Aspergillus pseudonomius strain DTO 267D6.
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Gugliuzzo, Antonio, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Daniel Carrillo, Louela A. Castrillo, James P. Egonyu, Diego Gallego, Khalid Haddi, et al. "Recent advances toward the sustainable management of invasive Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles." Journal of Pest Science 94, no. 3 (May 15, 2021): 615–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-021-01382-3.
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AbstractWe provide an overview of both traditional and innovative control tools for management of three Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), invasive species with a history of damage in forests, nurseries, orchards and urban areas. Xylosandrus compactus, X. crassiusculus and X. germanus are native to Asia, and currently established in several countries around the globe. Adult females bore galleries into the plant xylem inoculating mutualistic ambrosia fungi that serve as food source for the developing progeny. Tunneling activity results in chewed wood extrusion from entry holes, sap outflow, foliage wilting followed by canopy dieback, and branch and trunk necrosis. Maintaining plant health by reducing physiological stress is the first recommendation for long-term control. Baited traps, ethanol-treated bolts, trap logs and trap trees of selected species can be used to monitor Xylosandrus species. Conventional pest control methods are mostly ineffective against Xylosandrus beetles because of the pests’ broad host range and rapid spread. Due to challenges with conventional control, more innovative control approaches are being tested, such as the optimization of the push–pull strategy based on specific attractant and repellent combinations, or the use of insecticide-treated netting. Biological control based on the release of entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, as well as the use of antagonistic bacteria, has yielded promising results. However, these technologies still require validation in real field conditions. Overall, we suggest that management efforts should primarily focus on reducing plant stress and potentially be combined with a multi-faceted approach for controlling Xylosandrus damage.
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Mayfield, Albert E., Jennifer Juzwik, Jamison Scholer, John D. Vandenberg, and Adam Taylor. "Effect of Bark Application With Beauveria bassiana and Permethrin Insecticide on the Walnut Twig Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Black Walnut Bolts." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 5 (May 29, 2019): 2493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz150.
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Abstract Formulations of entomopathogenic (insect-killing) fungi represent alternatives to synthetic insecticides in the management of forest and shade tree insects. We evaluated bark spray applications of the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain GHA (BotaniGardES), permethrin insecticide (Astro), and water (control) on colonization of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) (Fagales: Juglandaceae) bolts by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), vector of the fungus that causes thousand cankers disease. Treated bolts were baited with a P. juglandis aggregation pheromone lure and deployed in infested walnut trees. Bark application of permethrin prevented P. juglandis colonization of the phloem. Although treatment of bolts with the B. bassiana suspension did not reduce P. juglandis colonization or short-term emergence relative to the control treatment, it increased the B. bassiana infection rate from 25 to 62% of emerged adults. Results suggest that commercial applications of B. bassiana strain GHA may help augment natural levels of infection by this entomopathogen in the eastern United States, and support continued exploration of entomopathogens for biological control of the walnut twig beetle.
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Hassan, Naseem. "Phyto-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles using Leaves Extracts of Morus alba and Aegle marmelos Inhibited Fusarium Wilt and Charcoal Rot in Tomato." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1652.
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Antifungal metal structures, using silver at nanoscale, were synthesized using leaves extract of two indigenous trees i.e., Morus alba (white mulberry) and Aegle marmelos (bael fruit). The antifungal characteristics of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was verified against Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt and Macrophomina phaseolina, the pathogen of charcoal rot, taking tomato as a model plant. Synthesized nanoparticles were checked against selected fungi in concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL. Negative control received no nanoparticles but sterilized water, whereas positive control plants were treated with chemical fungicide (Nativo). Result of in vitro and greenhouse experiments confirmed the potential of synthesized nanoparticles to reduce fungal growth and disease incidence. However, the NPs synthesized using leaves extract of white mulberry were more effective. In green house trials, the plants treated with NPs in a concentration of 100 μg/mL showed parallel results as were recorded in plants receiving fungicide. Similarly, both selected fungi also depicted slight variation in their responses towards various treatments as percentage of growth inhibition as well as disease incidence was more in F. oxysporum than in M. phaseolina. UV-spectrophotometer ascertained the optimization conditions by adjusting concentrations of silver nitrate between 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mM, incubation period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and pH of biosynthesis system adjusted at 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. FTIR confirmed the presence of different functional groups available both in plant extracts and nanoparticles while, SEM indicated spherical, polydisperse morphology of AgNPs with size ranges from 20–48 nm respectively. In pot experiment nanoparticles synthesized using white mulberry leaves reduced fusarium infection up to 97% and macrophomina rot up to 92%. Nanoparticles synthesized using bael leaves extract were comparatively less effective against selected fungi than those synthesized using white mulberry leaves extract. Hence these results provided basis for the use of green synthesized NPs using white mulberry leaves extract as an alternative to conventional fungicides to help reduce environmental pollution. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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Olchowik, Jacek, Dorota Hilszczańska, Marcin Studnicki, Tadeusz Malewski, Khalil Kariman, and Zbigniew Borowski. "Post-fire dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest of Poland." PeerJ 9 (September 15, 2021): e12076. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12076.
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Background Global warming and drying have markedly enhanced in most forests the risk of fires across the world, which can affect the taxonomic and functional composition of key tree-associated organisms such as ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. The present study was conducted to characterise the alterations in the extent of root ECM colonisation, the ECM fungal communities, and their exploration types (i.e., indicator of ECM soil foraging strategies) in regenerated pines within a burned site as compared with an unburned site (five years after the fire event) in the Forest District Myszyniec, Poland. Methods To assess the ECM fungal communities of burned and control sites, soil soil-root monoliths were collected from the study sites in September 2019. A total of 96 soil subsamples were collected for soil analysis and mycorrhizal assessment (6 trees × 2 sites × 4 study plots × 2 microsites (north and south) = 96 subsamples). Results The percentage of root ECM colonisation was significantly lower in the burned site in comparison with the unburned (control) site. However, the ECM species richness did not differ between the control and burned sites. The identified ECM species in both sites were Imleria badia, Thelephora terrestris, Russula paludosa, R. badia, R. turci, R. vesca, Lactarius plumbeus, Phialocephala fortinii, and Hyaloscypha variabilis. The most frequent species in the burned and control sites were I. badia and T. terrestris, respectively. The relative abundances of contact, medium-distance smooth and long-distance exploration types in the burned site were significantly different from the control site, dominated by the medium-distance exploration type in both sites. The abundance of the long-distance exploration type in the burned site was markedly greater (27%) than that of the control site (14%), suggesting that the fire event had favoured this ECM foraging strategy. The results demonstrated that the fire led to reduced ECM colonisation of Scots pine trees in the burned site whereas the species richness was not affected, which can be attributed to degrees of fire-resistance in the ECM species, survival of ECM propagules in deeper soil layers, and/or continuous entry of spores/propagules of the ECM fungi from the adjacent forests via wind, water run-off or animals.
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Thao, Phan Thi Hong, Nguyen Vu Mai Linh, Nguyen Thi Hong Lien, and Nguyen Van Hieu. "Biological and taxonomical characteristics of endophytic Streptomyces TQR8-14 and its production potential of antimicrobial substance." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14, no. 4 (April 19, 2018): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/14/4/12305.
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Endophytic actinomycetes colonize in living plant tissues without causing harm to the host plant. In fact, they are regarded as effective bio-control agents and plant growth promoters due to their ability to activate plant self-immunity and produce biologically active secondary metabolites. Recent studies reported higher rates in finding new strains and antimicrobial substances among endophytes than actinomycetes from soil and plant surface. In this work, endophytic actinomycetes were isolated from Ham Yen orange trees, a famous specialty of Tuyen Quang province, and screened for antimicrobial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The isolate TQR8-14, showing strong activity, was studied with regard to its biological and taxonomical characteristics and production of antimicrobial substance. Based on the mycelial morphology, this isolate was placed in yellow group of streptomycetes. The isolate developed milky to yellow aerial mycelia on all test media and long straight spore chains bearing smooth cylinder spores. The isolate could grow at wide range of temperature 15 to 45oC, of pH 4 to 10; on substrates such as carboxy methyl cellulose, starch, protein and chitin; and tolerated up to 3% salinity. Its 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence (1,404 bp) shared 99% similarity to Streptomyces parvus. Therefore, the isolate was named as Streptomyces parvus TQR8-14. The highest antimicrobial activity was achieved in culture on medium AH4 containing soybean meal and glucose, at 30oC and pH 7.0.
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Dodge, Christine, Jessica Coolidge, Miriam Cooperband, Allard Cossé, Daniel Carrillo, and Richard Stouthamer. "Quercivorol as a lure for the polyphagous and Kuroshio shot hole borers, Euwallacea spp. nr. fornicatus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), vectors of Fusarium dieback." PeerJ 5 (August 17, 2017): e3656. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3656.
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The polyphagous shot hole borer and Kuroshio shot hole borer, two members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), are invasive ambrosia beetles that harbor distinct species of Fusarium fungal symbionts. Together with the damage caused by gallery construction, these two phytopathogenic Fusarium species are responsible for the emerging tree disease Fusarium dieback, which affects over 50 common tree species in Southern California. Host trees suffer branch dieback as the xylem is blocked by invading beetles and fungi, forcing the costly removal of dead and dying trees in urban areas. The beetles are also threatening natural riparian habitats, and avocado is susceptible to Fusarium dieback as well, resulting in damage to the avocado industries in California and Israel. Currently there are no adequate control mechanisms for shot hole borers. This paper summarizes efforts to find a suitable lure to monitor shot hole borer invasions and dispersal. Field trials were conducted in two counties in Southern California over a span of two years. We find that the chemical quercivorol is highly attractive to these beetles, and perform subsequent field experiments attempting to optimize this lure. We also explore other methods of increasing trap catch and effects of other potential attractants, as well as the deterrents verbenone and piperitone.
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Carroll, George. "Forest endophytes: pattern and process." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-393.
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Studies on taxonomy, distribution, and possible function have dominated the literature on forest endophytes since these fungi were first noted. Endophyte distributions have been described at a variety of scales ranging from those at a landscape level to those at the finest scales of resolution within a single leaf or patch of bark. At a landscape level, distribution patterns seem to be determined by host specificity, liquid precipitation, canopy cover, and geographic continuity or disjunctness. At the level of the individual stand or tree, height in the crown may become important. At the level of individual branch systems, age of substrate appears the most important factor. At a microscopic scale, tissue specificity, leaf topography, and phenology of the infection process with respect to leaf development all play a role. Endophytic fungi have seldom been found to cause widespread disease in trees; furthermore, their age-specific infection frequencies in conifer needles show continuous increases with needle age, in contrast to needle pathogens in which infections are largely confined to young needles. Endophytes are usually viewed as protective mutualists acting against herbivorous insects and pathogenic fungi. Proof of mutualism requires not only that endophytes be present in tissues under attack and their presence be correlated with, for example, increased insect mortality, but that inoculation experiments and comparisons with uninoculated plant tissues also be done. Such experiments often show no differences between treatment and control plants, results that may be related to unsuccessful inoculation of the endophyte. Such results may also be rooted in an inability to reproduce the biological complexity present in natural forest stands. Multiple infections of single leaves may lead to synergistic interactions of toxins produced by endophytes. Insect herbivores have evolved behavioral responses to the presence of endophytes, and protective mutualism by endophytes may occur only intermittently. Key words: endophyte, distribution, mutualism, gall midge, toxins, coevolution.
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Morin, Chantal, Philippe Tanguay, Colette Breuil, Dian-Qing Yang, and Louis Bernier. "Bioprotection of Spruce Logs Against Sapstain Using an Albino Strain of Ceratocystis resinifera." Phytopathology® 96, no. 5 (May 2006): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0526.
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We recovered a spontaneous albino strain from ascospores of Ceratocystis resinifera, a sapstain fungus that grows deeply and rapidly in freshly felled conifer trees. This albino strain, named Kasper, was tested for its ability to prevent discoloration of spruce sapwood caused by wild-type sapstain fungi and compared with Cartapip 97, a commercially available biological control agent of sapstain in lodgepole pine and red pine logs. In a laboratory trial, Kasper reduced sapstain of white spruce logs as much as 94.4% and was more efficient than Cartapip 97. In field trials conducted in an area north of Québec City, Kasper reduced sapstain of black spruce as much as 80%. In three of four field trials, Kasper was significantly more efficient than Cartapip 97 in reducing sapstain development. The exception was encountered in a 2003 trial conducted in a sawmill yard where Kasper did not reduce sapstain. In a field trial conducted in western Canada, at Aleza Lake forest near Prince George, Kasper almost totally prevented the development of sapstain, even after 24 weeks. These results suggest albino strains derived from C. resinifera might be an additional source of potential biocontrol agents against sapstain.
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Darge, Wendu A., and Samuel S. Woldemariam. "Botryosphaeria Tree Fungal Pathogens and Their Diversity." International Journal of Phytopathology 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.010.01.3447.
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The genus Botryosphaeria identified in 1863 as saprophytes of dead tissue of woody plants have been described as pathogens of economically important plantation trees in agriculture and native forests. The genus is a species-rich, worldwide distributed occurring on diverse host ranges. Species of the Botryosphaeria are reported as the pathogens of many plantation trees, including species of Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Pinus causing canker and rapid dieback diseases which often end up in death. Botryosphaeria fungal pathogens have cross pathogenicity on different host tree species which enables them important and focus area of research. The taxonomy of Botryosphaeria spp. have been under research, identification of these fungi has generally been based on morphological features of the anamorph that usually seen under the microscope. Characters that are used to classify genera in the Botryosphaeria have mostly relied on the macroscopic features of the ascospores and the conidial features. Currently, molecular techniques such as DNA sequencing involving amplification of ITS region are important for exact identification of the genera to species level. Recent molecular, phylogenetic and morphological findings showed that order Botryosphaeriales is diverse consisting nine families and 33 genera with 23 genera only in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. Botryosphaeria spp. are naturally endophytes associated with tree plants known to cause monocyclic or polycyclic diseases resulting in polyetic epidemics. The factor that makes plants more prone to Botryosphaeria fungal species is assumed to be stress or wounding associated with the host plants. Global climate change driven drought is an important factor that initiate stress resulting in nutrient deficiencies. Botryosphaeria fungal tree diseases can be best managed by ensuring plants are in optimal health through appropriate integration of cultural, silvicultural and fungicidal applications to effectively prevent and control the diseases.
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Jain, S. Mohan, Christian Oker-Blom, Eija Pehu, and R. J. Newton. "Genetic engineering: An additional tool for plant improvement." Agricultural and Food Science 1, no. 3 (May 1, 1992): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72453.
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Advances in gene transfer technologies have enabled the production of both monocot and dicot transgenic plants. With the biolistic method, genes can be transferred in recalcitrant crop plants and forest trees, independent of their genotype. Inexpensive methods for both stable and transient gene transfers - ultrasonication, direct DNA insertion during imbibition using somatic embryos, and silicon carbide fibres - have been developed. The frequency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation rates of cloned genes can be enhanced in plant cells. The analysis of molecular markers (RFLPs, RAPDs, DNA fingerprints) can accomplish the characterization, gene mapping and identification and certification and patent protection of cultivars. With PCR, selective amplification of a specific DNA segment from a small amount of an organism’s total DNA can be used toidentify transgenic cultivars. The expression of a target gene can be inhibited with antisense RNA. So far, a limited number of genes have been identified and cloned with genetic engineering. With specific gene transfers, many goals such as biological control of insect pests and fungi, male sterility, virus resistance, improving seed protein, and production of transgenic plants as “bioreactors” can be accomplished. T-DNA mutagenesis may lead to learning more about the genetic control of plant development and morphogenesis, and isolation of useful mutants. Before genetic engineering becomes a reliable tool of plant breeding, more attention is needed to explore: (a) new plant genetic resources in order toidentify and clone new genes, (b) fate of selective and scorable marker genes, and (c) field evaluation of transgenes in transgenic plants.
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Dini, Irene, Marica Pascale, Alessia Staropoli, Roberta Marra, and Francesco Vinale. "Effect of Selected Trichoderma Strains and Metabolites on Olive Drupes." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 8710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188710.
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Beneficial fungal strains of the genus Trichoderma are used as biofungicides and plant growth promoters. Trichoderma strains promote the activation of plant defense mechanisms of action, including the production of phenolic metabolites. In this work, we analyzed the effects of selected Trichoderma strains (T. asperellum KV906, T. virens GV41, and T. harzianum strains TH1, M10, and T22) and their metabolites (harzianic acid and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone) on drupes of young olive trees (4-year-old) cv. Carolea. This study used the untargeted analysis of drupe metabolome, carried out by LC–MS Q-TOF, to evaluate the phenolics profiles and target metabolomics approach to detect oleuropein and luteolin. The untargeted approach showed significant differences in the number and type of phenolic compounds in olive drupes after Trichoderma applications (by root dipping and drench soil irrigation method) compared to control. The levels of oleuropein (secoiridoid) and luteolin (flavonoid) varied according to the strain or metabolite applied, and in some cases, were less abundant in treated plants than in the control. In general, flavonoids’ levels were influenced more than secoiridoid production. The dissimilar aptitudes of the biological treatments could depend on the selective competence to cooperate with the enzymes involved in producing the secondary metabolites to defend plants by environmental stresses. Our results suggest that using selected fungi of the genus Trichoderma and their metabolites could contribute to selecting the nutraceutical properties of the olive drupe. The use of the metabolites would bring further advantages linked to the dosage in culture and storage.
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Peever, Tobin L., Yir-Chung Liu, Paolo Cortesi, and Michael G. Milgroom. "Variation in Tolerance and Virulence in the Chestnut Blight Fungus-Hypovirus Interaction." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 4863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.11.4863-4869.2000.
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ABSTRACT Chestnut blight, caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, has been effectively controlled with double-stranded RNA hypoviruses in Europe for over 40 years. The marked reduction in the virulence of C. parasitica by hypoviruses is a phenomenon known as hypovirulence. This virus-fungus pathosystem has become a model system for the study of biological control of fungi with viruses. We studied variation in tolerance to hypoviruses in fungal hosts and variation in virulence among virus isolates from a local population in Italy. Tolerance is defined as the relative fitness of a fungal individual when infected with hypoviruses (compared to being uninfected); virulence is defined for each hypovirus as the reduction in fitness of fungal hosts relative to virus-free hosts. Six hypovirus-infected isolates of C. parasitica were sampled from the population, and each hypovirus was transferred into six hypovirus-free recipient isolates. The resulting 36 hypovirus-fungus combinations were used to estimate genetic variation in tolerance to hypoviruses, in hypovirus virulence, and in virus-fungus interactions. Four phenotypes were evaluated for each virus-fungus combination to estimate relative fitness: (i) sporulation, i.e., the number of asexual spores (conidia) produced; (ii) canker area on field-inoculated chestnut trees, (iii) vertical transmission of hypoviruses into conidia, and (iv) conidial germination. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant interactions (P < 0.001) between viruses and fungal isolates for sporulation and canker area but not for conidial germination or transmission. One-way ANOVA among hypoviruses (within each fungal isolate) and among fungal isolates (within each hypovirus) revealed significant genetic variation (P < 0.01) in hypovirus virulence and fungal tolerance within several fungal isolates, and hypoviruses, respectively. These interactions and the significant genetic variation in several fitness characters indicate the potential for future evolution of these characters. However, biological control is unlikely to break down due to evolution of tolerance to hypoviruses in the fungus because the magnitudes of tolerance and interactions were relatively small.
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Silva, Adriana De Abreu, Ivan Vilas Bôas Souza, John Silva Porto, and Abel Rebouças São José. "UTILIZAÇÃO DE FUNGOS BENÉFICOS NA FORMAÇÃO DE MUDAS DE GOIABEIRA EM SOLOS INFESTADOS COM NEMATOIDES." Nativa 8, no. 2 (April 10, 2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v8i2.8141.
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O nematoide das galhas (Meloidogyne spp.) tem sido um fator limitante ao cultivo da goiabeira no Brasil, pois restringe a produção e a qualidade dos frutos. O controle biológico vem sendo empregado para suprimir nematoides fitopatogênicos e a inoculação com Trichoderma spp. e Pochonia chlamydosporia é um método promissor, contudo poucas pesquisas são relatadas com estes fungos à cerca da cultura da goiabeira. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma longibrachiatum e Pochonia chlamydosporia na modulação morfológica do crescimento inicial de mudas de goiabeira ‘Paluma’ em solo naturalmente infestado com Meloidogyne spp. A pesquisa ocorreu na Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia – UESB, Campus de Vitória da Conquista - BA em telado experimental. Foram realizadas as análises morfológicas altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento de raízes, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e das raízes. Foi possível observar que os fungos de biocontrole não foram eficientes na supressão dos nematoides juvenis durante o período de avaliação, no entanto a inoculação com Trichoderma harzianum, promoveu incremento nas massas fresca e seca da parte aérea e na massa seca das raízes, Pochonia clamydosporia mostrou-se menos eficiente quanto a promoção de crescimento inicial das mudas quando comparadas a Trichoderma spp.Palavras-chave: Psidium guajava; Trichoderma spp.; Pochonia spp.; Meloidogyne spp. USE OF BENEFICIAL FUNGI IN DEVELOPMENT OF GUAVA SEEDLINGS IN NEMATODES INFESTED SOILS ABSTRACT: Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) has been a limiting factor to growing guava in Brazil since it restricts yield and fruit quality. Biological control has been employed to suppress phytopathogenic nematodes. The inoculation with Trichoderma spp. and Pochonia chlamydosporia is a promising method; however, studies on the impact of these fungi on guava trees are lacking. This work aimed to assess the efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Pochonia chlamydosporia in morphological modulation at the early development of ‘Paluma’ guava seedlings grown on a soil naturally infested by Meloidogyne spp. The study took place at the State University of Southeastern Bahia – UESB, campus Vitória da Conquista, Bahia state, Brazil, in a net house. The following morphological traits were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, root length, and fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots. These fungi as biocontrol agents were not efficient in suppressing juvenile nematodes over the evaluation period; nonetheless, inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum increased fresh and dry weights of shoot as well a root dry weight. Pochonia clamydosporia was less efficient in promoting the early development of seedlings compared to Trichoderma spp.Keywords: Psidium guajava; Trichoderma spp.; Pochonia spp.; Meloidogyne spp.
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Pomohaibo, V. M., L. D. Orlova, and N. A. Vlasenko. "Free DNA in nature as a tool of ecological monitoring of the environment." Ecology and Noospherology 28, no. 1-2 (January 25, 2017): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031702.
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Free DNA in nature or the environmental DNA (eDNA) contains unique information about the diversity not only of unicellular but also of multicellular organisms – fungi, plants, invertebrates and vertebrates in the past and contemporary nature. eDNA of a soil surface and of an aquatic environment may indicate a presence of contemporary living organisms and deposits, sediments and glaciers – wildlife diversity in the geological past. Fungi are reducers, symbions and parasites and play an important ecological role in nature, and so it is important to know their taxonomic and functional characteristics. Analysis eDNA in samples of forest soil showed that ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are represented most of all. They were identified as mycorrhizal types, plant pathogens and saprotrophes. In soils of different climatic zones DNA of numerous taxons of plant (herbs, shrubs, trees), unicellular and multicellular animals (protozoans, earthworms, birds, mammals) was discovered. In spite of this unknown species of fungi and earthworms were discovered. It was ascertained that eDNA of soil surface layer do not move practically and it is able to display a complete taxonomic filling of vertebrates and relative biomass of individual species. Researches of eDNA of freshwater ecosystems is focused to identify and control spreading of invasive species of crustaceans, mollusks, fishes, amphibians and reptiles with the goal of conservation of biological diversity and ecological balance. It is shown that eDNA may be a better tool to identify these species in comparison with traditional methods of audio and visual observation. At the same time a population size and an ontogenetic stage are not important. Another research direction of eDNA in a fresh water aims to identify species of aquatic animals (crustaceans, insects, fish, amphibians and mammals) at risk of extinction. A short time of eDNA existence in freshwater ecosystems is very useful for a nature protecting, because it can indicate a presence, status and disappearance of species. Thus eDNA of previous population, which is rapidly destroyed, will not interfere with the analysis. However, it is necessary to remember that in river ecosystems eDNA moves with the stream at a great distance. Further researches of eDNA in seawater samples are necessary, because in this aquatic environment the ability to move and storage time of free genetic material is insignificant. In land deposits, water sediments and glaciers free DNA do not move and may be preserved for long periods – till hundreds of thousands of years, that gives a possibility to obtain valuable information about the wildlife of paleoenvironments. In samples of permafrost deposits was found eDNA of numerous taxons of fungi, plants, three species of beetles, two species of fossil bird moa, mammoth, bison, horse. Water sediments is rich in eDNA also. In sea sediments extracellular DNA is much more than in sea water. Moreover, the anoxic conditions slow down destructive processes that ensures its long-term preservation. Sea sediments, especially estuary sediments are used to determine influence of human activities on the biological communities of ecosystems. Sediments of freshwater lake also contain eDNA, which represent degrading consequences of human interaction with the environment. Results of eDNA study of lake sediments as well as a study of soil deposits complement results of a study of pollen and fossil plant residues. It confirms a feasibility to combine traditional and molecular genetic methods in ecological researches to obtain most authentic data about past plant diversity. eDNA of many organisms is contained in glaciers. The analysis of this DNA permitted to identify 57 taxons of fungi, 8 orders of higher plants, taxons of protozoans and insects.
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Rayachhetry, M. B., M. L. Elliott, and T. K. Van. "Natural Epiphytotic of the Rust Puccinia psidii on Melaleuca quin-quenervia in Florida." Plant Disease 81, no. 7 (July 1997): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.7.831a.
Full textAbstract:
Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake (melaleuca), a tree of Australian origin, is an invasive weed of natural areas in southern Florida and has been listed as a federal noxious weed. During January 1997, severe incidence of a rust disease was detected on new growth of about 70% of the melaleuca trees over a 2-km strip in Broward and Dade counties. These top-pruned trees were 3 to 5 m tall with bushy appearance and had many new shoots. The rust was observed on melaleuca saplings and trees in a 20-km radius in January through March 1997. Leaf lesions began as chlorotic flecks that expanded, produced spores, and developed into necrotic spots. Infected leaves were severely distorted. Branches were severely defoliated and succulent twigs were often girdled by lesions, causing dieback of the new growth. Yellow uredinia were observed on all young leaves and some petioles and twigs. Urediniospore morphology and dimensions (17 to 27 × 15 to 24 µm) are consistent with the description of Puccinia psidii G. Wint. (1) and the University of Florida's herbarium material of P. psidii on Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. (allspice) (2). An inoculation test was conducted with 40-cm-tall melaleuca seedlings. Fully expanded leaves and terminals of these seedlings were brushed or sprayed with freshly collected urediniospores, covered with plastic bags, and placed in a growth chamber maintained at 16°C (night) and 26°C (day) with a corresponding 12-h light cycle for 72 h. The plastic bags were then removed and the seedlings maintained in high humidity and ambient temperatures in a shadehouse. Typical symptoms and sporulation occurred after 10 and 12 days, respectively, following inoculation. Although P. psidii has been recorded on 11 genera in Myrtaceae in the Americas (1,2), including melaleuca, an epiphytotic of this magnitude on melaleuca has not been reported. A different race of P. psidii has been suspected to cause sudden epiphytotics on Pimenta officinalis Lindl. in Jamaica (1). Further research related to host range is warranted to determine the specificity of P. psidii, as this rust may have potential as a microbial biological control agent of melaleuca. References: (1) G. F. Laundon and J. M. Waterson. C.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 56, 1965. (2) R. B. Marlatt and J. W. Kimbrough. Plant Dis. Rep. 63:510, 1979.
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da Silva, Adielle R., Kaliane N. S. Pinto, Bianca E. Maserti, Hermes P. Santos-Filho, and Abelmon da S. Gesteira. "Corrigendum to: Systematic review of defense responses against Phytophthora and strategies to manage Phytophthora diseases in citrus." Functional Plant Biology 48, no. 10 (2021): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp20349_co.
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Phytophthora spp. are the causal agents of gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot, and fruit brown rot diseases that affect the roots, trunk, and fruits of citrus trees, causing severe economic losses. This work presents an updated systematic review addressing the defence responses in citrus against Phytophthora and the strategies to manage Phytophthora diseases. Applying a new method of search based on an explicit, rigorous, and transparent methodology. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was conducted using the databases available for academic research. The main plant defence mechanisms reported in the cited papers are the hypersensitivity response, cell wall reinforcement, production of pathogenesis-related proteins, and expression of defence-related genes. Moreover, the main strategies to manage Phytophthora root rot are organic compounds in the soil and biological control with fungi and bacteria. In addition, inhibition of Phytophthora gummosis or canker by applying new oomycota fungicides and reducing the incidence of brown fruit rot through the application of potassium phosphite have also been reported. Moreover, modern plant biotechnology techniques can help to accelerate the selection of resistant rootstocks in breeding programs, as controlled crossings for the generation of hybrids, somatic hybridisation, transgenic citrus plants, mapped genomic regions of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs), candidate genes, metabolic markers and comparative transcriptomic. These innovative techniques represent a suitable tool to breed new Phytophthora resistant rootstocks, which is widely recognised as the best strategy to face gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot and ultimately minimise the expensive use of pesticides in crop protection.
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da Silva, Adielle R., Kaliane N. S Pinto, Bianca E. Maserti, Hermes P. Santos-Filho, and Abelmon da S. Gesteira. "Systematic review of defense responses against Phytophthora and strategies to manage Phytophthora diseases in citrus." Functional Plant Biology 48, no. 10 (2021): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp20349.
Full textAbstract:
Phytophthora spp. are the causal agents of gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot, and fruit brown rot diseases that affect the roots, trunk, and fruits of citrus trees, causing severe economic losses. This work presents an updated systematic review addressing the defence responses in citrus against Phytophthora and the strategies to manage Phytophthora diseases. Applying a new method of search based on an explicit, rigorous, and transparent methodology. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was conducted using the databases available for academic research. The main plant defence mechanisms reported in the cited papers are the hypersensitivity response, cell wall reinforcement, production of pathogenesis-related proteins, and expression of defence-related genes. Moreover, the main strategies to manage Phytophthora root rot are organic compounds in the soil and biological control with fungi and bacteria. In addition, inhibition of Phytophthora gummosis or canker by applying new oomycota fungicides and reducing the incidence of brown fruit rot through the application of potassium phosphite have also been reported. Moreover, modern plant biotechnology techniques can help to accelerate the selection of resistant rootstocks in breeding programs, as controlled crossings for the generation of hybrids, somatic hybridisation, transgenic citrus plants, mapped genomic regions of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs), candidate genes, metabolic markers and comparative transcriptomic. These innovative techniques represent a suitable tool to breed new Phytophthora resistant rootstocks, which is widely recognised as the best strategy to face gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot and ultimately minimise the expensive use of pesticides in crop protection.
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Quirk, Joe, Jonathan R. Leake, David A. Johnson, Lyla L. Taylor, Loredana Saccone, and David J. Beerling. "Constraining the role of early land plants in Palaeozoic weathering and global cooling." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1813 (August 22, 2015): 20151115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1115.
Full textAbstract:
How the colonization of terrestrial environments by early land plants over 400 Ma influenced rock weathering, the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and phosphorus, and climate in the Palaeozoic is uncertain. Here we show experimentally that mineral weathering by liverworts—an extant lineage of early land plants—partnering arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, like those in 410 Ma-old early land plant fossils, amplified calcium weathering from basalt grains threefold to sevenfold, relative to plant-free controls. Phosphate weathering by mycorrhizal liverworts was amplified 9–13-fold over plant-free controls, compared with fivefold to sevenfold amplification by liverworts lacking fungal symbionts. Etching and trenching of phyllosilicate minerals increased with AM fungal network size and atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Integration of grain-scale weathering rates over the depths of liverwort rhizoids and mycelia (0.1 m), or tree roots and mycelia (0.75 m), indicate early land plants with shallow anchorage systems were probably at least 10-fold less effective at enhancing the total weathering flux than later-evolving trees. This work challenges the suggestion that early land plants significantly enhanced total weathering and land-to-ocean fluxes of calcium and phosphorus, which have been proposed as a trigger for transient dramatic atmospheric CO 2 sequestration and glaciations in the Ordovician.
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Djerbi, M. "Diseases of the Date Palm: Present Status and Future Prospects." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol3iss1pp103-114.
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While date palm is affected by many diseases, bayoud remains the most serious one. It is caused by a soil born pathogen, Fusarium oxyspurum f .sp. albedinis. It has affected practically all Moroccan palm groves as well as those of western and central Algerian sahara, where it has respectively killed more than 12 million in Morocco and three million in Algeria and has accelerated the desertification phenomenon. External and internal symptoms as well as identification methods of F.o. f. sp. albedinis by pathogenicity test, cultural characteristics, and vegetative compatibility were reviewed and discussed. Small distance contamination occurs by root contact between diseased trees and healthy ones, and at large distances through the movement of contaminated planting material (offshoots, symptomless carriers) and infested soil and irrigation water. Prophylactic measures as well as chemical, cultural, biological and genetic controls were reviewed. It appears that the most productive mean lies in research into resistant cultivars. Hundreds of genotypes have been selected and introduced for micro-propagation and planted in infested areas to rehabilitate date palm oasis ravaged by bayoud. Among other date palm diseases Khamedj (Mauginiella scaettae), fruit rot (due to numerous fungi), Black scorch (Thielaviopsis paradoxa), Belaat (Phytophtora sp.) are of minor importance and of sporadic occurrence. However, they become serious and cause heavy losses under favorable conditions and when proper sanitation is not applied. Two serious and fatal diseases of unknown causes (AI Wijam and the Brittle leaf disease) as well as many other diseases and physiological disorders of minor importance were also reviewed.
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Snyder, A. L., M. T. Kasson, S. M. Salom, D. D. Davis, G. J. Griffin, and L. T. Kok. "First Report of Verticillium Wilt of Ailanthus altissima in Virginia Caused by Verticillium nonalfalfae." Plant Disease 97, no. 6 (June 2013): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-12-0502-pdn.
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Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, commonly known as tree-of-heaven, is an invasive tree species that has spread throughout the United States since its introduction in 1784 (2). During a survey in July 2009, approximately 1,100 A. altissima trees were observed at two locations in western Virginia (a roadside in Montgomery Co. and a wooded area adjacent to a railroad in Bedford Co.) exhibiting foliar wilt symptoms, defoliation, yellowish vascular discoloration, or death at an incidence of ~77%. Similar symptoms on A. altissima were reported in Roanoke, VA in the early 1930s and after 2005 in Pennsylvania, attributed to a Verticillium sp. (1,2). To identify the causal agent, discolored xylem tissue samples were excised from 10 symptomatic A. altissima trees at both locations, soaked in 1% NaOCl for 2 min, rinsed with sterilized distilled water for 5 min, and placed onto plum extract agar. Cultures were incubated in the dark at 22°C for 7 to 14 days. The resultant colonies (three to four per location) were subcultured and identified putatively as a Verticillium sp. closely related to Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke and Berthold (3), based on melanized, thick-walled, resting mycelia and phialides arranged in verticillate whorls that amassed round, oval-shaped conidia (5.1 ± 1.2 μm × 2.8 ± 0.4 μm, n = 100). Molecular identification of two fungal isolates (one per location) was determined by amplification of the protein coding genes elongation factor 1-alpha (EF), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), and tryptophan synthase (TS), using PCR primers developed recently for Verticillium (3). A BLAST search on the edited contigs revealed 100% sequence similarity for all three protein coding genes among the two isolates and reference sequences of isolates PD592 (GenBank Accessions JN188227, JN188163, and JN188035 for EF, GPD, and TS, respectively) and VnAaPA140 (KC307764, KC307766, and KC307768 for EF, GPD, and TS, respectively) of the newly-proposed species, V. nonalfalfae (formerly V. albo-atrum). Aligned sequences from one representative isolate, VnAaVA2 (Bedford Co.), were deposited into GenBank as KC307758 (EF), KC307759 (GPD), and KC307760 (TS). To confirm pathogenicity to A. altissima, the two molecularly characterized isolates (one per location) were inoculated into 18 10-week old A. altissima stems that were grown in an environmental chamber at 24°C, 60% RH, and a 12-h photoperiod from seeds collected in Blacksburg, VA. A conidial suspension of each isolate was injected into each stem (0.1 ml of 1 × 108 CFU/ml/stem). All 36 seedlings inoculated with the proposed V. nonalfalfae isolates developed wilting of leaflets within 2 weeks post-inoculation (WPI), defoliation of leaflets by 6 WPI, and were dead by 9 WPI. Eighteen control seedlings were inoculated similarly with distilled water, and remained asymptomatic. Fungi resembling the proposed species V. nonalfalfae were reisolated from all inoculated stems except the control plants, and the species confirmed morphologically as described above. V. nonalfalfae is a recently proposed species that can infect a variety of plant species (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this proposed species on A. altissima in Virginia. New state reports of this pathogen on A. altissima are important for regulatory issues associated with using this pathogen as a potential biological control agent. References: (1) G. F. Gravatt and R. B. Clapper. Plant Dis. Rep. 16:96, 1932. (2) M. J. Schall and D. D. Davis. Plant Dis. 93:747, 2009. (3) P. Inderbitzin et al. PLoS ONE, 6, e28341, 2011.
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Rogerson, Clark T., and M. N. Burge. "Fungi in Biological Control Systems." Brittonia 41, no. 4 (October 1989): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807554.
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Nls, Siswanto, and I. M. Trisawa. "Uji Mutu dan Keefektifan Metarhizium anisopliae Isolat Kalimantan Tengah Terhadap Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) [Quality Test and Effectiveness of Metarhizium anisopliae Isolates From Central Kalimantan Against Oryctes rhinocerus]." Buletin Palma 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bp.v19n2.2018.79-88.
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<p><em>Oryctes rhinoceros</em> (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is an importan pest on coconut trees. Control of <em>O. rhinoceros</em> can be done in various ways, such as by physical, mechanical, biological, and chemical. The fungus <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> is a biological agent that can suppress the development of the <em>O. rhinoceros</em> . Effectiveness of <em>M. anisopliae</em> fungus is largely determined by the quality/grade conidia of the fungus consist of its density, viability and patogenicity against the target pest. For that, studies have been conducted to determine the quality and effectiveness biological control of <em>M. anisopliae</em> isolates Kalteng (Central Kalimantan) against <em>O. rhinoceros</em>. Tests conducted in the Entomology Laboratory of Research Institute for Spices and Medicinal Crops (Balittro), and around the home screen in Balittro, Bogor. The fungus <em>M. anisopliae</em> isolates originating from Central Kalimantan (Kalteng), while the larvae of <em>O. rhinoceros</em> from Yogyakarta. The results showed that the fungus conidia <em>M. anisopliae</em> isolates Kalteng has a density of over 10<sup>8</sup>, while the viability above 90%. Pathogenicity to larvae of <em>O. Rhinoceros</em> > 50%. This character indicates a good quality of these fungi as biological control agent. The fungus of <em>M. anisopliae </em>isolates Kalteng at concentrations of 10<sup>6</sup> and 10<sup>8</sup> can killed up to 90% third instar O. rhinoceros larvae in field conditions. So both these concentrations can be used in the control of <em>O. rhinoceros</em> in the field. </p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><em> </em></p><p>Hama <em>Oryctes rhinoceros</em> (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) merupakan hama penting tanaman kelapa . Pengendalian <em>O. rhinoceros </em>dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara yaitu secara fisik, mekanik, hayati, dan kimiawi. Cendawan <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> merupakan agens hayati yang dapat menekan perkembangan hama <em> O. rhinoceros</em>. Efektivitas cendawan <em>M. anisopliae</em> sangat ditentukan oleh kualitas/mutu konidia cendawan tersebut yang meliputi kerapatan, viabilitas dan patogenitasnya terhadap hama sasaran. Untuk itu telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui mutu dan keefektifan agens pengendali hayati <em>M. anisopliae </em>isolat Kalimantan Tengah terhadap <em>O. rhinoceros. </em>Pengujian dilakukan di Laboratorium Hama Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat (Balittro) dan di sekitar rumah kasa di Balittro, Bogor. Isolat cendawan <em>M. anisopliae </em>yang digunakan berasal dari Kalteng, sedangkan larva <em>O. rhinoceros </em>berasal dari Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Cendawan <em>M. anisopliae </em>isolat Kalteng memiliki kerapatan konidia di atas 10<sup>8</sup>, sedangkan viabilitasnya di atas 90%. Patogenisitas terhadap larva <em>O. rhinoceros </em>> 50%. Karakter ini menunjukkan mutu yang baik dari cendawan tersebut sebagai agens pengendali hayati. Cendawan <em>M. anisopliae </em>isolat Kalteng pada konsentrasi 10<sup>6</sup> dan 10<sup>8</sup> dapat mematikan 90% larva <em>O. rhinoceros </em>instar 3 pada kondisi lapangan. Sehingga kedua konsentrasi tersebut dapat digunakan dalam mengendalikan <em>O. rhinoceros </em>di lapangan.</p>
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Shah, P. A., and J. K. Pell. "Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 61, no. 5-6 (March 18, 2003): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1240-8.
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Osborne, L. S., and Z. Landa. "Biological Control of Whiteflies with Entomopathogenic Fungi." Florida Entomologist 75, no. 4 (December 1992): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3496127.
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Al abbasi, Shaima, and Zainab Salman. "Fungi in biological control of parasitic plant." Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajbsg.2017.16468.
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Faria, Marcos, and Stephen P. Wraight. "Biological control of Bemisia tabaci with fungi." Crop Protection 20, no. 9 (November 2001): 767–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-2194(01)00110-7.
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Medeiros, Flávio Henrique Vasconcelos de, Samuel Julio Martins, Tiago Domingues Zucchi, Itamar Soares de Melo, Luis Roberto Batista, and José da Cruz Machado. "Biological control of mycotoxin-producing molds." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 36, no. 5 (October 2012): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542012000500001.
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Mycotoxins are produced by the secondary metabolism of many fungi and can be found in almost 25% of the world's agricultural commodities. These compounds are toxic to humans, animals, and plants and therefore, efforts should be made to avoid mycotoxin contamination in food and feed. Besides, up to 25% of all harvested fruits and vegetables are lost due to storage molds and/or mycotoxin contamination and many methods have been applied to mitigate these issues, but most of them rely on the use of fungicides. Although chemicals are often the first defensive line against mycotoxigenic fungi, the indiscriminate use of fungicides are awakening the public perception due to their noxious effects on the environment and human/animal health. Thus, there is an increasing public pressure for a safer and eco-friendly alternative to control these organisms. In this background, biological control using microbial antagonists such as bacteria, fungi and yeasts have been shown to be a feasible substitute to reduce the use of chemical compounds. Despite of the positive findings using the biocontrol agents only a few products have been registered and are commercially available to control mycotoxin-producing fungi. This review brings about the up-to-date biological control strategies to prevent or reduce harvested commodity damages caused by storage fungi and the contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins.
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Dong, Huijun, Mina Raiesi, Mohsen Bahmani, Ali Jafari, and Hamed Aghajani. "Biological Resistance of Elm (Ulmus carpinifolia var. Umbelifera) Trees against Fungal Endophytes and White Rot Decay Fungi." Sustainable Forestry 3, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/sf.v3i1.1121.
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Urban trees are one of the valuable storage in metropolitan areas. Nowadays, a particular attention is paid to the trees and spends million dollars per year to their maintenance. Trees are often subjected to abiotic factors, such as fungi, bacteria, and insects, which lead to decline mechanical strength and wood properties. The objective of this study was to determine the potential degradation of Elm tree wood by Phellinus pomaceus fungi, and Biscogniauxia mediteranae endophyte. Biological decay tests were done according to EN 113 standard and impact bending test in accordance with ASTM-D256-04 standard. The results indicated that with longer incubation time, weight loss increased for both sapwood and heartwood. Fungal deterioration leads to changes in the impact bending. In order to manage street trees, knowing tree characteristics is very important and should be regularly monitored and evaluated in order to identify defects in the trees.
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Quirk, Joe, David J. Beerling, Steve A. Banwart, Gabriella Kakonyi, Maria E. Romero-Gonzalez, and Jonathan R. Leake. "Evolution of trees and mycorrhizal fungi intensifies silicate mineral weathering." Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (August 2012): 1006–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0503.
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Forested ecosystems diversified more than 350 Ma to become major engines of continental silicate weathering, regulating the Earth's atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by driving calcium export into ocean carbonates. Our field experiments with mature trees demonstrate intensification of this weathering engine as tree lineages diversified in concert with their symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi. Preferential hyphal colonization of the calcium silicate-bearing rock, basalt, progressively increased with advancement from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) to later, independently evolved ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, and from gymnosperm to angiosperm hosts with both fungal groups. This led to ‘trenching’ of silicate mineral surfaces by AM and EM fungi, with EM gymnosperms and angiosperms releasing calcium from basalt at twice the rate of AM gymnosperms. Our findings indicate mycorrhiza-driven weathering may have originated hundreds of millions of years earlier than previously recognized and subsequently intensified with the evolution of trees and mycorrhizas to affect the Earth's long-term CO 2 and climate history.
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Glare, T. R., C. Placet, T. L. Nelson, and S. D. Reay. "Potential of Beauveria and Metarhizium as control agents of pinhole borers (Platypus spp)." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3922.
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Three species of pinhole borer (Platypus spp) are known in New Zealand They are pests of beech and some other trees boring deep into living and dead trees which allows the ingress of sapstain and other fungi Although the species are native to New Zealand they can still cause localised problems to trees when populations reach epidemic levels We investigated the virulence of a selection of New Zealand isolates of three entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana B brongniartii and M anisopliae against Platypus The fungi were mainly from soil in beech forests All isolates tested could kill and sporulate on Platypus The ability of adult Platypus to contaminate larvae by transfer of spores was tested and found to occur in the laboratory The possibilities of using Beauveria for localised Platypus control are discussed
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Masi, Marco, Lucia Maddau, Benedetto Teodoro Linaldeddu, Bruno Scanu, Antonio Evidente, and Alessio Cimmino. "Bioactive Metabolites from Pathogenic and Endophytic Fungi of Forest Trees." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 2 (January 22, 2018): 208–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170314145159.
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Background: Fungi play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems interacting positively or negatively with plants. These interactions are complex and the outcomes are different depending on the fungal lifestyles, saprotrophic, mutualistic or pathogenic. Furthermore, fungi are well known for producing secondary metabolites, originating from different biosynthetic pathways, which possess biological properties of considerable biotechnological interest. Among the terrestrial ecosystems, temperate forests represent an enormous reservoir of fungal diversity. This review will highlight the goldmine of secondary metabolites produced by pathogenic and endophytic fungi of forest trees with focus on their biological activities. Methods: A structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature was undertaken using a research discovery application providing access to a large and authoritative source of references. The papers selected were examined and the main results were reported and discussed. Results: Two hundred forthy-one papers were included in the review, outlined a large number of secondary metabolites produced by pathogenic and endophiltic fungi and their biological activities, including phytotoxic, antifungal, antioomycetes, antibacterial, brine shrimp lethality, mosquito biting deterrence and larvicidal, cytotoxic, antiproliferative and many other bioactivities. Conclusion: The findings of this review confirm the importance of secondary metabolites produced by pathogenic and endophytic fungi from forest plants growing in temperate regions as an excellent prospects to discover compounds with new bioactivities and mode of actions. In addition, the potential of some metabolites as a source of new drugs and biopesticides is underlined.
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Thinggaard, K. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ROOT PATHOGENIC FUNGI BY TRICHODERMA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 221 (April 1988): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1988.221.20.
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