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Journal articles on the topic 'Triangular duct'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 22 June 2025

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1

Dutta, S., J. C. Han, Y. Zhang, and C. P. Lee. "Local Heat Transfer in a Rotating Two-Pass Triangular Duct With Smooth Walls." Journal of Turbomachinery 118, no. 3 (1996): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2836685.

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Earlier heat transfer studies with orthogonal rotation were conducted mostly on ducts of square cross section. This paper reports a different cross section, a triangular duct. Unlike a square cross section, the triangular shape provides more restriction to the formation of the secondary flows. Moreover, the studied orientation of the right triangular duct avoids formation of symmetric vortex structures in the crossflow plane. This paper presents turbulent heat transfer characteristics of a two-pass smooth-walled triangular duct. One pass is for radial outward flow and the other for radial inward flow. With rotation the radial outward and inward flow directions show different surface heat transfer characteristics. Like a square duct, differences between the trailing and the leading Nusselt number ratios for the triangular duct increase with rotation number. However, the rate of change of Nusselt number rations with rotation number varies for the two duct geometries. Standard k–ε model predictions for a radial outward flow situation show that the Nusselt number ratio variations with Reynolds number are not drastic for the same rotation number.

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2

Chen, Zuoyi, Lizhi Zhang, and Han Song. "Investigating the impacts of included angles on flow and heat transfer in cross-corrugated triangular ducts with field synergy principle." Thermal Science 17, no. 3 (2013): 823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci110628127c.

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Included angles (?) have vital effect on the flow and heat transfer in cross-corrugated triangular ducts. The friction factor and Nusselt number were estimated at different Reynolds numbers from both experiments and simulations. Results show that the flow in the duck with ?=90 has the largest friction factor and Nusselt number. However, the included angle influences the flow and heat transfer in cross-corrugated triangular ducts in different ways. The field synergy principle was used to explore the mechanism of the different impacts of the included angle. Results show that the flow in the cross-corrugated triangular duct with ?=90o has the smallest domain averaged included angle (?m), which implies the best synergy performance. The results of the field synergy principle were also validated by analyzing the performance evaluation criterion and studying the velocity vector and temperature distributions.

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3

Chegini, H., and S. K. Chaturvedi. "An Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Friction Factors for Fully Developed Flow in Internally Finned Triangular Ducts." Journal of Heat Transfer 108, no. 3 (1986): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3246963.

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Friction factors for fully developed flow in triangular ducts with fins of various height and width are investigated for Reynolds numbers ranging from 150 to 90,000. Two triangular ducts having apex angles of 60 and 38.8 deg are studied. Results are presented in the form of standard plots of friction factor as a function of Reynolds number. Friction factor values for the smooth triangular duct cases are in good agreement with the existing results. For the finned-duct cases, the fully developed axial velocity profiles in laminar flow are determined by solving the x-momentum equation iteratively by the Gauss–Seidel finite-difference technique. The theoretically determined friction factors for these cases are in good agreement with the experimental values of friction factors based on pressure drop measurements.

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4

Yıldız, İhsan, Yavuz Savaş Koca, and Sezayi Kantar. "An Extremely Rare Bile Leakage: Aberrant Bile Duct in Left Triangular Ligament (Appendix Fibrosa Hepatis)." Case Reports in Surgery 2018 (2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1259561.

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Background. The anatomical variability of bile ducts can leave surgeons in very difficult conditions.Ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRCP) and endoscopic imaging methods are used in diagnosis. In addition to conservative approaches, endoscopic procedures and laparoscopic or open surgical interventions may be necessary for treatment. In this article, we present a case of aberrant bile duct in left triangular ligament (appendix fibrosa hepatis), which is rarely seen. Case. We report the case of a 67-year-old female patient who was operated on due to dumping syndrome symptoms and hiatal hernia. There was a drainage of bile from the left side of the liver which was placed under the cardioesophageal junction. MRCP found bile esophageal in the left triangular ligament of the liver. Aberrant bile ducts were found in the left triangular ligament and ligated. The patient was discharged on the 7th day after operation. Conclusion. The anatomical variability of bile ducts can leave surgeons in very difficult conditions. We recommend that the dissected left triangular ligament should be ligated for the aberrant bile duct, especially in female patient.

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5

Partono, Patna, Narendra Hidayat, Masyrukan, and Muttaqin Rahmat Pangaribawa. "Secondary Material Casting of Al-Si for Making Handle Brake in Variation of Duct." Key Engineering Materials 935 (November 30, 2022): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-h8s8l4.

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This study aims to determine the effect of the mold casting duct variations on shrinkage, porosity defects, density, hardness, and chemical composition of materials. The primary raw material uses melting secondary aluminium through a small-scale smelting furnace. Research study about three kinds of ducts: triangular duct, rectangular duct, and circular duct. The testing chemical composition uses an emission spectrometer. Research founds defects by comparing the dimensions of the original object with the specimen results of each duct variation. The density value calculates porosity defects. ASTM E10 standard Brinell test measures the hardness. Besides, ASTM E3 standard test quantifies the microstructure of the product. The highest average shrinkage is the triangular ducts at 3.68%. The least significant numbers of porosity were in rectangular ducts of 2.964 gr/ml. Higher the density value, the denser the material, and the more negligible the porosity. The density of the material affects the hardness material obtained from the results of the Brinell test. The hardness of the Brinell test brought that the rectangular duct with 102.5 BHN was the most enormous. In addition, the results showed that the chemical composition mainly contained mostly chemical elements (Al) 87.1% as the main chemical ingredient and (Si) 9.51%.

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6

Ramesh, C., M. Vijayakumar, L. Jeyanthi, et al. "Mathematical Model for Energy and Exergy-Based Simulation of Triangular Solar Energy Extractor for Air Heating Applications." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (June 7, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7157334.

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In the present work, the thermal and exergy efficiency of the equilateral triangular duct solar air heater is analytically investigated and its performance is improved by attaching an inclined wire rib over the absorber surface. Using triangular ducts improves the operating flow conditions up to the Reynolds number of 35000. The thermal model of solar air heater is solved by using an iterative procedure by code developed in MATLAB. The analysis considers the roughness parameters that roughness pitch (P)-to-height (e) ratio (P/e) of 4 to 16, roughness height (e)-to-hydraulic diameter (Dh) ratio (e/Dh) of 0.021 to 0.043, and rib inclination angle (α) of 30 to 75°. While increasing the Reynolds number from 2000 to 35000, the inclined rib roughened triangular duct solar air heater thermal performance is increased and attains the maximum value of 83.61% and the effective thermal efficiency of 80.26%. The maximum exergy efficiency of 2.62% is obtained at the Reynolds number value of 1864. It improves the thermal performance by 14.2% as compared with the rectangular rib roughened triangular duct solar air heater. The optimum value of roughness parameters is P/e of 12, e/D of 0.042, and α of 75°. The air heater is useable to attain the temperature rise parameter ranges from 0.001 to 0.03 K·m2/W.

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Wang, S. L., J. Li, X. Z. Zhu, K. Sun, X. Y. Liu, and Y. G. Zhang. "Sialographic characterization of the normal parotid gland of the miniature pig." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 27, no. 3 (1998): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj/dmfr/4600336.

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OBJECTIVE To characterize the structure of the parotid gland of the miniature pigs (minipig). METHODS Sialographic, anatomical, histological and ultrastructural studies of the parotid gland were performed on 11 minipigs. RESULTS Sialograms showed a long main duct and a triangular shaped gland. All branching ducts extended from the inferior-posterior margin of the main duct. No accessory glands were found. Typical serous acini were found microscopically and histochemically. CONCLUSION This study provides basic structural information on the parotid gland of the minipig.

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8

Lawal, A. "Mixed Convection Heat Transfer to Power Law Fluids in Arbitrary Cross-Sectional Ducts." Journal of Heat Transfer 111, no. 2 (1989): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250691.

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An analytical investigation of three-dimensional mixed convection flow and heat transfer to power-law fluids in horizontal arbitrary cross-sectional ducts is undertaken. The continuity equation and parabolic forms of the energy and momentum equations in rectangular coordinates are transformed into new orthogonal coordinates with the boundaries of the duct coinciding with the coordinate surfaces. The transformed equations are solved by the finite difference technique. The fluid enters the duct with constant velocity and temperature profiles with the wall of the duct subjected to constant temperature. Local heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop for several values of Gr/Re and power-law index n are computed for the triangular, square, trapezoidal, pentagonal, and circular ducts. The buoyancy force is found to increase both the Nusselt number and the pressure drop.

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AL-Mahmodi, Aqeel. "Anatomical, Radiological, and Corrosion Casting of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Biliary Duct System of Local Breed Cattle (Bos ttaurus)." Wasit Journal for Pure sciences 3, no. 1 (2024): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/wjps.290.

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Local breed cattle's liver, reddish-brown, occupies the right hypochondriac region with 35.2 ± 3.24 cm long and 5.5 ± 0.5 kg weight. Connected by left and right triangular ligaments; and falciform ligaments with the diaphragm, and hepatorenal ligament with the right kidney. While the coronary ligament encompassing the caudal vena cava divides into dorsal and ventral branches, enclosing the nuda region. The round ligament connects the umbilical fissure to the umbilicus. The lesser omentum on the liver's visceral surface connects the stomach and duodenum through hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments, respectively. The liver has, parietal and visceral surfaces; right, left, ventral, and dorsal borders; and left, right, caudate, and quadrate liver lobes that are not clearly separated, except for the caudate. The gallbladder has a dark green color and pear-shaped morphology, measures 16 ± 1.5 cm, and is located in a shallow cystic fossa. Consisting of the neck, forms an inverted funnel shape, body, and fundus. The diameters were 2 ± 0.3, 6 ± 1.2, and 4 ± 1.3 cm, respectively. The biliary tract consists of extrahepatic and intrahepatic ducts. The extrahepatic ducts have a left duct of 3 ± 0.5 cm and a right duct of 2 ± 0.25 cm. Converging to form a common hepatic duct 8 ± 0.5 cm. The cystic duct is 3± 0. cm, joins with the common hepatic duct ventrally. The intrahepatic ducts consisted of primary, secondary, tertiary, interlobular, intralobular, and intercalated ducts. The left hepatic duct received 9 ± 1 of dorsal primary ducts and 8 ± 2 ventral primary ducts. The right hepatic duct receives 4 ± 1 dorsal ducts and 2 ± 1 ventral ducts.

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10

Hwang, J. J., and B. Y. Chang. "Effect of Outflow Orientation on Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in a Triangular Duct With an Array of Tangential Jets." Journal of Heat Transfer 122, no. 4 (2000): 669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1318216.

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Experiments are conducted to study the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in a triangular duct cooled by an array of tangential jets, simulating the leading-edge cooling circuit of a turbine blade. Coolant ejected from a high-pressure plenum through an array of orifices is aimed at the leading-edge apex and exits from the radial outlets. Three different outflow orientations, namely coincident with the entry flow, opposed to the entry flow, and both, are tested for various Reynolds numbers 12600⩽Re⩽42000. A transient liquid crystal technique is used to measure the detailed heat transfer coefficients on two walls forming the leading-edge apex. Flow rate across each jet hole and the crossflow development, which are closely related to the local heat transfer characteristics, are also measured. Results show that increasing Re increases the heat transfer on both walls. The outflow orientation affects significantly the local heat transfer characteristics through influencing the jet flow together with the crossflow in the triangular duct. The triangular duct with two openings is recommended since it has the highest wall-averaged heat transfer and the moderate loss coefficient among the three outflow orientations investigated. Correlations for wall-averaged Nusselt number and loss coefficient in the triangular duct have been developed by considering the Reynolds number for three different outflow orientations. [S0022-1481(00)01204-4]

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11

Baliga, B. R., and R. R. Azrak. "Laminar Fully Developed Flow and Heat Transfer in Triangular Plate-Fin Ducts." Journal of Heat Transfer 108, no. 1 (1986): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3246900.

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This paper presents a numerical investigation of fully developed flow and heat transfer in triangular cross section plate-fin ducts encountered in compact heat exchangers. Heat conduction in the fin and convection in the fluid are analyzed simultaneously as a conjugate problem. Overall and local results are presented for representative values of the duct aspect ratio and a fin conductance parameter.

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12

Al-Dulaimi, Mustafa J., and Faik Hamad. "Experimental Investigation of The Turbulence Generators on Heat Transfer Inside Heated Duct." Babylonian Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2023 (September 15, 2023): 71–77. https://doi.org/10.58496/bjme/2023/009.

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This work investigates the heat transfer inside a square duct experimentally in the presence of detached rectangular and triangular turbulence generators. The effect of the ratio of turbulence generators to the duct height (blocking ratio) is investigated for the values of 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 for Reynolds number 15413. The results showed that turbulence generators have a positive effect on heat transfer. It was found that using rectangular and triangular turbulence generators augments the heat transfer by (3-9)% and (5-15)%, respectively. Also, it was revealed that increasing the blocking ratio of turbulence generators from 0.1 to 0.2 enhances the heat transfer by 6% and 10% for rectangular and triangular shapes, respectively.

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Garud, Kunal Sandip, Yurii Kudriavskyi, Myung-Sung Lee, Eun-Hyeok Kang, and Moo-Yeon Lee. "Numerical Study on Thermal and Flow Characteristics of Divergent Duct with Different Rib Shapes for Electric-Vehicle Cooling System." Symmetry 14, no. 8 (2022): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14081696.

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The cooling performance of the air-conditioning system in electric vehicles could be enhanced through the geometrical optimization of the air ducts. Furthermore, it has been proven that the heat-transfer performance of divergent channels is better than that of conventional channels. Therefore, the present study investigates the thermal and flow characteristics of divergent ducts with various rib shapes for the cooling system of electric vehicles. The thermal and flow characteristics, namely, temperature difference, pressure drop, heat-transfer coefficient, Nusselt number and friction factor, are numerically studied. Divergent ducts comprising ribs with the different shapes of rectangle, isosceles triangle, left triangle, right triangle, trapezoid, left trapezoid and right trapezoid arranged symmetrically are modeled as the computational domains. The thermal and flow characteristics of divergent ducts with various rib shapes are simulated in ANSYS Fluent commercial software for the Reynolds-number range of 22,000–79,000. The numerical model is validated by comparing the simulated results with the corresponding experimental results of the Nusselt number and the friction factor, obtaining errors of 4.4% and 2.9%, respectively. The results reveal that the divergent duct with the right-triangular rib shape shows the maximum values of the heat-transfer coefficient and Nusselt number of 180.65 W/m2K and 601, respectively. The same rib shape shows a pressure drop and a friction factor of 137.3 Pa and 0.040, respectively, which are lower than those of all rib shapes, except for the trapezoidal and right-trapezoidal rib shapes. Considering the trade-off comparison between thermal and flow characteristics, the divergent duct with the right-triangular rib shape is proposed as the best configuration. In addition, the effect of various conditions of the inlet air temperature on the thermal characteristics of the best configuration is discussed. The proposed results could be considered to develop an air-duct system with enhanced efficiency for electric vehicles.

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14

Mohd Sakri, Fadhilah, and Nur Mawaddah Nora Sany. "Numerical Study of Heat Distribution of Triangular Cooling Ducts on Solar-Powered UAV Wing." Karya Journal of Aerospace and Avionics System 1, no. 1 (2025): 22–30. https://doi.org/10.37934/kjaas.1.1.2230.

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The performance of solar cells is significantly impacted by environmental factors, particularly temperature, which directly influences their voltage output. Higher temperatures lead to reduced voltage, thereby diminishing the efficiency of solar cells. This study investigates the thermal behavior of solar cells integrated into the wings of solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and proposes innovative cooling duct designs to enhance their efficiency. Using Clark Y airfoils, cooling duct models were designed and modeled in CATIA, followed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations conducted in ANSYS Fluent. The results indicate that the proposed cooling ducts reduce the average temperature of solar cells by 16.33% compared to a baseline design lacking cooling mechanisms. These findings provide a framework for optimizing solar-powered UAVs for both military and civilian applications by improving energy efficiency and operational reliability. This study also serves as a reference for advancing the design and thermal management strategies of solar-powered UAV systems.

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Akcayoglu, Azize, and Celal Nazli. "Thermal enhancement of triangular fins based on spanwise distance of vortex generators." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 13 (2016): 2554–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216636917.

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In this study, the influence of spanwise positions of vortex generators on the fin performance is determined numerically by considering global and local flow and heat transfer fields. The vortex generators are located on the inclined surfaces of equilateral triangular fins and the spanwise distances between them are altered as much as possible depending on the extents of the triangular duct. “RNG k-ɛ” turbulence model with “Enhanced wall treatment” option is determined as the best turbulence model to predict the flow fields inside the triangular fins with built-in vortex generators, for Reynolds number of 5000. It is found that the best performance is achieved when the spanwise distance between the common flow up and common flow down type vortex generator pairs and the triangular duct base are equal to 0.23 and 1.11 times the vortex generator length, respectively. The optimum spanwise distance between the vortex generators is determined as 0.88 times the vortex generator length. The determined values reinforced the secondary flow interactions including mixing of hot and cold fluids, generation of turbulence, swirling motion of vortices, and interaction of vortices with the main flow. The obtained results are useful in designing triangular heat exchangers with built-in delta-winglet type vortex generators.

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Kumar, Rajneesh, Anoop Kumar, and Varun Varun. "Computational fluid dynamics based study for analyzing heat transfer and friction factor in semi-circular rib-roughened equilateral triangular duct." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 27, no. 4 (2017): 941–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-10-2015-0438.

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Purpose The purpose of this computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based study on semicircular rib-roughened equilateral triangular duct is to investigate heat transfer, friction factor and thermohydraulic performance parameter. The analysis is carried out by simulating problem in ANSYS (Fluent). The Reynolds number in the study varies from 4,000 to 24,000. Nusselt number is calculated for different Reynolds number using various turbulent models available in ANSYS (Fluent) for a smooth duct and compared the results with the Dittus–Boelter correlation. Design/methodology/approach The analysis has been done by solving basic fluid governing equations (continuity, momentum and energy) by using finite volume method (FVM). The semicircular ribs were fabricated on the absorber plate. The constant amount of heat flux is applied on the absorber plate, whereas other two walls are made adiabatic. The semi-implicit method for pressure linked equations (SIMPLE) algorithm is used with pressure–velocity-coupled disretization to estimate the results. The selection of turbulent model has been done on the basis of Nusselt number prediction in the smooth duct. Findings The renormalization-group k − ε model predicts the Nusselt number more accurately as compared to standard k − ε model, standard k − ω model, shear stress transport (SST) k − ω and realizable k − ε model in the Reynolds number ranges from 4,000 to 24,000 with a ± 5.5% deviation from Dittus–Boelter equation for smooth duct. The maximum thermo-hydraulic performance is observed of the order of 1.7 for arrangement which has a relative roughness height of 0.067 and relative roughness pitch of 7.5 at higher Reynolds Number of 24,000. Originality/value Although, many experimental studies are available in the area of rib-roughened ducts, the present study is based on CFD analysis of semicircular rib-roughened equilateral triangular duct and the results are predicted in terms of Nusselt number, friction factor and thermohydraulic performance parameter. Moreover, the predicted result of Nusselt number and friction factor is validated by comparing with Dittus–Boelter correlation and modified Blasius equation, respectively. This advantage made Fluent a powerful tool for analyzing the internal fluid flow through roughened ducts.

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Fukui, Taro, Takeshi Chochi, Toru Maeda, et al. "Biliary Peritonitis Caused by Spontaneous Bile Duct Rupture in the Left Triangular Ligament of the Liver after Endoscopic Sphincterotomy for Choledocholithiasis." Case Reports in Gastroenterology 15, no. 1 (2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000510932.

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Spontaneous bile duct rupture is a rare condition in adults, with only 70 cases reported. Increased bile duct wall pressure may lead to rupture and biliary peritonitis. In this patient, the bile duct ruptured in the hepatic left triangular ligament. A 91-year-old man underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for choledocholithiasis and endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) placement. One week later, removal of the ERBD and common bile duct stones and an endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) were performed. Four days later, the patient had abdominal pain, increased inflammatory reaction, and jaundice. Abdominal computed tomography showed ascites, bile duct dilatation and fluid collection under the liver (10 cm in diameter). Emergency surgery was performed to drain the fluid. On laparotomy, encapsulated biliary ascites was seen. To search for the site of the leak, after cholecystectomy, a tube (C-tube) was inserted into the common bile duct via cystic duct stump. Because of uncontrollable bleeding, after packing with surgical gauze, the operation was temporarily stopped. The next day, reoperation was performed. Intraoperative cholangiography with contrast dye revealed the perforation site in the left triangular ligament and a partial resection was performed. Bile excretion from the C-tube was subsequently observed, but the patient’s jaundice did not improve. Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed that the EST site was normal, ERBD was placed again, and the jaundice gradually improved. Although EST was performed in this case, biliary peritonitis resulting from spontaneous bile duct rupture occurred. This case was very informative because biliary perforation may occur even after EST.

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Fathinia, Farshid, Amirhossein Heshmati, Mohammad Parsazadeh, Mazlan A. Wahid, and Mohsin M. Sies. "The Influence of Various Inlet Geometries on Mixed Convection Flow of Ethylene Glycol in a Backward Facing Step." Applied Mechanics and Materials 388 (August 2013): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.388.192.

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Numerical simulations of two dimensional laminar mixed convection flow over backward facing step with different inlet geometries in a duct is investigated by using finite volume method. The wall down downstream of the step is kept at a temperature of 330K and constant heat flux of 500W/m2, while the other walls that form the other side of the duct are thermally insulated. Ethylene glycol is used as working fluid and three types of barrier which are triangular, parallelogram and semicircle are carried out to compare with a simple entrance of backward facing step. The Reynolds number was in the range of 50Re200 and fluid temperature is 300K at the inlet of the channel. Parallelogram inlet has the highest average velocity in all sections and highest average Nusselt number over downstream. Also triangular inlet has the highest shear stress all over the downstream of the duct and cause to make a highest skin friction coefficient.

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Thikane, Swapnil, and Suresh Mashyal. "Thermal Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Rectangular Duct Provided with Different Configurations of Semi-Circular Ribs." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 1 (2025): 11954–64. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.22.1.2025.2.0919.

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Past research studies have explored the use of continuous ribs (with square or rectangular cross-sections) to improve the thermal efficiency of ducts or channels. Some researchers have also investigated the impact of different rib shapes, such as triangular, semi-circular, trapezoidal, and pentagonal, on thermal performance. However, there has been limited research focusing on how various semi-circular rib patterns influence the thermal behavior of rectangular ducts. This study investigates the effects of different semi-circular rib designs on the thermal efficiency and friction factor of a rectangular duct. Six distinct rib configurations, ranging from continuous to hybrid patterns, were applied to the bottom wall of the test section. The thermo-hydraulic performance (η) of the ribbed ducts was measured and compared to that of plain ducts. Experimental results revealed that the ratio of Nusselt numbers ranged from 1.44 to 2.57. The ratio of the friction factor ranged from 2.20 to 4.51. The thermal enhancement ratios for semi-circular rib designs ranged from 1.08 to 1.69, relative to a plain duct. The hybrid rib configuration surpassed all other rib designs, delivering the most significant improvement in thermal performance. This was primarily due to enhanced flow distribution and reduced thermal resistance. The superior performance of the hybrid ribs resulted from their innovative design, which combines ribs truncated at both ends with ribs truncated at the center, creating a unique hybrid rib arrangement. from the combined rib design. Across the specified range of Reynolds numbers, the hybrid rib duct demonstrated a thermal performance increase of 1.47 to 1.69 times compared to the plain duct.

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20

Karabulut, Koray. "Heat transfer and pressure drop evaluation of different triangular baffle placement angles in cross-corrugated triangular channels." Thermal Science 24, no. 1 Part A (2020): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190813466k.

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Plate heat exchangers have a widespread usage and the simplest parallel plate channel structures. Cross-corrugated ducts are basic channel geometries used in the plate heat exchangers. In this study, the increasing of heat transfer from the cross-corrugated triangular ducts by inserting triangular baffles with different placement angles into the channel upper side and pressure drop have been numerically investigated. Numerical calculations have been carried out to solve Navier-Stokes and energy equations by employing k-? turbulence model as 3-D and steady with ANSYS-FLUENT program. While inlet temperature of the air used as working fluid is 293 K, constant surface temperature values of the the lower corrugated channel walls are 373 K. The height of the baffle and apex angle of the corrugated duct have been taken constant as 0.5 H and 60?, respectively. Investigated Reynolds number range is 1000-6000 while the baffle placement angles are 30?, 45?, 60?, and 90?. Numerical results of this study are within 3.53% deviation with experimental study existed in literature. The obtained results have been presented as mean Nusselt number temperature and pressure variations of the fluid for each baffle angle. The temperature and velocity vector contour distributions have been also assessed for different Reynolds numbers and baffle angles. The value of the Num for the corrugated channel with 60? baffle angle is 8.2% higher than that of the 90? for the Re = 4000. Besides, for Re = 1000 the value of the pressure drop is 39% lower in the channel with 60? baffle angle than that of 90?.

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Hwang, J. J., and C. S. Cheng. "Augmented Heat Transfer in a Triangular Duct by Using Multiple Swirling Jets." Journal of Heat Transfer 121, no. 3 (1999): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826033.

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Measurements of detailed heat transfer coefficients on two principal walls of a triangular duct with a swirling flow are undertaken by using a transient liquid crystal technique. The vertex corners of the triangular duct are 45, 45, and 90 deg. The swirl-motioned airflow is induced by an array of tangential jets on the side entries. The effects of flow Reynolds number (8600 ≦ Re ≦ 21000) and the jet inlet angle (α = 75, 45, and 30 deg) are examined. Flow visualization by using smoke injection is conducted for better understanding the complicated flow phenomena in the swirling-flow channel. Results show that the heat transfer for α = 75 deg is enhanced mainly by the wall jets as well as the impinging jets; while the mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement for α = 45 and 30 deg could be characterized as the swirling-flow cooling. On the bottom wall, jets at α = 75 deg produce the best wall-averaged heat transfer due to the strongest wall-jet effect among the three angles (α) investigated. On the target wall, however, the heat transfer enhancements by swirling flow (α = 45 and 30 deg) are slightly higher than those by impinging jets (α = 75 deg). Correlations for wall-averaged Nusselt number for the bottom and target walls of the triangular duct are developed in terms of the flow Reynolds number for different jet inlet angles.

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Husain, E. A., and R. M. Feakins. "Simple bile duct cyst in the right triangular ligament." Histopathology 50, no. 6 (2007): 807–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02651.x.

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23

Wang, C. Y. "Slip flow in a triangular duct– an exact solution." ZAMM 83, no. 9 (2003): 629–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.200310057.

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Amin, Etminan, and Harun Zambri. "Numerical Simulation of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell with Rectangular and Triangular Cross-Section Area Channels." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 4 (2020): 282–88. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.C5686.049420.

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In the present study, the performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell is numerically simulated for two channels with rectangular and triangular cross-section areas. A series of simulations is carried out to investigate both the influence of the humidity and the temperature of the input gas as two effective parameters on the performance of a PEM, which change from 10% to 100% and 30°C to 60°C, respectively. Numerical results indicate that more moisturized input gas produces a higher output voltage for both geometries. Furthermore, the triangular duct generates a higher output voltage in comparison with the rectangular duct, particularly, in the case of the parallel flow. In addition, the temperature of the input gas remarkably enhances the output voltage of the PEM. A qualitative agreement is achieved by comparing the present results to existing experimental data.

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Choi, Hwi-Ung, and Kwang-Hwan Choi. "CFD Analysis on the Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow of Solar Air Heater having Transverse Triangular Block at the Bottom of Air Duct." Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051099.

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In this study, a two-dimensional CFD (computational fluid dynamics) analysis was performed to investigate the heat-transfer and fluid-friction characteristics in a solar air heater having a transverse triangular block at the bottom of the air duct. The Reynolds number, block height (e), pitch (P), and length (l) were chosen as design parameters. The results are validated by comparing the Nusselt number predicted by simulation with available experimental results. Renormalization-group (RNG) k - ε model with enhanced wall-treatment was selected as the most appropriate turbulence model. From the results, it was found that the presence of a transverse triangular block produces a higher Nusselt number than that of smooth air duct. The enhancement in Nusselt number varied from 1.19 to 3.37, according to the geometric conditions investigated. However, the use of transverse triangular block also results in significantly higher friction losses. The thermohydraulic performance (THPP) was also estimated and has a maximum value of 1.001 for height (e) of 20 mm, length (l) of 120 mm, and pitch (P) of 150 mm, at Reynolds number of 8000. Furthermore, in the present study, correlations of the Nusselt number and friction factor were developed as a function of geometrical conditions of the transverse triangular block and Reynolds number, which can be used to predict the value of Nusselt number and friction factor with the absolute percentage deviations of 3.29% and 7.92%, respectively.

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26

Saeed, Farooq, Taher Maatallah, Ahlem Houcine, Arshad Jamal, and Sajid Ali. "Novel Cooling Strategy for a Hybrid Photovoltaic/Parabolic Dish Concentrator." Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (2023): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14010168.

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In this paper, the thermo-optical performance using novel cooling strategy improvements for a hybrid photovoltaic/parabolic dish concentrator with a conical thermal receiver using a beam splitter filter (PV/PDC-CTR-BSF) is investigated. The study’s main goal is to improve the cooling effectiveness of the serpentine-shaped cooling duct by investigating the effect of the cross-section shape and positioning of the cooling duct under the PV panel. Typical cooling pipes have either a rectangular or circular cross-section and are usually attached to the back sheet of the PV panel using off-the-shelf adhesives that have very low thermal conductivity. With the advent of 3D printing technology, the back sheets could be 3D-printed with integral cooling ducts of different cross-sections at different locations and orientations within the back sheet that allow for increased heat transfer from the back sheet and thus improve PV/PDC-CTR-BSF’s thermos-optical performance. For this purpose, the study investigates and compares the thermal performance of four different cooling duct cross-sections that include: rectangular, semi-circular, semi-elliptical and triangular. For each of the cooling duct cross-sections, several positions and orientations, which include flush below the back sheet layer and embedded inside the back sheet but positioned at the bottom, middle and top of the back sheet, are examined. Numerical simulations using the commercial software ANSYS FLUENT(R2019) are performed to assess the performance of the cooling ducts and, in turn, the thermo-optical performance of the PV/PDC-CTR-BSF system. The semi-elliptical cross-section duct embedded in the middle of the back sheet was found to yield the best cooling performance since its rate of heat removal from the PV back sheet was found to be the highest.

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Lopez de Bertodano, M., R. T. Lahey, and O. C. Jones. "Turbulent bubbly two-phase flow data in a triangular duct." Nuclear Engineering and Design 146, no. 1-3 (1994): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(94)90319-0.

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28

Wang, C. Y. "H2 Forced Convection for Slip Flow in an Equilateral Triangular Duct." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 28, no. 1 (2014): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.t4180.

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29

Ahn, Soo Whan, and Kang Pil Son. "HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP IN THE ROUGHENED EQUILATERAL TRIANGULAR DUCT." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 29, no. 4 (2002): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1933(02)00345-7.

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30

Hurst, K. S., and C. W. Rapley. "Turbulent flow measurements in a 30/60 degree right triangular duct." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 34, no. 3 (1991): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(91)90121-t.

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31

Georgiou, Georgios C., and George Kaoullas. "Newtonian flow in a triangular duct with slip at the wall." Meccanica 48, no. 10 (2013): 2577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11012-013-9787-7.

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32

Golam, Ali Shokor. "Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Features in a Square Duct with Internal Ribs." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 6, no. 3 (2018): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol6.iss3.104.

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In this work, experimental investigation and numerical prediction were completed to study the heat transfer for disturbed flow in square passage heated from upper and lower aspect through the use of technology to heighten the heat transfer action by the use of different ribs shapes (semicircle, triangular and square) with the same surface area and height, distributed on the superior and inferior aspect of the heated channel. The experimental part included designing and manufacturing test apparatus and run the tests through operational parameters (Reynolds number 10460-40500) and heat flux (138-6888) W/m^2. While the design parameters included different ribs shapes (circular, triangular and square). Numerical investigation was done by using ANSYS FLUENT14.0 program, depending on Navier–Stokes equations, application of turbulence model k-ε and energy equation for the air were implemented for the same experimental conditions for all ribs type. In conclusion, the additions of ribs make noticeable enhance of the heat transfer compared to without ribs. Square ribs provide the best enhancement in heat transfer by (28.22-58.23) % compared to without ribs. Then comes the triangular and circular ribs that provide enhancement by (20.14-45.62) (10.87-28.13) % respectively. In addition to that, arrange the ribs in staggered pattern on the upper and lower aspect give the best heat transfer.

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33

Zhang, Li-Zhi. "Turbulent Three-Dimensional Air Flow and Heat Transfer in a Cross-Corrugated Triangular Duct." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 10 (2005): 1151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2035110.

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Turbulent complex three-dimensional air flow and heat transfer inside a cross-corrugated triangular duct is numerically investigated. Four turbulence models, the standard k‐ε (SKE), the renormalized group k‐ε, the low Reynolds k‐ω (LKW), and the Reynolds stress models (RSM) are selected, with nonequilibrium wall functions approach (if applicable). The periodic mean values of the friction factor and the wall Nusselt numbers in the hydro and thermally developing entrance region are studied, with the determination of the distribution of time-averaged temperature and velocity profiles in the complex topology. The results are compared with the available experimental Nusselt numbers for cross-corrugated membrane modules. Among the various turbulence models, generally speaking, the RSM model gives the best prediction for 2000⩽Re⩽20,000. However, for 2000⩽Re⩽6000, the LKW model agrees the best with experimental data, while for 6000<Re⩽20,000, the SKE predicts the best. Two correlations are proposed to predict the fully developed periodic mean values of Nusselt numbers and friction factors for Reynolds numbers ranging from 2000 to 20,000. The results are that compared to parallel flat plates, the corrugated ducts could enhance heat transfer by 40 to 60%, but with a 2 times more pressure drop penalty. The velocity, temperature, and turbulence fields in the flow passages are investigated to give some insight into the mechanisms for heat transfer enhancement.

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Tayeb, Naas Toufik, and Chati Tounsi. "Fully Developed Laminar Flow of Heat Transfer Non-Newtonian Flow in Ducts with Arbitrary Cross-Sectional Shape." All Sciences Abstracts 1, no. 2 (2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.59287/as-abstracts.1214.

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The pressure drop and heat transfer properties of a laminar flow with circular, square, and triangular cross sections and a constant heat flux boundary condition are given by a numerical solution. A 3D Navier-Stokes incompressible flow and energy equation serves as the foundation for the numerical model. Results are tabulated and given visually for the velocity field, Poiseuille number, and Nusselt number product for various power-law indices (0.5 n 1.0). One of the analyzed ducts causes a greater heat transfer intensification along with a significant pressure loss. A different type of duct allows for a better balance between pressure loss and heat transfer. In order to verify the accuracy of the numerical codes created in the current study, critical comparisons with earlier findings in the literature are also carried out.

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35

Obot, N. T., and K. Adu-Wusu. "The Flow Pattern in a Scalene Triangular Duct Having Two Rounded Corners." Journal of Fluids Engineering 107, no. 4 (1985): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3242510.

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Experiments were carried out to determine the pressure drop characteristics and mean velocity distributions in a scalene triangualr duct having two rounded corners. The present data for friction factor are adequately represented by the circular pipe line for laminar flow, but fall below the latter for turbulent flow. The mean flow field is highly asymmetric, the degree of asymmetry being more accentuated along lines parallel to the altitude than parallel to the base.

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Kumar, Sunil, Rajneesh Kumar, Varun Goel, Suvanjan Bhattacharyya, and Alibek Issakhov. "Exergetic performance estimation for roughened triangular duct used in solar air heaters." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 145, no. 3 (2021): 1661–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10852-w.

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37

H. Ali, Ahmed, and Tahseen A. Al-Hattab. "Experimental Study of Transient Forced Convection Heat Transfer Nanofluid in Triangular Duct." International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 03, no. 08 (2014): 15703–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15680/ijirset.2014.0308085.

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Dutta, S., J. C. Han, and C. P. Lee. "Experimental Heat Transfer in a Rotating Triangular Duct: Effect of Model Orientation." Journal of Heat Transfer 117, no. 4 (1995): 1058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2836282.

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39

Ahmed, Hamdi E., M. I. Ahmed, and M. Z. Yusoff. "Heat transfer enhancement in a triangular duct using compound nanofluids and turbulators." Applied Thermal Engineering 91 (December 2015): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.07.061.

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40

Obot, N. T. "Heat transfer in a smooth scalene triangular duct with two rounded corners." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 12, no. 3 (1985): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(85)90048-x.

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41

Obot, N. T., E. B. Esen, and K. Adu-Wusu. "Pressure drop for rib-roughened scalene triangular duct having two rounded corners." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 14, no. 1 (1987): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(87)90004-2.

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42

Abdukarimov, Bekzod Abobakirovich, and Abdumalig Abduvahob ugli Xoliqov. "DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW TYPE OF TRIANGULAR AIR DUCT SOLAR AIR HEATER." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH 1, no. 1 (2021): 489–94. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4719050.

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<em>In this article, the urgency of use of renewable energy sources is also established to use solar energy to the environmental situation. In addition, the theoretical analysis of the widespread and applicable forms of sunbathers is now and the main types of operation, practical principles and their advantages and shortcomings provide. Also, on the basis of an analyzes, the new type of sun fiber is proposed.</em>

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43

Yeoikar, Renu Y., S. Y. Bhosale, and H. N. Deshpande. "Numerical and Experimental investigation of heat transfer of triangular ribs in divergent duct." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RECENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & RESEARCH 05, no. 08 (2019): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23883/ijrter.2019.5073.iwmp4.

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44

Braga, S. L., and F. E. M. Saboya. "Turbulent heat transfer and pressure drop in an internally finned equilateral triangular duct." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 12, no. 1 (1996): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0894-1777(95)00069-0.

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45

Mahdi, Sabah, and Suhad Rasheed. "Experimental Study Convection Heat Transfer Inside the Triangular Duct Filled with Porous Media." Engineering and Technology Journal 41, no. 1 (2022): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.2022.136144.1297.

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46

Naris, Steryios, and Dimitris Valougeorgis. "Rarefied gas flow in a triangular duct based on a boundary fitted lattice." European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids 27, no. 6 (2008): 810–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2008.01.002.

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47

Bashi, M., S. Rashidi, and J. A. Esfahani. "Exergy analysis for a plate-fin triangular duct enhanced by a porous material." Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (January 2017): 1448–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.068.

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48

Ahmed, Hamdi E., M. Z. Yusoff, M. N. A. Hawlader, M. I. Ahmed, B. H. Salman, and A. Sh Kerbeet. "Turbulent heat transfer and nanofluid flow in a triangular duct with vortex generators." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (February 2017): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.10.009.

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49

Althaher, M. A., A. A. Abdul-Rassol, H. E. Ahmed, and H. A. Mohammed. "Turbulent heat transfer enhancement in a triangular duct using delta-winglet vortex generators." Heat Transfer-Asian Research 41, no. 1 (2011): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/htj.20382.

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E. A. Zangana, Hamdi. "EFFECT OF VORTEX GENERATORS ON A FRICTION FACTOR IN AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGULAR DUCT." Anbar Journal of Engineering Sciences 1, no. 2 (2008): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37649/aengs.2008.14218.

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