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Griesser Pečar, Tamara. "Show Trials in Slovenia: The Case of Ljubo Sirc." Dileme : razprave o vprašanjih sodobne slovenske zgodovine 3, no. 1 (June 2019): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.55692/d.18564.19.5.
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Ljubo Sirc was a member of the Stara pravda group. In 1943, he fled to Switzerland in order to explain the situation in Slovenia to the Yugoslav government and the British Allies, but they would not listen to him. After the Tito-Šubašič Agreement, he joined the Partisans. After the war, he was an interpreter and had contact with British, American and French representatives in Ljubljana. He also tried to organize a political opposition. Ljubo Sirc was accused of spying and treason and was sentenced to death in the so-called Nagode trial. His sentence was then commuted to twenty years of forced labour. After seven and a half years, he was set free in 1954. Because the secret police wanted him to collaborate and because he found no work, he illegally left Yugoslavia and went to Great Britain, where he was a professor of economics in Glasgow. After 34 years, he came back to Yugoslavia for the first time. His verdict was annulled, but he got only a small part of his and his family’s property restituted. In 1992, Sirc was the presidential candidate of the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia.
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Custură, Ştefania Maria. "Ion Valjan: With the Voice of Time. The Hypostasis of a Romanian Belle Epoque." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2015-0003.
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Abstract Ion Valjan is the literary pseudonym of Ion Al. Vasilescu (1881-1960), famous lawyer, playwright, writer of memoirs, publicist and politician. Dramatic author in the line of Caragiale, he was the manager of The National Theatre in Bucharest between 1923 and 1924, and general manager of theatres between 1923 and 1926. He wrote drama, he collaborated with Sburătorul, Vremea, Rampa, being appreciated by the exigent literary critique of the inter-war period. After the war, in 1950, he was involved in a political trial, accused of high treason, espionage for Great Britain, and got sentenced to 15 years imprisonment, where he died. Valjan is the author of the only theatrical show, played in a communist prison, Revista Piteşti 59. Ion Valjan’s memoirs, With the Voice of Time. Memories, written during the Second World War, represent a turn back in time, into the age of the author’s childhood and adolescence, giving the contemporary reader the chance to travel in time and space, the end of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the past century projecting an authentic image, in the Romanian version of a Belle Epoque, interesting and extremely prolific for the Romanian cultural life. Also, evoking his childhood years spent in cities by the Danube (Călăraşi, Brăila, Turnu-Severin), Valjan unveils the harmonious meeting of different peoples and their mentalities, which transform the Danube Plain into an interethnic space of unique value.
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Cornwall, Mark. "TRAITORS AND THE MEANING OF TREASON IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY’S GREAT WAR." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 25 (September 8, 2015): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440115000055.
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ABSTRACTTreason is a ubiquitous historical phenomenon, one particularly associated with regime instability or wartime loyalties. This paper explores the practice and prosecution of treason in the last decades of the Habsburg monarchy with a special focus on some notorious wartime treason trials. It first sets the rhetoric and law of treason in a comparative historical context before assessing the legal framework supplied by the Austrian penal code of 1852. Although the treason law was exploited quite arbitrarily after 1914, the state authorities in the pre-war decade were already targeting irredentist suspects due to major anxiety about domestic and foreign security. In the Great War, the military were then given extensive powers to prosecute all political crimes including treason, causing a string of show-trials of Bosnian Serbs and some leading Czech politicians. By 1917–18, however, this onslaught on disloyalty was backfiring in the wake of an imperial amnesty: as loyalties shifted away from the Habsburg regime, the former criminals themselves proudly began to assume the title of ‘traitor’. The paper is a case-study of how regimes in crisis have used treason as a powerful moral instrument for managing allegiance. It also offers a new basis for understanding instability in the late Habsburg monarchy.
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O'Neil, James L. "Political Trials under Alexander the Great and his Successors." Antichthon 33 (November 1999): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006647740000232x.
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In 1931 F. Granier argued that treason trials and other matters of major political importance were heard by meetings of the Macedonian army assembly and this view received wide acceptance. However in the 1970s it was challenged by R. Lock and R.M. Errington, who concluded that there was no right of the army to be consulted in such cases, but that the king might seek to win the troops' approval before undertaking controversial actions, such as executing popular officers. More recently, N.G.L. Hammond has revived the view that the Macedonian army had the right to hold trials in cases of treason.
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Bernstein, Seth, and Irina Makhalova. "Aggregate Treason: A Quantitative Analysis of Collaborator Trials in Soviet Ukraine and Crimea." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 46, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 30–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-20181345.
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This article is an analysis of metadata from 955 closed trials of Soviet people accused of being collaborators during World War ii. The trials reveal Soviet officials’ understandings of who was capable of collaboration and what kinds of acts were collaboration. At the same time, the aggregate data from trials demonstrates that the accusations were grounded in the realities of the war and were not falsifications like the investigations of the Great Terror in the 1930s.
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Brennan, James R. "Lowering the Sultan's Flag: Sovereignty and Decolonization in Coastal Kenya." Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, no. 4 (September 23, 2008): 831–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417508000364.
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On 17 December 1961, Ronald Ngala faced an audience of some five hundred supporters in Malindi, a town on the East African coast of the Indian Ocean. The crowd had come to watch Ngala lower the flag that symbolized colonial rule along the coast. This was not the Union flag of Great Britain, but the red flag of the Sultan of Zanzibar. It flew over a number of towns located along the ten-mile coastal strip “Protectorate” of what was then Kenya Colony and Protectorate. The flag symbolized this latter legal distinction, representing the sovereignty that the Sultan of Zanzibar retained over the coastal strip of Kenya after leasing its administration to Britain in a treaty signed in 1895. The flag's lowering was an act of political theatre—Ngala's supporters had hastily arranged the flag and flagpole, while the Sultan's real flag flew over the Malindi courts office nearby. The crowd celebrated its lowering with loud and wild cheers. Anxious onlookers later complained that Ngala had performed an act of treason. In Zanzibar, tense with the specter of racial violence, local press expressed outrage at this insult to the Sultan.
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Garnai, Amy. "Thomas Holcroft and Joseph Haydn: Mapping an Unlikely Friendship." Essays in Romanticism: Volume 29, Issue 1 29, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/eir.2022.29.1.3.
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This essay examines the friendship between the British playwright, novelist, translator, and political activist, Thomas Holcroft, and the Austrian composer, Joseph Haydn. This friendship is explored against the backdrop of the politically fraught 1790s, and the discourse surrounding the French Revolution. Activists such as Holcroft were subjected to legal action; he was arrested during the Treason Trials of 1794 for allegedly taking part in a plot to overthrow the King. Eventually released without trial, Holcroft suffered deeply from the after-effects of his judicial experience. Haydn, conversely, is often seen as a composer who, in his music composed in Britain, exhibited an embrace of militarism and patriotism in works such as Symphony 100 and the canzonetta “The Sailor’s Song.” I argue that this assumed difference in political outlook between Haydn and Holcroft did not impede their friendship and collaboration. The essay concludes with a discussion of their collaboration on the second set of Haydn’s Canzonettas (1795) and Holcroft’s poetic tribute to Haydn published in the London newspapers.
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Krasilnikova, E. I., E. Nifontov, E. G. Sergeeva, T. V. Antono-Va, A. A. Zhloba, O. V. Galkina, and M. A. Romanova. "Adhesion endothelial dysfunction and immune inflammatory factors in hypertensive patients with coronary heart disease: effects of rosuvastatin." "Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension") 15, no. 3 (June 28, 2009): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18705/1607-419x-2009-15-3-268-274.
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Modern views on atherosclerosis pathogenesis are briefly summarized regarding the role of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, homocysteine and asymmetric dimethylarginine as risk factors for endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis onset and progression. Rosuvastatin (Crestor, AstraZeneca, Great Britain) efficiency data according to multicenter clinical trials are presented as well as the results of the own study on Crestor impact on immunological factors of endothelial lesion in hypertensive patients with coronary heart disease.
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Lanska, Douglas J. "Disinformation by Proponents of Perkins’ Patent “Metallick Tractors” (1798–1806) to Sway Public Opinion in Britain in Favor of a Fraudulent Therapy." Histories 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2024): 66–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/histories4010006.
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In 1796, American physician Elisha Perkins patented “metallick Tractors” for the treatment of various ailments, particularly those associated with pain. They were subsequently rapidly and widely disseminated in the United States and Great Britain based on testimonials and deceptive marketing tactics. Dissemination was facilitated by endorsements from prominent physicians, politicians, and clergymen; quasi-theoretical, handwaving explanations of efficacy based on Galvani’s then-current experiments; and the procedure’s apparent safety and simplicity. However, blinded placebo-controlled trials in Great Britain using sham devices demonstrated that the therapy was ineffective. In response, in the period from 1798 to 1806, Perkinists unleashed a barrage of disinformation (ad hominem attacks, misleading arguments, unethical propaganda tactics, and poetic and graphic satire) to sway public opinion in favor of the fraudulent therapy and against its critics. The disinformation slowed the abandonment of “tractoration”, but higher-level scientific argumentation ultimately prevailed. The Perkinist disinformation campaign had antecedents with the Mesmerist disinformation campaign in the mid-1780s. Similar propaganda tactics are still widely employed to encourage the purchase and use of disproven or fraudulent therapies, as evidenced by propaganda from adherents of acupuncture in response to negative clinical trials and from supporters of unsafe and ineffective therapies promulgated during COVID-19.
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Weidenfeld, Katia, and Alexis Spire. "Punishing tax offenders in France and Great Britain: two criminal policies." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 574–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-05-2016-0030.
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Purpose Since 2008-2009, the governments in France and Great Britain have encouraged more rigorous penalization of tax evaders. This paper aims to investigate the implementation of these policies on the basis of an important and original empirical material. Design/methodology/approach The study done in France relies on interviews conducted with representatives of law enforcement agencies on public statistics and on an innovative database compiled from nearly 600 cases submitted to the judiciary. The comparison with Great Britain is developed through interviews conducted with different participants in the fight against tax fraud and statistical information. Findings This paper describes the recent evolution of the machinery for screening tax-related wrongdoings in France and in the UK. It demonstrates that whilst publicly calling for harsh punishment against tax dodgers, in practice, both governments tend to seek a balance between the growing demand for tax equality and the belief that the State should not intervene in the economic realm. This strategy leads to the over-representation of certain categories of taxpayers. Despite the commonalities resulting from the numerous filters before prosecution, the penal strategy takes on two different shapes on either side of the Channel: whereas the British institutions support an “exemplary punitive” system, French regulatory system favours a “quasi-administrative” treatment. The French tax authority continues to use the criminal procedures mainly as a financial instrument for the improved restitution of stolen taxes. The policy of Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs, supported by the “Sentencing Guidelines”, aims much more at obtaining exemplary convictions. Originality/value Based on a large empirical material, this paper highlights the different outcomes of the criminal trials against tax evaders in the two countries.
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Junod, S. W. "Women's Trials: The Approval of the First Oral Contraceptive Pill in the United States and Great Britain." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 57, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 117–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/57.2.117.
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Preston, John, and Charles Bickel. "And the beat goes on. The continued trials and tribulations of passenger rail franchising in Great Britain." Research in Transportation Economics 83 (November 2020): 100846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100846.
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Hemery, G. E., P. S. Savill, and A. Thakur. "Height growth and flushing in common walnut (Juglans regia L.): 5-year results from provenance trials in Great Britain." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 78, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpi012.
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Grant, Kevin. "British Suffragettes and the Russian Method of Hunger Strike." Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, no. 1 (January 2011): 113–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417510000642.
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In the spring of 1878 male political prisoners in the Peter and Paul Fortress of St. Petersburg went on hunger strike to protest against the oppressive conditions in which they were held by the tsarist regime. After three days, news of the strike reached the prisoners' families, who appealed for relief to the director of military police, General N. V. Mezentsev. The director dismissed their pleas and reportedly declared of the hunger strikers, “Let them die; I have already ordered coffins for them all.” It was a volatile period of repression and reprisal in the Russian revolutionary movement. The tsarist regime had cracked down on the revolutionary populists, thenarodniki, and the era of terrorism had just begun in St. Petersburg that January, when Vera Zasulich shot and seriously wounded the city's governor. The hunger strikers were among a group of 193 revolutionaries who had been recently tried for treason and sentenced to various forms of punishment, including hard labor and imprisonment in Siberia. In these circumstances the news of Mezentsev's response spread quickly beyond the strikers' families, soon reaching a would-be terrorist and former artillery officer, Sergius Kravchinskii. Kravchinskii killed Mezentsev with a dagger on a city street, then fled Russia and made his way to Great Britain, a haven for Russian revolutionaries since Alexander Herzen had arrived in 1852 and established the first Russian revolutionary press abroad. Kravchinskii likewise wrote against the tsarist regime, under the pen name Sergius Stepniak, and in 1890 he became the editor of a new, London-based periodical,Free Russia. Its first number chronicled a dramatic series of hunger strikes led by female revolutionaries imprisoned at Kara in the Trans-Baikál of eastern Siberia. These strikes had culminated in the death of one woman after she was flogged and in five suicides by female and male political prisoners who, after the death of their comrade, had ended their hunger strikes to eat poison. Having been inspired to terror by his sympathy for revolutionary hunger strikers, Stepniak, like other Russian exiles, believed that the hunger strike would win sympathy and support for Russian revolutionaries in Britain.
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Grimalskaya, Svetlana, Sergey Stepashkin, Nataliya Khromova, Alexander Khudin, and Aleksander Chernyavsky. "International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202102statyi15.
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The Nuremberg trial of Nazi criminals, which took place from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946, became an important milestone in the history of world civilization. The article is devoted to consideration of the process of developing an agreement on the establishment of an International Military Tribunal and its charter, drawing up an indictment, direct preparation of the process and its progress. The main focus of the article is on the role of the USSR in the preparation and conduct of the Nuremberg trials. The work reveals the relations between the prosecutors from the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and France, their mutual assistance, the contradictions, that arose from time to time, and the course of closed sessions is highlighted.
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Burge, M. N., and J. A. Irvine. "Recent studies on the potential for biological control of bracken using fungi." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 86 (1985): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000008125.
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SynopsisCurl-tip disease of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is recorded from many sites in Great Britain. Evidence is presented which corroborates the findings of earlier workers that more than one organism is associated with the disease. Three fungi (Phoma aquilina, Ascochyta pteridis and Septoria sp.) are commonly isolated, even from the first visible necroses, suggesting that synergism may operate in pathogenesis. However, Phoma aquilina Sacc. and Penz. is more pathogenic than the others when used independently in inoculations via wounds into bracken raised in growth cabinets or the greenhouse. Field trials of a formulation of spores of P. aquilina, suspended in a dilute solution of the herbicide ioxynil with broth and glycerol, are reported. The potential of such a mycoherbicide for bracken control is considered.
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Hohlfeld, Ameer S. J., Lindi Mathebula, Elizabeth D. Pienaar, Amber Abrams, Vittoria Lutje, Duduzile Ndwandwe, and Tamara Kredo. "Tuberculosis treatment intervention trials in Africa: A cross-sectional bibliographic study and spatial analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): e0248621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248621.
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Background Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB) poses a substantial burden in sub-Saharan Africa and is the leading cause of death amongst infectious diseases. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are regarded as the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions. We aimed to describe published TB treatment trials conducted in Africa. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of published TB trials conducted in at least one African country. In November 2019, we searched three databases using the validated Africa search filter and Cochrane’s sensitive trial string. Published RCTs conducted in at least one African country were included for analysis. Records were screened for eligibility. Co-reviewers assisted with duplicate data extraction. Extracted data included: the country where studies were conducted, publication dates, ethics statement, trial registration number, participant’s age range. We used Cochrane’s Risk of Bias criteria to assess methodological quality. Results We identified 10,495 records; 175 trials were eligible for inclusion. RCTs were published between 1952 and 2019. The median sample size was 206 participants (interquartile range: 73–657). Most trials were conducted in South Africa (n = 83) and were drug therapy trials (n = 130). First authors were from 30 countries globally. South Africa had the most first authors (n = 55); followed by the United States of America (USA) (n = 28) and Great Britain (n = 14) with fewer other African countries contributing to the first author tally. Children under 13 years of age eligible to participate in the trials made up 17/175 trials (9.71%). International governments (n = 29) were the most prevalent funders. Ninety-four trials provided CONSORT flow diagrams. Methodological quality such as allocation concealment and blinding were poorly reported or unclear in most trials. Conclusions By mapping African TB trials, we were able to identify potential research gaps. Many of the global north’s researchers were found to be the lead authors in these African trials. Few trials tested behavioural interventions compared to drugs, and far fewer tested interventions on children compared to adults to improve TB outcomes. Lastly, funders and researchers should ensure better methodological quality reporting of trials.
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Jegatheeswaran, S., T. Satyadas, AJ Sheen, T. Treasure, and AK Siriwardena. "Thoracic surgical management of colorectal lung metastases: a questionnaire survey of members of the Society for Cardiothoracic Surgery in great Britain and Ireland." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 95, no. 2 (March 2013): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588413x13511609956336.
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Introduction Distant metastases to liver and lung are not uncommon in colorectal cancer. Resection of metastases is accepted widely as the standard of care. However, there is no firm evidence base for this. This questionnaire survey was carried out to assess the current practice preferences of cardiothoracic surgeons in Great Britain and Ireland. Methods An online questionnaire survey was emailed to cardiothoracic surgeons in Great Britain and Ireland. The survey was live for 12 weeks. Responses were collated with SurveyMonkey®. Results Overall, there were 75 respondents. The majority (83%) indicated thoracic surgery as a specialist interest. Almost all (99%) used thoracic computed tomography (CT) for staging; 70% added liver CT and 51% added pelvic CT. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography was used by 86%. The most frequent indication for pulmonary resection (97%) was solitary lung metastasis without extrathoracic disease. Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was used by 85%. In addition, thoracotomy was used by 96%. A third (33%) used radiofrequency ablation. Synchronous liver and lung resection was contraindicated for 83% of respondents. Over three-quarters (77%) thought that scientific equipoise exists presently for lung resection for colorectal lung metastases but only 21% supported a moratorium on this type of surgery until further evidence becomes available. Conclusions The results confirm that the majority of respondents use conventional cross-sectional imaging and either VATS or formal thoracotomy for resection. The results emphasise the continuing need for formal randomised trials to provide evidence of any survival benefit from pulmonary metastasectomy for colorectal lung metastases.
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Jordan, V. Craig. "Optimisation of antioestrogen therapy: laboratory and clinical concepts." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 95 (1989): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026972700001071x.
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SynopsisTamoxifen, a non-steroidal antioestrogen, is the first line endocrine therapy for breast cancer. Laboratory studies during the past decade have provided valuable clues to understand the mode of action of tamoxifen so that the drug can be used to its best advantage in the clinic. Animal models (carcinogen-induced rat mammary carcinoma models, spontaneous mouse mammary tumours, and athymic mice inoculated with hormone-dependent human breast cancer cell lines) all demonstrate that tamoxifen is a tumouristatic agent and long-term or indefinite therapy is required to prevent the appearance of tumours. However, when treatment is stopped, tumours appear spontaneously or can be encouraged to re-appear with oestrogen therapy. These data clearly support the view that adjuvant clinical trials with tamoxifen should employ an indefinite treatment policy or at least until the time of treatment failure. Several clinical trials organisations in Great Britain (CRC and Scottish trial) have recruited a significant number of premenopausal patients. However, unlike postmenopausal patients, long-term tamoxifen therapy of premenopausal women often causes an increase in circulating oestrogen. Since tamoxifen has been shown to be a competitive inhibitor of oestrogen action, strategies to reduce ovarian steroidogenesis (oophorectomy or Zodalex®) may provide an optimal environment to sustain the long-term effectiveness of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy.
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Tochman, Krzysztof A. "Zapomniany kurier do Delegatury Rządu. Ppor. Napoleon Segieda „Wera” (1908–1991)." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 20, no. 3 (2021): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2021.3.4.
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The article presents Second Lieutenant Napoleon Segieda, alias Gustav Molin “Wera” or Jerzy Salski (after the war), born in the Zamość region, a resident of Pomerania, and a political courier to the government of the Polish Underground State (during the war), parachuted to the country on the night of 7th November 1941. The paper is the first attempt to show his biography and military achievements. He was a participant in the war of 1939 (the defense of Warsaw), and then, a prisoner of war in the German camps, whence, after many trials and tribulations, he arrived at the Polish Forces base in Great Britain. On completing his mission in the country (summer 1942), Segieda set off to London again with the first comprehensive report of the Polish Underground State to the Polish government-in-exile, London. As early as in 1942, being a witness to the extermination, he alerted the world to the Holocaust, to practically no effect, since the West was not particularly interested in the problem. From spring to summer 1942, Napoleon Segieda stayed in the city of Oświęcim where he collected information about the Concentration Camp Auschwitz. On 8th August 1942, he left Warsaw and, via Cracow and Vienna, reached Switzerland where, for unknown reasons, he got stuck on the way to London for a few months. His report was later distributed among many important and influential politicians of the allied community in Great Britain and the USA. It is worth mentioning that the messages on the Holocaust by Stefan Karboński (the head of the leadership of civil combat) also arrived in London during the summer 1942. After the war, Napoleon Segieda settled down in London, under the surname of Jerzy Salski, where he died completely forgotten.
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Winterborn, RJ, and CRR Corbett. "Treatment of Varicose Veins: The Present and the Future – A Questionnaire Survey." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 90, no. 7 (October 2008): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588408x318228.
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INTRODUCTION The treatment options for varicose veins have increased over the last few years. Despite alack of randomised trials comparing the various modalities, many surgeons are changing their practice. The aim of this study was to assess the current practice of surgeons in Great Britain and Ireland. MATERIALS AND METHODS A postal questionnaire survey was sent to surgical members of the Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland and the Venous Forum of The Royal Society of Medicine. Of 561 questionnaires sent, 349 were returned completed (62%). RESULTS The types of varicose vein treatments offered by each surgeon varied widely in both NHS and private practice. The vast majority (96%) offered conventional surgery (CS) on the NHS. Foam sclerotherapy (FS) endovenous laser (EVL) and radiofrequency ablation (RF) were more likely to be offered in private practice than in NHS practice. Overall, 38% of respondents for NHS practice and 45% of respondents for private practice offered two or more modalities. Of the respondents who were not yet performing FS, EVL, or RF, 19% were considering or had undertaken training in FS, 26% in EVL and 9% in RF. When asked to consider future practice, 70% surgeons felt that surgery would remain the most commonly used treatment. This was followed by FS (17%), EVL (11%) and RF (2%). CONCLUSIONS Over one-third of respondents are now offering more than one treatment modality for the treatment of varicose veins. Whilst there is movement towards endovascular treatments, the problem of cost has yet to be solved. At present, surgery remains the most popular modality in both the NHS and private practice; however, improved outcomes and patient preference may lead to a change in practice.
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Golianovskyi, O. V., I. M. Ivankova, and Yu V. Slobodian. "Placenta praevia and Placenta accreta: modern methods of diagnosis and delivery." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 3(139) (April 30, 2019): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2019.139.8.
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The article presents data from recent randomized trials and published in 2018 two guidelines from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Great Britain on epidemiology, risk factors, modern diagnostic methods, modern algorithms and innovative surgical methods in cases of placenta (pl. praevia/accreta). From the point of view of evidence-based medicine, the relevance of the problem in the aspect of antenatal diagnosis of placental pathology for prediction and prevention of life-threatening hemorrhagic complications is highlighted. Data are presented indicating the need for a multidisciplinary approach to pregnancy in the case of diagnosis of placenta percreta with cesarean section and hysterectomy without attempting to separate the placenta. The given data will be useful for practitioners of obstetrician-gynecologists for the purpose of optimal management and delivery of pregnant women with this difficult obstetric pathology. Key words: placenta previa, abnormal invasive placenta, placenta accreta, placenta accreta spectrum disorders, increta/percreta.
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Manchester, Margaret Murányi. "The Corporate Dimension of the Cold War in Hungary: ITT and the Vogeler/Sanders Case Reconsidered." Journal of Cold War Studies 23, no. 2 (2021): 41–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00983.
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Abstract In 1949, two executives at the Hungarian subsidiary of the U.S. conglomerate International Telephone & Telegraph (ITT), Robert Vogeler of the United States and Edgar Sanders of Great Britain, along with five Hungarian nationals, were arrested, tortured, given peremptory trials, and imprisoned for espionage and economic sabotage. This article reexamines the case in light of the diplomatic efforts to secure their release. The case needs to be understood in the context of U.S. intelligence agencies’ policies during the early Cold War. Numerous organizations that were not necessarily well coordinated embarked on intelligence-gathering and a variety of covert operations, some of which were undertaken with the cooperation of multinational corporations such as ITT. Vogeler and Sanders were indeed guilty of many of the charges leveled against them, and their ordeal was significant because it revealed the ineffectiveness of Cold War policies to influence behavior behind the Iron Curtain during the Stalin era.
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Mangelsen, Jordan. "Forgive Me, Your Honour, For I Have Sinned." Crossings: An Undergraduate Arts Journal 4, no. 1 (July 7, 2024): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/crossings203.
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This paper explores the use of rap lyrics in criminal trials across the United States and Great Britain. Rap is a multibillion-dollar industry and has soared in popularity since its inception. In recent years, rap lyrics have been used to ascertain guilt or innocence through the perceived meaning of the specific lyrics. However, there have been no advancements toward appreciating the cultural significance of rap or its status as a legitimate art form. The criminal justice system has favoured treating lyrics as confessions and fails to consider the nuance of the socio-historical context of the rap industry or the implications of the street code. This paper does not argue that all rap lyrics are either exclusively true or false; it instead argues that the uncritical approach to examining rap lyrics in the context of the criminal justice system has replicated systems of harm that have disproportionately affected young Black men.
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STEPHENS, JULIA. "The Phantom Wahhabi: Liberalism and the Muslim fanatic in mid-Victorian India." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 1 (December 5, 2012): 22–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000649.
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AbstractIn the late 1860s and early 1870s the British colonial government in India suppressed an imagined Wahhabi conspiracy, which it portrayed as a profound threat to imperial security. The detention and trial of Amir and Hashmadad Khan—popularly known as the Great Wahhabi Case—was the most controversial of a series of public trials of suspected Wahhabis. The government justified extra-judicial arrests and detentions as being crucial to protect the empire from anti-colonial rebels inspired by fanatical religious beliefs. The government's case against the Khan brothers, however, was exceptionally weak. Their ongoing detention sparked a sustained public debate about the balance between executive authority and the rule of law. In newspapers and pamphlets published in India and Britain, Indian journalists and Anglo-Indian lawyers argued that arbitrary police powers posed a greater threat to public security than religious fanatics. In doing so, they embraced a language of liberalism which emphasized the rule of law and asserted the role of public opinion as a check on government despotism. Debates about the Great Wahhabi Case demonstrate the ongoing contest between authoritarian and liberal strands of imperial ideology, even at the height of the panic over the intertwined threat of Indian sedition and fanatical Islam.
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Shah, A., N. Diggens, C. Stiller, S. Richards, M. C. G. Stevens, and M. F. G. Murphy. "Recruitment of childhood leukaemia patients to clinical trials in Great Britain during 1980-2007: variation by birth weight, congenital malformation, socioeconomic status and ethnicity." Archives of Disease in Childhood 99, no. 5 (March 10, 2014): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2012-303268.
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Fish, Rebecca, Caroline Sanders, Paula R. Williamson, and Andrew G. Renehan. "Core outcome research measures in anal cancer (CORMAC): protocol for systematic review, qualitative interviews and Delphi survey to develop a core outcome set in anal cancer." BMJ Open 7, no. 11 (November 2017): e018726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018726.
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IntroductionThe incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) has increased threefold in the last 30 years. Initial treatment is chemoradiotherapy, associated with short-term and long-term side effects. Future therapy innovations aim to reduce morbidity in treatment of early tumours while maintaining treatment efficacy, and to escalate treatment intensity in locally advanced tumours with acceptable quality of life (QoL). However, all phase III randomised controlled trials to-date have utilised different primary outcomes, which hinders evidence synthesis and presents challenges to the selection of optimal outcomes in future trials. No trial comprehensively assessed long-term side effects and QoL, suggesting outcomes reflecting issues important to patients are under-represented. This project aims to determine the priority outcomes for all stakeholders and reach agreement on a standardised core set of outcomes to be measured and reported on in all future ASCC trials.Methods and analysisA systematic review will identify all outcomes reported in trials and observational studies of chemoradiotherapy as primary treatment for ASCC. Outcomes of importance to patients will be identified through patient interviews. The long list of outcomes generated from the systematic review and interviews will be used to create a two-round Delphi process, including key stakeholders (patients and healthcare professionals). The results of the Delphi will be discussed at a face-to-face consensus meeting. Discussion will focus on outcomes that did not achieve consensus through the Delphi process and conclude with anonymous voting to ratify the final core outcome set (COS).Ethics and disseminationThe final COS will feed directly into the PersonaLising Anal cancer radioTherapy dOse (PLATO) national anal cancer trials and the Association of coloproctologists of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI) supported national anal cancer database. Utilisation of the COS will increase the relevance of research output to all stakeholders and increase the capacity for data synthesis between trials. This study has ethical approval and is registered with the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative.Trial registration numberPROSPERO registration ID:CRD42016036540
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Kovalchuk, P. V., O. V. Katilov, and S. O. Panenko. "Modern approaches to diagnostics and treatment of migraine in children." Pain medicine 3, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31636/pmjua.v3i4.2.
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This article reviews modern approaches to diagnostics and treatment of a very common and simultaneously underestimated and often maltreated disorder in children. It is fallacious management of migraine masked behind the diagnoses such as autonomic vessel dysfunction and vascular headache here in Ukraine. This is a tremendous problem and it should be solved with appropriate information spread across the medical community.
Up-to-date classification according to the International Headache Society, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, investigation and treatment strategies are presented in the article. All supported data are com-pliant with guidelines of developed countries with evidence-based medicine (US, Canada, Great Britain, Japan, Australia, New Zealand) enhanced with new trials and approved methods. Migraine management is a rapidly evolving concept, where major changes were done during recent years (transcranial Deep Brain Stimulation, vagus stimulation, CGRP-receptor mono-clonal antibodies).
Considering disorder incidence and its impact on life quality and the existence of options for alleviating symptoms, this information is important for physicians who work with children, especially for general practitioners, pediatrics, pediatric and adult neurologists.
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Hoogendoorn, J. "The basis of variation in date of ear emergence under field conditions among the progeny of a cross between two winter wheat varieties." Journal of Agricultural Science 104, no. 3 (June 1985): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600044245.
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SummaryFrom the progeny of a cross between the winter wheat varieties Norman and Talent early and late F5 lines were selected in the field. These selections and the two parental varieties were grown in controlled environment cabinets to assess their sensitivity to photoperiod and vernalization.The F5 selections and Norman and Talent were also grown in field trials, at the Plant Breeding Institute in Trumpington, and at The Murrays Experimental Farm of the Scottish Crop Research Institute, near Edinburgh.Norman was more sensitive to photoperiod and vernalization than Talent. The early F5 lines were relatively insensitive to photoperiod and/or vernalization. The late lines were sensitive to both photoperiod and vernalization. Differences in date of ear emergence among the selections were found which were independent of photoperiod and vernalization sensitivity. This variation in ear emergence, described as earliness per se, was similar under controlled environment conditions and in the field, and was also shown to be similar in magnitude to that due to differences in sensitivity to photoperiod and vernalization. Both sources of variation can be exploited to modify time of ear emergence under field conditions in Great Britain.
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Koterov, A. N., O. A. Tikhonova, L. N. Ushenkova, and A. P. Biryukov. "History of controlled trials in medicine: real priorities are little-known. Report 3. Quasi-randomized and randomized trials in humans and animals." FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology 14, no. 4 (January 16, 2022): 593–631. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2021.091.
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The three-report review is aimed to describe the historical development of clinical trials, controlled trials (CT) and randomized controlled trials (RCT), and the inclusion of these approaches in health-related disciplines (Medicine and Epidemiology). Report 3 summarizes historical milestones (ideas and studies) for quasi-randomized CT (‘alternate allocation’; 88 milestones) and RCT (37 milestones). It was found that although the ideas of both designs are a thing of the past (from A. Lesassier Hamilton (1816) and J.B. Van Helmont (1648), respectively), the bulk of the tests were carried out in the 20th century, when both designs existed in parallel. Overall, the alternate allocation was used nearly three times longer than randomization.Analysis of the sources showed that the first RCT in medicine was the work of D. Colebrook, 1925 (Great Britain), and the first close to the modern RCT, including randomization according to the table of random numbers, was J.A. Bell, 1941 (USA). Often referred to as the ‘new era in CT’ and ‘the origine of RCT’, a study of the effects of streptomycin on tuberculosis in 1946–1948, which was also designed by A.B. Hill is only 13th known RCT, only 9th RCT in medicine and only the 2nd with modern randomization. Other facts of insufficient reflection of the priorities and real history of CT/RCT in West and Russian publications were found, including dozens of Western textbooks on epidemiology and evidence-based medicine of recent decades. True priorities are often omitted, and the most frequent references to the history of CT (progressively) are the experience of the prophet Daniel, the experience of the surgeon J. Lind, and the study on the effect of streptomycin on tuberculosis in 1946–1948.Based on a PubMed/MEDLINE search, a summary of alternate allocation CT, and RCT for the period 1960–1990 to 2020 is provided. In the first case, single publications were found, but the fact that design with alternation survives to this day is important. For RCT, since 1990s, an increase in the number of papers (up to tens of thousands per year) has been revealed. The data are given for the total number of RCTs performed by countries, continents and parts of the world for 2020. According to the calculated index of the ratio of the number of RCTs to the specific number of doctors (per 100,000 population) among 45 countries of Eurasia (from France to Tajikistan), Russia ranks 12th.A three-report review based on the originals of nearly all publications from the late 19th century and including the necessary references and citations can serve as a reference guide to the historical development of CT and related topics.
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Riordan, David O., Kieran A. Walsh, Rose Galvin, Carol Sinnott, Patricia M. Kearney, and Stephen Byrne. "The effect of pharmacist-led interventions in optimising prescribing in older adults in primary care: A systematic review." SAGE Open Medicine 4 (January 1, 2016): 205031211665256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312116652568.
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Objective: To evaluate studies of pharmacist-led interventions on potentially inappropriate prescribing among community-dwelling older adults receiving primary care to identify the components of a successful intervention. Data sources: An electronic search of the literature was conducted using the following databases from inception to December 2015: PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE (through Ovid), Trip, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ISI Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ClinicalTrials.gov , metaRegister of Controlled Trials, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Database (Theses in Great Britain, Ireland and North America). Review methods: Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials or quasi-randomised studies involving a pharmacist-led intervention compared to usual/routine care which aimed to reduce potentially inappropriate prescribing in older adults in primary care. Methodological quality of the included studies was independently assessed. Results: A comprehensive literature search was conducted which identified 2193 studies following removal of duplicates. Five studies met the inclusion criteria. Four studies involved a pharmacist conducting a medication review and providing feedback to patients or their family physician. One randomised controlled trial evaluated the effect of a computerised tool that alerted pharmacists when elderly patients were newly prescribed potentially inappropriate medications. Four studies were associated with an improvement in prescribing appropriateness. Conclusion: Overall, this review demonstrates that pharmacist-led interventions may improve prescribing appropriateness in community-dwelling older adults. However, the quality of evidence is low. The role of a pharmacist working as part of a multidisciplinary primary care team requires further investigation to optimise prescribing in this group of patients.
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BROWN, IAN. "REBELS, THE DEATH PENALTY, AND LEGAL PROCESS IN LATE COLONIAL BURMA." Historical Journal 62, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 813–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000049.
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AbstractFor imperial Britain, it has often been stated, the introduction and maintenance of the rule of law was a cardinal responsibility and indeed the great achievement of empire. But this is a view that has also been strongly challenged. For example, it has been argued that often at times of crisis, maintaining the rule of law collided with the primary responsibility of the colonial state to secure social order, with the state then turning to emergency measures, forsaking the rule of law and legal process. In the early 1930s, the colonial state in Burma faced a major rebellion, and indeed emergency measures were introduced to try the large number of rebels captured. However, this article, drawing on a substantial collection of files created by the trials and the appeals that arose from them, argues that, within that emergency regime, long-established legal processes were retained to a striking degree. In fact, the article concludes, at a time of severe challenge to the colonial order, maintaining the rule of law and legal process became still more critical in the colonial mind, for were it to be forsaken, those charged with running the colonial state would be forced to question its – and their – very purpose.
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Selishchev, Aleksander. "Socio-Economic Development of Tibet in the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010). Part 9." Russian and Chinese Studies 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2024.8(1).7-23.
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The 11th Five-year Plan of the People's Republic of China was an important stage in the socio-economic development of both the whole of China and the TAR in its composition. The plan set an annual GDP growth rate of 7.5 %, which actually exceeded 10 %. Tibet, on the other hand, was developing at a rate of more than 12 % per year. During the five-year plan, Tibet experienced many serious trials: a series of powerful earthquakes that claimed thousands of lives. In 2008, when China was preparing to host the Olympic Games in Beijing in August, Western intelligence agencies provoked an uprising in Lhasa on March 18. The leaders of France (in 2008) and the United States (in 2010) distinguished themselves by provocations against China, meeting with the Dalai Lama, despite the vigorous objections of the Chinese authorities. Nevertheless, Britain officially recognized Tibet for the first time as an autonomous region within the PRC. Significant achievements have been made in the development of transport in the region and especially aviation. Tibet remained one of the twelve least developed western regions of the People's Republic of China, but its economy continued to develop dynamically. The authority of Tibet in the world community has significantly increased, one of the manifestations of this was the great success of Tibet at the world Exhibition in Shanghai in 2010.
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Gaysina, Elena, Aleksey Portnyagin, and Tatyana Spitsyna. "MODERN DEVELOPMENTS OF NEW TOOTHPASTES WITH ANTI ― INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY FOR THE PERIOD FROM 2017 TO 2019." Actual problems in dentistry 15, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2019-15-4-11-18.
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Subject. Periodontal disease, according to WHO, is an urgent problem in modern society. The main cause of this group of diseases is poor oral hygiene. Despite the huge number of anti-inflammatory toothpastes, the dynamics of reducing periodontal disease in society is not observed. In the absence of an effective solution to this problem, various complications can arise: pathological mobility, tooth loss, halitosis, the addition of pathogenic microflora with the further development of the inflammatory process. Good hygiene and new effective toothpastes with anti-inflammatory activity will reduce the risk of periodontal disease and improve the condition of the oral mucosa.
The goal is to identify and analyze new toothpastes with anti-inflammatory activity.
Methodology. A review of 25 publications from the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Croatia, China, India, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and other countries using scientific search library databases: PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Elibrary.
Results. The data of questioning people, clinical trials with "double blinding", which are based on the development and analysis of new toothpastes with anti-inflammatory activity against periodontal tissues, are examined.
Conclusions. The most effective toothpastes with anti-inflammatory activity are new developments based on plant materials. However, modern studies indicate a good efficiency in the use of toothpastes with enzymatic activity against periodontal diseases. Also, new toothpastes with quite interesting compositions are currently appearing on the world market: with probiotic, active oxygen, environmentally friendly toothpastes without sodium lauryl sulfate.
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Pavarini, S. C. I., A. C. Ottaviani, D. Monteiro, C. Campos, L. Corrêa, L. Alves, L. Rocha, et al. "iSupport for Dementia: an analysis of clinical trial records." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.987.
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IntroductionDementia has a significant psychological and emotional impact on families, especially for caregivers of people living with dementia. In this perspective, the World Health Organization has developed iSupport for Dementia, an online training and skills program to prevent and/or reduce mental health problems associated with the provision of care and improve the quality of life of caregivers. It is being translated and adapted in different countries and as of August 2022, 31 adaptations using 27 different languages were in progress. However, the availability of the program should only be carried out after evaluating its effects on caregivers’ mental health outcomes (such as burden, depressive and anxious symptoms, quality of life, among others).ObjectivesTo analyze randomized clinical trial protocols to assess the effects of the iSupport program in different countries.MethodsThis is a data survey carried out in October 2022 on clinical trial registry platforms Clinical Trials, The Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Netherlands Trial Register and Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry by two independent researchers. Descriptive analyzis were performed for sample size, primary outcomes, secondary outcomes and intervention design.ResultsSeven clinical trial registries were identified, conducted in Australia/China, Brazil, Great Britain, the Netherlands, India, Japan and Portugal, published in English, from 2018 to 2022. The sample size ranged from 184 to 390 participants. Regarding the primary outcomes linked to the effect of using iSupport, five countries will analyze burden, anxiety and depression. Only in Australia/China and the Netherlands, the primary outcome will be quality of life and stress, respectively. Secondary outcomes vary between studies, with measures of quality of life (n=6), self-efficacy (n=4), program usability (n=4), cognition and problematic behaviors (n=3), attitudes (n=3), quality of support (n=3), positive aspects of care (n=2), knowledge, competence, resilience and informal costs of care (n=1). Most studies will carry out assessments at baseline, 3 and 6 months after the intervention, with the exception of Japan that will perform at baseline and at 1 and 3 months after the intervention and 6 months.ConclusionsAnalysis of the effectiveness of iSupport is one of the World Health Organization guidelines for countries that are culturally adapting this program. Brazil is the only country in Latin America with a clinical trial registration so far. Burden, anxiety and depression are outcomes considered by most countries. The results could provide evidence to strengthen and expand the possibilities for collaboration between researchers, as internet-based interventions have shown promising results on the mental health and well-being.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Fletcher, Ian Christopher. "“Prosecutions…are Always Risky Business”: Labor, Liberals, and the 1912 “Don't Shoot” Prosecutions." Albion 28, no. 2 (1996): 251–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052461.
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In the spring of 1912, the British syndicalist leader Tom Mann was prosecuted under the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 for his opposition to the use of troops during the great coal strike. He was convicted and sentenced to six months' imprisonment, but an outcry from socialists, trade unionists, and progressives forced the Liberal government to reduce his sentence and release him early from prison. This much is familiar to historians of early twentieth-century Britain and Ireland. It is often forgotten, however, that Mann was only one of eight syndicalists and socialists who were prosecuted for their involvement in the “don't shoot” agitation. It is likewise forgotten that Mann went on trial just days before the suffragette leaders Emmeline Pankhurst and Frederick and Emmeline Pethick Lawrence shared a similar fate, amid demands that Sir Edward Carson, the leading opponent of Irish home rule, join them in the dock. Indeed, the Nation, a progressive Liberal weekly, complained that “the country is…getting somewhat tired of political trials.” Perhaps because we assume the relative transparency of the law, historians have failed to scrutinize in detail the origins and outcome of the “don't shoot” prosecutions. George Dangerfield devoted one sentence to them, Elie Halévy a few more; although the “don't shoot” episode has been invoked to symbolize the increasingly fragile relations between Liberalism and the working classes, it continues to receive only brief mention in accounts of Edwardian labor and politics. Even Tom Mann's biographers have shed little new light on his case.
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Mather, L. E. "Dr Snow Killed a Bird: The Genesis of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Anaesthesia." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 45, no. 1_suppl (July 2017): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x170450s106.
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This essay presents a pharmacologist's perspective of what would be now called ‘preclinical research’ and ‘uncontrolled clinical trials’ surrounding the first public demonstration by William Thomas Green Morton of painless surgery achieved by the inhalation of ether in a patient at the Massachusetts General Hospital on 16 October 1846. Of the many people who made history in those earliest days of surgical anaesthesia in both the United States and Great Britain, John Snow stands out for his personal research that spanned basic science and clinical medicine. Primarily, Snow used the relationship between the vapour pressure of a volatile liquid and temperature to design a vaporiser. This allowed control of the inspired concentration of the volatile liquid epitomised by diethyl ether, and thus the time-course and depth of anaesthesia. In an era when developments in anaesthesia were almost exclusively based on empirical modifications to apparatus and technique, Snow, and to a lesser extent his contemporary Andrew Buchanan, stood out from all others in advancing the quantitative basis of anaesthesia. Both described the physiological basis of control over gas uptake whereby they related that gas moved across concentration gradients in the body: alveolar to arterial to tissue to venous gas tensions, and Snow devised a progressional semi-quantitative scale of five ‘stages’ of ether anaesthesia. They thereby introduced the elements of what would be referred to ‘pharmacokinetics’ and ‘pharmacodynamics’, a century later. This essay attempts to place them and their scientific insights into context with contemporaneous principal personae and knowledge.
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Meier, Johanna, Thomas Becker, Anita Patel, Debbie Robson, Aart Schene, Martijn Kikkert, Corrado Barbui, Lorenzo Burti, and Bernd Puschner. "Effect of medication-related factors on adherence in people with schizophrenia: A European multi-centre study." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, no. 3 (September 2010): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00001184.
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SUMMARYAim– To investigate the relation between medication-related factors and adherence in people with schizophrenia in outpatient treatment.Methods– The sample comprised 409 outpatients (ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophrenia) with clinician-rated instability in four European cities (Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Verona, Italy; Leipzig, Germany; London, Great Britain). Adherence was assessed using theMedication Adherence Questionnaire(patient perspective), and theClinician Rating Scale(clinician perspective). Examined medication-related factors were type (atypical vs. typical), application (oral vs. depot), daily dose frequency of antipsychotic medication (Medication History Scale), number of side effects (Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale), and patient attitudes toward medication (Drug Attitude Inventory). Multiple regression analysis was used to identify predictors of adherence by medication-related factors.Results– Adherence, as rated by patient and clinician, was predicted by patient attitude towards medication, but was unrelated to type of drug, formulation or side effects of antipsychotic medication. A high daily dose frequency was associated with better adherence, but only when rated by the patient.Conclusions– In order to improve adherence there is a need to seriously consider and attempt to improve patient attitude toward medication. However, type of antipsychotic and other medication-related factors may not be as closely related to adherence as it has often been suggested.Declaration of Interest:The study was funded by a grant from the Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources Program of the European Union (QLG4-CT-2001–01734). JM, AS, CB, MK, CB, LB, and BP declare that they have not received any form of financing including pharmaceutical company support or any honoraria for consultancies or interventions during the last two years. DR has received honoraria from Eli Lilly, Janssen Cilag and Astra Zeneca for consultancy work, and Anita Patel has received research consultancy funding from Servier. TB reports research funding to the department from Astra Zeneca, GlaxoSmithKline and Affectis for clinical trials and investigator-initiated trials; the department has also received funds to a minor extent for symposia and in-house training from Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Janssen Cilag, Lilly Germany, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, Servier, and Wyeth. All authors declare that they have no other involvements that might be considered a conflict of interest in connection with this article.
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Shim, Joanna, Gareth T. Jones, Ejaz M. I. Pathan, and Gary J. Macfarlane. "Impact of biological therapy on work outcomes in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register (BSRBR-AS) and meta-analysis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 77, no. 11 (August 3, 2018): 1578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213590.
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ObjectivesTo quantify, among patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), the benefit on work outcomes associated with commencing biologic therapy.MethodsThe British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register in Axial Spondyloarthritis (BSRBRAS) recruited patients meeting Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society criteria for axSpA naïve to biological therapy across 83 centres in Great Britain. Work outcomes (measured using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Index) were compared between those starting biological therapy at the time of recruitment and those not. Differences between treatment groups were adjusted using propensity score matching. Results from BSRBR-AS were combined with other studies in a meta-analysis to calculate pooled estimates.ResultsOf the 577 participants in this analysis who were in employment, 27.9% were starting biological therapy at the time of recruitment. After propensity score adjustment, patients undergoing biological therapy, at 12-month follow-up, experienced significantly greater improvements (relative to non-biological therapy) in presenteeism (−9.4%, 95% CI −15.3% to –3.5%), overall work impairment (−13.9%, 95% CI −21.1% to –6.7%) and overall activity impairment (−19.2%, 95% CI −26.3% to –12.2%). There was no difference in absenteeism (−1.5%, 95% CI −8.0 to 4.9). Despite these improvements, impact on work was still greater in the biological treated cohort at follow-up. In the meta-analysis including 1109 subjects across observational studies and trials, treatment with biological therapy was associated with significantly greater improvements in presenteeism, work impairment and activity impairment, but there was no difference in absenteeism.ConclusionsThere is consistent evidence that treatment with biological therapy significantly improves work productivity and activity impairment in people with axSpA. However, there remain substantial unmet needs in relation to work.
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Campbell, B., N. Chinai, P. Hollering, H. Wright, and R. McCarthy. "Factors influencing the choice of treatment modality for individual patients with varicose veins." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 99, no. 8 (November 2017): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2017.0122.
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INTRODUCTION There is evidence of effectiveness for a range of different treatment modalities for varicose veins but limited information about factors that influence treatment choice for individual patients. METHODS A postal survey was sent to 438 UK members of the Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland. RESULTS Overall, 251 responses were received (response rate 57%). A total of 222 respondents treated varicose veins using conventional surgery (84%), endothermal ablation (82%) and foam sclerotherapy (68%). The clinical pattern of veins appeared to have the greatest influence on treatment choice. This was followed by guidance from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, patient expectations, facilities, cost and whether treatment was carried out in the public or private sector. Respondents were asked to indicate whether each of 13 clinical ‘scenarios’ (eg very extensive varicose veins in both legs) would influence them towards or against using specified treatment modalities. ‘Consensus’ was defined as ≥80% of responses either towards or against any treatment modality; and disagreement as 41–59% both towards and against any modality (i.e. ∼50:50 split). There was consensus towards using endothermal ablation for truncal reflux, towards UGFS for localised varicose veins and towards conventional surgery for large, extensive, bilateral veins. There was consensus against UGFS for large truncal veins, and against surgery for obese patients and those with a history of venous thromboembolism. There were important disagreements about the influence of large or extensive veins, about whether patients were obese or slim and about a prior history of venous thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS Conventional surgery is still widely available in the UK. Disagreements about treatment choice in different clinical scenarios suggest substantial variation in the treatments patients are offered. Attention to identifying subgroups in trials would help to guide treatment choice for individual patients.
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Barkovskaya, T. A., O. V. Gladysheva, E. V. Zuev, and V. G. Kokoreva. "Study of new spring common wheat samples from the world collection in the conditions of the Ryazan region." Grain Economy of Russia 1, no. 1 (March 6, 2024): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2024-90-1-5-11.
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In the conditions of the Ryazan region there have been studied 64 spring common wheat varieties from the collection of the Federal Research Center VIGRR named after Vavilov in order to identify valuable traits for use in breeding. Field trials were carried out in the collection nursery on dark gray forest heavy loamy soil in 2018–2022, using the methodological recommendations of the Federal Research Center VIGRR named after Vavilov. There has been established that the highest yields (more than 5.0 t/ha) were formed by the varieties ‘Arseya’, ‘Maestro’ (Ryazan region), ‘KWS Akvilon’, ‘Ethos’ (Germany), ‘KWS Torridon’ (Great Britain), ‘Odeta’ (Czech Republic), ‘Calispero’ (France), which was on 29.9–49.9 % higher than the mean variety productivity in the trial. Yield stability with the least variation (Cv) was established for the varieties from the Central region – RIMA, ‘Arseya’ (Ryazan region), ‘Zlata’ (Moscow region) and ‘Omskaya 36’ (West Siberian region) with 3.1–9.6 %. The studied assortment of plant heights was divided into groups, such as dwarfs (< 60 cm) – 4.7 %, semi-dwarfs – 12.5 %, medium-sized – 75.0 %, tall – 7.8 %. There were identified 8 early ripening varieties ‘Chelyaba 2’ (Chelyabinsk region), ‘Odeta’ (Czech Republic), ‘Zlata’ (Moscow region), ‘Novosibirskaya 29’, ‘Novosibirskaya 15’, ‘Polyushka’ (Novosibirsk region), ‘M-83-1531’ (USA), ‘Burlak’ (Ulyanovsk region). The varieties ‘Voevoda’ and ‘Favorit’ (Saratov region) showed high resistance to various pathogens. There has been found a strong correlation between productivity and the density of productive stems with r = 0.753±0.084. 0.808±0.075, an average correlation with a number of grains per head with r = 0.427±0.115. 0.716±0.089 and grain weight per head with r = 0.374±0.118...0.689±0.092. Grain weight per head was largely determined by a number of grains per head with r = 0.621±0.099. 0.824±0.072.
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Yakovlev, Vitaliy. "Organization and holding the trial of Nazi criminals in Kharkiv (December 15-18, 1943)." V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Bulletin "History of Ukraine. Ukrainian Studies: Historical and Philosophical Sciences", no. 32 (July 12, 2021): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2227-6505-2021-32-04.
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The issues of preparation and conduct of the Nuremberg Trials (1945-1946) have sufficiently fully and comprehensively covered in domestic and foreign historical, legal, and journalistic literature, while Kharkiv Trial 1943 (December 15-18, 1943) has remained outside the field of vision of scholars. The purpose of the study is to highlight the issue of organizing and conducting the Kharkiv show trial over war criminals—servicemen of the Wehrmacht and the German police, as well as their collaborators. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, systematic scientific analysis and synthesis. The principle of historicism allows us to consider the issues of organizing and conducting the Kharkiv Trial in chronological sequence as a natural process that developed in accordance with the then sociopolitical situation and the global context. The objectivity of the study lies in the coverage and condemnation of the crimes of Nazism. Analysis and synthesis makes it possible to determine the role of the Kharkiv Tribunal in the process of forming international criminal legislation. Scientific novelty of the research. During 1941-1943, the Soviet justice has formed a legal framework, which made it possible to hold trials of war criminals involved in the massacres of civilians and prisoners of war in the territory of the USSR. The agreements reached between Great Britain, the USA, and the USSR at the Moscow Conference (1943) were used by the Soviet government for the preparation of the show trial over the servicemen of Hitlerite Germany. During the Trial, the facts of the mass destruction of the civilian population and prisoners of war by the Nazis in the territory of Kharkivshchyna were established. The verdict of the Kharkiv Tribunal in practice has implemented the thesis, which became the cornerstone of international criminal law: «A crime committed by order of the high command does not exempt the perpetrator from criminal liability». Conclusions. The Kharkiv Trial has become a legal precedent for the punishment of Nazi war criminals – German citizens, it has laid the foundations of international criminal law and given an acceleration in the decision to hold a trial of the main war criminals of Hitlerite Germany. Keywords: Nazi war crimes, Main Directorate of Counter-Intelligence “SMERSH”, Military Tribunal of the 4th Ukrainian Front, show trial, Kharkiv Trial 1943, World War II.
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Lewsey, Jim, Houra Haghpanahan, Daniel Mackay, Emma McIntosh, Jill Pell, and Andy Jones. "Impact of legislation to reduce the drink-drive limit on road traffic accidents and alcohol consumption in Scotland: a natural experiment study." Public Health Research 7, no. 12 (June 2019): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/phr07120.
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Background It is widely recognised that drink driving is a leading cause of road traffic accidents (RTAs). There is evidence that changing the drink-drive limit from a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 to 0.05 g/dl is effective in reducing RTAs. Scotland changed the blood alcohol concentration limit to 0.05 g/dl on 5 December 2014. Aims To assess whether or not the numbers and rates of RTAs and per capita alcohol consumption in Scotland were reduced because of the 2014 drink-drive legislation. To assess whether or not the 2014 change in legislation provided good value for money. Design A natural experimental, quantitative study. The control group was England and Wales, that is, the other countries in Great Britain, where the drink-drive legislation remained unchanged. Setting Great Britain. Participants The entire population of Scotland, England and Wales for the period of January 2013–December 2016. Intervention The change to drink-drive legislation in Scotland. Outcome measures The counts and rates of RTAs; and per capita alcohol consumption. Methods For the numbers and rates of RTAs (both traffic flow and population denominators were used), and separately for the intervention and control trial groups, negative binomial regression models were fitted to panel data sets to test for a change in outcome level after the new 2014 legislation was in place. To obtain a ‘difference-in-differences’ (DiD)-type measure of effect, an interaction term between the intervention group indicator and the binary covariate for indicating pre and post change in legislation (‘pseudo’-change for the control group) was assessed. For off- and on-trade per capita alcohol sales, and separately for the intervention and control trial group, seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average error models were fitted to the relevant time series. Results The change to drink-drive legislation was associated with a 2% relative decrease in RTAs in Scotland [relative risk (RR) 0.98, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.04; p = 0.53]. However, the pseudo-change in legislation was associated with a 5% decrease in RTAs in England and Wales (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.00; p = 0.05). For RTA rates, with traffic flow as the denominator, the DiD-type estimate indicated a 7% increase in rates for Scotland relative to England and Wales (unadjusted RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.17; p = 0.1). The change to drink-drive legislation was associated with a 0.3% relative decrease in per capita off-trade sales (–0.3%, 95% CI –1.7% to 1.1%; p = 0.71) and a 0.7% decrease in per capita on-trade sales (–0.7%, 95% CI –0.8% to –0.5%; p < 0.001). Conclusion The change to drink-drive legislation in Scotland in December 2014 did not have the expected effect of reducing RTAs in the country, and nor did it change alcohol drinking levels in Scotland. This main finding for RTAs was unexpected and the research has shown that a lack of enforcement is the most likely reason for legislation failure. Future work Investigations into how the public interpret and act on changes in drink-drive legislation would be welcome, as would research into whether or not previous change in drink-drive legislation effects on RTAs in other jurisdictions are associated with the level of enforcement that took place. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN38602189. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 7, No. 12. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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FAIRCLOUGH, PAULINE. "The Russian Revolution and Music." Twentieth-Century Music 16, no. 1 (February 2019): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478572219000148.
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Nearly thirty years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, we have got used to seeing the Bolshevik Revolution as the prelude to a failed political experiment, albeit one that lasted a remarkably long time. But why do we see it as a failure? After all, the Soviet Union was a vast empire regarded as the military equal of the United States, feared and hated by successive US presidents, whose influence extended far beyond Soviet borders to include regimes in Africa, South East Asia, Central and South America. Had Mikhail Gorbachev not been removed in 1991, and had the Soviet system been able to reform itself into something like the form of communism we see today in China, no one would regard those seventy-plus years of Soviet power as a failure at all. What is meant by failure, in truth, is not really military or economic failure so much as a failure to sustain and uphold the ideals of equality and social justice that originally drew so many to the communist cause. The haemorrhaging of members from the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in 1956, for instance, was a result of widespread feelings of shock and disgust after Nikita Khrushchev's revelations at the Twenty-First Party Conference that year, at which he delivered his so-called ‘secret speech’ condemning Stalin's regime. For those who left the CPGB, and other communist parties across Western Europe, it was painful to realize that what they had for decades dismissed as ‘anti-Soviet propaganda’ had in fact been accurate reportage. Most shocking of all was learning that the mass arrests and disappearances of the 1930s, and even the show trials of prominent Politburo and party members, were not proportionate, if regrettable, responses to plots to murder Stalin and overthrow Soviet power at all, but rather Stalinist crimes of epic and tragic proportions. Right up to the end of the Communist regime in Russia, reports of political and religious repression, the continued use of the Gulag system, confinement and forced treatment of dissidents in mental hospitals, literary and other cultural censorship continued to filter through the Iron Curtain.
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Perry, Daniel C., Barbara Arch, Duncan Appelbe, Priya Francis, Joanna Craven, Fergal P. Monsell, Paula Williamson, and Marian Knight. "The British Orthopaedic Surgery Surveillance study: slipped capital femoral epiphysis." Bone & Joint Journal 104-B, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.104b4.bjj-2021-1709.r1.
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Aims The aim of this study was to inform the epidemiology and treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). Methods This was an anonymized comprehensive cohort study, with a nested consented cohort, following the the Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment, Long-term study (IDEAL) framework. A total of 143 of 144 hospitals treating SCFE in Great Britain participated over an 18-month period. Patients were cross-checked against national administrative data and potential missing patients were identified. Clinician-reported outcomes were collected until two years. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were collected for a subset of participants. Results A total of 486 children (513 hips) were newly affected, with a median of two patients (interquartile range 0 to 4) per hospital. The annual incidence was 3.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.01 to 3.67) per 100,000 six- to 18-year-olds. Time to diagnosis in stable disease was increased in severe deformity. There was considerable variation in surgical strategy among those unable to walk at diagnosis (66 urgent surgery vs 43 surgery after interval delay), those with severe radiological deformity (34 fixation with deformity correction vs 36 without correction) and those with unaffected opposite hips (120 prophylactic fixation vs 286 no fixation). Independent risk factors for avascular necrosis (AVN) were the inability of the child to walk at presentation to hospital (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.4 (95% CI 1.7 to 11.4)) and surgical technique of open reduction and internal fixation (aOR 7.5 (95% CI 2.4 to 23.2)). Overall, 33 unaffected untreated opposite hips (11.5%) were treated for SCFE by two-year follow-up. Age was the only independent risk factor for contralateral SCFE, with age under 12.5 years the optimal cut-off to define ‘at risk’. Of hips treated with prophylactic fixation, none had SCFE, though complications included femoral fracture, AVN, and revision surgery. PROMs demonstrated the marked impact on quality of life on the child because of SCFE. Conclusion The experience of individual hospitals is limited and mechanisms to consolidate learning may enhance care. Diagnostic delays were common and radiological severity worsened with increasing time to diagnosis. There was unexplained variation in treatment, some of which exposes children to significant risks that should be evaluated through randomized controlled trials. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(4):519–528.
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OSLOPOV, VLADIMIR N., ALINA V. KUSHCHEVA, AMIR R. KHAIRULLIN, ZULFINAZ M. KADYROVA, JULIA V. OSLOPOVA, ELENA V. KHAZOVA, YANA D. GRISHINA, and ZULFIYA F. KIM. "HIGH-RESOLUTION ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE." Bulletin of Contemporary Clinical Medicine 16, no. 6 (November 2023): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20969/vskm.2023.16(6).110-122.
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Abstract. Introduction. Current technological progress and advances in electronics and medical equipment allow reaching unprecedented heights in the detection of various arrhythmic conditions, while such conditions can be observed directly at the time of their occurrence. Nevertheless, there is an issue related to predicting life-threatening conditions that may lead to cardiac arrest causing sudden cardiac death. We should also note some difficulties in timely predicting myocardial infarction. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new or implement the existing technologies that allow ensuring high susceptibility and specificity toward these disorders. Aim. To study the potential of high-frequency electrocardiography regarding identifying additional criteria for myocardial ischemia and informing about the possible development of cardiac arrhythmia. Materials and Methods. Methodological approaches: We searched for and analyzed sources in the NCBI and eLibrary databases and in Google Scholar using the following keywords: Advanced ECG, High Frequency ECG, and HF ECG ischaemia. The search was filtered for the years 1930-2022. Publications containing only summaries, abstracts, or duplicated information were excluded from the analysis. Thus, this present descriptive review includes generalized and systematized data from 50 sources, encompassing current clinical trials, reports, and systematic reviews. Results and Discussion. High-frequency electrocardiography is the most promising method in terms of the qualities required for a technique to register such disorders. When forming a cardiogram, the high-frequency electrocardiography method has three stages: 1) Registration of high-frequency electrical cardiac potentials; 2) signal amplification due to the computational performance to enhance the resolution; and 3) signal averaging through mathematical computations and further filtering the necessary sectors of the electrocardiogram. Combining the stages presented above allows registering low-amplitude signals, which would be impossible when using standard electrocardiography techniques. Low-amplitude signals provide important diagnostic information in risk stratification regarding life-threatening cardiovascular diseases. Detecting delayed myocardium depolarization potentials, ventricular late potentials, and atrial late potentials is an important task in identifying these pathologic conditions. Conclusions. Over thirty years, the high-frequency electrocardiography technique has been frequently studied and tested in various countries, such as the USA, Israel, Spain, Italy, South Korea, Japan, Russia, Austria, and Great Britain. These studies have proven the advantage of this method over the standard method of recording the electrical potentials of heart. This paper presents information on the studies and the facts proving the efficacy of the high-resolution electrocardiography technique.
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Jonassaint, Charles R., Blaze Armon Eppinger, Dominique Friend, Golie Lorenzo Green, Mia Robinson, Teonna Woolford, DeMitrious Wyant, et al. "A Patient-Centric Approach to Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Trials: Integrating Patient Perspectives in the RISE UP Phase 2/3 Trial of Mitapivat for Informed Protocol Design and Associated Patient Community Benefit." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-186710.
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Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. There are currently limited treatment options and a high unmet need; new therapies - and therefore new trials - are essential. Although there is evidence of growing patient (pt) participation in the drug development processes, there is a lingering suspicion among the community that they are not treated as equal partners and too frequently regarded as mere data sources. Involving pts in planning and execution of clinical trials is essential to improve participation and meet the real needs of the patient community. Mitapivat is a first-in-class, oral, allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase (PK), approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hemolytic anemia in adults with PK deficiency, by the European Union European Medicines Agency, and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in Great Britain for the treatment of PK deficiency in adults. The RISE UP phase 2/3 trial (NCT05031780) of mitapivat in pts with SCD was therefore devised to use a new approach to clinical trial design and recruitment that considered pt preferences wherever possible. Objective: Using the RISE UP Phase 2/3 trial, redefine best practices in clinical trial design by asking pts with SCD to describe what matters most to them in a trial setting and by involving them in decision making processes and trial awareness communications. Methods: Nine SCD pts and advocates (five from the US, one from Bahrain, one from France and two from the UK) took part in a series of clinical trial design workshops. Four remote advisory board interviews were held with pts (>16 years of age) and advocates to consult on the RISE UP Phase 2/3 clinical trial design. The insights gained from these consultations were incorporated into the proposed trial protocol design that was subsequently shared with Health Authorities (HAs) for their comment from a regulatory perspective. Once finalized, feedback from HAs was presented to the steering committee to determine whether changes requested by HAs met the needs and barriers-to-uptake expressed during partner consultations. In addition, a group of seven patients were involved in the development of the RISE UP phase 2/3 clinical trial awareness campaign, which sought to educate the community about the RISE UP clinical trial and value of pt participation. Results: Pt contributions to the protocol design included modified inclusion/exclusion criteria and the addition of pain (beyond pain crises) and fatigue as study outcomes. An overview of the community feedback is shown in Table 1. In response to pt input, monthly study visits were implemented for seven months, followed by visits every three months. An open label extension period was also added with visits on the second, fourth, eighth, and twelfth weeks of the extension period, followed by every 3 months up to 1.5 years and every six months thereafter. Taking additional pt input into account, the trial was adjusted to include a recommendation for tailored management of SCD pain crises using a daily diary. Additionally, following patient recommendations, the trial approved reimbursement for study-related travel, lodging, and specific non-study assessments. The RISE UP communications campaign was effective, with heightened interest in clinical trial participation generated within the community. Strong social media engagement and digital efforts resulted in increased trial website views, and community education and awareness efforts resulted in increased clinicaltrials.gov views to an average of 2-3 clicks per day. Approximately 278,000 users visited the RISE UP website and the campaign's YouTube video, which launched on World Sickle Cell Day has attracted 3 million views since Q4 2022. Conclusion: To meet the needs of the SCD pt and caregiver community and advance clinical trial research, we implemented a patient-centered approach to clinical trial protocol design and trial recruitment. Overall, this patient-centric approach could be useful in improving community engagement, designing trials that better reflect the needs and concerns of the pt population, and ultimately improving pt participation and diverse representation in clinical trials.
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Konopkina, L. I. "PECULIARITIES OF CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA DURING CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19) PANDEMIC." Ukrainian Pulmonology Journal 29, no. 4 (2021): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31215/2306-4927-2021-29-4-44-47.
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PECULIARITIES OF CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA DURING CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19) PANDEMIC L. I. Konopkina Abstract The review is dedicated to the problem of interrelations between asthma (A), COVID-19 and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy. According to Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) long-term treatment with systemic corticosteroids may lead to significant immunosuppression. Potentially, this is associated with higher risk of incidence and severity of viral infections. That was the reason why WHO in the beginning of 2020 had not granted recommendation for using systemic corticosteroids in COVID-19 patients if not indicated for other causes (including A and COPD exacerbations, usually requiring short course of oral corticosteroids). In Spring 2021 GINA renewed its recommendations on COVID-19 in A patients considering the grade of A symptoms control. It was demonstrated that patients with well-controlled A (mild to moderate) were neither at higher risk of COVID-19 occurrence nor of its more severe course. The risk of death from COVID-19 was also not increased in patients with well-controlled A. Moreover, in A patients 50 years of age and older, regularly taking ICS and admitted to hospital due to COVID-19, the mortality rate was lower than in other hospitalized patients. Today, it is important to debate whether ICS may interfere with the possibility of getting infected by coronavirus. It is well known that budesonide is one of most often prescribed ICS molecule. Budesonide in vitro has demonstrated a potential antiviral effect against different types of SARS-CoV-2. There are several ongoing studies in vivo: NCT04416399 (Great Britain; completed), NCT04355637 (Spain), NCT04193878, NCT04377711 (USA), NCT04331470 (Iran), NCT04330 (South Korea). The results of STOIC study, organized and conducted by Oxford university scientists, are of special interest. It was demonstrated that outpatient use of budesonide in COVID-19 patients reduced the risk of hospitalization and emergency care utilization by 90 %. There was a statistically significant reduction in symptoms intensity and time to clinical cure. Interim results of PRINCIPLE study suggested that early treatment with inhaled budesonide shortetens recovery time by a median of three days (comparing with usual care). In Budesonide Turbohaler group 32 % patients reached sustain recovery within 14 days of randomization (comparing with 22 % of patients in usual care group). Conclusion. Despite interim character of presented clinical trials data in this review, use of inhaled budesonide in COVID-19 patients, from our point of view, may be considered in particular clinical cases after a obligatory discussion with the patient.
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Rubin, G. James, Savita Bakhshi, Richard Amlôt, Nicola Fear, Henry WW Potts, and Susan Michie. "The design of a survey questionnaire to measure perceptions and behaviour during an influenza pandemic: the Flu TElephone Survey Template (FluTEST)." Health Services and Delivery Research 2, no. 41 (November 2014): 1–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr02410.
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BackgroundDuring the 2009–10 influenza (flu) pandemic, surveys to assess behaviour among the general public were designed quickly and suffered from methodological deficits as a result. To facilitate survey work in a future pandemic we (1) identified variables relating to behaviour, perceptions and presence of symptoms that were of relevance to policy-makers and other public health experts; (2) tested and refined the wording of questions to measure these variables; (3) assessed the reliability of responses to these questions; and (4) tested whether non-response bias due to attrition might prevent the use of a longitudinal design for future pandemic-related surveys.ObjectiveTo design, test and refine a set of questions to assess perceptions and behaviours in relation to a pandemic flu outbreak.MethodWe identified variables via existing systematic reviews and through consultation with pandemic flu planners from Public Health England, the English Department of Health, their advisory groups and academic colleagues. We adapted questions from existing scales or developed them afresh, and tested their clarity in three rounds of qualitative interviews with members of the public (totaln = 78). We used a random-digit dial telephone survey of adults from Great Britain (n = 1080) to assess the internal reliability of scales. We used a follow-up survey 1–2 weeks later to assess the test–retest reliability of responses and the differences between responders (n = 621) and non-responders (n = 459).ResultsWe identified seven core sets of outcome variables relating to the presence of flu-like illness and to various protective behaviours, as well as a set of likely predictor variables for the behaviours. Qualitative interviews identified multiple issues with our questions, most of which we resolved. Reliability of the items was largely satisfactory. Evidence of non-response bias was found, with non-responders being younger and less well educated than responders, and differing on several flu-related variables.ConclusionsIt would be ill-advised for public health bodies to enter the next pandemic without a plan for how to measure the public’s behaviours and perceptions. The extensive set of items that we compiled as part of this work has the benefit of being evidence based, policy relevant and readily understood. Although choosing how to gather data still requires consideration, these items can be used with confidence as soon as the next pandemic begins. Future work should consider the most appropriate method for conducting surveys using these items.Study registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN40930724.FundingThis project was funded by The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full inHealth Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 2, No. 41. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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McKoy, June M., Eniola Obadina, Paul R. Yarnold, Victoria Kut, Dennis W. Raisch, and Charles L. Bennett. "Zoledronic Acid (ZA)- Associated Nephrotoxicity: An Analysis of Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Reports by the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 3139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.3139.3139.
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Abstract Background-The FDA originally approved zoledronic acid (ZA) in August 2001 for the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy and subsequently for prevention of skeletal related events among patients with multiple myeloma (MM), breast, and prostate cancer. Since its approval, the FDA has received several reports of nephrotoxicity. Many of these individuals have myeloma, a malignancy associated with renal damage. Herein, RADAR investigators reviewed the clinical characteristics of ZA-induced nephrotoxicity among cancer patients with multiple myeloma versus other malignancies. We investigated the clinical characteristics and reporting quality of all adverse event (AE) reports describing ZA-associated neprotoxicity. Methods- We analyzed reports of ZA-associated nephrotoxicity from the FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System, which included a total of 141 AE reports, with exclusion of cases/trials reported in duplicate. Results- Overall, 141 cases of ZA-associated renal failure (RF) were identified: 92 case reports were from the United States and 44 were from non-United States countries. Reporting completeness was generally poor, with respect to serum creatinine levels and frequency of ZA administration, especially in reports from Canada and Great Britain respectively. Two thirds of the patients with scheduling information had received ZA every 4 weeks. Infusion rate was reported for 21%, and was usually 15 minutes or longer. NSAIDS and Cox-II inhibitor exposures were reported in 25%, and 20% of the patients who had prior diagnoses of renal insufficiency. Patients with MM (n=82) had similar mean age as patients with other cancers (n= 54) (72.05 versus 72.9 years). For patients for whom data was available (n=62), pamidronate was used by 97.8% in the MM group versus 86.9% in the non-myeloma group. The onset of RF occurred after a mean of 67.9 days in the MM group (range, 3–366) versus 73.7 days in the non-myeloma group (range, 0–546 days) post initiation of ZA; after a mean number of ZA doses (2.5 vs. 1.8 doses). Only one dose of ZA was received by 24.4% and 25.4% of MM versus non-myeloma patients respectively, which occurred after an average of 14.7 days and 30 days. RF manifestations included serum Cr > 2 for 59.7% of the MM and 83.1% of the other cancer patients. Outcomes of RF in MM and non-myeloma patients, respectively, included hospitalization (61% and 71%) and dialysis, (38% and 22%). Conclusions- Close monitoring of serum creatinine prior to ZA, is important for both MM and other cancer patients; completeness of current case reporting efforts of ZA-associated renal insufficiency is poor in both US and non-US countries; and information about the potential occurrence of renal toxicity should be prominently described in the packet insert for ZA.