Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tri-state'

Tri-state structures are used to implement multiplexers and buses because these structures are faster than AND/OR logic structures. But testing of tri-state structures has some issues associated with it. A stuck open control line of a tri-state gate will cause some lines in the circuit to float and take unknown values. A stuck-on control line can cause fighting when the two drivers connected to the same node drive different values. This thesis develops new gate level fault models and dynamic test patterns that take care of these problems. The models can be used with traditional stuck-at and transition fault automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) to ensure high fault coverage. This research focuses on producing good test coverage with reduced effort for tristate and pass transistor structures. We do circuit level modeling to help develop and validate gate level models, which can be used in production ATPG. We study the two primary effects of interest, capacitive coupling and leakage, and analyze the tri-state structures using these two effects. Coupling and leakage can cause a Z or X state to be seen as 0 or 1 in some cases. We develop parameterized models of behavior of common structures using these effects and some parameters such as number of fan-ins. We also develop gate level models of tri-state circuits that would replace the tri-state library cells in the ATPG engine. This work develops a methodology to make tri-state and pass transistor circuit structures more usable in the industry.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 68 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68).

The main concept of Body-Coupled Communication (BCC) is to transmit the electrical information through the human body as a communication medium by means of capacitive coupling. Nowadays the current research of wireless body area network are expanding more with the new ideas and topologies for better result in respect to the low power and area, security, reliability and sensitivity since it is first introduced by the Zimmerman in 1995. In contrast with the other existing wireless communication technology such as WiFi, Bluetooth and Zigbee, the BCC is going to increase the number of applications as well as solves the problem with the cell based communication system depending upon the frequency allocation. In addition, this promising technology has been standardized by a task group named IEEE 802.15.6 addressing a reliable and feasible system for low power in-body and on-body nodes that serves a variety of medical and non medical applications. The entire BAN project is divided into three major parts consisting of application layer, digital baseband and analog front end (AFE) transceiver. In the thesis work a strong driver circuit for BCC is implemented as an analog front end transmitter (Tx). The primary purpose of the study is to transmit a strong signal as the signal is attenuated by the body around 60 dB. The Driver circuit is cascaded of two single-stage inverter and an identical inverter with drain resistor. The entire driver circuit is designed with ST65 nm CMOS technology with 1.2 V supply operated at 10 MHz frequency, has a driving capability of 6 mA which is the basic requirement. The performance of the transmitter is compared with the other architecture by integrating different analysis such as corner analysis, noise analysis and eye diagram. The cycle to cycle jitter is 0.87% which is well below to the maximum point and the power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) is 65 dB indicates the good emission of supply noise. In addition, the transmitter does not require a filter to emit the noise because the body acts like a low pass filter. In conclusion the findings of the thesis work is quite healthy compared to the previous work. Finally, there is some point to improve for the driver circuit in respect to the power consumption, propagation delay and leakage power in the future.

Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Agronomy<br>Ganga M. Hettiarachchi<br>The milling and mining operations of metal ores are one of the major sources of heavy metal contamination at earth’s surface. Due to historic mining activities conducted in the Tri-State mining district, large area of land covered with mine waste, and soils enriched with lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) remain void of vegetation influencing ecosystem and human health. It has been hypothesized that if these minewaste materials are disposed of in the flooded subsidence pits; metals can be transformed into their sulfide forms under reduced conditions limiting their mobility, and toxicity. These mine waste materials are high in pH, low in organic carbon (OC) and sulfur (S). The objective of this study was to examine the effect of OC and S addition on the biogeochemical transformations of Pb, Zn and Cd in submerged mine waste containing microcosms. Advanced molecular spectroscopic and microbiological techniques were used to obtain a detail, mechanistic, and molecular scale understanding of the effect of natural and stimulated redox conditions on biogeochemical transformation and dynamics of Pb, Zn and Cd essential for designing effective remediation and mitigation strategies. The results obtained from these column studies indicated that Pb, Zn and Cd were effectively immobilized upon medium (119-day) and long-term (252-day) submergence regardless of treatment. The OC plus S treatment enhanced sulfide formation as supported by scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive X-ray technique, and synchrotron based bulk-, and micro-X-ray fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy analyses. Microbial community structure changed with OC and S addition with the enhancement sulfur reducing bacteria genes (dsrA/B), and decreased metal resistance genes over time. The long-term submergence of existing mine tailings with OC plus S addition reduced trace metals mobility most likely through dissimilatory sulfate reduction under stimulated reduced conditions. Colloidal assisted metal transportation (<1% of both Pb and Cd) occurred during initial submergence. Retention filters are suggested to avoid colloidal metal transport in order to meet the maximum concentration limit for Pb and Cd in surface and groundwater. This research enhances our understanding of the redox processes associated with the sequestration of non-redox sensitive metals through dissimilatory reduction of sulfates in mine waste materials and/or waste water and provides regulators with useful scientific evidence for optimizing remediation goals.

Mayotte département d’outre-mer français depuis 2011, fait partie de l’archipel des Comores ; elle est séparée des îles de l’État de l’Union des Comores depuis 1975. L’instauration d’un visa en 1995 et l’ordonnance n° 2002-688 du 12 juillet 2004 entréeen vigueur le 1er avril 2005 relative à l’extension de la sécurité sociale à Mayotte exclut les malades étrangers du système de santé mahorais. Ceci entraine des processus d’évacuation sanitaire par la voie d’une immigration clandestine qui provoque des naufrages et des violations des droits du patient. L’attrait de Mayotte et de la France métropolitaine pour les populations défavorisées occasionne des situations de conflits et de concurrence pour l’accès à la protection sanitaire et sociale. Les populations défavorisées de Mayotte, qui se battent pour combler leur retard par rapport à la métropole, vivent mal cette concurrence ; tandis que les populations immigrées vivant dans la clandestinité et sous la menace d’une expulsion imminente, rencontrent des difficultés pour faire valoir leur droit aux soins et au bénéfice à l’assistance du système social. Les obstacles sont nombreux et souvent considérables, dus notamment à la discrimination, à une disparité de difficultés sociales et économiques et à leurs conditions de vie généralement très difficiles. La maîtrise des flux migratoires et la lutte contre l’immigration irrégulière demeurent des priorités de la politique du gouvernement français en matière d’immigration. Laspécificité de la situation du département de Mayotte ainsi que l’importance des flux migratoires qui y sont constatés ont conduit les autorités sanitaires à gérer les flux migratoires liés aux évacuations sanitaires par la voie illégale. La France mène une politique sanitaire en continuant de soutenir l’Union des Comores dans l’amélioration de l’accessibilité et de laqualité des soins, à travers les programmes d’appui au secteur de la santé. Ces programmes auront pour finalité l’amélioration de la santé des mères et des enfants, notamment la réduction des mortalités maternelle et néonatale. La France à travers son organisme Agence française de développement (AFD) entend appuyer le ministère de la Santé dans l’élaboration et la mise en oeuvre des politiques publiques et contribuer au renforcement du cadre institutionnel et juridique du secteur. Il s’agira notamment d’appuyer l’État comorien dans la mise en place de mécanismes de régulation du service privé dans le secteur public et de réformer la pharmacie nationale. Cette recherche pointe les enjeux liés au droit de la protection sociale et au droit de la santé des étrangers sur le territoire national, aussi bien en France métropolitaine qu’à Mayotte. La diversité des droits nationaux applicables à Mayotte constitue une entrave sérieuse face aux dispositifs locaux relatifs à l'accompagnement sanitaire et social. Il est donc indispensable de chercher des solutions juridiques relatives à l’uniformisation de ce droit sanitaire et social afin d’améliorer le système de santé. Les résultats de cette recherche ont montré que les dispositifs locaux tels que le « bon rose » et le « bon AGD » ne sont pas du tout équivalents aux dispositifs nationaux (l'AME et la CMUc)<br>Mayotte a French overseas department since 2011, is part of the comorian archipelago from which it was separated from the State of Union of the Comoros islands since 1975. The introduction of a visa in 1995 and the order n° 2002-688 delivered on 12 july 2004 and entered into force on April 1st 2005 with regard to the extension of social security in Mayotte exclude the foreign sick from Mayotte's health system. This leads to a process of medical evacuation following an illegal immigration way that causes shipwrecks and the violation of the patient's rights. The attraction of Mayotte and Mainland France for disadvantaged populations lead to conflict situations and competition in the access to health and social protection. Mayotte's disadvantaged populations, who are struggling to catch up with the mainland, do not get along with that competition. At the same time the illegal immigrants living clandestinely and with the threat of expulsion are facing difficulties to assert their right to health care and to benefit from social system assistance. Obstacles are numerous and most of the time considerable, mainly because of discrimination, because of their judicial status, of disparity in their social and economical difficulties and because of their generaly very hard living conditions. The control of migratory flow and the fight against illegal immigrant remain the top priorities of the French government policy as far as immigration is concerned. The singularity of the situation in the department of Mayotte and the huge migratory flows that have been observed led healthcare authorities to handle migratory movements related to illegal medical evacuations. France has a healthcare policy and continues to support the Union of Comoros in the effort to improve healthcare access and quality, through support programs to health sector. These programs aim at improving the health of mothers and children, mainly in reducing maternal mortality. Through its organisation AFD, France aims at supporting health ministry in elaborating and implementing public policies and helping comorian state to put in place regulatory mechanisms of a private service within public sector and to reform the national pharmacy. This work focus on the issues related to the right to social protection and the health law for foreigners on the national territory, in mainland France and in Mayotte as well. Diversity of national laws applicable in Mayotte is a significant barrier to local devices in terms of medical and social assistance. It is necessary to seek legal solutions related to standardization of this health and social law in order to better the healthcare system. During our field research we observed that local devices such as the "pink warrant" and the "good AGD" are not at all equivalent to the national devices (AME and CMUc)

Nous avons prepare des couches minces amorphes a base d'alliages de terres rares, d'yttrium ou de zirconium et de cobalt par trois types differents de pulverisation cathodique (triode, magnetron toroidal, face-a-face). Les proprietes structurales, chimiques (retrodiffusion de particules chargees, spectrometrie de masses d'ions secondaires, rayons x, microscopie electronique), magnetiques (magnetometre, neutrons), et magneto-optiques (effets kerr) de ces materiaux ont ete caracterises en details. Avec ces materiaux de base, nous avons prepare des tri-couches aux interfaces tres propres permettant d'etudier le couplage magnetique entre couches. Les systemes sandwich fabriques sont typiquement y-co/gd-co/y-co et sm-co/x-co/sm-co' (x=gd, zr, tb). Les trois couches constitutives sont couplees magnetiquement par les interactions d'echange entre moments de cobalt a travers tout l'echantillon. Ce couplage associe aux proprietes specifiques de l'alliage considere (moment magnetique, anisotropie, coercitivite) conduisent a des configurations ferrimagnetiques ou ferromagnetiques de l'aimantation des couches voisines et donnent lieu a des processus d'aimantation originaux. Pour des systemes constitues de couches externes dures de coercitivites differentes et d'une couche centrale douce (sm-co/x-co/sm-co', x=gd, zr), l'influence de l'epaisseur et de la nature du materiau de la couche centrale sur le couplage et les processus d'aimantation ont ete etudies quantitativement. Un etat avec une seule paroi de bloch etendue dans la couche centrale est stabilise. Pour caracteriser cette paroi nous avons effectue des mesures d'aimantation, de reflectometrie de neutrons polarises et des mesures de susceptibilite a haute frequence. Des simulations numeriques a l'aide d'un programme developpe au cours de ce travail pour decrire les processus d'aimantation dans les systemes sandwich rendent particulierement bien compte des courbes d'aimantation experimentales de ces systemes modeles

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電控工程研究所<br>101<br>This thesis presents an odometer architecture which combines a monocular camera and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Due to error accumulation problem, it is very hard to get reliable result by only using the IMU, therefore there is a need to fuse the information with other sensors. In this dissertation, a monocular camera and an IMU are used for sensor fusion. By using the information of the camera, the error of IMU can be effectively constrained, so that the IMU can provide real scale. In this dissertation, the trifocal tensor geometry relationship between three images is used as camera measurement information, which makes the proposed method without estimating the 3D position of feature point. In other words, the proposed method does not have to reconstruct environment. Meanwhile, the camera pose corresponding to each of the three images are refined in filter to form a multi-state constraint Kalman filter. Consequently, this dissertation proposes a sliding window odometry which has a balance between computational cost and accuracy. Compared with traditional visual odometry or simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) method, the proposed method not only meets the requirement of odometer in ego-motion estimation, but also suit for real-time application. This dissertation further proposes a random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm which is based on three views geometry. The RANSAC algorithm can effectively reject feature points which are mismatch or located on independently moving objects, thus it make the overall algorithm capable of operating in dynamic environment. Finally, a hardware which integrates with a monocular camera, an IMU and a GPS is implemented, and experiments are conducted to validate the proposed method in real environment.