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Journal articles on the topic 'Trichloramine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Schmalz, C., H. G. Wunderlich, R. Heinze, F. H. Frimmel, C. Zwiener, and T. Grummt. "Application of an optimized system for the well-defined exposure of human lung cells to trichloramine and indoor pool air." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 3 (May 11, 2011): 586–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.144.

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In this study an in vitro exposure test to investigate toxicological effects of the volatile disinfection by-product trichloramine and of real indoor pool air was established. For this purpose a set-up to generate a well-defined, clean gas stream of trichloramine was combined with biotests. Human alveolar epithelial lung cells of the cell line A-549 were exposed in a CULTEX® device with trichloramine concentrations between 0.1 and 40 mg/m3 for 1 h. As toxicological endpoints the cell viability and the inflammatory response by the cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 were investigated. A decreasing cell viability could be observed with increasing trichloramine concentration. An increase of IL-8 release could be determined at trichloramine concentrations higher than 10 mg/m3 and an increase of IL-6 release at concentrations of 20 mg/m3. Investigations of indoor swimming pool air showed similar inflammatory effects to the lung cells although the air concentrations of trichloramine of 0.17 and 0.19 mg/m3 were much lower compared with the laboratory experiments with trichloramine as the only contaminant. Therefore it is assumed that a mixture of trichloramine and other disinfection by-products in the air of indoor pool settings contribute to that effect.

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2

Rubina, Aleš, Petr Blasinski, and Lukáš Frič. "Design Issues of the Airconditioning Systems in the Spaces of Swimming Pool Halls." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.333.

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The main requirements of designing the internal microclimate in swimming pool halls include removing evaporating water vapor and trichloramine (NCL3) from occurrence area of swimmers. As it is apparent from the differential equation of the mass transfer over the water surface, so with increasing speed above the water level there is increasing evaporation of water vapor at the same time. This is undesirable in view of the requirement to maintaining humidity below the upper limit of recommended limits. The article aims to point out the problem with the releasing trichloramines from the water surface and thus point to a potential increase in water vapor evaporated from the water.

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3

Hansen, Kamilla M. S., Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen, and Henrik R. Andersen. "Optimal pH in chlorinated swimming pools – balancing formation of by-products." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 3 (July 5, 2013): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.156.

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In order to identify the optimal pH range for chlorinated swimming pools, the formation of trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles and trichloramine was investigated in the pH-range 6.5–7.5 in batch experiments. An artificial body fluid analogue was used to simulate bather load as the precursor for by-products. The chlorine-to-precursor ratio used in the batch experiments influenced the amounts of by-products formed, but regardless of the ratio the same trends in the effect of pH were observed. Trihalomethane formation was reduced by decreasing pH, but haloacetonitrile and trichloramine formation increased. To evaluate the significance of the increase and decrease of the investigated organic by-products at the different pH values, the genotoxicity was calculated based on literature values. The calculated genotoxicity was approximately at the same level in the pH range 6.8–7.5 and increased when pH was 6.7 or lower. An optimal pH range for by-products formation in swimming pools was identified at pH 7.0–7.2. In the wider pH range (pH 6.8–7.5), the effect on by-product formation was negligible. Swimming pools should never be maintained at lower pH than 6.8 since formation of both haloacetonitriles and trichloramine increase significantly below this value.

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4

KOSAKA, Koji, Keisuke FUKUDA, Reina NAKAMURA, Mari ASAMI, Shinya ECHIGO, and Michihiro AKIBA. "EFFECTS OF OZONATION ON TRICHLORAMINE FORMATION POTENTIAL." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. G (Environmental Research) 71, no. 7 (2015): III_361—III_369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejer.71.iii_361.

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5

Schmalz, Christina, Fritz H. Frimmel, and Christian Zwiener. "Trichloramine in swimming pools – Formation and mass transfer." Water Research 45, no. 8 (April 2011): 2681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.02.024.

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6

Sakuma, Miki, Taku Matsushita, Yoshihiko Matsui, Tomoko Aki, Masahito Isaka, and Nobutaka Shirasaki. "Mechanisms of trichloramine removal with activated carbon: Stoichiometric analysis with isotopically labeled trichloramine and theoretical analysis with a diffusion-reaction model." Water Research 68 (January 2015): 839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.051.

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7

Yiin, Boudin S., and Dale W. Margerum. "Nonmetal redox kinetics: reactions of sulfite with dichloramines and trichloramine." Inorganic Chemistry 29, no. 10 (May 1990): 1942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00335a035.

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8

NAKAMURA, Reina, Naoya KOBASHIGAWA, Koji KOSAKA, Yuji HISAMOTO, Shinya ECHIGO, Mari ASAMI, and Michihiro AKIBA. "Relashionship between trichloramine formation potential by chlorination and water quality parameters." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. G (Environmental Research) 68, no. 7 (2012): III_641—III_650. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejer.68.iii_641.

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9

KOSAKA, Koji, Keisuke FUKUDA, Mari ASAMI, Shinya ECHIGO, and Michihiro AKIBA. "EFFECTS OF CONDITIONS OF TWO-STEP CHLORINATION ON TRICHLORAMINE FORMATION POTENTIAL." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. G (Environmental Research) 70, no. 7 (2014): III_9—III_16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejer.70.iii_9.

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10

Schurter, Lynn M., Paula P. Bachelor, and Dale W. Margerum. "Nonmetal Redox Kinetics: Mono-, Di-, and Trichloramine Reactions with Cyanide Ion." Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 4 (April 1995): 1127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00004a035.

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11

Chu, Tsai-Shu, Shu-Fang Cheng, Gen-Shuh Wang, and Shih-Wei Tsai. "Occupational exposures of airborne trichloramine at indoor swimming pools in Taipei." Science of The Total Environment 461-462 (September 2013): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.012.

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12

Jacobs, J. H., S. Spaan, G. B. G. J. van Rooy, C. Meliefste, V. A. C. Zaat, J. M. Rooyackers, and D. Heederik. "Exposure to trichloramine and respiratory symptoms in indoor swimming pool workers." European Respiratory Journal 29, no. 4 (January 24, 2007): 690–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00024706.

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13

FIELD, Kurt, and Peter KOVACIC. "Reaction of Trichloramine with Olefins. A Convenient Synthesis of vic-Dichlorides." Synthesis 1969, no. 03 (September 19, 2002): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1969-20383.

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14

Kosaka, K., K. Seki, N. Kimura, Y. Kobayashi, and M. Asami. "Determination of trichloramine in drinking water using headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry." Water Supply 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.042.

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Trichloramine (NCl3) is one of the major causes of the chlorine odor in drinking water. In the present study, a method was developed for analysis of NCl3 concentration in water using headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS–GC/MS). For quantification of NCl3, m/z of 51 was selected because other major m/z of NCl3 were also observed as fragments of trichloromethane (CHCl3) and the peaks of NCl3 and CHCl3 overlapped on the chromatogram. The limit of quantification for NCl3 was set to 15 μg-Cl2/L. The calibration curve of NCl3 was expressed as a quadratic curve because of the partial NCl3 decomposition. NCl3 concentrations in chlorinated ammonium solution were determined by HS–GC/MS and titration using N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine and ferrous ammonium sulfate (DPD/FAS), and the results using the two methods were similar at pH 6 and 7. However, at pH 8, NCl3 was detected using HS–GC/MS, but not using DPD/FAS titration. NCl3 concentrations in nine tap water samples were determined using HS–GC/MS and ranged from < 15 to 46 μg-Cl2/L. The results of the present study indicated that HS–GC/MS is applicable to determination of NCl3 in drinking water.

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15

Kosaka, K., N. Kobashigawa, R. Nakamura, M. Asami, S. Echigo, and M. Akiba. "Control of trichloramine formation by two-step chlorination in water purification processes." Water Supply 14, no. 4 (March 11, 2014): 650–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.017.

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Chlorinous odour in drinking water is of great concern in Japan. Some water utilities use trichloramine (NCl3) as an index of chlorinous odour and are attempting to control its levels in drinking water. In the present study, the effects of two-step chlorination, involving addition of chlorine twice, on NCl3 control were investigated. The results regarding ammonia (NH3), glycine solutions and raw waters at water purification plants (WPPs) indicated that NCl3-formation potentials (FPs) were reduced by two-step chlorination when NH3 was a primary NCl3 precursor and the 1st chlorine addition was set at an excess breakpoint (BP). However, no effect on NCl3-FP was observed when the 1st chlorine addition was set below BP. Two-step chlorination was not effective for NCl3 control regardless of the amounts of the 1st chlorine addition when organic nitrogen compounds were the primary NCl3 precursors. Moreover, the NCl3-FPs in raw water with relatively high NH3 were reduced at actual WPPs when two-step chlorination was applied.

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16

Yiin, Boudin S., and Dale W. Margerum. "Non-metal redox kinetics: reactions of trichloramine with ammonia and with dichloramine." Inorganic Chemistry 29, no. 11 (May 1990): 2135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00336a020.

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17

Soltermann, Fabian, Silvio Canonica, and Urs von Gunten. "Trichloramine reactions with nitrogenous and carbonaceous compounds: Kinetics, products and chloroform formation." Water Research 71 (March 2015): 318–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.014.

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18

Nitter, Therese Bergh, and Kristin v. Hirsch Svendsen. "Covariation amongst pool management, trichloramine exposure and asthma for swimmers in Norway." Science of The Total Environment 723 (June 2020): 138070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138070.

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19

Weng, S. C., W. A. Weaver, M. Zare Afifi, T. N. Blatchley, J. S. Cramer, J. Chen, and E. R. Blatchley. "Dynamics of gas-phase trichloramine (NCl3) in chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities." Indoor Air 21, no. 5 (March 14, 2011): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00710.x.

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20

Welte, B., and A. Montiel. "Study of the Possible Origins of Chlorinous Taste and Odour Episodes in a Distribution Network." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 6 (September 1, 1999): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0307.

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Occasionally in winter some inhabitants of the city of Paris complain of a bad chlorinous odour when the chlorine residual in the water distribution network is 0.1 mg/l. Several hypotheses have been made. Many taste and odour profiles have been made on one plant and aminoacids and aldehydes have been analysed. Chlorination of urea has not led to the chlorinous taste. We think that these odours are due to trichloramine, which is produced by chlorination of some organo nitrogen compounds with a slow kinetics of formation during winter. Results show that the combined chlorine level is constant with time and we have reproduced this offensive odour but the origin does not seem to be aldehydes.

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21

Wlodyka-Bergier,, Agnieszka, Tomasz Bergier, Dominika Gajewska, and Emilia Stankowska. "The influence of body fluids compounds on trichloramine formation in swimming pool water." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 134 (2018): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22770.

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22

Nakai, Jamie S., Raymond Poon, Pierre Lecavalier, Ih Chu, Algis Yagminas, and Victor E. Valli. "Effects of Subchronic Exposure of Rats to Dichloramine and Trichloramine in Drinking Water." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 31, no. 2 (April 2000): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rtph.2000.1376.

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23

Wu, Tianren, Tomas Földes, Lester T. Lee, Danielle N. Wagner, Jinglin Jiang, Antonios Tasoglou, Brandon E. Boor, and Ernest R. Blatchley. "Real-Time Measurements of Gas-Phase Trichloramine (NCl3) in an Indoor Aquatic Center." Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 12 (May 25, 2021): 8097–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07413.

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24

Yuan, Fang, Jin Guo Dai, Zhi Hui Liang, Hong Bo Fan, and Si Hao Lv. "Study on the Conversion of Ammonia by Electrochemical Oxidation." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1355.

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The removal of high concentration ammonia in wastewater was investigated by an indirect electrochemical oxidation method using titanium electrodes coated with ruthenium and iridium (RuO2-IrO2-TiO2/Ti). The effect of different initial pH on ammonia removal by electrochemical oxidation was studied. The concentrations variation of ammonia, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrite, and free cholorines, chloramines was analyzed under the conditions with and without pH controlling. The results indicate that ammonia removal efficiency was higher under the moderate alkaline condition than that under neutral one. During the electrolysis process, nitrate and nitrite concentrations were very low, even below their detecting limits. The concentrations of free chlorines and chloramines were significantly affected by pH, as trichloramine and free chlorines were mainly produced in the reaction without pH controlling, while monochloramine was mainly produced in a stable alkalescene.

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25

Schmalz, Christina, Fritz H. Frimmel, and Christian Zwiener. "Trichloramine in Swimming Pools – Formation and Mass Transfer [Water Research 45 (2011) 2681–2690]." Water Research 46, no. 9 (June 2012): 3123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.016.

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26

Pepi, Federico, Andreina Ricci, and Marzio Rosi. "Gas-Phase Chemistry of NHxCly+Ions. 3. Structure, Stability, and Reactivity of Protonated Trichloramine." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 107, no. 12 (March 2003): 2085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp026979n.

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27

Pepi, F., A. Ricci, and M. Rosi. "Gas-Phase Chemistry of NHxCly+Ions. 3. Structure, Stability, and Reactivity of Protonated Trichloramine." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 107, no. 31 (August 2003): 6121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp030605s.

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28

Soltermann, Fabian, Tobias Widler, Silvio Canonica, and Urs von Gunten. "Photolysis of inorganic chloramines and efficiency of trichloramine abatement by UV treatment of swimming pool water." Water Research 56 (June 2014): 280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.034.

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29

Bernard, Alfred, Sylviane Carbonnelle, Marc Nickmilder, and Claire de Burbure. "Non-invasive biomarkers of pulmonary damage and inflammation: Application to children exposed to ozone and trichloramine." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 206, no. 2 (August 2005): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2004.10.022.

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30

Fantuzzi, Guglielmina, Elena Righi, Guerrino Predieri, Pierluigi Giacobazzi, Berchotd Petra, and Gabriella Aggazzotti. "Airborne trichloramine (NCl3) levels and self-reported health symptoms in indoor swimming pool workers: dose-response relationships." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 23, no. 1 (June 27, 2012): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.56.

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31

Westerlund, Jessica, Ing-Liss Bryngelsson, Håkan Löfstedt, Kåre Eriksson, Håkan Westberg, and Pål Graff. "Occupational exposure to trichloramine and trihalomethanes: adverse health effects among personnel in habilitation and rehabilitation swimming pools." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 16, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2018.1536825.

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32

Westerlund, Jessica, Pål Graff, Ing-Liss Bryngelsson, Håkan Westberg, Kåre Eriksson, and Håkan Löfstedt. "Occupational Exposure to Trichloramine and Trihalomethanes in Swedish Indoor Swimming Pools: Evaluation of Personal and Stationary Monitoring." Annals of Occupational Hygiene 59, no. 8 (July 7, 2015): 1074–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mev045.

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33

Kajino, M., K. Morizane, T. Umetani, and K. Terashima. "Odors Arising from Ammonia and Amino Acids with Chlorine During Water Treatment." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 6 (September 1, 1999): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0274.

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Odor produced by breakpoint chlorination in a drinking water purification process was researched. Ammonia and six amino acids (glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, arginine, proline) were chlorinated and production of odor and its change were investigated. An intense odor which was different to the odor of residual free chlorine was detected after the chlorination of ammonia. The production of the odor was affected by pH and chlorine dose rate. While the intense odor was not produced in the breakpoint chlorination at pH 8.3, a weak odor before the breakpoint and the intense odor after the breakpoint were produced at pH 6.5. At pH 3.0, the intense odor was detected even in a sample of low chlorine dose rate. An identification of the intense odor substance was done using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and trichloramine or a dimer of dichloramine was suspected as the odor causing substance. In chlorination of the six amino acids, the intense odor and its change were different according to each amino acid. Production of chlorinated intermediate and final products which had a different odor were suspected as one of the reasons.

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34

Matsushita, Taku, Yoshihiko Matsui, Shohei Ikekame, Miki Sakuma, and Nobutaka Shirasaki. "Trichloramine Removal with Activated Carbon Is Governed by Two Reductive Reactions: A Theoretical Approach with Diffusion-Reaction Models." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 8 (April 6, 2017): 4541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05461.

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35

Fornander, Louise, Bijar Ghafouri, Mats Lindahl, and Pål Graff. "Airway irritation among indoor swimming pool personnel: trichloramine exposure, exhaled NO and protein profiling of nasal lavage fluids." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 86, no. 5 (June 23, 2012): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-012-0790-4.

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36

Seys, Sven F., Ludo Feyen, Stephan Keirsbilck, Els Adams, Lieven J. Dupont, and Benoit Nemery. "An outbreak of swimming-pool related respiratory symptoms: An elusive source of trichloramine in a municipal indoor swimming pool." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 218, no. 4 (June 2015): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.001.

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37

Soltermann, Fabian, Tobias Widler, Silvio Canonica, and Urs von Gunten. "Comparison of a novel extraction-based colorimetric (ABTS) method with membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS): Trichloramine dynamics in pool water." Water Research 58 (July 2014): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.059.

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38

Nordberg, Gunnar F., Nils-Goran Lundstrom, Bertil Forsberg, Annika Hagenbjork-Gustafsson, Birgitta J.-son Lagerkvist, Johan Nilsson, Mona Svensson, et al. "Lung function in volunteers before and after exposure to trichloramine in indoor pool environments and asthma in a cohort of pool workers." BMJ Open 2, no. 5 (2012): e000973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000973.

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39

Soltermann, Fabian, Tobias Widler, Silvio Canonica, and Urs von Gunten. "Corrigendum to “Comparison of a novel extraction-based colorimetric (ABTS) method with membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS): Trichloramine dynamics in pool water” [Water Res. 58 (2014) 258–268]." Water Research 84 (November 2015): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.07.012.

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40

Shurupov, Dmitriy, Yuliya Andreeva, Yuliya Balyueva, Nina Sosnovskaya, and Igor' Rozencveyg. "PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF TRICHLOROETHYL AMIDES WITH THIOAMIDE FUNCTIONS IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF BRILLIANT NICKEL PLATING." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 1, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2021-1-1-101-102.

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The influence of organic additives in the nickel-plating sulfate electrolyte on the pos sibility of obtaining shiny coatings is investigated. The presence in the structure of the additive of trichloramide fragments and substituents containing a thiocarbonyl group-a residue of thiourea or rubeanoic acid, allows to obtain shiny nickel coatings without the introduction of additional reagents.

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41

Shodhan, K., and I. Wei. "Effects of mixing on chloramination process." Water Supply 10, no. 4 (September 1, 2010): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.170.

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According to a recent study more than 90 percent of water treatment plants utilizing chloramination for distribution system residuals indicate a certain level of dissatisfaction toward the process performance. One factor that may lead to such dissatisfaction is the inadequacy of mixing when ammonia is added to chlorinated water. If mixing is not instantaneous and uniform, the actual chlorine to ammonia nitrogen molar ratio will become variable at a micro-level, even though the overall ratio at the macro-level is close to the desired 1:1 ratio. Because of the non-uniform mixing, certain portions of the mixture might have a molar ratio exceeding the stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. In such instances, certain unintended reactions (e.g. breakpoint type of chlorine chemistry) can occur. This will lead to the resultant monochloramine concentration being significantly less than the stoichiometric concentration, based upon the calculation using the overall molar ratio. Other factors, such as pH variation in the micro environment, could also affect the final chemical composition of the chloramination process. In this study, the effect of mixing was studied by conducting breakpoint chlorination experiments under different levels of mixing, represented by the average velocity gradient, G in s−1. A unique way of plotting breakpoint chlorination curve was utilized to analyze the data, which allowed a clear delineation if the monochloramine formation was according to the stoichiometry. A quantitative comparison between experimental data and stoichiometry can clearly indicate the impact of non-uniform mixing. The experimental data showed that as the G value increased from 35 to 500 s−1, the monochloramine formation increased from 75 to 87 percent of the stoichiometric value. The location of the breakpoint, correspondingly, increased from a molar ratio of 1.25 to 1.75. Comparison of 40 s−1 (50 rpm) and 300 s−1 (200 rpm) experimental data was conducted and a breakpoint curve was plotted imposing one over the other. It has been observed from previous literature that in ideal conditions, breakpoint occurs at chlorine to ammonia nitrogen molar ratio of 1.5:1, and the peak of monochloramine is expected at a molar ratio of 1:1. Hence, breakpoint curve was plotted at mixing speed of 50 and 200 rpm, indicating free chlorine, monochloramine, dichloramine, trichloramine, and total chlorine concentration at contact time of 45 minutes. Few studies were found in literature on mixing effects in chloramination. Data from a previous study was re-analyzed and compared with the current study, and a similar trend was observed. In another case study, the design G value for a modern water treatment plant in metropolitan Boston was found to be 800 s−1, which was higher than the maximum G value used in this study (500 s−1), and is likely to be more than sufficient. In conclusion, when chlorine and ammonia are combined to produce monochloramine, the degree of mixing indeed has significant impact on the performance of the chloramination process, and therefore must be a critical consideration in its design and operation.

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42

Patel, Khayati, and Chun-Yip Hon. "Evaluating if airborne chemical levels in indoor swimming pools are influenced by type of water treatment." Environmental Health Review 63, no. 2 (July 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5864/d2020-014.

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Introduction Airborne chemical contaminants within an indoor space have the potential to cause adverse effects on those who work or visit the building. Indoor pools are no exception and airborne contaminants arise when chemicals, used for disinfection purposes, react with the pool water. Pool water can be treated by different means (e.g., chlorination or ultra-violet (UV) radiation) and whether the type of water treatment affects the airborne chemical levels is unclear. This study examined UV-treated vs. chlorine-treated swimming pools to determine if there is a difference in the resulting airborne chemical concentration of chlorine, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and trichloramines. Methods Two swimming pools (one UV-treated and one chlorine-treated) were selected to participate based upon the inclusion criteria. Partial period sampling was conducted on 3 different days at each facility when swim classes were occurring. For each sampling period, two ambient samples for each analyte (chlorine, HCl, and trichloramines) were collected according to recognized occupational hygiene protocols. Additionally, the temperature and relative humidity were measured, and other pool chemistry information was obtained. Comparative analyses were performed to ascertain if there was a difference in airborne chemical levels between the two pools. Results Summary statistics indicated very similar averages for each of the three airborne chemicals between the two water treatment types. A two-sample t-test found that the difference in means was not statistically significant for any of the three analytes. Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference reported in the mean airborne concentration for any of the analytes between the chlorine-treated swimming pool and the UV-treated swimming pool. In addition, all airborne chemical concentration levels were below their respective occupational exposure limit or recommended guideline level. The type of water treatment does not appear to impact the airborne chemical levels though further research is suggested to confirm these results.

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43

Lévesque*, Benoit, Lorraine Vézina, Denis Gauvin, and Patrice Leroux. "Trichloramines in an Indoor Swimming Pool: the Impact of Ventilation." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2014, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 1690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2014.o-008.

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"Psittacosis in poultry workers and trichloramine occupational exposure limits in swimming pools." Occupational Medicine 62, no. 5 (July 4, 2012): 392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqs079.

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YIIN, B. S., and D. W. MARGERUM. "ChemInform Abstract: Non-Metal Redox Kinetics: Reactions of Trichloramine with Ammonia and with Dichloramine." ChemInform 21, no. 35 (August 28, 1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199035025.

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Fantuzzi, Guglielmina, Guerrino Predieri, Pierluigi Giacobazzi, Katia Mastroianni, Elena Righi, and Gabriella Aggazzotti. "APPLICATION OF A NEW METHOD FOR TRICHLORAMINE DETERMINATION IN AMBIENT AIR OF INDOOR SWIMMING POOLS." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2011, no. 1 (September 13, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2011.00639.

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"Assessment of Occupational and Public Exposure to Trichloramine in Swiss Indoor Swimming Pools: A Proposal for an Occupational Exposure Limit." Annals of Occupational Hygiene, January 23, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mer125.

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Aggazzotti, Gabriella, Guglielmina Fantuzzi, Elena Righi, Guerrino Predieri, Pierluigi Giacobazzi, Petra Bechtold, and Katia Mastroianni. "AIRBORNE TRICHLORAMINE (NCl 3 ) EXPOSURE IN INDOOR SWIMMING POOLS AND PREVALENCE OF SELF-REPORTED RESPIRATORY AND OCULAR SYMPTOMS IN OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED SUBJECTS." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2011, no. 1 (September 13, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2011.01816.

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"Gesundheitliche Bewertung von Trichloramin in der Hallenbadluft. Mitteilung der Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe Innenraumrichtwerte der Innenraumlufthygiene-Kommission des Umweltbundesamtes und der Obersten Landesgesundheitsbehörden." Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 54, no. 8 (July 30, 2011): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00103-011-1326-x.

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