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Journal articles on the topic 'Triathlons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Lenherr, Reto, Beat Knechtle, Christoph Rüst, Thomas Rosemann, and Romuald Lepers. "From Double Iron to Double Deca Iron Ultra-Triathlon - A Retrospective Data Analysis from 1985 to 2011." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 54, no. 1 (2012): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-012-0013-4.

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From Double Iron to Double Deca Iron Ultra-Triathlon - A Retrospective Data Analysis from 1985 to 2011Participation in ultra-endurance performance is of increasing popularity. We analyzed the historic development of the ultra-triathlon scene from 1985 to 2011 focusing on a) worldwide distribution of competition, b) participation, c) gender, and d) athlete nationality. We examined the participation trends of 3,579 athletes, involving 3,297 men (92.1%) and 300 women (7.9%), using linear regression analyses. Between 1985 and 2011, a total of 96 Double Iron ultra-triathlons (7.6km swimming, 360km

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2

Knechtle, Beat, Caio Victor de Sousa, Herbert Gustavo Simões, Thomas Rosemann, and Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis. "Effects of the Performance Level and Race Distance on Pacing in Ultra-Triathlons." Journal of Human Kinetics 67, no. 1 (2019): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0079.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of the performance level and race distance on pacing in ultra-triathlons (Double, Triple, Quintuple and Deca), wherein pacing is defined as the relative time (%) spent in each discipline (swimming, cycling and running). All finishers (n = 3,622) of Double, Triple, Quintuple and Deca Iron ultra-triathlons between 1985 and 2016 were analysed and classified into quartile groups (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4) with Q1 being the fastest and Q4 the slowest. Performance of all non-finishers (n = 1,000) during the same period was also examined. Triple and Q

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3

Hue, Olivier, Olivier Galy, and Daniel Le Gallais. "Exercise intensity during repeated days of racing in professional triathletes." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 3 (2006): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-035.

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The purpose of this study was to estimate the exercise intensity from the competition heart rate (HR) of professional triathletes during a multi-triathlon race. Five internationally ranked professional triathletes completed incremental cycling and running tests to assess the first and second ventilatory thresholds (i.e., VT and RCT) and the HR at VT and RCT. HR was then monitored during a 5 d multi-triathlon race: a prologue time trial (PTT, 0.2 km swim - 5 km cycle - 1.2 km run) that opened the race; short-distance triathlons (SHD; 1.3 km swim - 36 km cycle - 8.4 km run) performed on the 2nd

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4

Teległów, Aneta, Jakub Marchewka, Łukasz Tota, et al. "Changes in the Morphological, Rheological, and Biochemical Blood Indicators in Triathletes." Folia Biologica 68, no. 3 (2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/fb_68-3.13.

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The aim of this study was to assess how the influence of intense physical effort changes the morphological, rheological, and biochemical blood indicators in triathletes. The study group comprised 10 triathletes aged 30-45 years, members of the Active Side of Life Association (Kraków, Poland). Venous blood was collected from the study participants twice, before and after the DiablakBeskid Extreme Triathlon 2016 (the Carpathians, Poland), and once from the control group for analysis of the selected blood indicators. Statistically significant changes were observed in the study group before and af

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5

Hendy, Helen M., and Bonnie J. Boyer. "Specificity in the Relationship between Training and Performance in Triathlons." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 3_suppl (1995): 1231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1231.

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The present study examines whether swim, cycle, and run performance during a triathlon are predicted best by training in the same sport, as suggested by the theory of specificity for the relationship between sport training and performance. Using behavioral measures of training (pace, mileage, workouts), multiple regression analyses of questionnaire responses from 624 triathletes (443 men, 181 women) showed pace of training in the same sport to be the best predictor of swim and run performance for both sprint and endurance triathlons. No clear patterns were seen for cycle performance. Thus, spe

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6

Millour, Geoffrey, Loic Janson, Sebastien Duc, Frederic Puel, and William Bertucci. "Effect of cycling shoe cleat position on biomechanical and physiological responses during cycling and subsequent running parts of a simulated Sprint triathlon: a pilot study." Journal of Science and Cycling 9, no. 1 (2020): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/0620.jsc.02.

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Proper cleat adjustment improves cycling performance and prevents knee injuries. Recommendations have included positioning the first metatarsal head above the pedal spindle or slightly forward, but mid-foot cleat positions could be more appropriate in triathlons at constant load for their impact on the subsequent running performance. We evaluated the impact of antero-posterior cleat position on biomechanical and physiological variables during the cycling and running parts of a simulated Sprint triathlon. Seven participants performed two 32-min cycling tests including 8 sets of 3 min 30 s inter

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7

O??TOOLE, MARY L. "Training for ultraendurance triathlons." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 21, Supplement (1989): S214???S218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198910001-00015.

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8

Wainer, Howard, and Richard D. De Veaux. "Resizing Triathlons for Fairness." CHANCE 7, no. 1 (1994): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09332480.1994.10542407.

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9

Wainer, Howard, and Richard D. De Veaux. "RESIZING TRIATHLONS FOR FAIRNESS." ETS Research Report Series 1994, no. 1 (1994): i—12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1994.tb01588.x.

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10

McMurray, Robert, David K. Williams, and Claudio L. Battaglini. "The Timing of Fluid Intake during an Olympic Distance Triathlon." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 16, no. 6 (2006): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.16.6.611.

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Seven highly trained male triathletes, aged 18 to 35 years, were tested during two simulated Olympic distance triathlons to determine whether run performance was enhanced when consuming 177 ml of water at 8, 16, 24, and 32 kilometers (Early Trials) compared to consumption at 10, 20, 30, and 40 kilometers (Late Trials), during the cycling segment of the triathlon. Swim times for 1500 m were similar between trials; 40-km cycling times were ~10 s faster during the Late trials; however, 10-km run times were faster during the Early Trials (P < 0.02). No significant differences between run trials

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11

Farkas, Gary M. "Exposure and Response Prevention in the Treatment of an Okeanophobic Triathlete." Sport Psychologist 3, no. 3 (1989): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.3.3.189.

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An in vivo exposure and response prevention procedure consisting of seven treatment and generalization sessions was used to aid a 50-year-old woman with a lifelong fear and avoidance of swimming in the ocean. Subsequent to treatment, the subject, already a competent pool swimmer and an accomplished athlete, swam in the ocean, reduced her swim time by over 50%, and placed second in her age group while competing in a major triathlon. A 1-year follow-up indicated that she was still swimming in the ocean and participating in triathlons. The athlete/sport psychologist relationship is discussed in r

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12

Margaritis, Irène. "Facteurs Limitants de la Performance en Triathlon." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 21, no. 1 (1996): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h96-001.

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Triathlon is a multievent sport (swimming, cycling, running). Long duration triathlons can induce physiological stress that can be modulated by environmental conditions. Certain factors promote performance, others limit it. A minimal level of maximal oxygen uptake is required, but it does not always determine the performance. For triathletes, the low hematocrit values do not reflect anemia and therefore do not limit performance. The appearance of clinical signs of dehydratation and of digestive impairment may limit performance. The performance in swimming does not play the most important role

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13

DOUGLAS, W., and B. HILLER. "Dehydration and hyponatremia during triathlons." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 21, Supplement (1989): S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198910001-00017.

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14

LAIRD, ROBERT H. "Medical care at ultraendurance triathlons." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 21, Supplement (1989): S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198910001-00018.

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15

Dolinar, Joanne. "Triathlons—Not Just for Ironmen." Physician and Sportsmedicine 18, no. 10 (1990): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1990.11710161.

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16

Hiller, W. Douglas B., Mary L. O'Toole, Eric E. Fortess, Robert H. Laird, Peter C. Imbert, and T. David Sisk. "Medical and physiological considerations in triathlons." American Journal of Sports Medicine 15, no. 2 (1987): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354658701500212.

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17

Whyte, G. P., K. George, P. Gates, et al. "CARDIAC FATIGUE FOLLOWING ULTRA - ENDURANCE TRIATHLONS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (1999): S393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-02016.

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18

Brown, Candace. "THE INTERSECT OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, MOTIVATION, AND BLACK WOMEN TRIATHLETES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2192.

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Abstract Social determinants of health are often adjacent to negative impacts on physical health due to the association of a sedentary lifestyle. Yet, knowledge is limited regarding how motivation to exercise, through sport, may relate to social determinants. This study aimed to understand the intersect of social determinants of Black women who exercise, by participating in triathlons, using the novel Motivations for Triathletes Interview Guide (MOTIG). The Organismic Integration Theory guided an assessment of social determinants among (N = 12) Black women from nine scales within the MOTIG. Th

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19

JANCIN, BRUCE. "More Sudden Deaths in Triathlons Than Marathons." Internal Medicine News 42, no. 10 (2009): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(09)70351-8.

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20

de Milander, L., M. Kun, A. September, M. Schwellnus, T. Noakes, and M. Collins. "AVPR2 Gene and Weight Changes During Triathlons." International Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 01 (2011): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1285865.

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21

McGawley, Kerry, Oliver Shannon, and James Betts. "Ingesting a high-dose carbohydrate solution during the cycle section of a simulated Olympic-distance triathlon improves subsequent run performance." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 37, no. 4 (2012): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h2012-040.

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The well-established ergogenic benefit of ingesting carbohydrates during single-discipline endurance sports has only been tested once within an Olympic-distance (OD) triathlon. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of ingesting a 2:1 maltodextrin/fructose solution with a placebo on simulated OD triathlon performance. Six male and 4 female amateur triathletes (age, 25 ± 7 years; body mass, 66.8 ± 9.2 kg; peak oxygen uptake, 4.2 ± 0.6 L·min–1) completed a 1500-m swim time-trial and an incremental cycle test to determine peak oxygen uptake before performing 2 simulated OD triathl

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22

Knechtle, Beat, Tiago M. Barbosa, and Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis. "The age-related changes and sex difference in master swimming performance." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 104 (2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019020.

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Master athletes have been widely used to examine the age-induced decline of human performance. However, so far very limited reviews are available consolidating the age-related differences in master swimming performance. The aim of the present review was to summarize existing knowledge about the age-related changes in three modalities of swimming performance (i.e., pool-swimming, open-water swimming and swim split in triathlons of different distances). In addition, the paradigm of freestyle swimming records from 50 to 1500 m was used to examine age-related differences and sex difference in perf

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23

Harris, Kevin M., Lawrence Creswell, Taylor Thomas, et al. "FATALITIES IN UNITED STATES TRIATHLONS: AN EXPANDED PROFILE." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 67, no. 13 (2016): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(16)31633-3.

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24

Furst, David M., Thomas Ferr, and Nancy Megginson. "Motivation of Disabled Athletes to Participate in Triathlons." Psychological Reports 72, no. 2 (1993): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.2.403.

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25 competitors in the Fifth National Triathlon for the Physically Challenged responded to a questionnaire regarding their previous and current exercise and participation in sports. Analysis showed that the majority had been active before the onset of disability and that the encouragement and motivation provided by other physically disabled individuals was the consistent factor in their own initial rehabilitation and subsequent participation in sports.

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25

Evans, Stuart A., Daniel A. James, David Rowlands, and James B. Lee. "The Effect of Cleat Position on Running Using Acceleration-Derived Data in the Context of Triathlons." Sensors 21, no. 17 (2021): 5899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175899.

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Appropriate cycling cleat adjustment could improve triathlon performance in both cycling and running. Prior recommendations regarding cleat adjustment have comprised aligning the first metatarsal head above the pedal spindle or somewhat forward. However, contemporary research has questioned this approach in triathlons due to the need to run immediately after cycling. Subsequently, moving the pedal cleat posteriorly could be more appropriate. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a triaxial accelerometer to determine acceleration magnitudes of the trunk in outdoor cycling in two different b

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26

Potgieter, Sunita, Hattie H. Wright, and Carine Smith. "Caffeine Improves Triathlon Performance: A Field Study in Males and Females." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 28, no. 3 (2018): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0165.

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The ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance exercise is commonly accepted. We aimed to elucidate realistically the effect of caffeine on triathlon event performance using a field study design, while allowing investigation into potential mechanisms at play. A double-blind, randomized, crossover field trial was conducted. Twenty-six triathletes (14 males and 12 females; mean ± SD: age = 37.8 ± 10.6 years, habitual caffeine intake = 413 ± 505 mg/day, percentage body fat = 14.5 ± 7.2%, and training/week = 12.8 ± 4.5 hr) participated in this study. Microencapsulated caffeine (6 mg/kg body weight)

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27

Askin, Debbie Fraser. "An Invitation to Push Yourself." Neonatal Network 27, no. 2 (2008): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.27.2.73.

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RUNNING A MARATHON IS ALL ABOUT PUSHING THE human body farther than its meant to go: Beyond the point where glycogen is available, beyond the point where muscles cease complaining and just plain cramp up. Doing a Google search on “pushing yourself” yields all kinds of references to running, training, triathlons, just about any type of physical training imaginable.

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28

Ho, Reginald T., and Karen Glanz. "Sudden Death During Triathlons: The Heart of the Swim." Annals of Internal Medicine 167, no. 8 (2017): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/m17-2031.

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29

Saunders, Colleen J., Liesl de Milander, Tamara Hew-Butler, et al. "Dipsogenic genes associated with weight changes during Ironman Triathlons." Human Molecular Genetics 15, no. 20 (2006): 2980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddl240.

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30

Seifarth, Sebastian, Pavel Dietz, Alexander C. Disch, Martin Engelhardt, and Stefan Zwingenberger. "The Prevalence of Legal Performance-Enhancing Substance Use and Potential Cognitive and or Physical Doping in German Recreational Triathletes, Assessed via the Randomised Response Technique." Sports 7, no. 12 (2019): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7120241.

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This study investigated the use of performance-enhancing substances in recreational triathletes who were competing in German races at distances ranging from super-sprint to long-distance, as per the International Triathlon Union. The use of legal drugs and over-the-counter supplements over the previous year, painkillers over the previous 3 months, and the potential three-month prevalence of physical doping and or cognitive doping in this group were assessed via an anonymous questionnaire. The Randomised Response Technique (RRT) was implemented for sensitive questions regarding “prescription dr

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31

de Milander, Liesl, Dan J. Stein, and Malcolm Collins. "The interleukin-6, serotonin transporter, and monoamine oxidase A genes and endurance performance during the South African Ironman Triathlon." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 34, no. 5 (2009): 858–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-083.

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Previous studies have identified an association of genetic variants believed to alter physiological and biochemical processes locally within the skeletal muscle and therefore performance in the Ironman triathlon. There is growing evidence that the serotonergic system and circulating interleukin (IL)-6 levels are also involved in mediating endurance capacity. Investigators have demonstrated that recombinant human IL-6 administration and serotonergic neurotransmission manipulation, with 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT) and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitors, prior to exercise, can alt

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32

Hausswirth, Christophe, and Didier Leh??naff. "Physiological Demands of Running During Long Distance Runs and Triathlons." Sports Medicine 31, no. 9 (2001): 679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131090-00004.

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33

Aoyagi, Atsushi, Keisuke Ishikura, and Yoshiharu Nabekura. "Exercise Intensity during Olympic-Distance Triathlon in Well-Trained Age-Group Athletes: An Observational Study." Sports 9, no. 2 (2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9020018.

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The aim of this study was to examine the exercise intensity during the swimming, cycling, and running legs of nondraft legal, Olympic-distance triathlons in well-trained, age-group triathletes. Seventeen male triathletes completed incremental swimming, cycling, and running tests to exhaustion. Heart rate (HR) and workload corresponding to aerobic and anaerobic thresholds, maximal workloads, and maximal HR (HRmax) in each exercise mode were analyzed. HR and workload were monitored throughout the race. The intensity distributions in three HR zones for each discipline and five workload zones in c

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34

Medema, G. J., I. A. van Asperen, J. M. Klokman-Houweling, A. Nooitgedagt, M. J. W. van de Laar, and A. H. Havelaar. "The relationship between health effects in triathletes and microbiological quality of freshwater." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 5-6 (1995): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0549.

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This pilot study was carried out to determine the relationship between microbiological water quality parameters and the occurrence of health complaints among triathletes. Data were collected at an Olympic distance triathlon (n=314) and a run-bike-run (n=81; controls for exposure to fresh water). At the time of the triathlon, the concentrations of Escherichia coli , thermotolerant coliforms, faecal streptococci, entero- and reoviruses, F-specific RNA phages, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were examined over the sw

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35

Hill, Eddie, Tamara Morgan, and Brittany Hooper. "Hosting Triathlons on a College Campus: Perceived Health Outcomes and Satisfaction." Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership 10, no. 3 (2018): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2018-v10-i3-9045.

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36

McIntosh, Taylor, Eddie Hill, and Tamara Morgan. "Hosting Triathlons on a College Campus: Perceived Health Outcomes and Values." Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership 11, no. 3 (2019): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2019-v11-i3-9918.

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37

Knechtle, B., P. Knechtle, and R. Lepers. "Participation and performance trends in ultra-triathlons from 1985 to 2009." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 21, no. 6 (2010): e82-e90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01160.x.

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38

Domingo, R., E. Sturrock, and M. Collins. "ACE Activity and Endurance Performance during the South African Ironman Triathlons." International Journal of Sports Medicine 34, no. 05 (2012): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1323820.

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39

Olcina, Guillermo, Miguel Perez-Sousa, Juan Escobar-Alvarez, and Rafael Timón. "Effects of Cycling on Subsequent Running Performance, Stride Length, and Muscle Oxygen Saturation in Triathletes." Sports 7, no. 5 (2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7050115.

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Running performance is a determinant factor for victory in Sprint and Olympic distance triathlon. Previous cycling may impair running performance in triathlons, so brick training becomes an important part of training. Wearable technology that is used by triathletes can offer several metrics for optimising training in real-time. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of previous cycling on subsequent running performance in a field test, while using kinematics metrics and SmO2 provided by wearable devices that are potentially used by triathletes. Ten trained triathletes participated in

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40

Villavicencio, Alan T., Theresa D. Hernández, Sigita Burneikiene, and Jeff Thramann. "Neck pain in multisport athletes." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 7, no. 4 (2007): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi-07/10/408.

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Object The sport of triathlon is very physically demanding and has experienced rapid growth in recent years. The number of triathletes seen for spine disorders at neurosurgery clinics is increasing. Neck pain and overuse injuries have not been adequately studied in multisport athletes. The authors undertook an epidemiological study to establish the lifetime incidence of neck pain and the prevalence of possible discogenic pain, and to identify risk factors among triathletes in the Boulder, Colorado area. Methods An online questionnaire was developed to collect information about physical charact

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41

Smyth, Barry. "Recommender Systems: A Healthy Obsession." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 9790–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019790.

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We propose endurance sports as a rich and novel domain for recommender systems and machine learning research. As sports like marathon running, triathlons, and mountain biking become more and more popular among recreational athletes, there exists a growing opportunity to develop solutions to a number of interesting prediction, classification, and recommendation challenges, to better support the complex training and competition needs of athletes. Such solutions have the potential to improve the health and well-being of large populations of users, by promoting and optimising exercise as part of a

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42

Turris, Sheila A., Adam Lund, Ron R. Bowles, Michael Camporese, and Tom Green. "Patient Presentations and Medical Logistics at Full and Half Ironman Distance Triathlons." Current Sports Medicine Reports 16, no. 3 (2017): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000367.

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43

COLLINS, MALCOLM, STAVROULLA L. XENOPHONTOS, MARIOS A. CARIOLOU, et al. "The ACE Gene and Endurance Performance during the South African Ironman Triathlons." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, no. 8 (2004): 1314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000135779.41475.42.

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44

Maxcy, Joel, Pamela Wicker, and Joachim Prinz. "Happiness as a Reward for Torture: Is Participation in a Long-Distance Triathlon a Rational Choice?" Journal of Sports Economics 20, no. 2 (2018): 177–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002518758144.

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This study applies prospect theory to an assessment of actual behavior. Loss aversion, reference dependence, and diminishing sensitivity are conceptualized through survey respondents’ perceptions of physical and mental torture during training for and competition in long-distance triathlons. Regression results show that frequent thoughts of giving up during the race negatively affect happiness after the race, while mental torture during training and race is negatively associated with happiness in the weeks after the race. Satisfaction with race outcome positively affects happiness, suggesting t

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45

O'Connell, Kevin, Michael Posthumus, and Malcolm Collins. "Collagen gene interactions and endurance running performance." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 1 (2014): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2014/v26i1a404.

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Background. Although variants within genes that encode protein components of several biological systems have been associated with athletic performance, limited studies have investigated the collagen genes that encode the structural components of connective tissues.Objective. To investigate the association of variants within collagen genes with endurance performance in South African (SA) Ironman triathletes.Methods. A total of 661 white, male participants were recruited from four SA Ironman triathlon events for this genetic case-control association study. All participants were genotyped for COL

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46

Knechtle, B., J. L. Andonie, O. Fraire Salas, P. Knechtle, and G. Kohler. "Der Einfluss von zehn aufeinander folgenden Langdistanz-Triathlons auf Körperfett und Muskelmasse – World Challenge Deca Iron 2006." Praxis 97, no. 16 (2008): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157.97.16.885.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit haben wir die Veränderung der Körpermasse bei 8 erfolgreichen Ultratriathleten bei einem Mehretappen-Triathlon untersucht. Während 10 aufeinander folgenden Tagen haben die Athleten je einen Langdistanz-Triathlon über die Ironman-Distanz von 3.8 km Schwimmen, 180 km Radfahren und 42.2 km Laufen absolviert. Vor und nach dem Rennen wurden Körpergewicht, Hautfaltendicke und Umfänge der Extremitäten gemessen, um daraus die Skelettmuskelmasse sowie den prozentualen Anteil an Körperfett zu berechnen. Gleichzeitig wurde mit einer bioelektrischen Impedanzanalyse (BIA) die fet

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Villavicencio, Alan T., Sigita Burneikienë, Theresa D. Hernández, and Jeff Thramann. "Back and neck pain in triathletes." Neurosurgical Focus 21, no. 4 (2006): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2006.21.4.8.

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Abstract:

Object As the sport of triathlon has continued to grow, increasing numbers of triathletes have presented in the neurosurgery clinics with various spinal disorders. This epidemiological study was undertaken to establish the lifetime incidence of neck and back pain, to gauge the prevalence of discogenic pain, and to identify risk factors among triathletes in the Boulder, Colorado, area. Methods A live online questionnaire was developed that was used to collect information about physical characteristics, training habits, athletic status, number of races completed, and back pain among triathletes.

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Saunders, C. J., A. V. September, S. L. Xenophontos, et al. "No Association of the ACTN3 Gene R577X Polymorphism with Endurance Performance in Ironman Triathlons." Annals of Human Genetics 71, no. 6 (2007): 777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00385.x.

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Medema, G. J., I. A. van Asperen, and A. H. Havelaar. "Assessment of the exposure of swimmers to microbiological contaminants in fresh waters." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (1997): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0727.

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As part of a prospective cohort study among triathletes to determine a relationship between the microbiological quality of fresh bathing water and the risk of acquiring an intestinal infection, the exposure of the triathletes to microbiological contaminants was assessed. Waters were collected at seven triathlons (swimming course 1–1.5km) held in the summer of 1993 and 1994 to have a range of water qualities. All were influenced by sewage effluents, most also by agricultural run-off. Samples were collected several weeks before the event to establish a sampling programme (1993) and during the ac

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Sousa, Caio Victor, Rinaldo Wellerson Pereira, Thomas Rosemann, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, and Beat Knechtle. "Self-Selected Pacing During a World Record Attempt in 40 Ironman-Distance Triathlons in 40 Days." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (2020): 2390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072390.

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The present case study analyzed performance, pacing, and potential predictors in a self-paced world record attempt of a professional triathlete to finish 40 Ironman-distance triathlons within 40 days. Split times (i.e., swimming, cycling, running) and overall times, body weight, daily highest temperature, wind speed, energy expenditure, mean heart rate, and sleeping time were recorded. Non-linear regressions were applied to investigate changes in split and overall times across days. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to test which variables showed the greatest influence on the dep

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