Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Triangle test'

Cluster analysis characterizes data that are similar enough and useful into meaningful groups (clusters).For example, cluster analysis can be applicable to find group of genes and proteins that are similar, to retrieve information from World Wide Web, and to identify locations that are prone to earthquakes. So the study of clustering has become very important in several fields, which includes psychology and other social sciences, biology, statistics, pattern recognition, information retrieval, machine learning and data mining [1] [2].   Cluster analysis is the one of the widely used technique in the area of data mining. According to complexity and amount of data in a system, we can use variety of cluster analysis algorithms. K-means clustering is one of the most popular and widely used among the ten algorithms in data mining [3]. Like other clustering algorithms, it is not the silver bullet. K-means clustering requires pre analysis and knowledge before the number of clusters and their centroids are determined. Recent studies show a new approach for K-means clustering which does not require any pre knowledge for determining the number of clusters [4].   In this thesis, we propose a new clustering procedure to solve the central problem of identifying the number of clusters (k) by imitating the desired number of clusters with proper properties. The proposed algorithm is validated by investigating different characteristics of the analyzed data with modified theory, analyze parameters efficiency and their relationships. The parameters in this theory include the selection of embryo-size (m), significance level (α), distributions (d), and training set (n), in the identification of clusters (k).

Although human panelists provide unparalleled data, they are prone to bias, which is a primary concern of sensory scientists. Motivational bias is of concern because it determines how much effort a panelist will exert to be consistent, find a difference, or use appropriate descriptors when taking a test. For central location tests, money has become a common motivational device to compensate panelists for their time and effort. Studies have documented that money can change results in sensory testing but have not measured the impact on motivation. Additionally, little research has been conducted on the effect of the test food itself as a motivator. This scientific investigation explored monetary reward and the test food type as motivational factors to examine how these affected untrained panelist effort. Panelist accuracy on a triangle test and assessment time to complete the triangle test were measured as the response variables. Two models were generated using the two response variables, and both were adjusted for panelist age, gender, liking, time of day, and day of the week. Statistical analysis indicated that monetary compensation was not a primary motivational factor for untrained sensory panelists, but might play a role in panelist attendance. Food type impacted models differently showing its importance but also making results inconclusive. Other factors like gender, age, time of day, and day of the week were significant to a panelist's motivation and may be related to things like food involvement and workday accumulation, but more research is needed to further support these ideas. In addition to the study at hand, three preliminary studies were completed prior to obtaining the results in the main study. First, surveys gathering data on general liking of different foods were conducted. Triangle tests were then completed on potential products to confirm that treatments created for foods were not too obvious for panelists. The last preliminary step was to confirm that all differences used for treatment differences per product type were similarly different, even though not similar in nature. Difference from control tests were conducted on each product and its treatments to find how different a product's treatments were from each other. Eventually, we were able to verify that between all treatment difference couples for all products were similarly different by keeping the individual differences between a range of 10 points or 10% of a 100-point scale.

Reducing disease and increasing fruit quality in vigorous vineyards with dense canopies is demanding of time and resources; unfortunately, vineyards of this nature are common in humid environments. This study investigated the effectiveness with which vine capacity and water status could be regulated as well as if they related to fruit quality and wine sensory perception. The treatments regulating vine size and water status were under-trellis groundcover, root manipulation, rootstocks, and irrigation. Treatments were arranged in a strip-split-split plot design before the introduction of the irrigation treatment resulted in incomplete replication in each block. Treatment levels were under-trellis cover crop (CC) compared to under-trellis herbicide (Herb); root restriction bags (RBG) compared to no root manipulation (NRM); three compared rootstocks (101-14, 420-A, riparia Gloire); low water stress (LOW) compared to high water stress (HIGH). Vines grown with RBG and CC regulated vegetative growth more so than conventional treatments, resulting in 56% and 23% greater cluster exposure flux availability (CEFA). High water stress (HIGH) and RBG reduced stem water potential and discriminated less against 13C. Vines grown with RBG and CC consistently reduced harvest berry weight by 17 and 6% compared to conventional treatments. Estimated phenolics were consistently increased by RBG and were correlated with berry weight, vine capacity and CEFA. Sensory attributes were significantly distinguishable between wines produced from vines that differed in both vine capacity and water status, amongst other responses. Treatments have been identified that can alter the sensory perception of wines, with the potential to improve wine quality.
Master of Science

The topic of this diploma thesis deals with the solution of selected parts of building technology design of Scientific and Technical Park Triangl that is planned to be constructed in Uherske Hradiste. This complex of buildings will be used for civil, administrative and residential purposes. The thesis describes creation of foundation constructions, design of reinforced concrete frames, transportation of building materials and machinery to the building site. This thesis also contains a design and a technical report about facilities of the construction site, pre-defined mechanical assembly, control and test plans and the budgets and schedules of the construction work. Required applications to carry out the construction, suggestions for reinforcement of the foundation construction as well as financial costs are also included in the thesis.

The subject of this thesis is a construction technology project Areal triangle in the town of. The work includes a technical report on the structural and technological project technical report construction site along with drawings of building equipment, technological prescription for the implementation process of monolithic structures, being associated inspection and test plan, as well as draft mechanical assemblies, technical report broader transport relations, including drawings, itemized budget calculation according THU and the timetable for construction. It also dealt with contract work, instructions for use of the building and assess two variants of cranes in economic terms. Also at work are chapters dealing with safety at work and environmental protection. More specifically, the work deals with one of the main buildings, namely the object SO10 - Building A. The construction is a reinforced concrete monolith on five floors. The work is mainly focused on the shell construction.

Abstract This study investigates three primary school teachers’ experiences of working with formative assessment intended to develop pupils’ writing development. The study applies a sociocultural perspective to examine how teachers in grades 1–2 reason about their use of formative assessment to develop pupils’ writing. The study seeks to ascertain how the teachers reason about pupils’ texts in relation to the text triangle. The results of the study show that the teachers, in their work with formative assessment and writing development, proceed from set goals for the term which apply to all the pupils in that year. The teachers make the pupils aware of these goals by returning to them several times during the term. The intention is to remind the pupils of the goals. The three teachers also work with individual goals for the pupils via the pupils’ individual development plans. The informants all reason in much the same way about formative assessment in writing instruction in relation to the text triangle. The teachers consider that they work with the different qualities shown in the different levels of the text triangle, based on the pupils’ prior knowledge and experience of writing.

The aim of the study is to investigate which linguistic aspects teachers pay attention to when they analyze a pupil’s text, and what response they choose to give based on the analysis. The study builds on semi-structured interviews with three teachers and applies a sociocultural perspective. The result shows that the teachers in the study largely proceed from a functional outlook on texts. Although they were given a text with many linguistic problems on the surface, they saw the aspects on a more general textual level, for example, the main theme and the way the text was adjusted to suit the receiver. In the analyses of the pupil’s text the informants revealed different evaluations of the level of linguistic development a pupil should have reached in grade six, and different interpretations of how a pupil should write to satisfy the demands in the syllabus for Swedish. When the informants were asked to select aspects that they would use in response to an envisaged pupil, it turned out that their comments did not have the same spread between the different levels of the text. In their responses the informants were generally more inclined to proceed from the general levels of the text than they were in their earlier analyses.

Snacks are often associated with chips and expanded snack products that generally known for their characteristic texture. These products are normally high in calories with a low content of nutrients and are therefore perceived as unhealthy by many consumers.In addition to their low nutrient content, they might be a source of acrylamide,which has been classified as human carcinogen by the European Food Safety Authority. The growing demand for healthier snack foods has led manufactures to begin experimenting with new processing techniques.  The aim of the study is to evaluate product qualities as affected by two different processing techniques of snack pellets. The more conventional expansion method of deep frying in oilis compared to roasting, using salt as a heat conductor. In order to evaluate the effect of salt-roasting, analyses of salt, fat, water and acrylamide content has been carried out. A sensory triangle test was conducted to determine if there is a difference in texture between snacks expanded using the two processing techniques.  Results indicate that salt-roastingmay have a positive effect by reducing the level of acrylamide in the product. Furthermore, salt-roasting provides a snack pellet with a lower fat content. However, the salt-roasting technique results in a higher salt content in the snack as compared to deep frying. The results from the triangle test shows that there was a significant (p=<0.005) difference between the texture of deep fried and roasted snack pellets. Based on the qualitative commentary of the panelists,  the salt-roasted snack pellets are smaller in size and have a harder and more compact texture compared to the deep fried ones.It is important to point out that results of the study are limited and should only be considered as indications.

International student assessments show that reading comprehension among Swedish pupils has decreased and the Swedish school system has become less successful in compensating for the variety of pupils’ background. The aim of this study is to examine whether the reading triangle, which is an adaption of the text triangle, provides a beneficial model to use at lower secondary level to enhance advanced reading comprehension and to systematize the teaching of reading on the basis of models developed in research on writing. The study draws on Anglo-Saxon and Nordic research on the teaching of reading and writing, as well as theories of metacognition and visual learning. The results show that the reading triangle, after some modifications, can serve as a tool to make pupils aware of their reading process and at what level they read and analyse texts. Moreover, the model can be a tool for teachers to systematize their teaching of reading and clarifying on what levels they need to focus when planning their teaching of reading.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The taeniasis-cysticercosis complex is a disease of great importance to public and animal health, and human beings play an important role as the only definitive hosts that develop taeniasis. Cysticercosis can affect pigs, which are infected by the larva of Taenia solium, cattle, which are infected by the larva of Taenia saginata and, accidentally, humans, who can act as an intermediate hosts (T. solium), developing cysticercosis in their tissues, with neurocysticercosis being the most severe form of the disease. Despite the importance of taeniasis and cysticercosis to public health, animal health and economy in Brazil, the epidemiological reality of the occurrence of zoonoses is poorly understood. In the state of Minas Gerais, most of the data is obtained from official sanitary inspection agencies in slaughterhouses, and little information is based on field data from live animals. In order to assess the epidemiological situation of the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex in small and medium-sized farms in the municipalities of Iraí de Minas, Romaria, Grupiara and Douradoquara, located in the microregion of Patrocínio, in the Triangulo Mineiro region, this study addressed the occurrence of human taeniasis, bovine and porcine cysticercosis, and the main risk factors associated with transmission of parasitic forms of T. saginata and T. solium in the sampled farms. Thus, a cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted with 68 farms located in rural areas of the four aforementioned municipalities, and these properties were georeferenced. Data collected consisted of 1002 bovine blood samples, 22 porcine blood samples, and stool samples from 119 members of the households and applied an epidemiological questionnaire. The serological diagnosis of animal cysticercosis was performed by screening using the indirect ELISA test, and the suspected cases underwent Immunoblot testing for confirmation purposes. Stool examination was performed by the simple sedimentation method (HPJ). This study found a prevalence of 4.5% of porcine cysticercosis and 4.69% of bovine cysticercosis in the farms of the rural area of the sampled municipalities between July and August 2013. No case of human taeniasis was disagnosed; however, other enteroparasitoses were diagnosed. This study evaluated the association between some risk factors and the prevalence of cases of bovine cysticercosis, in which the variables that were statistically significant were the profession of the person in charge of such farms, income and the water treatment in the farms. From the georeferencing of farms, which generated maps of the collected points and the points diagnosed with bovine cysticercosis. There was the possibility that the transmission of this parasite may occur from the rivers and tributaries that flow along the sampled municipalities from the hydrography of the region. This study identified the prevalence of taeniasis-cysticercosis complex in the sampled municipalities and the results will aid in the prevention and control of this zoonosis in the areas of occurrence.
O complexo teníase-cisticercose é uma doença de grande importância para a saúde pública e animal, no qual o ser humano desempenha importante papel como o único hospedeiro definitivo, desenvolvendo a teníase. A cisticercose pode acometer o suíno, que desenvolve a larva da Taenia solium, o bovino, que desenvolve a larva da Taenia saginata e, acidentalmente, o homem pode atuar como hospedeiro intermediário (T. solium), desenvolvendo a cisticercose em seus tecidos, sendo a neurocisticercose a forma mais grave. Apesar da importância da teníase e da cisticercose para a saúde pública, para a saúde animal e para economia, a realidade epidemiológica da ocorrência dessas zoonoses no Brasil é pouco conhecida. No estado de Minas Gerais a maioria dos dados é obtida dos serviços oficiais de Inspeção Sanitária nos matadouros- frigoríficos, sendo poucas as informações baseadas em dados de campo oriundos de animais vivos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a situação epidemiológica do complexo teníase-cisticercose em pequenas e médias propriedades rurais dos municípios de Iraí de Minas, Romaria, Grupiara e Douradoquara, situados na microrregião de Patrocínio, região do Triângulo Mineiro, se pesquisou a ocorrência da teníase humana, da cisticercose bovina e suína e os principais fatores de risco associados à transmissão das formas parasitárias T. saginata e T. solium nas propriedades amostradas. Dessa forma, foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal envolvendo as 68 propriedades localizadas nas zonas rurais dos quatro municípios, sendo essas propriedades georreferenciadas. Foram coletadas 1002 amostras de sangue bovino e 22 amostras de sangue suíno, 119 amostras de fezes dos integrantes das famílias residentes nas propriedades e aplicado um questionário epidemiológico. O diagnóstico sorológico da cisticercose animal foi realizado por triagem pelo teste ELISA indireto e os casos suspeitos foram submetidos ao Immunoblot para confirmação. O exame de fezes foi realizado pelo método de sedimentação simples. Este estudo revelou prevalência de 4,5% de cisticercose suína e de 4,69% de cisticercose bovina nas propriedades da zona rural dos municípios amostrados, no período de julho a agosto de 2013. Não foi diagnosticado nenhum caso de teníase humana, no entanto, outras enteroparasitoses foram diagnosticadas. Avaliou-se a associação entre alguns fatores de risco e a prevalência dos casos de cisticercose bovina, no qual as variáveis que se mostraram estatisticamente significantes foram profissão do responsável pela propriedade, renda familiar e tratamento da água da propriedade. A partir do georreferenciamento das propriedades, foram produzidos os mapas dos pontos coletados e dos pontos diagnosticados com cisticercose bovina. Observou-se a possibilidade da transmissão dessa parasitose ocorrer a partir dos rios e seus afluentes nos municípios amostrados a partir da hidrografia da região. O estudo permitiu a identificação da prevalência do complexo teníase-cisticercose nos municípios amostrados e os resultados permitirão auxiliar a prevenção e o controle dessa zoonose nas áreas de ocorrência.

The dairy food industry is continuously striving towards products with higher quality and longer shelf-life available to the customer at low prices. Arla Foods in Linköping, Sweden, is currently investigating the possibilities of changing the material in yogurt packaging containers by replacing the currently used carton with a different and cheaper alternative. A successful switch will give the company an economical advantage without affecting the sensory attributes (smell, taste, sight, and consistency), aroma profile or other important trademarks of the yogurt. This study is designed to examine and compare yogurt that has been stored in different packaging cartons, one coated with a single-layered low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and one coated with a currently used multi-layered ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH). The study was based on the analysis and measurement of sensory attributes performed by experts, physical properties in laboratory and chemical composition in GC-FID/MS together with a discriminative test where a group of people would identify any difference between the yogurts. Together, these analyses would provide an explanation about any differences between the packaging materials by connecting physical, chemical and/or sensory characteristics. The collected results would give a better and more comprehensive picture than each analysis would do separately. The results from the study show that there is a difference between yogurts stored in LDPE-based containers and yogurts stored in EVOH-based containers and that the product was chemically affected, mainly by the level of oxygen in contact with the food. The overall assessment is that the largest difference was discovered in the taste.

I dagens skola finns ingen entydig uppfattning om hur den första skrivinlärningen ska ske, med penna och papper eller med hjälp av digitala verktyg. Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra elevtexter från årskurs 3 skrivna efter traditionell skrivundervisning och metoden Att skriva sig till läsning (ASL). Frågeställningarna i studien handlar om skillnader mellan olika kategorier skrivares texter utifrån helhet och struktur, meningar, ord samt tecken. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är det sociokulturella perspektivet med medierande resurser, och texttriangeln används som teoretisk analysmodell. Materialet som ligger till grund för denna studie är 24 elevtexter från nationella provet i svenska i årskurs 3. Texterna är hämtade från fyra klasser där två fått traditionell skrivundervisning och två undervisats efter ASL-metoden. Från varje klass finns två elevtexter skrivna av säkra skrivare, två av medelsäkra skrivare och två av mindre säkra skrivare. Texterna är analyserade utifrån texttriangeln med hjälp av lix-generatorn och Word. Resultatet i studien är tvetydigt och visar inte vilken skrivundervisningsmetod som är mest fördelaktig för textens helhet. Vidare visar resultatet att ASL-metoden är gynnsam för elevtexters längd och ordvariation samt användandet av styckeindelning och talstreck. Eleverna som undervisats efter denna metod skriver dessutom längre grafiska och syntaktiska meningar. Resultatet visar också att traditionell skrivundervisning gynnar elevers stavning. Dock finns det inga tydliga skillnader mellan metoderna när det gäller elevtexternas andel långord och teckenfel. Slutligen visar resultatet att skrivundervisningsmetoderna kan vara fördelaktiga för olika kategorier skrivare.

Abstract Introduction: H.J.-Haase developed a systematic set of tests for evaluating binocular vision called the Pola Test. The Pola Test measures associated phoria and stereoacuity at distance and near using a variety of different targets for each. This testing method and interpretation is referred to as MKH-Haase (Measuring and Correcting Methodology after H.J.Haase ???the MKH) method. The MKH method is more commonly used in Germany and other European countries than English speaking countries. The MKH-Haase method has been considered a reliable method for prescribing prisms to symptomatic binocular vision patients. Purpose: To investigate the test-retest reliability of binocular vision measurements using the MKH-Haase series of tests that comprise the Pola Test. In addition, I will compare the Pola results with other associated phoria and stereoacuity tests used in North America. Methods: Thirty-four symptomatic and 40 asymptomatic subjects (based on a symptoms questionnaire) participated in this study. Associated phoria and stereoacuity with different tests, including the Pola Test at distance and near, were measured for those subjects on two different sessions. Not all of subjects were tested with all tests. Only 30 subjects in each group completed all of tests. The Pola Test protocol requires the associated phoria and stereoacuity to be measured twice within a session; once with the Polariods oriented with their axes at 45o and 135o and again with the axes switched. Results: Within and between-sessions repeatability of MKH-Haase associated phoria and stereoacuity tests results revealed that most of MKH-Haase associated phoria and stereoacuity tests showed good repeatability within and between-sessions at both distance and near. However, there were a few exceptions to this general finding. Distance horizontal associated phoria values for the Cross Test and Pointer Test at the first session, and the distance Double Pointer Test values at the second session showed some differences between the two views. Between-sessions repeatability of the associated phoria tests did not show any significant differences. For the stereoacuity tests, the differences between the two disparities were statistically significant at the first session for the symptomatic group Line Test and asymptomatic group Step Test. For the second session at distance, the differences were significant with Step Test for both groups. The differences between sessions for both disparities were not significant for most of tests. The symptomatic group???s Step Test for crossed disparity and asymptomatic group's Step Test for uncrossed disparity were exceptions. A repeated measures ANOVA test was conducted to compare different associated phoria tests. Horizontal associated phoria tests without central fusion lock were significantly different from those with central fusion lock at distance and near. Comparison of different stereoacuity tests was conducted by comparing the number of subjects who could identify specific stereothreshold values. Results showed that at both distance and near, there were no significant differences between contour and global stereoacuity tests based on number of subjects who could attain 60 sec of arc or better. Discussion and Conclusion: Most of MKH-Haase associated phoria and stereoacuity charts have reasonable within and between-sessions repeatability. However, some associated phoria tests showed some differences especially with subjects who had higher values. Although there was a significant difference between various horizontal associated phoria tests at distance and near, most of the values differed by around 0.50 ???. The exception was the difference between the Wesson Card and Disparometer. The Wesson card was more exo by 1.50 ??? than the Disparometer. Vertical associated phoria tests did not show any significant differences. Although MKH-Haase chart can measure local stereothreshold down to 10 sec of arc at distance, the AO Slide is easier to perceive. Random dot stereoacuity can be measured with MKH-Haase charts at distance down to 30 sec of arc. All of the contour stereoacuity tests are comparable at near. However, the MKH-Haase chart was easier to perceive. The Random Dot Randot test would be more useful for fast screening purposes. Random dot MKH-Haase test would be easier than TNO Test to measure random dot stereothreshold at near.

碩士
國立臺中教育大學
教育測驗統計研究所
98
The constructed-response items can examine the students’ abilities of thinking, problem solving, orgnization and expression. And the computer-based diagnostic tests can save the examining time and score quickly. This search expects to combine the advantage of two to develop constructed-response items and score models, and then estimate its result with the base of the constructed-response items diagnostic system. First, analyze the students problem-solving error types in the selected units and literatures to draft the constructed-response items error types and score models. And then, according to the structure of expert’s knowledge to design the questions. After examining, the PHP program will distinct the error type of the problem solving in the database automatically. The research shows the average for each constructed-response item has 17 error types for students’ problem solving. From the record, we can not only understand students’ thinking and strategies, but also find some error types which can not be found from the written examination. It can help the teachers judge the students misconcept more precisely and do remedial teaching much more efficiently. Furthermore, the reliability of added constructed-response items is better than the multiple-choice types (.801>.776). Therefore, in the case of the same test length, if the questions can be added a part of constructed-response items, the reliability will be higher.