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1
Nybo, Lars, Bodil Nielsen, Eva Blomstrand, Kirsten Møller, and Niels Secher. "Neurohumoral responses during prolonged exercise in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 95, no. 3 (September 2003): 1125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00241.2003.
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This study examined neurohumoral alterations during prolonged exercise with and without hyperthermia. The cerebral oxygen-to-carbohydrate uptake ratio (O2/CHO = arteriovenous oxygen difference divided by arteriovenous glucose difference plus one-half lactate), the cerebral balances of dopamine, and the metabolic precursor of serotonin, tryptophan, were evaluated in eight endurance-trained subjects during exercise randomized to be with or without hyperthermia. The core temperature stabilized at 37.9 ± 0.1°C (mean ± SE) in the control trial, whereas it increased to 39.7 ± 0.2°C in the hyperthermic trial, with a concomitant increase in perceived exertion ( P < 0.05). At rest, the brain had a small release of tryptophan (arteriovenous difference of -1.2 ± 0.3 μmol/l), whereas a net balance was obtained during the two exercise trials. Both the arterial and jugular venous dopamine levels became elevated during the hyperthermic trial, but the net release from the brain was unchanged. During exercise, the O2/CHO was similar across trials, but, during recovery from the hyperthermic trial, the ratio decreased to 3.8 ± 0.3 ( P < 0.05), whereas it returned to the baseline level of ∼6 within 5 min after the control trial. The lowering of O2/CHO was established by an increased arteriovenous glucose difference (1.1 ± 0.1 mmol/l during recovery from hyperthermia vs. 0.7 ± 0.1 mmol/l in control; P < 0.05). The present findings indicate that the brain has an increased need for carbohydrates during recovery from strenuous exercise, whereas enhanced perception of effort as observed during exercise with hyperthermia was not related to alterations in the cerebral balances of dopamine or tryptophan.
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Farah, Nor M. F., and Jason M. R. Gill. "Effects of exercise before or after meal ingestion on fat balance and postprandial metabolism in overweight men." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 12 (October 26, 2012): 2297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512004448.
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It is unclear how timing of exercise relative to meal ingestion influences substrate balance and metabolic responses. The present study aimed to compare the effects of exercise performed before or after breakfast on fat balance and postprandial metabolism. A total of ten sedentary overweight men (aged 28·1 (sem 10·7) years, BMI 29·0 (sem 2·8) kg/m2) underwent three trials in random order involving: (1) performing no exercise (CON), or walking for 60 min at 50 % maximal O2 uptake either (2) before (Ex-Meal) or (3) after (Meal-Ex) consuming a standardised breakfast meal. In each trial an ad libitum lunch was provided 3·5 h after breakfast. Substrate utilisation was assessed by indirect calorimetry and blood was taken at regular intervals over an 8·5 h observation period. At the end of the observation period, fat balances in the Ex-Meal ( − 1043 (sem 270) kJ) and Meal-Ex ( − 697 (sem 201) kJ) trials were both significantly lower than CON (204 (sem 165) kJ) and fat balance in the Ex-Meal trial was significantly lower than in the Meal-Ex trial (all P <0·0001). Compared with the CON trial, the 8·5 h postprandial TAG response was only significantly lowered in the Ex-Meal trial ( − 17 %, P =0·025) and not in the Meal-Ex trial ( − 11 %, P =0·20). Both the Ex-Meal and Meal-Ex trials showed significantly lowered insulin responses relative to the CON trial (by 19 and 24 %, respectively, P <0·01 for both). There were no differences in lunch energy intake between trials. The present findings suggest that there may be an advantage for body fat regulation and lipid metabolism in exercising before compared with after breakfast. However, further study is needed to determine whether the present findings extend over the long term under free-living conditions.
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Thompson, B. D. "Optimization of LM2500 Gas Generator and Power Turbine Trim-Balance Techniques." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906576.
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A procedure has been developed by the U.S. Navy to trim-balance, in-place, the gas generator and power turbine rotor of the LM2500 Marine Gas Turbine Engine. This paper presents the theoretical background and the techniques necessary to optimize the procedure to balance the gas generator rotor. Additionally, a method was developed to trim balance LM2500 power turbines. To expand the implementation of both gas generator and power turbine trim-balancing, a capability has to be developed to minimize the effort required (trial weight runs, etc.). The objective was to be able to perform consistently what are called “First-Shot” trim balances. First-Shot trim balances require only one weight placement to bring the engine vibration levels to within the specified goals (less than 0.002 of an in. maximum amplitude) and that being the final trim weight. It was realized that the Least-Squares Influence-Coefficient Method, even with a good set of averaged influence coefficients, can lead to a number of trial weight experiments before the final trim weights can be placed. The method used to maximize the possibility of obtaining a First-Shot trim balance was to use modal information to tailor the influence coefficient sets to correct the most predominant and correctable imbalance problem. Since the influence coefficients were tailored, it became necessary to be able to identify, in the initial vibration survey, the type of response a particular LM2500 has. Using modal information obtained from a LM2500 rotor dynamics model and from the early trim-balance efforts, it was possible to identify the modal response of a given LM2500 and optimize the trim balance of that engine. With these improved techniques a 70 percent success rate for First-Shot trim balance has been achieved and the success rate of the trim balance procedure, as a whole, has been near 100 percent.
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Smith, Laurence G., Davide Tarsitano, Cairistiona F. E. Topp, Stephanie K. Jones, Catherine L. Gerrard, Bruce D. Pearce, Adrian G. Williams, and Christine A. Watson. "Predicting the effect of rotation design on N, P, K balances on organic farms using the NDICEA model." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 5 (October 29, 2015): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000381.
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AbstractThe dynamic model Nitrogen Dynamics in Crop rotations in Ecological Agriculture (NDICEA) was used to assess the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) balance of long-term organic cropping trials and typical organic crop rotations on a range of soil types and rainfall zones in the UK. The measurements of soil N taken at each of the organic trial sites were also used to assess the performance of NDICEA. The modeled outputs compared well to recorded soil N levels, with relatively small error margins. NDICEA therefore seems to be a useful tool for UK organic farmers. The modeling of typical organic rotations has shown that positive N balances can be achieved, although negative N balances can occur under high rainfall conditions and on lighter soil types as a result of leaching. The analysis and modeling also showed that some organic cropping systems rely on imported sources of P and K to maintain an adequate balance and large deficits of both nutrients are apparent in stockless systems. Although the K deficits could be addressed through the buffering capacity of minerals, the amount available for crop uptake will depend on the type and amount of minerals present, current cropping and fertilization practices and the climatic environment. A P deficit represents a more fundamental problem for the maintenance of crop yields and the organic sector currently relies on mined sources of P which represents a fundamental conflict with the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements organic principles.
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Kádár, Imre. "Long-term effect of fertilization on soil fertility." Agrokémia és Talajtan 63, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.63.2014.1.12.
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The surplus of the NPK balances of Hungarian agriculture, appearing in the nutrient balance sheet is a consequence of intensive fertilization in the past. Hungary had a positive P-balance between 1960 and 1990 for 30 years, and a positive NK-balance between 1970 and 1990 for 20 years during the 20th century.Studying the long-term effects of superphosphate in a field experiment on calcareous chernozem soil, it was found that the “half life time” of residual P was 5–7 years. The trial, i.e. the P after-effect lasted for 20 years.Liming and fertilization are the main soil fertility improving considerations for acidic sandy soils. These soils are often poor in all major nutrients. Mineral fertilizers, mainly NH4NO3, acidify soil, the pH values sink in comparison to the unfertilized plot. Liming and use of dolomite powder may counterbalance the acidification.
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Cree, Bruce AC, Jeffrey L. Bennett, Mark Sheehan, Jeffrey Cohen, Hans-Peter Hartung, Orhan Aktas, Ho Jin Kim, et al. "Placebo-controlled study in neuromyelitis optica—Ethical and design considerations." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 22, no. 7 (December 14, 2015): 862–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458515620934.
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Background: To date, no treatment for neuromyelitis optica (NMO) has been granted regulatory approval, and no controlled clinical studies have been reported. Objective: To design a placebo-controlled study in NMO that appropriately balances patient safety and clinical–scientific integrity. Methods: We assessed the “standard of care” for NMO to establish the ethical framework for a placebo-controlled trial. We implemented measures that balance the need for scientific robustness while mitigating the risks associated with a placebo-controlled study. The medical or scientific community, patient organizations, and regulatory authorities were engaged early in discussions on this placebo-controlled study, and their input contributed to the final study design. Results: The N-MOmentum study (NCT02200770) is a clinical trial that randomizes NMO patients to receive MEDI-551, a monoclonal antibody that depletes CD19+ B-cells, or placebo. The study design has received regulatory, ethical, clinical, and patient approval in over 100 clinical sites in more than 20 countries worldwide. Conclusion: The approach we took in the design of the N-MOmentum trial might serve as a roadmap for other rare severe diseases when there is no proven therapy and no established clinical development path.
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Kuti, C., L. L. Láng, and Z. Bedő. "Use of barcodes and digital balances for the identification and measurement of field trial data." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 52, no. 4 (March 1, 2005): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.52.2004.4.10.
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The widespread use of digitally-controlled measuring and analytical devices and electronic data collectors, all equipped with microprocessors and linked to computers, has made it possible for on-line data collection to become a routine process. A rational combination of two up-to-date techniques, barcodes and digital balance terminals, linked to an average computer background (Kuti et al., 2003), has proved in practice to satisfy the criteria raised for the up-to-date processing of breeding data at low cost. This system is an example of how it is possible to reduce costs while processing data more rapidly and reliably and allowing human resources to be utilised more flexibly and efficiently. The modules (MvLabel, MvSticker, MvWeighing)of the program package developed in Martonvásár for the handling and analysis of the data from plant breeding and crop production experiments can also be used independently for the identification of experimental field units (spikes, rows, plots) and for the online handling of weight measurements and analytical data. They provide a simple solution for the design and printing of labels (self-adhesive or plastic) containing barcodes. They make it easier to retrieve the data recorded by digital balance terminals and store them on hard discs, while also helping to unify and synchronise the various parts of the system using barcode readers to identify the measurement data.
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James, Lewis J., and Susan M. Shirreffs. "Fluid and Electrolyte Balance During 24-Hour Fluid and/or Energy Restriction." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 23, no. 6 (December 2013): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.6.545.
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Weight categorized athletes use a variety of techniques to induce rapid weight loss (RWL) in the days leading up to weigh in. This study examined the fluid and electrolyte balance responses to 24-hr fluid restriction (FR), energy restriction (ER) and fluid and energy restriction (F+ER) compared with a control trial (C), which are commonly used techniques to induce RWL in weight category sports. Twelve subjects (six male, six female) received adequate energy and water (C) intake, adequate energy and restricted water (~10% of C; FR) intake, restricted energy (~25% of C) and adequate water (ER) intake or restricted energy (~25% of C) and restricted (~10% of C) water intake (F+ER) in a randomized counterbalanced order. Subjects visited the laboratory at 0 hr, 12 hr, and 24 hr for blood and urine sample collection. Total body mass loss was 0.33% (C), 1.88% (FR), 1.97% (ER), and 2.44% (F+ER). Plasma volume was reduced at 24 hr during FR, ER, and F+ER, while serum osmolality was increased at 24 hr for FR and F+ER and was greater at 24 hr for FR compared with all other trials. Negative balances of sodium, potassium, and chloride developed during ER and F+ER but not during C and FR. These results demonstrate that 24 hr fluid and/or energy restriction significantly reduces body mass and plasma volume, but has a disparate effect on serum osmolality, resulting in hypertonic hypohydration during FR and isotonic hypohydration during ER. These findings might be explained by the difference in electrolyte balance between the trials.
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Maribo, Hanne. "104 The Danish Perspective to Remove Medicinal Zinc and Reducing the Use of Antibiotics in Swine Production." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.167.
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Abstract Diarrhoea in weaners has been commonly controlled by adding medicinal zinc (2500 ppm), but by June 2022 this was no longer allowed. In Denmark, antibiotics are accepted for therapeutic use only and usage is registered on pen level and is monitored by Danish authorities. This increases the risk of post-weaning diarrhoea. SEGES has tested several tools, additives e.g. organic acids, diet composition, raw materials e.g. blood plasma. Lowering the protein level in the diet post-weaning is very efficient, but adversely affects productivity. The latest results show on average that a reduction in protein from 19% to 15% in the weaner diet (6-9kg) results in a 60% reduction in diarrhoea; however, it also leads to a productivity loss of 1-1,5 euro. Reducing the protein level from 19% to 16,5% reduces the frequency of diarrhoea by 30% and the productivity loss by approx. 0,3 euro. A trial testing the possibility for compensation for this loss in the weaner period by adding extra protein and amino acids in the finisher diet (30–115 kg) is running now and preliminary results will be presented. Further results from trials reducing diarrhoea by reducing protein, a new way to calculate ideal protein and amino acid balances as well as results from concept tests with weaners will be presented. Further new results evaluating ideal protein and amino acid balances will be presented.
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Kok, R. "Preliminary project design for insect production: part 1 – overall mass and energy/heat balances." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7, no. 5 (August 13, 2021): 499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0055.
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Preliminary project design (PPD) is an initial stage in project development that makes it possible for an entopreneur to gain insight into the feasibility and potential profitability of setting up an insect production facility. In this paper a simple, spreadsheet-based model is presented to facilitate the first step of PPD by estimating the overall mass and energy balances for a proposed project. The model calculates outputs on the basis of scientific data and estimated values for operating parameters for the system that is proposed. With the model it is easy to use a trial-and-error approach to investigate the effect of different parameter values on system operation. Thus, the entopreneur can enter values for parameters such as feed composition, temperature of the cooling air, etc. and see the effect on system productivity, conversion efficiency, energy requirements, etc. immediately. This facilitates the overall procedure of reaching final decisions about the organism, the feed, the processing approach, the scale of operation, etc. Normally, this is an iterative procedure that is based on ‘trial-and-error’, the two aspects being referred to here as the ‘twin components of an iterative knowledge engine’. Thus, the outputs from the model will depend very much on the scientific data supplied and the values of the input parameters while, at the same time, use of the model will highlight what additional scientific data is needed and what alternate parameter values might prove profitable. Overall, the model allows the user to explore a large possibility space for both process constitution and operation much more quickly and easily than by experimental means alone. As such, it is a tool that can aid the entopreneur in thinking about a project and considering various alternatives, as well as in making decisions before a major commitment is made to any particular option. It is stressed here that PPD is only a preliminary stage in project development and that the investigation of overall process mass and energy balances is only the first step thereof. It is also stressed that results from modelling are invariably subject to empirical verification as well as ‘common-sense filtering’. The model presented is general and thus not oriented to the production of any species in particular.
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PASCUA JR, S. R., W. VENTURA, E. O. AGUSTIN, A. T. PADRE, D. A. VALENCIA, T. F. MARCOS, P. C. STA. CRUZ, S. R. OBIEN, and J. K. LADHA. "YIELD TRENDS AND APPARENT NUTRIENT BALANCES IN INTENSIFIED AND DIVERSIFIED RICE-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS." Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 2 (April 1999): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447979900201x.
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A long-term field trial was conducted to determine yield trends in relation to nutrient uptake and efficiency in different rice-based cropping systems. The cropping systems had a significant effect on wet season rice yield when residues were not recycled but had no effect otherwise. Rice yield decreased after the first year of crop residue incorporation but increased every year thereafter. Rice yield was significantly affected by residual nutrients applied to dry season crops. The highest residual effect was observed in tomato and sweet pepper to which the highest nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) rates were applied. Maize, sweet pepper, and tomato responded well to NPK application, garlic had a low response and mungbean had no response. A relay crop served as a catch crop for excess nutrients and as shade to minimize sunscald effects for tomato and sweet pepper fruits.
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Mullane, Sarah L., Dana R. Epstein, and Matthew P. Buman. "The “House of Quality for Behavioral Science”—a user-centered tool to design behavioral interventions." Translational Behavioral Medicine 9, no. 4 (August 7, 2018): 810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/iby084.
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Abstract Within the behavioral field, a plethora of conceptual frameworks and tools have been developed to improve transition from efficacy to effectiveness trials; however, they are limited in their ability to support new, iterative intervention design decision-making methodologies beyond traditional randomized controlled trial design. Emerging theories suggest that researchers should employ engineering based user-centered design (UCD) methods to support more iterative intervention design decision-making in the behavioral field. We present, an adaptation of a UCD tool used in the engineering field—the Quality Function Deployment “House of Quality” correlation matrix, to support iterative intervention design decision-making and documentation for multicomponent behavioral interventions and factorial trial designs. We provide a detailed description of the adapted tool—“House of Quality for Behavioral Science”, and a step-by-step use-case scenario to demonstrate the early identification of intervention flaws and prioritization of requirements. Four intervention design flaws were identified via the tool application. Completion of the relationship correlation matrix increased requirement ranking variance for the researcher (σ2 = 0.47 to 7.19) and participant (σ2 = 0.56 to 3.89) perspective. Requirement prioritization (ranking) was facilitated by factoring in the strength of the correlation between each perspective and corresponding importance. A correlational matrix tool such as the “House of Quality for Behavioral Science” may provide a structured, UCD approach that balances researcher and participant needs and identifies design flaws for pragmatic behavioral intervention design. This tool may support iterative design decision-making for multicomponent and factorial trial designs.
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Martino, Steve, Christina Lazar, John Sellinger, Kathryn Gilstad-Hayden, Brenda Fenton, Paul G. Barnett, Brad R. Brummett, et al. "Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment for Pain Management for Veterans Seeking Service-Connection Payments for Musculoskeletal Disorders: SBIRT-PM Study Protocol." Pain Medicine 21, Supplement_2 (December 2020): S110—S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa334.
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Abstract Background Veterans with significant chronic pain from musculoskeletal disorders are at risk of substance misuse. Veterans whose condition is the result of military service may be eligible for a disability pension. Department of Veterans Affairs compensation examinations, which determine the degree of disability and whether it was connected to military service, represent an opportunity to engage Veterans in pain management and substance use treatments. A multisite randomized clinical trial is testing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment for Pain Management (SBIRT-PM) for Veterans seeking compensation for musculoskeletal disorders. This telephone-based intervention is delivered through a hub-and-spoke configuration. Design This study is a two-arm, parallel-group, 36-week, multisite randomized controlled single-blind trial. It will randomize 1,100 Veterans experiencing pain and seeking service-connection for musculoskeletal disorders to either SBIRT-PM or usual care across eight New England VA medical centers. The study balances pragmatic with explanatory methodological features. Primary outcomes are pain severity and number of substances misused. Nonpharmacological pain management and substance use services utilization are tracked in the trial. Summary Early trial enrollment targets were met across sites. SBIRT-PM could help Veterans, at the time of their compensation claims, use multimodal pain treatments and reduce existing substance misuse. Strategies to address COVID-19 pandemic impacts on the SBIRT-PM protocol have been developed to maintain its pragmatic and exploratory integrity.
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Mettler, Abby, Lisa Chinn, Susan A. Saliba, Patrick O. McKeon, and Jay Hertel. "Balance Training and Center-of-Pressure Location in Participants With Chronic Ankle Instability." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.94.
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Context Chronic ankle instability (CAI) occurs in some people after a lateral ankle sprain and often results in residual feelings of instability and episodes of the ankle's giving way. Compared with healthy people, patients with CAI demonstrated poor postural control and used a more anteriorly and laterally positioned center of pressure (COP) during a single-limb static-balance task on a force plate. Balance training is an effective means of altering traditional COP measures; however, whether the overall location of the COP distribution under the foot also changes is unknown. Objective To determine if the spatial locations of COP data points in participants with CAI change after a 4-week balance-training program. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Thirty-one persons with self-reported CAI. Intervention(s) Participants were randomly assigned to a 4-week balance-training program or no balance training. Main Outcome Measure(s) We collected a total of 500 COP data points while participants balanced using a single limb on a force plate during a 10-second trial. The location of each COP data point relative to the geometric center of the foot was determined, and the frequency count in 4 sections (anteromedial, anterolateral, posteromedial, posterolateral) was analyzed for differences between groups. Results Overall, COP position in the balance-training group shifted from being more anterior to less anterior in both eyes-open trials (before trial = 319.1 ± 165.4, after trial = 160.5 ± 149.5; P = .006) and eyes-closed trials (before trial = 387.9 ± 123.8, after trial = 189.4 ± 102.9; P < .001). The COP for the group that did not perform balance training remained the same in the eyes-open trials (before trial = 214.1 ± 193.3, after trial = 230.0 ± 176.3; P = .54) and eyes-closed trials (before trial = 326.9 ± 134.3, after trial = 338.2 ± 126.1; P = .69). Conclusions In participants with CAI, the balance-training program shifted the COP location from anterolateral to posterolateral. The program may have repaired some of the damaged sensorimotor system pathways, resulting in a more optimally functioning and less constrained system.
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Velik, Margit, Roswitha Baumung, and Wilhelm F. Knaus. "Maize silage as an energy supplement in organic dairy cow rations." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23, no. 2 (May 27, 2008): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507002104.
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AbstractThe literature implicates strongly that including energy supplements in dairy rations based on protein-rich forages increases performance and feed efficiency due to an improved and more balanced ruminal energy and protein supply. Therefore, both conventional and organic dairy farms primarily supplement roughages with concentrates, containing high proportions of cereal grains. However, considering the main principles of sustainable agricultural systems and nutrient cycles, the question of alternatives is raised. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare grain and maize silage as energy sources in organic dairy cow rations. Two grass–clover silage-based diets, offered on an ad libitum basis, were supplemented either with 1 kg grain mixture plus 0.5 kg hay (treatment group G) or 2.1 kg maize silage (treatment group M) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The trial was carried out as a change-over design and lasted for 15 weeks. Intake of concentrates, DM and utilizable crude protein in the duodenum (uCP) were similar in both treatments. However, significant differences between treatments G and M were found for grass–clover silage dry matter intake (DMI) (13.4 versus 12.9 kg), forage DMI (14.6 versus 15.7 kg), crude protein (CP) intake (2885 versus 2801 g), ruminal nitrogen balance (RNB) (40 versus 29 g) and intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (7630 versus 7900 g). Milk yield was not affected by treatment, but in treatment M, milk fat content was at 42.4 g kg−1, significantly higher, and milk urea concentration at 19.7 mg 100 ml−1, significantly lower, as compared with treatment G. Efficiency of N use (N in milk in % of N intake) tended to be improved in treatment M. Balances of energy and uCP (intake as a percentage of requirements) were unaffected by treatment.
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Visser, H. de, and V. A. Hindle. "Autumn-cut grass silage as roughage component in dairy cow rations. 1. Feed intake, digestibility and milk performance." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 40, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v40i2.16521.
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A feeding trial was carried out with 56 dairy cows in >=2nd lactation. The duration of the experiment was 13 wk and started immediately after parturition. Basal diets consisted of maize silage, pressed beet pulp, moist ensiled maize gluten feed, ensiled brewers' grains and concentrates, which provided 70% of total DM. The remaining 30% of the DM consisted of grass silages, which were given as supplement to the basal diet. Treatments were wilted grass silage (WGS), moist grass silage ensiled with molasses (MGS), moist grass silage ensiled with formic acid (FGS) and wilted grass silage with added water (WW). The rations were given as a total mixed ration (TMR) to avoid selection. All grass silages were harvested between 30 Aug. and 1 Sept. from the same pastures. The moist grass silage differed in chemical composition from the wilted grass silage in ash (higher), crude fibre (lower) and NDF (lower). The in vitro and in vivo digestibility did not differ between silages. Total DM intake was lowest for both moist silages (MGS and FGS) and, as a consequence, net energy intake was also lowest with MGS and FGS. Milk yield was highest on WGS and WW, resulting from the higher energy intake. Milk fat yield and content did not differ between treatments. Milk protein yield was significantly lower for groups given MGS and FGS. Milk protein content tended to be lower for groups given FGS and MGS. During the experiment energy balance was negative on all treatments. Calculation of the duodenal digestible protein value (DVE), using the recommended equation for grass silage, gave WGS silage a better fit with the DVE balance measured in the feeding trial than found with high moisture silages (MGS, FGS), which appeared to be underestimated. Body weight changes correspond favourably with net energy balances, after correction of energy values for volatiles in grass silages, using individual net energy values for volatiles instead of an av. for grass silage OM. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Tanase, Mihaela, Per Stenius, Lars Johansson, Jan Hill, and Christer Sandberg. "Mass balance of lipophilic extractives around impressafiner in mill and pilot scale." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 25, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2010-25-02-p162-169.
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Abstract Removal of extractives from the pulp furnish is of great importance for the improvement of paper machine efficiency and also for reducing the energy consumption during the thermomechanical pulp refining process. Extractives can exist in many different forms in the process water; as colloidal particles, dissolved or attached to fines and fibres. It is therefore important to know in which form they exist in order to fully understand their behaviour. In this paper, we report on an evaluation of the removal of extractives released from chips of different raw materials pre-treated in an Impressafiner, in pilot and in mill scale. In pilot trial the raw materials used were loblolly pine and white spruce and in the mil scale trial the raw material used was norway spruce. The colloidal stability of extractives present in the pressate water from the Impressafiner and their flocculation behaviour by cationic polymers (CPAM and Poly-DADMAC) under different conditions was also investigated. Calculations of mass balances around an Impressafiner showed that it was possible to remove up to 40% of extractives before the refining process. The reduction in total extractives content was mainly due to released resin acids while fatty acids, triglycerides, steryl esters and sterols to a large extent remained in the wood chips after pre-treatment. The removal of extractives from pine was four times higher than from spruce chips. The results can be explained in terms of the extractive composition in the raw material and the morphological differences in the wood structure.
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Moran, JB. "Comparative performance of five genotypes of Indonesian large ruminants. 1. Effect of dietary quality on liveweight and feed utilization." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 5 (1985): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850743.
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Diets containing 85% (high concentrate) or 30% (high roughage) concentrate were individually fed for 280 or 224 days, respectively, to young Madura, Ongole, Bali, Grati (or Friesian crossbred) and swamp buffalo bulls. Each feeding trial was divided into early or late periods to study the effects of approaching maturity on growth and feed use. The digestibility of dietary nutrients, the balances of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium, and the metabolizability of the gross energy of the high-roughage diet were measured. Growth rates in decreasing order were Grati, Ongole, buffalo, Bali and Madura. Genotype differences in growth were generally the result of variations in intake rather than in feed use. There were genotype x trial interactions in feed intake and liveweight gain during the latter part of each trial in that on the high-concentrate diet, the performance of Ongole and Madura bulls was poorer than that of the Grati and buffalo bulls whereas performances were similar on the high-roughage diet. Dietary metabolizable energy contents were estimated to be 11.8 and 9.5 MJ kg-1 dry matter for the two diets, respectively. Liveweights were higher and more divergent between genotypes at the end of the high-concentrate feeding period. As they were also higher than those reported for mature animals maintained under traditional village management, it was concluded that indigenous Indonesian large ruminants would respond to improved feeding and management. However, their feedlot performances would be unlikely to equal that of dairy crossbred cattle.
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Paul Scott, M., and Michael Blanco. "Evaluation of the grain methionine, lysine and tryptophan contents of maize ( Zea mays L.) germplasm in the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize Project." Plant Genetic Resources 7, no. 03 (February 27, 2009): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262109264148.
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The Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) Project is a cooperative effort between the USDA-ARS, private industry and public researchers to broaden and enhance the germplasm base of maize. In this program, selected accessions from the Latin American Maize Project, and seven tropical hybrids donated by DeKalb to the GEM Project, were crossed to elite proprietary inbred lines contributed by commercial plant breeding programs. In most cases, the resulting hybrids were crossed to a second commercial inbred line and the resulting 25% exotic hybrids were used as breeding populations for further development. To identify GEM germplasm with value to protein quality breeding programs, we developed a process for evaluating the content of the essential amino acids methionine, lysine and tryptophan in the grain of GEM germplasm that balances the need for multiple-year evaluations with the constantly changing entry list of this germplasm screening program. This process involves annual field trials with common checks. Weak entries are dropped from the trial each year to make room for new entries, while strong entries are retained. Methionine exhibited the most significant variation, followed by lysine and then tryptophan. A number of GEM lines had methionine or lysine levels that were significantly better than Corn Belt checks and some were competitive with high-amino acid checks.
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Brants, Chrisje, Adam Jackson, and Tim J. Wilson. "A Comparative Analysis of Anglo-Dutch Approaches to ‘Cyber Policing’: Checks and Balances Fit for Purpose?" Journal of Criminal Law 84, no. 5 (October 2020): 451–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018320952561.
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This article examines two contrasting approaches to the governance of police investigations for ensuring that cybercrime-policing is lawful and ethical. The Netherlands has a national police force working under the direction of an equally centralised prosecution service according to specific laws on the use of special powers of surveillance, with evidence tested judicially when added incrementally to the case file. Theoretically, the process of adapting to the novel features of cybercrime policing should be much easier than within the much more fragmented policing structure in England and Wales, where unreliable evidence is challengeable only at the trial stage and the laws governing police action are equally fragmented. The Dutch police, however, have not found it easy to adapt concepts of covert policing developed in the 1990’s to their on-line investigative activities, despite the existence of comparatively detailed guidance and case law for undercover policing in the ‘real’ world. In the UK, the police seem unsure which requirements and concepts actually apply to their different on-line-investigations. More generally, it is concluded that legal comparisons of the kind undertaken in this article can identify general bottlenecks and barriers to adapting to the cyber environment, but such analysis cannot identify best practices that are readily transferable from one country to another. Legal transplants are a potentially hazardous undertaking because any practices and policies that work successfully will do so because they are necessarily compliant with the underlying systemic legal-cultural factors that make each legal system unique. Indeed, we make no attempt to identify best practices, other than to remark that the centralised nature of Dutch policing seems to afford some advantage, although, for historical and legal-cultural reasons, centralisation is unlikely to be an option for the UK police forces
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CYMBALUK, N. F., and D. A. CHRISTENSEN. "NUTRIENT UTILIZATION OF PELLETED AND UNPELLETED FORAGES BY PONIES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-024.
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Two separate digestion studies using mature ponies evaluated nutrient utilization of unpelleted alfalfa, brome, slough and oat hays and pelleted alfalfa, oat and barley hays grown in Saskatchewan. Alfalfa and cereal hays provided between 2.33 and 2.58 Mcal digestible energy (DE)/kg dry matter (DM). Brome and slough hay supplied 2.13 and 1.75 Mcal DE/kg DM, respectively. Alfalfa hay had a higher digestible crude protein content than other forages tested within each trial. Calcium (Ca) availability was lower from oat hay than other unpelleted forages (P < 0.05). Ponies were in negative Ca balance when either oat or barley hay pellets were fed; this occurred through an apparent increase in urinary Ca excretion. Phosphorus (P) balances were negative when slough hay or cereal hays were fed. Oxalate and phytate determinations were made in forages and concentrations of 0.26–1.3% oxalate and 0.06–0.44% phytate were obtained. Voluntary intakes of alfalfa and brome hay by ponies were higher than oat or slough hays (P < 0.05). Pelleted alfalfa hay was eaten in larger amounts than oat or barley hay pellets (P < 0.05). Of the forages tested, alfalfa hay was considered to be the best hay for supplying nutrients for horses. Cereal hays provide a good source of energy and protein for mature equids but would require macromineral supplementation. Key words: Forages, pony, nutrient utilization
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Picchioni, Fiorella, Geoffrey P. Warren, Smilja Lambert, Kelvin Balcombe, J. Steve Robinson, Chittur Srinivasan, Leonardo D. Gomez, et al. "Valorisation of Natural Resources and the Need for Economic and Sustainability Assessment: The Case of Cocoa Pod Husk in Indonesia." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 8962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218962.
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The uptake of innovative technologies and practices in agriculture aimed at the valorisation of natural resources can be scant in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs). Integration of financial viability assessments with farmers and environmental evaluations can help to understand some aspects of the low uptakes of innovations. Using the case study of Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) valorisation in Indonesia, we provide insights into (i) a choice modelling method to assess the economic viability of CPH valorisation and (ii) an agronomic trial assessing the consequences on soil quality of diverting CPH from its role as a natural fertilizer. The economic viability assessment suggested that farmers require higher levels of compensation than might be expected to collect or process CPH (a small proportion of farmers would undertake all processing activities for 117 GBP/t CPH). The agronomic trial concluded that CPH plays only a minor role in the maintenance of soil phosphorus, calcium and magnesium, but it plays an important role for crop potassium. CPH removal would reduce the partial balances for carbon and nitrogen by 15.6% and 19.6%, respectively. Diversion of CPH from current practices should consider the long-term effects on soil quality, especially because it might create increased reliance on mineral fertilizers.
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Toh, Rex S. "An Inventory Depletion Overbooking Model For the Hotel Industry." Journal of Travel Research 23, no. 4 (March 1985): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728758502300404.
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Travelers who have no intention of showing up often fail to cancel their hotel reservations in a timely manner. Because of this tendency, hotels in turn protect their revenue-generating but highly perishable inventory of rooms by overbooking in anticipation of no-shows and late cancellations. Unfortunately, the literature and a recent survey of hotels indicate that hotel overbooking levels are largely set by trial and error and may lead either to oversales and displaced guests or to an unprofitably high number of empty rooms and lost revenues. This study examines the institutional parameters and operating constraints of the hotel industry and treats overbooking as an inventory problem of fixed supply and variable demand, and proposes a statistically derived inventory depletion overbooking model that judiciously balances the opportunity cost of empty rooms with the adverse consequences of oversales. The model thus allows hotel managers to systematically establish optimal booking levels.
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Jacobson, Bert, and Kevin Jones. "Comparison of Selected Perceptual Variables for Backpacks with Internal and External Frames." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 2 (April 2000): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.605.
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Differences in perceptions of comfort, exertion, balance, and heart rate were investigated with two types of backpack. Subjects were 20 male volunteers ( M age = 24.3 yr., SD: 3.6, M height= 180.02 cm, SD: 8.0, and M weight = 86.46 kg, SD: 14.84). Following oral briefing and practice trials, each subject was fitted at random with either an internal- or external-frame backpack containing 18.2 kg. By random, cross-over design, subjects completed a 30-m simulated hiking trail consisting of 16 separate obstacles designed to resemble actual off-trail hiking. Trials were conducted in a controlled environment with the walking intensity regulated by a metronome. Upon completion of each trial, the subjects rated the experience on perceived comfort, balance and stability, and rating of perceived exertion. Heart rate was recorded immediately prior to and following each trial. Analysis yielded a significant difference only on rating of perceived exertion in favor of the internal-frame backpack. Under limited circumstances, these data suggest that both types of backpacks provide similar comfort and balance and stability; however, internal frames in backpacks may reduce perceived exertion during short, demanding hikes.
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Astuti, Dewi Apri, Sri Rahayu, Kukuh Budi Satoto, Rudy Priyanto, Lilis Khotijah, Tuti Suryati, and Muhammad Baihaqi. "Energy Balance and Blood Metabolites Status of Local Sheep Based on Indigofera sp and Sproutbean Waste Ration." Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan 16, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jintp.16.3.43-46.
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<p>This research was undertaken to evaluate energy utilization and blood metabolites status of male Indonesian local sheep involving nutrient balances and using urea space techniques for measurement body composition. Factorial randomized completely design was used in this study using 16 growing male local sheep. Factor A was breed which consisted of 8 Garut sheep (av.BW 14.90 kg) and 8 Jonggol sheep (av.BW 13.60 kg). Factor B was different ration which received of diet containing Indigoferasp. and sproutbean waste. The ration offered were pellets containing CP around 16% and energy 15.6 MJ GE/kg. Energy balance and blood metabolites studies were conducted during three-months trial. Intake, digestibility, urinary and metabolism variables were measured based on total collection method. Methane energy was measured by rusitec technique and methane gas production multiplied by calory equivalent value of methane. Energy retention (RE) was measured by urea space technique. Heat production was calculated from ME-RE. Plasma glucose, cholesterol and urea-N were measured by using spectrophotometry. Results showed that there were signiϐicant differences of energy intakes, digestibilities and metabolism among the rations. Animals fed with sproutbean waste ration has higher energy utilization compared to those fed Indigofera sp ration. There were no signiϐicant different for all blood metabolite variables among breed and its interaction between combination treatments. It is concluded that sproutbean waste in local sheep ration has higher energy utilization and daily gain than Indigofera sp.</p>
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King, Benjamin T., Patrick D. Lawrence, Truman J. Milling, and Steven J. Warach. "Optimal delay time to initiate anticoagulation after ischemic stroke in atrial fibrillation (START): Methodology of a pragmatic, response-adaptive, prospective randomized clinical trial." International Journal of Stroke 14, no. 9 (August 18, 2019): 977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493019870651.
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Rationale An estimated 15% of all strokes are associated with untreated atrial fibrillation. Long-term secondary stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation is anticoagulation, increasingly with non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants. The optimal time to initiate anticoagulation following an atrial fibrillation-related stroke that balances hemorrhagic conversion with recurrent stroke is not yet known. Aims To determine if there is an optimal delay time to initiate anticoagulation after atrial fibrillation-related stroke that optimizes the composite outcome of hemorrhagic conversion and recurrent ischemic stroke. Sample size estimates The study will enroll 1500 total subjects split between a mild to moderate stroke cohort (1000) and a severe stroke cohort (500). Methods and design This study is a multi-center, prospective, randomized, pragmatic, adaptive trial that randomizes subjects to four arms of time to start of anticoagulation. The four arms for mild to moderate stroke are: Day 3, Day 6, Day 10, and Day 14. The time intervals for severe stroke are: Day 6, Day 10, Day 14, and Day 21. Allocation involves a response adaptive randomization via interim analyses to favor the arms that have a better risk–benefit profile. Study outcomes The primary outcome event is the composite occurrence of an ischemic or hemorrhagic event within 30 days of the index stroke. Secondary outcomes are also collected at 30 and 90 days. Discussion The optimal timing of direct oral anticoagulants post-ischemic stroke requires prospective randomized testing. A pragmatically designed trial with adaptive allocation and randomization to multiple time intervals such as the START trial is best suited to answer this question in order to directly inform current practice on this question.
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McNeil, John. "RATIONALE FOR ASPREE DISABILITY-FREE SURVIVAL PRIMARY OUTCOME AND OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY OUTCOME RESULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2357.
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Abstract Disability-free survival (DFS), defined as survival free of disability and dementia was the primary outcome measure of the ASPREE clinical trial. As previously reported, there was no benefit of low dose aspirin on the primary end point of dementia, physical disability or death, but bleeding risks were increased. In total, 1,835 participants reached the primary endpoint, confirmed amongst approximately 3,000 who had triggered for one of the end-points. Dementia was the most labor intensive component of DFS. Several previous primary prevention aspirin studies had identified a reduction of vascular events counterbalanced by an increase in serious bleeding, leaving the question of net outcome to an intuitive decision. DFS was chosen because it balances the positive and negative effects of a preventive drug such as aspirin. It also encapsulates the primary purpose of a preventive drug in older people i.e., to prolong a healthy lifespan rather than prevent a defined disease.
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Alles, Michael G., Jun Dai, and Miklos A. Vasarhelyi. "Reporting 4.0: Business Reporting for the Age of Mass Customization." Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jeta-10764.
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ABSTRACT Financial reporting has evolved over centuries in distinct stages. The first reports (Reporting 1.0) were the trial balances ensuring that debits equaled credits, using the terminology popularized by Pacioli. The next major innovation was formalized in the Great Depression, with Reporting 2.0 being the standardized and audited financial statements. Reporting 3.0 evolved as technology was used to augment that reporting process with ERP-based data and XBRL. Today, technology is still relying on the automation of existing processes in Reporting 3.0. This paper proposes the move to Reporting 4.0, where technology will change reporting as fundamentally as Industry 4.0 is changing business operations. What characterizes Reporting 4.0 is the application of the intelligence inherent in 21st-century technology to create an app-based reporting system characterized by mass customization: the ability for reports to be tailored to meet the needs of the heterogeneous stakeholder community of the multi-objective modern enterprise.
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Gomes, Emídio F., P. Rema, A. Gouveia, and A. Oliva Teles. "Replacement of fish meal by plant proteins in diets for rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): effect of the quality of the fishmeal based control diets on digestibility and nutrient balances." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 10 (May 1, 1995): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0378.
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A great deal of attention has been paid to the replacement of the high levels of fishmeal present in commercial diets by alternative animal and vegetable protein sources. There are some contradictory data on the effects of partial or total replacement of dietary fishmeal especially regarding vegetable protein sources. The effect of technological treatments applied to the vegetable materials and the quality of the control diets are the reasons for these contradictory results. A ten week growth trial was conducted to study the effect of partial or total replacement of fishmeal by plant proteins in diets for rainbow trout. For this purpose, four practical diets were formulated: a fishmeal-based control diet, which included a brown fishmeal as the only protein source (diet C1); another diet where 5% of the brown fishmeal protein was replaced by a fishmeal protein concentrate (CPSP; diet C2); and two other diets where 50% (diet C50) and 100% (diet C100) of the fish meal protein was replaced by plant protein sources (soybean meal, fullfat soybean and corn gluten meal). The results of the growth trial showed that 50% of the fishmeal protein can be replaced by vegetable protein sources with no adverse effects on growth and feed utilization when diet C1 was used as control. However, using diet C2 as control, weight gains of trout fed the other diets were all significantly lower. Nitrogen and phosphorus balances were also estimated and results are discussed regarding the effect of diet quality on environmental impact.
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Rovers, Maroeska M., Huub Straatman, Gerhard A. Zielhuis, Koen Ingels, and Gert-Jan van der Wilt. "USING A BALANCING PROCEDURE IN MULTICENTER CLINICAL TRIALS." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 16, no. 1 (January 2000): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300161239.
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Objective: A basic issue in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is whether we can safely assume comparability between groups at baseline with respect to all potentially important prognostic factors. In other words, did randomization work sufficiently well? In small trials balanced allocation procedures are employed, whereas in large-scale trials simple randomization will do. The question is: When should balancing be considered?Methods: We performed a simulation study in which we varied the number of categories in the prognostic factors and the number of patients.Results: Simulation showed that, in all instances, a balancing procedure almost always led to perfect or almost perfect balance, while the imbalance with simple randomization was larger. To study the effect of balanced and random allocation on subgroup analyses in our OME trial, we compared the quotient of the width of the confidence intervals (CI). The widest CI in random allocation over the 13 hospitals was on average 13% wider than in balanced allocation.Conclusion: Investigators should always consider balanced allocation, especially in categories with a low number of patients and when subgroup analysis over many categories is requested.
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Abeni, Fabio, Francesca Petrera, Aldo Dal Prà, Luca Rapetti, Gianni Matteo Crovetto, and Gianluca Galassi. "Blood parameters in fattening pigs from two genetic types fed diet with three different protein concentrations1." Translational Animal Science 2, no. 4 (July 14, 2018): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy069.
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Abstract The study aimed to evaluate possible differences between two genetic groups (GG) of pigs, fed diets varying in dietary CP level, in hematological and biochemical plasma profiles. The study was carried out in an experimental farm and involved 36 barrows (average BW 129 ± 11 kg) from two GG: group A (18 Italian Duroc boars × Italian Large White sows) and group D (18 DanBred Duroc), fed three experimental diets: a conventional diet and two low-protein diets (LP1 and LP2). A digestibility/balances trial was carried out on 12 pigs A and 12 pigs D that were housed individually in metabolic cages during four digestibility/balances periods. The experimental design was a factorial design, with 3 diets × 2 GG × 4 periods. The experiment lasted 56 d. Blood was sampled from jugular vein in the morning before feed distribution from all barrows in pens at the start and the end of the experimental period; a supplementary blood sample was collected from the 24 pigs at the end of the four digestibility periods (six pigs per period). Blood was analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters and serum protein profile using automated analyzers. The GG D showed lower white blood cells (WBC), lymphocyte, and monocyte counts than A group. The GG affected several plasma metabolite concentrations: triglycerides, creatinine, Cl, Fe, alkaline phosphatase, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activities were higher in D groups, while urea, albumin, Ca, Na, total bilirubin, and albumin as percentage of total protein were lower than A group. On the contrary, the dietary protein level neither affects WBC nor their populations; only a trend was reported for erythrocytes (red blood cell) and platelets. The diet affected only plasma urea and total bilirubin concentrations.
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ROS i SOLÉ, CRISTINA, and RAQUEL MARDOMINGO. "Trayectorias: A new model for online task-based learning." ReCALL 16, no. 1 (May 2004): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344004001119.
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This paper discusses a framework for designing online tasks that capitalizes on the possibilities that the Internet and the Web offer for language learning. To present such a framework, we draw from constructivist theories (Brooks and Brooks, 1993) and their application to educational technology (Newby, Stepich, Lehman and Russell, 1996; Jonassen, Mayes and McAleese, 1993); second language learning and learning autonomy (Benson and Voller, 1997); and distance education (Race, 1989; White, 1999). On the one hand our model balances the requirements of the need for control and learning autonomy by the independent language learner; and on the other, the possibilities that online task-based learning offer for new reading processes by taking into account new literacy models (Schetzer and Warschauer, 2000), and the effect that the new media have on students’ knowledge construction and understanding of texts. We explain how this model works in the design of reading tasks within the specific distance learning context of the Open University, UK. Trayectorias is a tool that consists of an open problem-solving Web-quest and provides students with ‘scaffolding’ that guides their navigation around the Web whilst modelling learning approaches and new learning paradigms triggered by the medium. We then discuss a small-scale trial with a cohort of students (n = 23). This trial had a double purpose: (a) to evaluate to what extent the writing task fulfilled the investigators’ intentions; and (b) to obtain some information about the students’ perceptions of the task.
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LECLERC, HÉLÈNE, and ELLIOT BLOCK. "EFFECTS OF REDUCING DIETARY CATION-ANION BALANCE FOR PREPARTUM DAIRY COWS WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO HYPOCALCEMIC PARTURIENT PARESIS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-046.
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A trial was conducted to investigate the response of prepartum dairy cows to reducing the level of dietary cation-anion balance by measuring the concentration of plasma Ca, P, Mg and hydroxy proline, the apparent absorption of Ca, P and Mg and the incidence of milk fever. Twenty prepartum Holstein cows were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments designated control, diets 1, 2 and 3, with cation-anion balances [(Na + K) – (Cl + S)] of + 394, + 121, + 105 and + 62 meq kg−1 dietary dry matter (DM), respectively. Diets containing 1.38% Ca and 0.76% P (dry basis) were offered from day 45 prepartum to day 2 postpartum. Reducing the level of dietary cation-anion balance decreased the severity of the decline of plasma Ca during the periparturient period and delayed the time of observing the lowest concentration of plasma Ca. Strong negative correlations were observed during the periparturient period, particularly at parturition, between dietary cation-anion intake and the concentrations of plasma Ca and P. Apparent absorption of minerals was not influenced by dietary treatment from day 24 to day 21 prepartum. However, apparent absorption of Ca was reduced in cows fed diets 2 and 3 compared to cows fed the control diet and apparent absorption of Mg was reduced in cows fed diets 1, 2 and 3 compared to cows fed the control diet from day 7 prepartum until day 1 postpartum. Apparent absorption of phosphorus was not influenced by treatment at either time. Plasma levels of hydroxyproline were higher in cows fed diets 2 and 3 than in those fed diet 1 and the control diet from day 2 prepartum to day 1 postpartum. Results showed that reducing the level of dietary cation-anion balance influenced the concentration of plasma calcium, its apparent absorption and its resorption from bone. These effects were most accentuated during the periparturient period and may be beneficial in the prevention of milk fever. Key words: Milk fever, dairy cows, dietary anions and cations, parturient paresis
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Liodden, Ingrid, Leiv Sandvik, Berit Taraldsen Valeberg, Einar Borud, and Arne Johan Norheim. "Acupuncture versus Usual Care for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Children after Tonsillectomy/Adenoidectomy: A Pragmatic, Multicentre, Double-Blinded, Randomised Trial." Acupuncture in Medicine 33, no. 3 (June 2015): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2014-010738.
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Objectives To investigate the effect of a standardised acupuncture on nausea and vomiting in children after tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy when possible placebo effects were precluded. Methods A pragmatic, multicentre, double-blinded, randomised controlled trial. The study was conducted over 10 months in 2012–2013 at three ambulatory clinics. Two hundred and eighty-two children, age 1–11 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade ≤II, were included. To equalise expectancy effects, all parents were told that their child would receive acupuncture. However, children were randomly allocated to perioperative bilateral needling acupuncture at PC6, depth 7 mm, mean time 17 min (SD 5–45) during anaesthesia plus usual care, or to usual care only. The regional ethics committee approved this approach. Primary endpoints were nausea and vomiting 24 h postoperatively. Results This study did not demonstrate any effect of acupuncture (95% CI) compared with standard care. The overall vomiting in the acupuncture and usual-care groups was 44.2% and 47.9%, respectively. Nausea was experienced by 31.7% in the acupuncture group and by 32.6% in the usual-care group. The test power was acceptable for comparisons of vomiting. Conclusions The findings suggest that when controlling for possible placebo effects standardised PC6 acupuncture needling during anaesthesia without further stimulation of PC6 is not effective in reducing nausea and vomiting in children after tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. Future studies should investigate acupuncture treatment which balances adequate dose and technique and a feasible, child-friendly acupuncture treatment. Trial Registration Number ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01729052.
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Stentoft, P. A., L. Vezzaro, P. S. Mikkelsen, M. Grum, T. Munk-Nielsen, P. Tychsen, H. Madsen, and R. Halvgaard. "Integrated model predictive control of water resource recovery facilities and sewer systems in a smart grid: example of full-scale implementation in Kolding." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 1766–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.266.
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Abstract An integrated model predictive control (MPC) strategy to control the power consumption and the effluent quality of a water resource recovery facility (WRRF) by utilizing the storage capacity from the sewer system was implemented and put into operation for a 7-day trial period. This price-based MPC reacted to electricity prices and forecasted pollutant loads 24 hours ahead. The large storage capacity available in the sewer system directly upstream from the plant was used to control the incoming loads and, indirectly, the power consumption of the WRRF during dry weather operations. The MPC balances electricity costs and treatment quality based on linear dynamical models and predictions of storage capacity and effluent concentrations. This article first shows the modelling results involved in the design of this MPC. Secondly, results from full-scale MPC operation of the WRRF are shown. The monetary savings of the MPC strategy for the specific plant were quantified around approximately 200 DKK per day when fully exploiting the allowed storage capacity. The developed MPC strategy provides a new option for linking WRRFs to smart grid electricity systems.
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Verhoeven, Sten, Jan Wouters, and Bruno Demeyere. "The International Criminal Court's Office of the Prosecutor: Navigating between Independence and Accountability?" International Criminal Law Review 8, no. 1-2 (2008): 273–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156753608x265303.
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AbstractThis contribution critically appraises the institutional position which is held by the International Criminal Court's Office of the Prosecutor. Especially, it will be asked whether and to what extent the latter is « independent » in its activities, or whether and to what extent other actors – both inside and outside the Court – can hamper the Office of the Prosecutor's margin to independently manoeuver. Against the background of the debates preceding the Rome Statute's adoption, where it was feared that the Office of the Prosecutor would become an actor that would no longer be controllable by anyone, the logical counterpart of the first question will necessarily need to assess to what extent the Office of the Prosecutor has been rendered instutionally accountable. Throughout, particular emphasis will be put on the oversight which can be exercised by the Pre-Trial Chamber. This, together with other practical factors which can constrain the Prosecutor's scope of action, leads to the conclusion that many checks and balances seriously hamper the realities of the theoretical affirmation that the Office of the Prosecutor would be an institutionally independent actor.
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Price, Scott A., and Nancy C. Brahm. "Antipsychotic Treatment of Adolescent Dual Diagnosis Patients." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 16, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-16.4.226.
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BACKGROUND A diagnosis of schizophrenia requires development of a pharmacotherapy regimen that balances many factors in the therapeutic decision-making process. Patient age and the presence or absence of comorbid chemical dependency represent two factors. Comorbid chemical dependency can have a profound impact on the successful treatment of schizophrenia, making patients with dual diagnoses of schizophrenia and chemical dependence a uniquely challenging population. There is little information regarding treatment of schizophrenia and chemical dependence in the pediatric population. Existing data from pediatric and adult populations may facilitate a well-guided and knowledgeable approach to treating pediatric dual diagnosis patients. METHODS A review of the literature for medication trials evaluating antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia in childhood and adolescence as well as antipsychotic use in the treatment of the dual diagnoses of schizophrenia and chemical dependence was done. Databases for Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and PsycInfo were searched using the terms “addiction,” “adolescence,” “childhood,” “dual diagnosis,” “schizophrenia,” and “substance abuse.” Results were limited to English-language articles. RESULTS Seven articles were identified related to psychotic disorders and substance abuse in pediatric populations. Psychosis measurement instruments included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and Clinical Global Impression. Mean improvements were insignificant in most cases. Medication trials included clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and molindone. Trial safety concerns included metabolic effects, increased prolactin levels, and akathisia. One study with random assignment to olanzapine was discontinued early because of substantial weight gain without evidence of superior efficacy. Clozapine treatment was associated with more adverse drug events. CONCLUSION There is a great need for more research and use of available data to develop safe and effective treatment guidelines for childhood and adolescent dual diagnosis patients. When appropriate decisions are made regarding treatment of patients with comorbid schizophrenia and chemical dependence, both conditions may benefit with increased remission.
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Slivka, Dustin, Walter Hailes, John Cuddy, and Brent Ruby. "Caffeine and carbohydrate supplementation during exercise when in negative energy balance: effects on performance, metabolism, and salivary cortisol." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 6 (December 2008): 1079–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h08-093.
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The ingestion of carbohydrate (+CHO) and caffeine (+CAF) during exercise is a commonly used ergogenic practice. Investigations are typically conducted with subjects who are in a rested state after an overnight fast. However, this state of positive energy balance is not achieved during many work and exercise circumstances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the substrate use and performance effects of caffeine and carbohydrate consumed alone and in combination while participants were in negative energy balance. Male participants (n = 9; 23 ± 3 years; 74.1 ± 10.6 kg) completed 4 trials in random order: –CAF/–CHO, –CAF/+CHO, +CAF/–CHO, and +CAF/+CHO. Diet and exercise were prescribed for 2 days before each trial to ensure negative energy balance. For each trial, before and after 2 h of cycling at 50% of maximal watts, a saliva sample and a muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) were obtained. A simulated 20 km time trial was then performed. The respiratory exchange ratio was higher (p < 0.05) in +CHO trials and lower (p < 0.05) in the +CAF/+CHO trial than in the –CAF/+CHO trial. Salivary cortisol response was higher (p < 0.05) in the +CAF/–CHO trial than in any of the other trials. Muscle glycogen and heart rates were similar in all trials. Performance in the 20 km time trial was better in the –CAF/+CHO trial than in the –CAF/–CHO trial (p < 0.05), but the +CAF/+CHO trial was no better than the +CAF/–CHO trial (p > 0.05), or any of the other trials. When co-ingested with carbohydrate, caffeine increased fat use and decreased nonmuscle glycogen carbohydrate use over carbohydrate alone when participants are in negative energy balance; however, caffeine had no effect on the 20 km cycling time trial performance.
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Kurokawa, Tetsuji, Akiko Shinagawa, Yoko Chino, Motohiro Kobayashi, and Yoshio Yoshida. "Identification of ideal strategy of cervical cancer screening in Japan based on Fukui cervical cancer screening study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e17025-e17025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e17025.
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e17025 Background:The estimated age-standardized incidence rate for cervical cancer is higher in Japan than in North America and the UK. It is important to improve cancer screening. The introduction of HPV testing with cytology for triage of those that test positive for cervical cancer screening has been challenging. The Fukui Cervical Cancer Screening (FCCS) study was designed to determine the best cervical cancer screening method in the Japanese population. We performed a subanalysis using baseline data of FCCS study to determine the performance of cytology, the human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and cotesting with cytology and HPV testing, and to evaluate whether the stratification of HPV16, HPV18, and 12 other hrHPV types appropriately balances risks and harms in the Japanese cancer screening population. Methods:The study enrolled 7,584 women aged 25 years or older undergoing routine screening. All women underwent liquid-based cytology (LBC) and cobas HPV testing. Women with abnormal cytology regardless of the HPV status, women with positive hrHPV results regardless of cytology results, and women randomly selected from among those with normal cytology and negative hrHPV results were referred for colposcopy. Results:The prevalence of hrHPV, HPV16, and HPV18 was 6.8%, 1.2%, and 0.5%, respectively. The estimated sensitivities for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or worse for cytology, HPV testing, and cotesting with cytology and HPV testing were 71%, 92%, and 100%, respectively. The estimated positive predictive values for cytology, HPV testing, and cotesting with cytology and HPV testing were 33%, 21% and 21%, respectively. Using a strategy whereby those with abnormal cytology or positive HPV16 genotype undergo colposcopy and biopsy results in a sensitivity of 85% and a positive predictive value of 33%. This strategy results in improved sensitivity while at the same time maintains the positive predictive value compared to screening with cytology alone. Conclusions:Baseline data from the FCCS study suggests that strategy of using colposcopy for women with abnormal cytology and/or HPV16 positivity appropriately balances risks and harms for Japanese women. Clinical trial information: UMIN000025977.
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Farneselli, Michela, Paolo Benincasa, Umberto Bonciarelli, Giacomo Tosti, Francesco Tei, and Marcello Guiducci. "Yield and apparent dry matter and nitrogen balances for muskmelon in a long-term comparison between an organic and a conventional low input cropping system." Italian Journal of Agronomy 10, no. 3 (September 18, 2015): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2015.630.
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Nine-year yields and apparent balances of dry matter and nitrogen (N) are reported for muskmelon cultivated in a long-term comparison trial between an organic and a conventional low input system in Central Italy. In every year, yield, above ground biomass and N accumulation of each cash crop, green manure and weeds, and the partitioning between marketable yield and crop residues were determined. Apparent dry matter and nitrogen balances were calculated at the end of each crop cycle by taking into account the amounts of dry matter and <em>ex novo</em> N supplied to the system as green manure legume Ndfa (<em>i.e.</em>, an estimate of N derived from the atmosphere <em>via</em> symbiotic fixation) and fertilisers, and those removed with marketable yield. Differences between systems varied across years. On average, organic muskmelon yielded 16% less than the conventional one, while the fruit quality was similar in the two cropping systems. Fruit ripening began one week later and it was more scaled than in the crop grown conventionally. This was the consequence of a slow initial growth of the organic crop, due to inadequate green manure N total supply or timing of N release. Moreover such a wide spaced crop (0.5 plants m<sup>–2</sup>, in rows 2 m apart) was not efficient in intercepting N released from green manure biomass incorporated broadcast. Compared to the conventional crop management, the organic crop management resulted in much higher organic matter supply to the soil and in higher residual N after harvest. Thus, the choice of cultivating wheat just after melon to prevent postharvest residual N loss appears a key strategy especially in organic systems. Fall-winter green manure crops contributed to the self-sufficiency of the organic system by supplying muskmelon with either N absorbed from the soil or <em>ex novo</em> legume Ndfa.
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Shulman, Lawrence N., Donald A. Berry, Constance T. Cirrincione, Heather P. Becker, Edith A. Perez, Ruth O'Regan, Silvana Martino, et al. "Comparison of Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide Versus Single-Agent Paclitaxel As Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer in Women With 0 to 3 Positive Axillary Nodes: CALGB 40101 (Alliance)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 22 (August 1, 2014): 2311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.53.7142.
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Purpose Optimal adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer balances efficacy and toxicity. We sought to determine whether single-agent paclitaxel (T) was inferior to doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC), when each was administered for four or six cycles of therapy, and whether it offered less toxicity. Patients and Methods Patients with operable breast cancer with 0 to 3 positive nodes were enrolled onto the study to address the noninferiority of single-agent T to AC, defined as the one-sided 95% upper-bound CI (UCB) of hazard ratio (HR) of T versus AC less than 1.30 for the primary end point of relapse-free survival (RFS). As a 2 × 2 factorial design, duration of therapy was also addressed and was previously reported. Results With 3,871 patients enrolled onto the trial, a median follow-up period of 6.1 years, and 437 RFS events, we achieved an HR of 1.26 (one sided 95% UCB, 1.48; favoring AC does not allow a conclusion of noninferiority of T with AC; UCB > 1.3). With 266 patient deaths, the HR for overall survival (OS) was 1.27 favoring AC (UCB, 1.56). The estimated absolute advantage of AC at 5 years is 3% for RFS (91 v 88%) and 1% for OS (95 v 94%). All nine treatment-related deaths were patients receiving AC and are included in the analyses of both RFS and OS. Hematologic toxicity was more common in patients treated with AC, and neuropathy was more common in patients treated with T. Conclusion This trial did not show noninferiority of T to AC, a conclusion that is unlikely to change with additional events and follow-up. T was less toxic than AC.
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Xiao, Gang, Zhengshan Chen, Brass Daniel, Lai N. Chan, Huimin Geng, Xiaoyan Jiang, and Markus Müschen. "PP2A Balances Glucose Metabolism and Foxo Activation to Maintain Cellular Redox Homeostasis in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1056.1056.
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Abstract Introduction : Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a Ser/Thr phosphatase negatively regulates a diverse set of signaling pathways promoting tumor growth. While PP2A functions as tumor suppressor in multiple types of cancer, here, we demonstrate an unexpected pro-survival role of PP2A in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. By calibrating PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling strength, PP2A regulates glycolysis rate and thereby balances energy demands against anti-oxidant protection of pre-B ALL cells. In addition, PP2A reinstates activity of FOXO factors by dephosphorylation and thereby enables the anti-oxidant function of FOXO1 and FOXO3. Consistent with previous studies, we find PP2A is dispensable for the survival of myeloid leukemia cells which indicates a lineage-specific role of PP2A. Combined with genetic study and small molecule inhibitor, we verify that regulation in patient-derived xenografts and highlight PP2A as a therapeutic target in pre-B ALL. Results: Consistent with a divergent role of PP2A in pre-B ALL (compared to CML), we found that high mRNA levels of PP2A subunits at the time of diagnosis predict poor outcome of children (COG P9906; n=207) and adults (ECOG 2993; n=215) with ALL. Consistent with these findings, mutations in PP2A subunits are extremely rare in B cell malignancies but relatively common in solid tumors and myeloid malignancies (COSMIC). We therefore, studied the function of PP2A in a genetic mouse model for Cre-induced deletion of Ppp2r1a in BCR-ABL1 (Ph+) ALL. Inducible activation of Cre reduced protein expression of the targeted PP2A subunit A and the catalytic subunit C, which leads to near-complete loss of PP2A phosphatase activity. Conversely, Cre-mediated deletion increased phosphorylation levels of FoxO1, FoxO3a, p70S6K and S6 ribosomal protein, which indicated elevated PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling. Acute deletion of Ppp2r1afl/fl in B cell-lineage ALL cells dramatically affected survival and colony formation, both of which could be rescued by overexpression of wildtype PP2A. PI3K and mTOR inhibitors also have rescue effect on PP2A deficient ALL cells in growth-competition assay. Luciferase-labeled PP2A-deleted ALL cells showed reduced cell growth and leukemia progression after being transplanted into recipient mice. However, Cre-mediated deletion had no deleterious effects in a Ppp2r1afl/fl CML model. This lineage-specific role of PP2A was verified by inducible CEBPα expression to reprogram B cell lineage ALL cells into myeloid cells. Interestingly, inducible deletion of PP2A caused profound imbalances of glucose metabolism in Ph+ ALL but not in CML cells. Upon PP2A-deletion, ALL cells showed higher glycolytic flux shunted into lactate rather than NADPH production. By employing glucose flux metabolic profiling assay using [1,2-13C2]-D-glucose tracer, we found elevated glycolysis and repressed pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) flux in PP2A-deleted pre-B ALL cells. Lower NADPH/NADP ratio and higher reactive oxygen species level in PP2A-deleted pre-B ALL cells, together with decreased anti-oxidant gene expression, increased DNA damage, including H2AX phosphorylation and p53 expression. The mechanistic role of ROS downstream of PP2A was supported by a strong rescue effect of overexpression of the antioxidant catalase in PP2A-deleted cells. The unexpected role of PP2A in Ph+ ALL was further validated by CRISPR-Cas9 mediated disruption of PPP2R1A in ALL xenografts derived from three patients. In addition, a PP2A specific inhibitor LB-100 (in clinical trial for solid tumors) was employed to pharmacologically inhibit PP2A activity. Low micromolar concentrations of LB-100 induced cell death in patient-derived ALL xenografts in parallel with ROS-accumulation and increased S6 and H2AX phosphorylation. Conclusion: Here we revealed an unexpected role of PP2A in maintaining redox homeostasis in pre-B ALL cells. By regulating AKT-mTOR signaling, PP2A keeps the balance of glycolysis and PPP to meet the energy demands of pre-B ALL cells and avoids extreme levels of oxidative stress. We confirmed this pro-survival role of PP2A in both genetic mouse ALL model and human Ph+ ALL-patients derived leukemia cells. These findings highlight PP2A as a therapeutic target and suggest that agents like the PP2A inhibitor LB-100 may be of interest for pre-clinical development and testing. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Khamala, Charles A. "External and internal common legal representation of victims at the International Criminal Court: Beyond the ‘Kenyan trial approach’." African Yearbook on International Humanitarian Law 2020 (2020): 159–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/ayih/2020/a6.
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The International Criminal Court (ICC) is primarily mandated to punish persons bearing the greatest responsibility for the worst crimes known to mankind. Additionally, its victim reparations are contingent on conviction; because of this, the Rome Statute’s retributive goal is compounded with the inquisitorial function of seeking the truth by realising the victim’s entitlement to participate at appropriate stages throughout the proceedings. However, the suspect’s due process rights must remain protected. While the Court balances these procedural functions, victims’ representatives determine which victims are members of the appropriate constituency. This paper’s theoretical framework shows how victims are vulnerable to their representative’s claims. Therefore, the question arises as to whether external or internal legal representation will be more effective for victims. This determines how victims’ voices may best be elicited. Some victimologists contend that the exclusion of an external Common Legal Representative (CLR) in the search of mass atrocity solutions promotes merely symbolic, rather than meaningful, victim participation in ICC proceedings. The Court insists on external CLRs because of their local knowledge. Others emphasise the proximity of the Office of the Public Counsel for Victims (OPCV) to judges as providing access to justice at The Hague. Crucially, by requiring the OPCV to interface between the external CLR and the Chamber in day-to-day proceedings, the ‘Kenyan trial approach’ has made victims’ participation more meaningful. Yet, following the Ruto and Sang case, the ICC faces challenges when confronted with diverse modalities of implementing reparations for multiple victims. In the Palestine situation, claims seeking to promote victims’ interests required victim empowerment, including strengthening appropriate victim constituencies through outreach to enable them to articulate disagreements with their representatives. In the Ongwen case, a broad interpretation gave victims’ voices enhanced agency over the defence. Recently, in Ntaganda’s case, the Court directed the Registry to liaise not only with the CLRs but also with the Trust Fund for Victims for appropriate outreach and communication with victims.
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Stradling, R. "Trial balance." Critical Perspectives on Accounting 15, no. 4-5 (May 2004): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2003.12.004.
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Park, Hong Jun, Hyun-Soo Kim, Hee Man Kim, Gwang Ho Baik, Yeon Soo Kim, Sung Chul Park Park, and Hyun IL Seo. "Su1547 A Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial: a Comparison of 2L Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) With Ascorbic Acid With 4L of PEG for the Safety in Relation With Serum Electrolyte Balances." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 79, no. 5 (May 2014): AB317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2014.02.291.
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Campbell, A. D., J. W. Squair, R. Chua, J. T. Inglis, and M. G. Carpenter. "First trial and StartReact effects induced by balance perturbations to upright stance." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 9 (November 1, 2013): 2236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00766.2012.
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Postural responses (PR) to a balance perturbation differ between the first and subsequent perturbations. One explanation for this first trial effect is that perturbations act as startling stimuli that initiate a generalized startle response (GSR) as well as the PR. Startling stimuli, such as startling acoustic stimuli (SAS), are known to elicit GSRs, as well as a StartReact effect, in which prepared movements are initiated earlier by a startling stimulus. In this study, a StartReact effect paradigm was used to determine if balance perturbations can also act as startle stimuli. Subjects completed two blocks of simple reaction time trials involving wrist extension to a visual imperative stimulus (IS). Each block included 15 CONTROL trials that involved a warning cue and subsequent IS, followed by 10 repeated TEST trials, where either a SAS (TESTSAS) or a toes-up support-surface rotation (TESTPERT) was presented coincident with the IS. StartReact effects were observed during the first trial in both TESTSAS and TESTPERT conditions as evidenced by significantly earlier wrist movement and muscle onsets compared with CONTROL. Likewise, StartReact effects were observed in all repeated TESTSAS and TESTPERT trials. In contrast, GSRs in sternocleidomastoid and PRs were large in the first trial, but significantly attenuated over repeated presentation of the TESTPERT trials. Results suggest that balance perturbations can act as startling stimuli. Thus first trial effects are likely PRs which are superimposed with a GSR that is initially large, but habituates over time with repeated exposure to the startling influence of the balance perturbation.
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Koopman, René, Anton J. M. Wagenmakers, Ralph J. F. Manders, Antoine H. G. Zorenc, Joan M. G. Senden, Marchel Gorselink, Hans A. Keizer, and Luc J. C. van Loon. "Combined ingestion of protein and free leucine with carbohydrate increases postexercise muscle protein synthesis in vivo in male subjects." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 288, no. 4 (April 2005): E645—E653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00413.2004.
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The present study was designed to determine postexercise muscle protein synthesis and whole body protein balance following the combined ingestion of carbohydrate with or without protein and/or free leucine. Eight male subjects were randomly assigned to three trials in which they consumed drinks containing either carbohydrate (CHO), carbohydrate and protein (CHO+PRO), or carbohydrate, protein, and free leucine (CHO+PRO+Leu) following 45 min of resistance exercise. A primed, continuous infusion of l-[ ring-13C6]phenylalanine was applied, with blood samples and muscle biopsies collected to assess fractional synthetic rate (FSR) in the vastus lateralis muscle as well as whole body protein turnover during 6 h of postexercise recovery. Plasma insulin response was higher in the CHO+PRO+Leu compared with the CHO and CHO+PRO trials (+240 ± 19% and +77 ± 11%, respectively, P < 0.05). Whole body protein breakdown rates were lower, and whole body protein synthesis rates were higher, in the CHO+PRO and CHO+PRO+Leu trials compared with the CHO trial ( P < 0.05). Addition of leucine in the CHO+PRO+Leu trial resulted in a lower protein oxidation rate compared with the CHO+PRO trial. Protein balance was negative during recovery in the CHO trial but positive in the CHO+PRO and CHO+PRO+Leu trials. In the CHO+PRO+Leu trial, whole body net protein balance was significantly greater compared with values observed in the CHO+PRO and CHO trials ( P < 0.05). Mixed muscle FSR, measured over a 6-h period of postexercise recovery, was significantly greater in the CHO+PRO+Leu trial compared with the CHO trial (0.095 ± 0.006 vs. 0.061 ± 0.008%/h, respectively, P < 0.05), with intermediate values observed in the CHO+PRO trial (0.0820 ± 0.0104%/h). We conclude that coingestion of protein and leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis and optimizes whole body protein balance compared with the intake of carbohydrate only.
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Oliyan, Fitra, Elfitri Santi, and Eka Rosalina. "Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan dan Perancangan Aplikasi Keuangan Untuk Usaha Kecil Menengah Studi Kasus pada D’Haus Cake." Akuntansi dan Manajemen 15, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jam.v15i2.19.
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This study aims to design accounting applications for the preparation of financial statements at D'Haus Cake's business. The approach used in this research is a case study. The design process begins with studying the transactions and reports that D'Haus Cake’s business needs in the form of purchase and sale transaction forms, and general journals. The required reports are in the form of all transaction journal records, ledgers, trial balances, profit and loss reports, and statements of financial position. After studying the system requirements, then proceed to the application development stage using Microsoft Access 2013 software. The next stage is to test the application to obtain adequate confidence in transaction processing by comparing the results of processing with manual calculations carried out. The implementation process is carried out by converting the initial data on the conversion date and making input transactions up to the company's operating date. After implementing and converting, the final stage is to carry out training for users and carry out a process of improvement and adjustment to the application based on the feedback received from users. The process of designing and implementing the application has been considered successful after the user states that the application has met all user needs and operates well.
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Yun, Xialun, Xuesong Mei, Gedong Jiang, Zhenbang Hu, and Zunhao Zhang. "Investigation on a No Trial Weight Spray Online Dynamic Balancer." Shock and Vibration 2018 (November 1, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7021215.
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In order to suppress the spindle vibration with high efficiency and high precision, a no without trial weight spray online balance method is proposed in this paper. By analyzing the relationship between the unbalanced excitation and the unbalanced response of the spindle, the relationship between the dynamic influence coefficient and the system model is studied. A high-speed spindle finite element analysis model was established, and the dynamic influence coefficient matrix was identified. A no trial weight spray online dynamic balancing system was developed, which has the advantages of without trial weight and high-precision loading. A new type of integrated balancing terminal that was formed using 3D printing technology was first proposed by our research group, and its advantages in various aspects are significantly higher than traditional assembly balanced terminals. The experimental verification of the without trial weight spray online dynamic balancing system was performed on a high-speed spindle test stand. Experiments show that the no trial weight spray online balancing method proposed in this paper can achieve high-efficiency and high-precision vibration suppression, greatly reducing balance time and cost of the spindle. At the same time, the online balance test also verified the reliability of the integrated balanced terminal.
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Muragod, Anil R., Mana Yeslawath, Yashashree Apte, and Yulia Gomes. "EFFECT OF PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE TRAINING AND BALANCE TRAINING ON BALANCE PERFORMANCE IN YOUNG OLD ADULTS: RANDOMISED CLINICAL TRAIL." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 4, no. 5 (October 11, 2016): 1646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2016.151.
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