Academic literature on the topic 'Trench Town'
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Journal articles on the topic "Trench Town"
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Rhiney, Kevon, and Romain Cruse. "“Trench Town Rock”: Reggae Music, Landscape Inscription, and the Making of Place in Kingston, Jamaica." Urban Studies Research 2012 (December 31, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/585160.
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This paper examines place inscriptions in Trench Town, Jamaica, and explores the ways these are used to reinforce, shape, or challenge dominant images of this inner-city community. On one hand, Trench Town is like many of its neighbouring communities, characterised by high levels of poverty, unemployment, political and gang violence, derelict buildings, and overcrowded homes. On the other hand, Trench Town is iconic and unique as it is recognised worldwide for being the birth place of reggae music and home to a number of well-known reggae artists including reggae superstar Bob Marley. Today, Trench Town’s landscape is filled with inscriptions reminiscent of its rich cultural past. Linked to this is a conscious effort by its residents to identify themselves with reggae music and to recapture and sustain the positive legacies that have made the community popular. This is manifested in the numerous murals, statues, and graffiti seen throughout the community evoking past images of reggae music icons such as Marley and Tosh alongside renowned black leaders such as Marcus Garvey. These inscriptions are conceived as texts and are seen as part of a broader discourse on issues relating to urban spatial identity, commoditisation, exclusion, struggle, resistance, and change.
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Osbourne, Alana. "On a Walking Tour to No Man’s Land: Brokering and Shifting Narratives of Violence in Trench Town, Jamaica." Space and Culture 23, no. 1 (2019): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331219871892.
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Tourists who visit Trench Town are drawn in by the neighborhood’s rich musical heritage. They want to see the birthplace of reggae and witness the circumstances depicted in many famous Jamaican songs. Knowingly venturing into marginalized territory, into the “ghetto,” travelers expect to encounter spectacular forms of violence. Yet what the walking tour of Trench Town reveals is an experience of another kind, an excursion that exposes poverty as structural violence, and that points to the historical and political struggles that are constitutive of the area’s social fabric. In this article, drawing on an ethnographic vignette of a walking tour that starts in Bob Marley’s rehearsal grounds and ends by an empty plot locally known as “No Man’s Land,” I focus on the entanglements of violence and tourism and present the discrepancy that exists between touristic desires and the reality of the tourism commodity. This analysis reveals how residents of Trench Town simultaneously choose to address and disregard different (un)spectacular forms of violence during the tourism encounter and I argue that in so doing, local tour guides productively leverage violence to denounce and grapple with structural and historical brutalities.
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F. James, Heather. "An organically rich medieval midden and other finds from the Top of the Town, Stirling." Scottish Archaeological Journal 32, no. 2 (2010): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/saj.2010.0016.
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The replacement of the water mains from Touch to Stirling involved the digging of 42 trenches within the historic core of Stirling. This work has highlighted the presence and survival of waterlogged medieval middens within this historic centre which have been destroyed by piecemeal developments within the burgh. During this project a waterlogged midden deposit was revealed in Broad Street (Trench 29) and found to contain both carbonised and uncarbonised plant remains, animal bones, leather, wood offcuts and industrial waste. The presence of medieval pottery and a radiocarbon date indicate that the midden accumulated during the 13th to early 15th centuries and represents the remains of waterlogged domestic and industrial waste.
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Sakai, Kazuya, Takaaki Uda, Toshiro San-nami, and Tatsuya Shimizu. "DAMAGE ALONG COASTS IN SENDAI BAY CAUSED BY THE 2011 GREAT TSUNAMI." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.currents.13.
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A great earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0 occurred on March 11, 2011, with an epicenter 130 km offshore of the Oshika Peninsula in Miyagi Prefecture. After the earthquake, a giant tsunami inundated a large area along Japan’s eastern coastline. We carried out field observations to investigate the damage to Arahama Town and the formation of a trench as a result of local scouring by the jet flow over the coastal dike. Here, the results of the field observations on the inundation of the tsunami into a wide residential area on Shobuta Beach and in Arahama Town were reported. Then, the destruction of the coastal dike, as well as the formation of a large trench immediately behind the coastal dike due to the tsunami overflow on the Yamamoto coast, was investigated, where the tsunami height reached up to 19.2 m above mean sea level (MSL), estimated from the run-up height on the slope of a hill.
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Hou, Jing-Ming, Xiao-Juan Li, Ye Yuan, et al. "Scenario-Based Tsunami Evacuation Analysis: A Case Study of Haimen Town, Taizhou, China." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 11, no. 03 (2017): 1750008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431117500087.
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In current tsunami prevention and mitigation, evacuation is the most important method of saving people’s lives. Tsunami evacuation is analyzed for a given travel time and a specific inundation area. Before evacuation analysis, the tsunami inundation and tsunami travel time are first calculated by numerical modeling. This paper analyzes the tsunami evacuation of Haimen Town, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou City, China, under the hypothesis of a magnitude 9.0 earthquake scenario in the Ryukyu Trench. The Cornell multi-grid coupled tsunami (COMCOT) model and Tsunami Travel Time (TTT) model are used to calculate the tsunami inundation and tsunami travel time, respectively. GIS techniques are used to solve the evacuation problem. Both horizontal and vertical evacuations are adopted based on the Chinese community characteristics, disaster prevention facilities, land use, and other practical conditions. A cost raster is used to analyze the arrival cost of each grid in the study area. The location allocation and cost allocation methods are used to solve shelter selection and coverage problems, respectively. The network analyst is applied to provide evacuation routes for each community. The evacuation analysis results can provide a scientific reference for the development of tsunami evacuation plans.
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TODA, Shinji, Katsuyoshi MIYAKOSHI, Daiei INOUE, Ken'ichiro KUSUNOKI, and Koichi SUZUKI. "Trench Survey for the Ohara Fault of the Yamasaki Fault System at Hurumachi, Ohara Town, Okayama Pref., Japan." Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan. 2nd ser.) 48, no. 1 (1995): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4294/zisin1948.48.1_57.
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Metaxas, Ch P., N. S. Lalechos, and S. N. Lalechos. "KASTORIA “BLIND” ACTIVE FAULT: HAZARDOUS SEISMOGENIC FAULT OF THE NW GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 1 (2017): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11195.
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The Aliakmon river bed, as well as a series of certain parallel narrow grabens, striking NW-SE are filled with Neogene-Quaternary deposits; thus showing the existence of the covered, “blind”, fault zone, which borders the Eastern edge of Meso-Hellenic Trench and passes in close vicinity to the Kastoria town. Distribution of earthquakes epicentres (M≥4.0, for the period of 1930-2009) along this segmented rupture zone, proves the existence at depth of an active seismogenic fault which has generated some strong earthquakes in the past: 1709, M = 6.0; 1812, M = 6.5 and 1894, M = 6.1 (~ 100-year Recurrence Time events). The calculations of Lapsed Rate characterizing the stage of the fault seismic cycle (LR = 115%) show that the active Kastoria fault could be in a pre-seismic stage of its seismic cycle. Applying the seismicity rates model (time-independent Gutenberg-Richter recurrence model) and using the fault seismicity parameters, obtained inside the fault influence zone, as input in EZ-FRISK® software, the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis has been carried out for the area of Kastoria town. The results show that calculated magnitude for event with 100- year recurrence time is ~6.1, which correspond to the magnitude of three events, occurred at the fault during the last 300 years (corresponding average slip rate . 3 mm/year). As the calculated Hazard Curve shows, the event of that range could give ground shaking in the Kastoria town in the order of 0.625 g at the spectral period of 0.3 sec.
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Jakubiak, Krzysztof. "Preliminary report on Polish excavations at Marina el-Alamein in the 2012–2015 seasons." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 25 (May 15, 2017): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1825.
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The Marina el-Alamein Archaeological Project concentrated on excavating the area in the northern part of the harbor town, where a street (S1) existed, running north–south toward the harbor, lined by buildings on both sides. A test trench was dug across it to study the stratigraphy. It helped to identify several street levels and at least two major building phases in this area. One of the structures (H39) contained a hypocaust furnace that led to the building interpreted as a bathhouse. A pebble mosaic was uncovered immediately west of the furnace. Opposite Building H39 and across street S1, there was a large and richly furnished residential house (H42). It encompassed two paved courtyards, which were in use in the first half of the 2nd century AD. Three seasons of excavations (2012, 2013 and 2014) were followed by a season devoted in its entirety to documentation of the pottery and other small finds from the excavations and checking of the documentation from earlier seasons.
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Okada, Atsumasa, Michio Morino, Takashi Nakata, et al. "Trench excavation survey across Mino fault, the Median Tectonic Line active fault system at Ueno, Mino Town, Tokushima Pref., eastern Shikoku." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 106, no. 11 (2000): XXIII—XXIV. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.106.xxiii.
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Mshelia, Alfred D. "Assessment Of Hair Barbing Salon Waste Management Practices In Bama Township Of Borno State, Nigeria." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 5 (2015): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss5.367.
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The study assessed hair barbing salon Waste Management Practices in Bama. A set of questionnaire was administered to barbing salon proprietors to obtain their current barbing salon waste management styles, viz a viz the types of waste generated and methods of waste disposal. Data obtained were analyzed descriptively and reveals hair as the dominant waste generated in barbing salon operations. The hair wastes are swept and packed using coconut brooms and plastic hand shovel and stored in paper cartons. They are hence disposed on weekly or monthly basis or whenever cartons are filled up at refuse disposal points along streets within the neigbourhood, outskirt of the town, a large trench left behind by Cubits Civil Engineering Construction Company and the Yedseram river valley or at best burnt or buried. The adoption of these disposal techniques is more or less the same technique used in the disposal of all forms of refuse in the study area where wastes are disposed with impunity. In the same vein, there is a significant level of awareness of the impact of salon waste management practices on the environment/society by perpetrators. The study recommended steps for better barbing salon waste management to include salon waste reuse and recycling by researching into how barbing salon wastes can be a resource.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trench Town"
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Malcolm, Christopher J. Jr. "Yarditecture : new walls for trench town." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87545.
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Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 114-115).<br>"The yard" -- the typical housing typology of low-income downtown, Jamaica where multiple households are contained within a surrounding wall. This thesis envelops itself in Trench town, Jamaica, the epicenter of what is known internationally as Jamaican culture, and to reinterpret the "yard" as a viable solution for sustainable urban growth. The housing type stems from historical times of slavery, where the 1744 Act of Jamaica was created in as a means to control slaves within large regions. This dictated that a seven-foot wall was required to be built around 6-9 shanties, leaving one entrance point as the sole access to inside the perimeter. This was intended to be a method of control, but instead became a way of cultural concealment from owners. As a yard, Trench town has undergone several transformations between a formal and informal social/spatial construct, but all the while retaining the yard typology of a surrounding wall. During violence on the streets in the 70s, the government yards' concrete walls have been broken in certain points, allowing a new internalized circulation, and creating a fluid labyrinthine field of not only living, but also a menagerie of working , and recreational spaces within the confines of the walls. Instead of restricting access, the watts of the Jamaican yard acts as a membrane, a negotiator between yards. Thus, this thesis seeks to provide a new intervention for the two blocks of trench town that were destroyed in the 70s, in the forms of infrastructural walls as the essential framework for autonomous informal growth. Instead of traditional holistic social housing plans or site-and-services upgrading, this thesis seeks to provide the in-between--providing walls which enable urban growth via different typologies of walls and their relations to one another. In this way, new density, spatial intent, and overall better living conditions can be informed by providing the minimal resolution of autonomous urban structure-- the quintessential wall, to be manipulated and expanded by the needs of the inhabitant.<br>by Christopher J Malcolm.<br>M. Arch.
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Smith, Emma. "Recent spatial trends in post-Fordist Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3853.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>This study examines the extent to which Cape Town is developing a post- Fordist spatial order characterised by the development of edge cities and the excluded ghetto. The study determines the extent to which office developments are becoming decentralised, and the growth and demand that these suburban nodes are experiencing independent of the central city. The evidence used to test this theory is that of the development of office nodes. Specifically, data on actual office sizes are used to determine growth, and market rental rates and vacancy levels are used to determine the demand for office space in the office nodes. The spatial phenomena under discussion include edge cities, the excluded ghetto, and transformed waterfronts. The effect of decentralisation on the development of these phenomena and the extent in which they are 'totalising' are central to the study. The data show that although decentralisation is persisting, the Cape Town Central Business District (CBD) has experienced a turn around and decentralisation is slowing down. This is evidenced in the data as demand for office space and growth in office developments have increased for both the CBO and the decentralised nodes. The growth and increased demand taking place in the latter office nodes suggests that these nodes are developing into edge cities. Spatially, it is the office nodes situated to the north of the CBD that are experiencing increases in office development, with little or no office development taking place in the south-east. The implications of the development of edge cities in the north is that of increased spatial polarisation as the job market is located further away from the impoverished south-east. This leads to the exclusion of those living in the ghetto from the rest of society. Thus, the development of edge cities has direct bearing on spatial polarisation in the city.
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Li, Xiaoyan. "Clinic delivery trends : public health clinics in Cape Town Central district." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/780.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Technikon, 2003<br>This is a retrospective (descriptive) study ofclinic delivery trends rendered in Cape Town Central District between July 1995 and June 2002. The study describes the history of clinic service delivery in Cape Town Central District, which includes the Primary Health Care model, as well as the District Health system. Clinic delivery trends for the following three periods are determined: I:] Before the implementation ofthe New Health Plan: July 1995 - July 1996; I:] During the implementation of the New Health Plan: July 1997 - June 1998; I:] After the implementation of the New Health Plan: July 1998 - June 2002. The study also determines and compares the nature ofpublic health clinic services delivered during the study period. No official annual health reports were compiled by Cape Town Administration since July 1997. This study therefore serves to determine disease and clinic trends for the periods where no such aonual reports are available. It is important to determine health delivery trends for future strategic plaoning purposes. Changes to the nature and extent ofservices rendered by public health clinics were brought about by the following factors: Cl One approach of Primary Health Care is to refer more patients to public health clinics in order to release pressure from the major tertiary hospitals. If this Primary Health Care (PHC) model is provided appropriately, about 80% ofhealth problems should be solved without referral to another level of care; Cl A number of free public health clinic services have been introduced since the democratization of South Africa in 1994, such as free services to expectant mothers as well as free clinic services to children younger than six years; Cl New clinic services have been added, such as provision ofmedication to stabilized mental health patients; Cl HIV/AIDS has become an international pandemic over the past decade and has shown a 660.8% increase in Cape Town Central District; Cl A limited (19.8%) increase in the population for that area during the study period; Cl Clinic services have been legislated as a nurse driven service since 1997, with an additional emphasis on the curative roles of nurses (traditional roles of nurses at public health clinics were largely preventive and promotive).
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Archary, Paverson. "Trends of utilisation of reproductive health services by lesbian women in Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13150.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>Background: The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) community has historically been marginalised. Increased international awareness of the LGBT profile has led to the recognition that the medical profession has overlooked the health needs of lesbian women, with a resultant paucity of data regarding lesbian women’s health risks. International literature has shown that lesbians remain at risk of sexually transmitted infections and HIV; are at significant risk of mental health disorders; exhibit a high-risk profile for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, as well as cancer, and underutilise health care services due to experiences of homophobia. South African data is almost non-existent. Objective: To explore Cape Town wsw’s (women who have sex with women) experiences with, and trends of utilisation of Reproductive Healthcare Services. Study Design: Cross Sectional Survey. Methods: A sample of self-identified wsw was recruited using a snowball sampling method to complete an anonymous, self-administered online questionnaire during February 2013. Outcome Measures: Predominantly descriptive, with an aim to validate the study questionnaire for the South African context. Results: A total of 116 responses were analysed. The mean age of the population was 37 years of age, with the majority identifying as lesbian. The population comprised predominantly of Caucasian, middle class suburban residents, with most having medical aid, and accessing private health care. A significant proportion of respondents reported previous intercourse with a male sexual partner. Barrier contraception was not always used during intercourse with men and almost never during sex with women. There were a significant number of sexually transmitted infections in women with no previous male sexual partners. Most respondents considered themselves to be at low risk of contracting HIV, and at intermediate risk of cervical and breast cancer, and showed higher than average utilization of cervical screening practices for 4 this population, despite a general perception that screening is unnecessary in lesbian women. A general trend towards disclosure of sexual orientation was noted; however users of private healthcare were significantly more likely to have disclosed their orientation to their physician than users of public and NGO services. Respondents held a preference for practitioners that were themselves gay/lesbian.The study tool was validated for use in the South African context; however redundancy could not be formally excluded from the questionnaire. Conclusions: Wsw from Cape Town experience internationally comparable exposures and risks of gynaecological problems. Further research is required to fully understand the healthcare needs of lesbian women living in lower socio-economic conditions.
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Isaacs, Yumnah. "Admission trends at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town: 2004 to 2013." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24505.
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Background: Hospital database research has the potential to provide useful insights into health systems functioning, population health, clinical conditions and epidemiological trends thereof. This type of research is routinely done in countries that have large national hospital databases where results are usually extrapolated to the national population. South Africa does not have a national hospital database, but individual healthcare institutions, such as the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RCCH) in Cape Town, collects routine patient data in a computerised database that if tapped should yield valuable information about child health of the catchment population as well as of the functioning of that health institution. Methods: Selected data from the RCCH database were converted into spreadsheet format and then exported into a statistical programme, Stata. Variables included patient demographic details, ICD-10 diagnostic codes, length of hospital stay and outcomes at discharge. Stata was used to clean and code the data and perform basic descriptive analyses of contained variables. Medians and interquartile ranges described numerical variables. Frequencies, proportions and percentages described categorical variables. Appropriate tests of statistical significance were performed where applicable. Admission and mortality trends were analysed across a decade and common conditions were explored. Findings and Conclusions: Overall admissions to RCCH increased by 9.3% across a decade while the number of new patients decreased by 8.6%, indicating an increase in readmissions. In-patient mortality decreased consistently across a decade despite an increase in admissions, which suggests an improvement in quality of care. The median ages of admissions and deaths increased across the decade, which correlates with less HIV and improved management thereof. Infections remain the commonest causes of in-hospital mortality. Admissions and mortality for diarrhoea and pneumonia displayed a consistent decline across 6 years corresponding with the introduction of new vaccines; however, diarrhoea and lower respiratory tract illness remained the commonest causes of medical admission. Injuries were the commonest reason for surgical admissions. Computerised hospital databases contain useful information for healthcare research.
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Najjaar, Leilah. "Bed utilisation trends in selected wards across eight district hospitals in the Cape Town district." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6889.
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Master of Public Health - MPH<br>Background: The largest focus areas for the department of health is ensuring access to quality healthcare. The district health system (DHS) model remains the vehicle used by the district managers to deliver on the health department’s goals, objectives and priority focus areas. Strengthening the district health system platform is therefore important to the department to improve access and quality of care to the clients serviced in the province.
The district hospitals play a fundamental role since they support primary health care (PHC) and serve as the entry point to more specialised care. The efficient management of beds in the district hospitals is the key in ensuring access to care and preventing bed blocking. Bed Utilisation Rate (BUR) and Average Length of Stay (ALOS) are indicators used to measure the efficiency of hospital beds. This study provides a description of the trends in bed utilisation within the inpatient wards of eight district hospitals in the Cape Town metro district in the 2016-2017 financial period.
Methodology: To analyse and compare wards a quantitative approach was used. Inpatient ward activity reports for eight district hospitals were accessed from the department of health’s routine data collection repository. A total of fifty-five wards were compared across small and large hospitals for BUR and ALOS during the financial year period 1 April 2016 to 31 March 2017. Data entry was done in MS EXCEL and analyses were done using STATA 11.0.
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Azwihangwisi, Netshikulwe. "An investigation into the geographical trends in the sectoral composition of the Cape Town economy." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3884.
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The purpose of this research is to examine the geographical trends in the sectoral composition of the city of Cape Town economy between the year 2000 and 2005. The research is informed by related studies and theories that argued Cape Town is developing a post-Fordist spatial order characterised by the development of edge cities and the excluded ghetto. It investigates the extent to which the service sector or producer service is becoming decentralised, and the growth it had experienced compared to the manufacturing sector. We have used sectoral composition data by areas to determine the locations of the service and manufacturing sector, and undoubtedly to test this theory. To achieve our research purpose, data on actual locations of the manufacturing and service companies have been used to determine growth. The spatial trends under debate include 'edge cities' or suburbanisation, the 'excluded ghetto' and 'spatial mismatch'. The implications of the service sector growth in selected geographies are central to the study. Our findings confirmed the growth of the service sector and low decline in the manufacturing sector in the City of Cape Town. Furthermore, the data also show that the immeasurable growth of the service sector has been occurring in the northern and southern suburbs while south-east area has experienced little or no growth. Additionally, it has been observed that although the Cape Town Central Business District (CBD) has experienced a growth in the service sector, it is relatively low compared to the northern and southern suburbs areas. However, the CBD also experienced a slight decline in manufacturing which demonstrate the importance role of this sector in the area. Spatially, the evidence confirmed that it is the services sector situated to the north and south of the CBD that are experiencing increases while the south-east experienced a little growth. The implications of the growth of the service sector in the northern and southern side of the CBD is that of increased spatial and social polarisation as the job market particularly for the working class who are located further away in the impoverished south-east. These spatial trends negatively affect those living in the townships from the rest of society, particularly the working class.
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Zonke, Nyaniso Mfusi. "Community involvement trends in the housing development processes in a selected township in Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1678.
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Dissertation submitted for the fulfilment of the degree Master of Technology: Public Management in the Faculty of Business and Management at Cape Peninsula University of Technology<br>The aim of this study was to assess Community involvement trends in the Housing Development processes in a Selected Township in Cape Town, South Africa. Democracy that was conceived in 1994 in South Africa brought about changes in all the spheres of government regarding provision of basic services such as affordable, basic housing and shelter. Notably, the Bill of Rights provides for protection of human rights by acknowledging participatory democracy where all citizens make decisions in matters affecting them. Participation builds an informed and responsible citizenry with a sense of ownership of government developments and projects. It allows municipalities to buy in and develop partnerships with stakeholders. Community participation is a concept often mentioned in community development.
Participation in some other local areas comes at a price: local democracy is challenged when stakeholders with diverse interests are tasked to provide basic services and affordable human settlement in other areas in the Western Cape. Similarly, while elected councillors make the ultimate decisions, residents should be consulted as for as possible. Involvement of service providers such as private companies in the provision of RDP houses raised questions for the communities such as Khayelitsha. It is believed that government is unable to have all the resources that make the provision of houses successful; hence there are challenges that were experienced during the process. Among the challenges, community participation was limited. Other constraints were structural problems emanating from the legacy of the apartheid housing design and provision of land.
A mixed method approach was employed in order to collect data using both qualitative and quantitative instruments. The primary source for data collection comprised in-depth focus groups, interviews, questionnaires and observation. The sample was extracted from the population of local beneficiaries of Khayelitsha Township, in the Western Cape. In this study, the researcher explored diverse views from literature reviewed, perceptions and opinions of local residents and beneficiaries of low cost housing; regarding their engagement in housing development projects in their area of jurisdiction. Findings from this study revealed that there was limited involvement of the community members in housing development in Khayelitsha. Challenges were experienced by community members; such as limited participation, lack of information on housing development, limited land on which to build low-cost houses, lack of transparency and accountability on the side of the private companies. The study recommends that national and provincial government need to adopt a participatory development approach towards the implementation of housing developments in order to accommodate the community’s views and enable them to benefit in the process when they raise their voices.
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Velibeyoğlu, Hasibe Özdemir Semahat. "Development trends of single family housing estates in İzmir metropolitan fringe area/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2004. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/sehirplanlama/T000478.pdf.
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Pentz-Kluyts, Megan. "An evaluation of knowledge and current trends of omega-3 (n-3) supplementation in parents of children at public primary schools in the City of Cape Town." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80078.
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Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Omega-3 fatty acids and supplementation is very topical, attracting
both public and interest from the industry. Findings from various research studies led
a number of authorities to encourage the general population to consume more
omega-3. This is the first study of its kind to be conducted in this population.
Objective: To determine the current knowledge and trends of omega-3 (n-3)
supplementation in parents of children at public primary schools in the City of Cape
Town.
Design: An observational and analytical and descriptive and cross-sectional study
was performed.
Methods: Purposive sampling was used to select a minimum of 150 parents from
the six (6) randomly selected public primary schools. The schools were then divided
into three different living standard measure (LSM) groups. The research
questionnaire was made available at the Parent Teachers meetings where all
parents had the option to complete the questionnaire anonymously at the meeting.
Results: Six hundred and fifty seven (n=657) parents, mostly mothers, with a mean
age of 37 years, completed and returned the questionnaires. The mean monthly
income (p=0.00, SD=2.63) and the education level (p=0.00, SD=1.37) differed
significantly between each of the three LSM groups. Prior to the study, 80.1% of
parents (n=526) had heard of omega-3 supplements and overall knowledge of
omega-3 was significantly better in this group (p=0.00) when compared to the group
that had not heard of omega-3 previously. The overall mean omega-3 knowledge
score for the three LSM groups (n=657) was 71%. The high and low LSM groups
differed significantly in terms of omega-3 knowledge (p=0.02), but not statistically
significantly once adjusted for income and education level (p=0.75). The main
sources of information, where all parents (n=526) indicated having heard of omega-3
supplements, was from television (n = 230, 35%), books (n= 220, 33.5%) and the
health worker (n=199, 30.3%).
A total of 38.5% (n=253) of parents indicated that they gave their children omega-3
supplements. The overall omega-3 knowledge was significantly better (p=0.00) in
parents who gave their children omega-3 supplements than the group that did not
give supplements to their children. Income and the education level differed between
all three LSM groups for those giving their children omega-3 supplements, but these variables did not influence the choice to give omega-3 supplements. Doctors (n=58,
22.9%) and the parents’ own decision (n=60, 23.7%) to supplement were the most
favoured sources of recommendation indicated overall. Most parents indicated that
the omega-3 supplement they administered was from a marine source (n=105,
41.5%). Only 35.2% (n=89) of parents giving omega-3 supplements indicated they
knew the dose they were administering. Most of the children (n=90) were taking 500
mg omega-3 supplements daily.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Statistically significant differences existed
between the three LSM groups regarding various aspects of omega-3 knowledge
and the sources from which parents had been informed and those who gave their
children omega-3 supplements. Recommendations include education and public
health programs supplying information to parents on omega-3 supplementation, as
well as on omega-3 in the children’s diets.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Omega-3 vetsure en supplementasie is ‘n baie aktuele onderwerp, wat
beide die belangstelling van die publiek en industrie betrek. Bevindinge van verskeie
navorsingstudies het daartoe gelei dat verskeie instansies die algemene publiek
aanmoedig om meer omega-3 in te neem. Dit is die eerste studie van sy soort wat in
dié populasie groep gedoen is.
Doelwit: Om die huidige kennis en tendensies/neigings in omega-3(n-3)
supplementasie in ouers van kinders by publieke laerskole in die stad Kaapstad te
bepaal.
Ontwerp:’n Waarnemende- en en analitiese en beskrywende- dwarsdeursnitstudie
is gedoen.
Metode: Daar is gebruik gemaak van ‘n doelgerigte steekproefneming om ‘n
minimum van 150 ouers uit ses (6) ewekansig geseleteerde publieke laerskole van
uit te kies. Die skole is in drie verskillende lewenstandaardgroepe (LSM) verdeel. Die
navorsingsvraelys is by ‘n Ouer-Onderwyservergadering beskikbaar gestel en alle
ouers het ‘n geleentheid gehad om die vraelys anoniem by die vergadering te
voltooi.
Resultate: Seshonderd sewe-en-vyftig (n=657) ouers, meestel moeders, met ‘n
gemiddelde ouderdom van 37 jaar, het die vraelyste voltooi en teruggegee. Die
gemiddelde maandlikse inkomste (p=0.00, SD=2.63) en vlak van opvoeding (p=0.00,
SD=1.37) het noemensvaardig tussen elk van die drie LSM groepe verskil. Voor die
studie het 80.1% van die ouers (n=526) al van omega-3 supplemente gehoor en die
algehele kennis van die groep was beduidend beter (p=0.00) as die groep wat
voorheen nie van omega-3 gehoor het nie. Die gemiddelde algehele omega-3
kennistelling vir die drie LSM groepe was 71%. Die hoë en lae LSM groepe het
beduidend ten opsigte van omega-3 kennis (p=0.02) verskil, maar nie statisties-
beduidend wanneer dit vir inkomste en opvoedingsvlak (p=0.75) aangepas is nie.
Die hoofbronne van inligting waar al die ouers (n=526) wat aangedui het dat hulle
van omega-3 supplementasie gehoor het, was deur televisie (n=230, 35%), boeke
(n=220, 33.5%) en die gesondheidswerker (n=199, 30.3%). ‘n Totaal van 38.5%
(n=253) ouers het aangedui dat hulle hul kinders omega-3 supplemente gee. Die
algehele omega-3 kennis van ouers wie hulle kinders omega-3 supplemente gee
was statisties beduidend beter (p=0.00) in vergelyking met die groep wat nie supplemente vir hulle kinders gee nie. Die inkomste en opvoedingsvlak het verskil
tussen all drie LSM groepe wat hulle kinders omega-3 supplementasie gegee het,
maar hierdie veranderlikes het nie die keuse om omega-3 supplemente te gee
beïnvloed nie. Mediese dokters (n=58, 22.9%) en die ouer se eie besluit (n=60
23.7%) om te supplementeer, was die gunsteling bronne van aanbeveling in die
algemeen. Die meeste ouers het aangedui dat die omega-3 supplement wat hulle
gegee het van ‘n visbron afkomstig (n=105, 41.5%) is. Net 35.2% (n=89) van die
ouers wat omega-3 supplemente gee het aangedui dat hulle die dosis kenwat hulle
gee. Meeste van die kinders (n=90) het 500mg omega-3 supplemente daagliks
gekry.
Gevolgtrekking en aanbevelings: Statistiese beduidende verskille is tussen die
drie LSM groepe ten opsigte van verskeie aspekte van omega-3 kennis en bronne
waaruit ouers ingelig is, sowel as die ouers wie hulle kinders omega-3 supplemente
gegee het, gevind. Aanbevelings sluit opvoeding en publieke
gesondheidsprogramme in, wat inligting aan ouers sal verskaf oor omega-3
supplementasie sowel as omega-3 in die kinders se diëte.
Books on the topic "Trench Town"
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Keane, John Gorman. Our cities: Trends and times. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1985.
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4
Regional Consultation Meeting on Market and Small Towns in the HKH (1998 ICIMOD). Market towns in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: Trends and issues. Edited by Sharma Pitamber and International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, 2001.
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6
Dutt, Ashok K. Global urbanization: Trends, form and density gradients. Professor R. N. Dubey Foundation, 2001.
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7
Sub-regional Workshop on Urban Research in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Urban research in Bangladesh: Review of recent trends and an agenda for the 1990s. Centre for Urban Studies, 1994.
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8
Hodge, Gerald. Seniors in small town British Columbia: Demographic tendencies and trends, 1961-1986. UBC Centre for Human Settlements, 1991.
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9
Dickins, Ian. Junior employment in town planning: A review of trends 1981 to 1993. Universityof Central England, School of Planning, 1994.
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10
Steahr, Thomas E. Fertility trends in Connecticut by race and by town, 1980 to 1990. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Trench Town"
1
Pernicone, Nunzio. "The Town Anarchist." In Carlo Tresca. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403981097_22.
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Ryan, Michael. "The Growth of Towns." In Social Trends in Contemporary Russia. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22858-4_3.
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Ryan, Michael, and Richard Prentice. "The Growth of Towns." In Social Trends in the Soviet Union from 1950. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18883-3_3.
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Wolfe, Michael. "Urban Legacies and Medieval Trends up to 1100." In Walled Towns and the Shaping of France. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230101128_1.
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Petryshyn, Halyna, Volodymyr Pohrebennyk, Nadiya Sosnova, et al. "Prospects for Sustainable Development of the Monofunctional Town of Dobrotvir (Ukraine)." In Sustainable Production: Novel Trends in Energy, Environment and Material Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11274-5_12.
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Okedi, John, and Neil Philip Armitage. "Benefits of Real Time Control for Catchment Scale Stormwater Harvesting in Cape Town, South Africa." In New Trends in Urban Drainage Modelling. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99867-1_101.
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Horák, Jiří, Igor Ivan, Pavel Kukuliač, Tomáš Inspektor, Branislav Devečka, and Markéta Návratová. "Google Trends for Data Mining. Study of Czech Towns." In Computational Collective Intelligence. Technologies and Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40495-5_11.
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Cantiani, Maria Giulia, Alessandro Betta, Isabella De Meo, Alessandro Paletto, Sara Tamanini, and Federica Maino. "Integrated Green Cities: Urban Meets Forest—A Case Study of the Town of Trento." In Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75774-2_26.
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Quaglioni, Diego. "Les relations judéo-chrétiennes à la fin du Moyen Âge: l’affaire de Trento (1475-1478)." In Religious cohabitation in European towns (10th-15th centuries). Brepols Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.relmin-eb.5.103861.
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Saunders, Nicholas J. "Conflict on Jebel Sherra." In Desert Insurgency. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722007.003.0006.
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This chapter explores the town of Ma’an, the largest and most sophisticated conflict landscape of the Arab Revolt in the Great Arab Revolt Project (GARP) study area. It is the site of the largest set-piece battle of the campaign east of the Jordan River, where 4,000 Ottoman troops faced 3,000 Arabs in a fierce five-day struggle. In this respect, it was an anomaly—a true battle in an otherwise mainly guerrilla campaign. Ma’an Station and its hinterland was an archaeological challenge as well. The station itself was surrounded by extensive Turkish earthwork defences—crenelated trench systems interspersed with karakoll hilltop defences—sitting within what is still an active training ground for the Jordanian Army. However, the evidence was mounting that the defence of the railway was a very late affair, that it could be dated to within a few months, and that it had an instructive relationship with the earlier defences of the construction era.
Conference papers on the topic "Trench Town"
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Trembošová, Miroslava, Alena Dubcová, and Natália Horná. "Retail and shopping behavior in small towns in Slovakia (example study of Zlaté Moravce town)." In 27th edition of the Central European Conference with subtitle (Teaching) of regional geography. Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9694-2020-17.
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In the past 15 years we have been involved in the rapid development of retail in Slovakia. Its globalization trends, materialized in shopping malls, often built on a 'green field' along major communication lines, have had a significant impact on commercial suburbanization. The “pulling” of large-scale retail centers on the outskirts of the city significantly affects the state and further development in the central part of the city, with frequent consequences (deadening) of traditional retail zones, many times leading to their disappearance. The new shopping zones change the mode of the time fund and the adopted daily cycles of shopping life for both urban and rural populations and promote consumerism. A number of elements adapt to this phenomenon, e.g. transport networks and parking facilities, opening hours of shops, monitoring the convenience of purchases through prices in leaflets between the traditional and new zone, synergy of non-commercial services, spending leisure time. Nowadays we are witnessing the penetration of foreign retail companies into the medium-sized to small towns of Slovakia and its changes in concentration, integration and internationalization. The aim of the paper is a brief description of the retail network in the typically small Slovak town of Zlaté Moravce. The next section presents the results of a survey of consumer buying behavior and evaluation of its conclusions.
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Anyasi, RO, and HI Atagana. "People’s Recycling Behavior in Cape Town-South Africa." In The 5th International Conference of Recent Trends in Environmental Science and Engineering (RTESE'21). Avestia Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/rtese21.114.
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Ježek, Jiří, and Renáta Ježková. "Problémy, vývojové trendy a investiční potřeby malých měst v České republice." In XXIII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách / 23rd International Colloquium on Regional Sciences. Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9610-2020-22.
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In the last more than ten years, interest in the phenomenon of small towns has increased. The aim of the article is to identify development problems, future trends and investment needs of small towns in the Czech Republic depending on their location in relation to large cities and metropolitan regions. The results are based on a questionnaire survey of 184 small towns. The most important problems that small towns solve today include transport infrastructure, parking options, housing. In addition, small towns in a peripheral location also solve job opportunities. The biggest problem of public services is the provision of medical and hospital care. According to the representatives of municipalities, the future of small towns will be determined primarily by the aging of the population, the departure of young, educated and entrepreneurial people and the decline in population. The main investment needs include the revitalization of urban centres, housing, transport and mobility. The results of the questionnaire survey showed that small towns in the Czech Republic are a very heterogeneous group of settlements. The assumption that small towns in peripheral regions have significantly different needs than towns in a central location has not been confirmed. They differ rather in the degree of problem, respectively urgency of their solution. Their political support needs to be approached individually and such support programs need to be created that will enable the implementation of integrated strategies.
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Yang, Shuai. "The Development Trend of Modern Garden City and the Characteristic Town Construction." In 2017 International Conference on Sports, Arts, Education and Management Engineering (SAEME 2017). Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/saeme-17.2017.108.
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Garci´a de Herreros, David. "Trend Towards Integrated Facilities: Marseille." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5401.
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In May 2005, the Spanish based group URBASER was awarded by the “Metropolitan Provence of Marseille” with the Design, Financing, Construction and Operation for a 20 year period of an Integrated Waste Treatment Facility in the southern French city of Marseille. The Integrated Facility will treat 390,000 tons per year of mainly unsorted Municipal Solid Waste generated by 1 million inhabitants in the 18 towns of the Region.
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Bronnikova, M., A. Panin, I. Arzhantseva, H. Harke та Y. Karpova. "РАДИОУГЛЕРОДНОЕ ДАТИРОВАНИЕ И ПОЖАРНАЯ ИСТОРИЯ РАННЕСРЕДНЕВЕКОВОГО ГОРОДА ДЖАНКЕНТ (Ю-В ПРИАРАЛЬЕ, КАЗАХСТАН)". У Радиоуглерод в археологии и палеоэкологии: прошлое, настоящее, будущее. Материалы международной конференции, посвященной 80-летию старшего научного сотрудника ИИМК РАН, кандидата химических наук Ганны Ивановны Зайцевой. Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-91867-213-6-17-18.
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A series of 63 14C dates were obtained from non-destructive core-drilling across the Dzhankent site (the early medie- val town located in Eastern Aral region), a second series – 58 dates from stratigraphic sections within excavated areas. Most of 14C dates are between the 7th and 10th centuries; clear up-section trends from older to younger ages may be seen. The analysed excavation sections are very well stratified. Stratigraphic units based on char-enriched marker beds could sometimes be traced for long distances. Extended thick char-enriched layers are considered to be traces of big fires, while small lenses of ash and charcoal are thought to be fireplaces.
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Afanasev, P. M., and M. P. Afanasev. "Analysis of trends in the use of natural gas as fuel in tows." In Наука России: Цели и задачи. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-12-2018-04.
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Yuan, Qing, and Ran Guo. "Impact of Urban Compactness on Carbon Emission Efficiency in Small Towns in China." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/atxj1734.
Full textAbstract:
Maintaining a balance between economic development and carbon emissions reduction is an important part of low-carbon development in modern cities. At present, the positive effect of urban compactness on carbon emission efficiency has been demonstrated in large cities, but few studies have been carried out on small towns. Small towns are an important part of China’s urban system, accounting for 70% of the total population and 60% of the national GDP. Most small towns in China still promote economic growth and enhance the social welfare of residents by large-scale urban construction, which inevitably leads to urban expansion and high carbon emissions. How to reduce carbon emissions by optimising urban form while continuing with economic development and maintaining people’s welfare has become an important issue faced by small towns in China. To guide the low-carbon planning of small towns, it is necessary to understand the relationship between urban compactness and the economic benefit and socialwelfare levels associated with the carbon emissions in small towns. This study quantitatively analyse the relationship between urban compactness and carbon emission efficiency (including CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency) in small towns in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2008 to 2017. This study resulted in four main findings. (i) the expansion of urban scale had significantly improved the CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency; (ii) the compactness presented opposite effects on the CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency, compactness had a negative correlation with CO2 economic efficiency, and had a positive correlation with CO2 social efficiency; (ii) The CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency both show an upward trend over the period 2008 to 2017; (iv) The relationship between GDP and carbon emissions in small towns did not reach an ideal state, the economies of small towns in China are still strongly dependent on scale expansion.
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Tufek-Memisevic, Tijana, and Zina Ruzdic. "Mitigating post-oil sustainability challenges in a topographically framed transit-oriented city." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/ioxj4775.
Full textAbstract:
Maintaining a balance between economic development and carbon emissions reduction is an important part of low-carbon development in modern cities. At present, the positive effect of urban compactness on carbon emission efficiency has been demonstrated in large cities, but few studies have been carried out on small towns. Small towns are an important part of China’s urban system, accounting for 70% of the total population and 60% of the national GDP. Most small towns in China still promote economic growth and enhance the social welfare of residents by large-scale urban construction, which inevitably leads to urban expansion and high carbon emissions. How to reduce carbon emissions by optimising urban form while continuing with economic development and maintaining people’s welfare has become an important issue faced by small towns in China. To guide the low-carbon planning of small towns, it is necessary to understand the relationship between urban compactness and the economic benefit and socialwelfare levels associated with the carbon emissions in small towns. This study quantitatively analyse the relationship between urban compactness and carbon emission efficiency (including CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency) in small towns in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2008 to 2017. This study resulted in four main findings. (i) the expansion of urban scale had significantly improved the CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency; (ii) the compactness presented opposite effects on the CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency, compactness had a negative correlation with CO2 economic efficiency, and had a positive correlation with CO2 social efficiency; (ii) The CO2 economic efficiency and CO2 social efficiency both show an upward trend over the period 2008 to 2017; (iv) The relationship between GDP and carbon emissions in small towns did not reach an ideal state, the economies of small towns in China are still strongly dependent on scale expansion.
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"Geological Characteristics and Ore-Controlling Factors of the Yazigou East Au Polymetallic Deposit in Mangya Town, Qinghai Province, China." In 2020 International Conference of Recent Trends in Environmental Sustainability and Green Technologies. Association for Computer, Electronics and Education, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48062/978-1-7773850-0-2.004.
Full textReports on the topic "Trench Town"
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Johnson, Kenneth. Demographic trends in rural and small town America. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.6.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Serbia. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrrs.2020.12.
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The situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2010-2019) in Serbia is presen-ted in this report. The main criterion for analysis was the degree of urbanisation, where the comparison was done between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities, and the whole country. The data available on EUROSTAT and the national Statistical office of Serbia were used as main resources for statistical interpretation. The statistical procedures used in the report rely on descriptive longitudinal analysis, using graphical displays (e.g. overlay line charts) as well as the calculation of proportional abso-lute and relative changes between observed years. The analysis of the youth population in Serbia aged 15-24 years in total as well as the youth population for different degrees of urbaisation, for the period 2010-2019, showed a de-creasing trend. In the period 2014-2019 (which is with available data for the case of Serbia) it can be ob-served that the youth employment rate is increasing in all areas of urbanisation. In contrast to the employment, the level of unemployment in Serbia is constantly decreasing in the period 2014-2019. This trend is similar for all three areas of urbanisation.The decrease in the number of early school leavers is registered in the case of entire Serbia, cities, and rural areas. The only trend of increasing of early school leavers’ rate is recorded for the towns and suburbs, for the observed period 2014-2019.In the period 2010-2019, the NEET rate is declining in Serbia for all three degrees of ur-banisation. In comparison to EU countries, Serbia is still significantly above the European average, but with a tendency of reducing the gap.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Spain. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nres.2020.12.
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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Spain. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling propor-tional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail.The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets.In the last ten years (2009 - 2019) a significant portion of the Spanish youth population has migrated from rural areas to cities and towns. This migration trend could be explained by the economic crisis which impacted upon Spain from 2008 onwards. Data shown in this report makes visible the vulnerability of rural NEET youth to these downturns from 2009 to 2013. In line with this, Early-school leaving (ESLET) and unemployment rates in rural areas were more pronounced in 2013 and the following years for rural youth in comparison with youth living in urban areas and towns. However, in the last two years (2017-2019) there has been a sharp decrease in these indicators placing youth living rural areas, on average, in line with the rest (i.e., an average NEET youth rate in Spain 15% versus 16% for rural areas).
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Germany. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrde.2020.12.
Full textAbstract:
This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Germany. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characte-risation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets. The analyses show that the rural youth population aged 15 to 24 years significantly increa-sed between 2009 and 2012 and then decreased slightly until 2019. The youth employment rate in Germany is generally increasing, and is at all times significantly higher in rural areas than in cities, towns and suburbs. The reverse trend applies to youth unemployment, which generally decreased in the observed period and which is at all times lowest in rural areas. A look at educational attainment levels showed a slight decline in rural areas of low educated persons between 2009 and 2019, while the proportion of rural youth with medium and high education slightly increased. At the same time, the proportion of early school leavers in rural areas after an increase until 2011, fell sharply and reached the 2009 level again by 2019. Be-ing 9% in 2019, it remains, at least in rural areas, slightly below the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Germany is lower in rural areas in all age classes and as a whole decreased significantly from 2009 to 2019.
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National reports 2009-2019 - Rural NEET across Europe (14 countries reports). OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nr14.2020.12.
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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: you-th population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central cri-terion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from ILOSTAT explorer public datasets.The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 youth population in both rural and urban areas decreased. In general, a strong decline in youth population was observed within all categories, with the most significant decrease within the age group 25-29 (21.57%) and 15-19 (20.35%). Youth employment has tended to decrease overall, and the decrease is stron-ger within rural regions. Interestingly, youth unemployment has also tended to decrease, and a significantly higher share of unemployed youth is from rural regions. A somewhat similar trend is observed in the field of education where the number of those enrolled significantly decreased during the observed period for all education levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ESLET rate tended to decrease, while the proportion of the female po-pulation tends to have higher ESLET levels compared to the male population. However, the ESLET rate is still below the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Bosnia and Herzegovina is higher in rural areas, while in general the tendency has been for it to decrease during the observed period.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Bosnia-Herzegovina. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrba.2020.12.
Full textAbstract:
This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: you-th population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central cri-terion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from ILOSTAT explorer public datasets.The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 youth population in both rural and urban areas decreased. In general, a strong decline in youth population was observed within all categories, with the most significant decrease within the age group 25-29 (21.57%) and 15-19 (20.35%). Youth employment has tended to decrease overall, and the decrease is stron-ger within rural regions. Interestingly, youth unemployment has also tended to decrease, and a significantly higher share of unemployed youth is from rural regions. A somewhat similar trend is observed in the field of education where the number of those enrolled significantly decreased during the observed period for all education levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ESLET rate tended to decrease, while the proportion of the female po-pulation tends to have higher ESLET levels compared to the male population. However, the ESLET rate is still below the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Bosnia and Herzegovina is higher in rural areas, while in general the tendency has been for it to decrease during the observed period.