Journal articles: 'Trichoderma aggressivum'

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Savoie, Jean-Michel, and Gerardo Mata. "Trichoderma harzianum Metabolites Pre-Adapt Mushrooms to Trichoderma aggressivum antagonism." Mycologia 95, no. 2 (March 2003): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3762030.

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Hatvani, L., Z. Antal, L. Manczinger, A. Szekeres, I. S. Druzhinina, C. P. Kubicek, A. Nagy, E. Nagy, C. Vágvölgyi, and L. Kredics. "Green Mold Diseases of Agaricus and Pleurotus spp. Are Caused by Related but Phylogenetically Different Trichoderma Species." Phytopathology® 97, no. 4 (April 2007): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-4-0532.

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Producers of champignon (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) are facing recent incidents of green mold epidemics in Hungary. We examined 66 Trichoderma strains isolated from Agaricus compost and Pleurotus substrate samples from three Hungarian mushroom producing companies by a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic test for T. aggressivum, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1) and ITS2 and (selectively) of the fourth and fifth intron of translation elongation factor 1α (tef1α), and restriction fragment length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA. Seven Trichoderma species were identified: T. aggressivum f. europaeum (17 isolates), T. harzianum (three isolates), T. longibrachiatum (four isolates), T. ghanense (one isolate), T. asperellum (four isolates), T. atroviride (nine isolates), and a still undescribed phylogenetic species, Trichoderma sp. DAOM 175924 (28 isolates). T. aggressivum f. europaeum was exclusively derived from A. bisporus compost, whereas Trichoderma sp. DAOM 175924 exclusively occurred in the substrate for Pleurotus cultivation. Sequences of the latter strains were co-specific with those for Trichoderma pathogens of P. ostreatus in Korea. The widespread occurrence of this new species raises questions as to why infections by it have just only recently been observed. Our data document that (i) green mold disease by T. aggressivum f. europaeum has geographically expanded to Central Europe; (ii) the green mold disease of P. ostreatus in Hungary is due to the same Trichoderma species as in Korea and the worldwide distribution of the new species indicates the possibility of spreading epidemics; and (iii) on mushroom farms, the two species are specialized on their different substrates.

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Guthrie, Jennifer L., and Alan J. Castle. "Chitinase production during interaction of Trichoderma aggressivum and Agaricus bisporus." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-054.

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The competitor fungus Trichoderma aggressivum causes green mould disease, a potentially devastating problem of the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Due to the recent appearance of this problem, very little is known about the mechanisms by which T. aggressivum interacts with and inhibits A. bisporus. A mechanism generally used by Trichoderma species in the antagonism of other fungi is the secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes. In this study, we determined the activities of chitinases produced in dual cultures of these fungi over a 2 week period. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes were studied. Agaricus bisporus produced N-acetylglucosaminidases with apparent molecular masses of 111, 105, and 96 kDa. Two resistant brown strains produced greater activities of the 96 kDa N-acetylglucosaminidase than susceptible off-white and white strains. This result suggested that this enzyme might have a role in the resistance of commercial brown strains to green mould disease. Trichoderma aggressivum produced three N-acetylglucosaminidases with apparent molecular masses of 131, 125, and 122 kDa, a 40 kDa chitobiosidase, and a 36 kDa endochitinase. The 122 kDa N-acetylglucosaminidase showed the greatest activity and may be an important predictor of antifungal activity.Key words: mushrooms, chitinases, Trichoderma, Agaricus.

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Sánchez-Montesinos, Brenda, Fernando Diánez, Alejandro Moreno-Gavira, Francisco J. Gea, and Mila Santos. "Plant Growth Promotion and Biocontrol of Pythium ultimum by Saline Tolerant Trichoderma Isolates under Salinity Stress." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112053.

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This present study evaluates three isolates of Trichoderma as plant growth promoting or biological control agents: Trichoderma aggressivum f. sp. europaeum, Trichoderma saturnisporum, and the marine isolate obtained from Posidonia oceanica, Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The purpose is to contribute to an overall reduction in pesticide residues in the fruit and the environment and to a decrease in chemical fertilizers, the excess of which aggravates one of the most serious abiotic stresses, salinity. The tolerance of the different isolates to increasing concentrations of sodium chloride was evaluated in vitro, as well as their antagonistic capacity against Pythium ultimum. The plant growth promoting capacity and effects of Trichoderma strains on the severity of P. ultimum on melon seedlings under saline conditions were also analysed. The results reveal that the three isolates of Trichoderma, regardless of their origin, alleviate the stress produced by salinity, resulting in larger plants with an air-dry weight percentage above 80% in saline stress conditions for T. longibrachiatum, or an increase in root-dry weight close to 50% when T. aggressivum f. sp. europaeum was applied. Likewise, the three isolates showed antagonistic activity against P. ultimum, reducing the incidence of the disease, with the highest response found for T. longibrachiatum. Biological control of P. ultimum by T. aggressivum f. sp. europaeum and T. saturnisporum is reported for the first time, reducing disease severity by 62.96% and 51.85%, respectively. This is the first description of T. aggressivum f. sp. europaeum as a biological control agent and growth promoter. The application of these isolates can be of enormous benefit to horticultural crops, in both seedbeds and greenhouses.

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Chen, X., M. D. Ospina-Giraldo, V. Wilkinson, D. J. Royse, and C. P. Romaine. "Resistance of Pre- and Post-epidemic Strains of Agaricus bisporus to Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum." Plant Disease 87, no. 12 (December 2003): 1457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.12.1457.

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Since the early 1990s, the epidemic of green mold on the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus in North America has been caused by Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum. The findings of earlier research suggested that the microevolutionary emergence of T. aggressivum f. aggressivum coincided with the onset of the epidemic. This hypothesis was tested further by determining the disease susceptibility of mushroom strains grown widely before the epidemic manifested. The results of complementary methods of analysis, which entailed a grain protection assay and cropping trials, established that two pre-epidemic strains were more susceptible to green mold than three post-epidemic strains being cultivated at the time of the epidemic. Thus, if T. aggressivum f. aggressivum had been present within cultivated mushrooms prior to the epidemic, it should have been detected. It still appears to be true that T. aggressivum f. aggressivum emerged during the 1990s in a manner that remains unclear.

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Staniaszek, Mirosława, Katarzyna Szajko, Zbigniew Uliński, Magdalena Szczech, and Waldemar Marczewski. "BseGI Restriction of the Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplicon Th444 Is Required to Distinguish Biotypes of Trichoderma aggressivum Causing Serious Losses in Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Production." HortScience 45, no. 12 (December 2010): 1910–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.12.1910.

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Green mold is a serious disease of the cultivated mushroom causing losses in production of economical importance. In the present study, digestion of a Th444 amplicon with endonuclease BseGI was useful to discriminate Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum (T.a.f.a) from the T. aggressivum f. europeanum (T.a.f.e.). The informative restriction fragments of 260 and 300 bp were revealed in the corresponding reference strains T.a.f.a. and T.a.f.e. The 300-bp marker was found in all 28 Polish mushroom isolates tested.

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Hatvani, L., L. Kredics, H. Allaga, L. Manczinger, C. Vágvölgyi, K. Kuti, and A. Geösel. "First Report of Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum Green Mold on Agaricus bisporus in Europe." Plant Disease 101, no. 6 (June 2017): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-16-1783-pdn.

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Komoń-Zelazowska, Monika, John Bissett, Doustmorad Zafari, Lóránt Hatvani, László Manczinger, Sheri Woo, Matteo Lorito, László Kredics, Christian P. Kubicek, and Irina S. Druzhinina. "Genetically Closely Related but Phenotypically Divergent Trichoderma Species Cause Green Mold Disease in Oyster Mushroom Farms Worldwide." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 22 (September 7, 2007): 7415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01059-07.

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ABSTRACT The worldwide commercial production of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus is currently threatened by massive attacks of green mold disease. Using an integrated approach to species recognition comprising analyses of morphological and physiological characters and application of the genealogical concordance of multiple phylogenetic markers (internal transcribed spacer 1 [ITS1] and ITS2 sequences; partial sequences of tef1 and chi18-5), we determined that the causal agents of this disease were two genetically closely related, but phenotypically strongly different, species of Trichoderma, which have been recently described as Trichoderma pleurotum and Trichoderma pleuroticola. They belong to the Harzianum clade of Hypocrea/Trichoderma which also includes Trichoderma aggressivum, the causative agent of green mold disease of Agaricus. Both species have been found on cultivated Pleurotus and its substratum in Europe, Iran, and South Korea, but T. pleuroticola has also been isolated from soil and wood in Canada, the United States, Europe, Iran, and New Zealand. T. pleuroticola displays pachybasium-like morphological characteristics typical of its neighbors in the Harzianum clade, whereas T. pleurotum is characterized by a gliocladium-like conidiophore morphology which is uncharacteristic of the Harzianum clade. Phenotype MicroArrays revealed the generally impaired growth of T. pleurotum on numerous carbon sources readily assimilated by T. pleuroticola and T. aggressivum. In contrast, the Phenotype MicroArray profile of T. pleuroticola is very similar to that of T. aggressivum, which is suggestive of a close genetic relationship. In vitro confrontation reactions with Agaricus bisporus revealed that the antagonistic potential of the two new species against this mushroom is perhaps equal to T. aggressivum. The P. ostreatus confrontation assays showed that T. pleuroticola has the highest affinity to overgrow mushroom mycelium among the green mold species. We conclude that the evolutionary pathway of T. pleuroticola could be in parallel to other saprotrophic and mycoparasitic species from the Harzianum clade and that this species poses the highest infection risk for mushroom farms, whereas T. pleurotum could be specialized for an ecological niche connected to components of Pleurotus substrata in cultivation. A DNA BarCode for identification of these species based on ITS1 and ITS2 sequences has been provided and integrated in the main database for Hypocrea/Trichoderma (www.ISTH.info ).

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Górski, Romuald, Krzysztof Sobieralski, Marek Siwulski, Barbara Frąszczak, and Iwona Sas-Golak. "The effect of Trichoderma isolates, from family mushroom growing farms, on the yield of four Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach strains." Journal of Plant Protection Research 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2014-0016.

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Abstract The effect of different Trichoderma species on the yield of Agaricus bisporus strains was investigated in this study. For the first time, the effect of different Trichoderma species on the yield of Agaricus bisporus strains was determined under fully controlled conditions. Four button mushroom strains were used: Somycel 53, Somycel 11, Amycel 2200, and Polmycel 31. The cultivation substrate was inoculated with the following Trichoderma species: T. aggressivum f. europaeum, T. atroviride, T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. inhamatum, T. koningii, and T. longibrachiatum. Except for T. atroviride, all the Trichoderma isolates reduced the yield of the button mushroom strains.

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Sánchez-Montesinos, Brenda, Mila Santos, Alejandro Moreno-Gavíra, Teresa Marín-Rodulfo, Francisco J. Gea, and Fernando Diánez. "Biological Control of Fungal Diseases by Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum and Its Compatibility with Fungicides." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8 (July 24, 2021): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7080598.

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Our purpose was to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum as a biological control agent against diseases from fungal phytopathogens. Twelve isolates of T. aggressivum f. europaeum were obtained from several substrates used for Agaricus bisporus cultivation from farms in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). Growth rates of the 12 isolates were determined, and their antagonistic activity was analysed in vitro against Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium solani f. cucurbitae, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Mycosphaerella melonis, and all isolates had high growth rates. T. aggressivum f. europaeum showed high antagonistic activity for different phytopathogens, greater than 80%, except for P. aphanidermatum at approximately 65%. The most effective isolate, T. aggressivum f. europaeum TAET1, inhibited B. cinerea, S. sclerotiorum, and M. melonis growth by 100% in detached leaves assay and inhibited germination of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia. Disease incidence and severity in plant assays for pathosystems ranged from 22% for F. solani to 80% for M. melonis. This isolate reduced the incidence of Podosphaera xanthii in zucchini leaves by 66.78%. The high compatibility by this isolate with fungicides could allow its use in combination with different pest management strategies. Based on the results, T. aggressivum f. europaeum TAET1 should be considered for studies in commercial greenhouses as a biological control agent.

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Sánchez-Montesinos, Brenda, Fernando Diánez, Alejandro Moreno-Gavíra, Francisco J. Gea, and Mila Santos. "Role of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum as Plant-Growth Promoter in Horticulture." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071004.

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The main objective of this study was to determine the capacity of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum to promote pepper and tomato seedling growth compared to that of T. saturnisporum, a species recently characterised as a biostimulant. Consequently, in vitro seed germination and seedling growth tests were performed under commercial plant nursery conditions. Additionally, the effects of different doses and a mixture of both species on seedling growth under plant nursery and subsequently under greenhouse conditions were determined. Furthermore, mass production of spores was determined in different substrates, and their siderophore and indole acetic acid production and phosphate (P) solubilisation capacity were also determined. Direct application of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum to seeds in vitro neither increases the percentage of pepper and tomato seed germination nor improves their vigour index. However, substrate irrigation using different doses under commercial plant nursery conditions increases the quality of tomato and pepper seedlings. Tomato roots increased by 66.66% at doses of 106 spores per plant. Applying T. aggressivum f. europaeum or T. saturnisporum under plant nursery conditions added value to seedlings because their growth-promoting effect is maintained under greenhouse conditions up to three months after transplantation. The combined application of the two species had no beneficial effect in relation to that of the control. The present study demonstrates the biostimulant capacity of T. aggressivum f. europaeum in pepper and tomato plants under commercial plant nursery and greenhouse conditions.

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Abubaker, Kamal S., Calvin Sjaarda, and Alan J. Castle. "Regulation of three genes encoding cell-wall-degrading enzymes of Trichoderma aggressivum during interaction with Agaricus bisporus." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 6 (June 2013): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2013-0173.

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Members of the genus Trichoderma are very effective competitors of a variety of fungi. Cell-wall-degrading enzymes, including proteinases, glucanases, and chitinases, are commonly secreted as part of the competitive process. Trichoderma aggressivum is the causative agent of green mould disease of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. The structures of 3 T. aggressivum genes, prb1 encoding a proteinase, ech42 encoding an endochitinase, and a β-glucanase gene, were determined. Promoter elements in the prb1 and ech42 genes suggested that transcription is regulated by carbon and nitrogen levels and by stress. Both genes had mycoparasitism-related elements indicating potential roles for the protein products in competition. The promoter of the β-glucanase gene contained CreA and AreA binding sites indicative of catabolite regulation but contained no mycoparasitism elements. Transcription of the 3 genes was measured in mixed cultures of T. aggressivum and A. bisporus. Two A. bisporus strains, U1, which is sensitive to green mould disease, and SB65, which shows some resistance, were used in co-cultivation tests to assess possible roles of the genes in disease production and severity. prb1 and ech42 were coordinately upregulated after 5 days, whereas β-glucanase transcription was upregulated from day 0 with both Agaricus strains. Upregulation was much less pronounced in mixed cultures of T. aggressivum with the resistant strain, SB65, than with the sensitive strain, U1. These observations suggested that the proteins encoded by these genes have roles in both nutrition and in severity of green mould disease.

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Potocnik, Ivana, Emil Rekanovic, Biljana Todorovic, Jelena Lukovic, Dusanka Paunovic, Olja Stanojevic, and Svetlana Milijasevic-Marcic. "The effects of casing soil treatment with bacillus subtilis Ch-13 biofungicide on green mould control and mushroom yield." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 34, no. 1 (2019): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1901053p.

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The impact of a biofungicide based on Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 on mushroom yield and efficacy in suppression of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum T77 from Serbia was estimated in comparision with a similar microbial fungicide, Bacillus velezensis QST713, and the chemical fungicide prochloraz manganese. The biofungicide B. velezensis QST713 is registered for treatments of mushrooms and other crops in many countries but it is not currently available on the Serbian market. The tested B. subtilis Ch-13 fungicide enhanced mushroom yield 12%, compared with an uninoculated control, and notably more than B. velezensis QST713 applied at its higher test concentrations. Regarding the efficacy of the biofungicides in control of the compost pathogen T. aggressivum f. europaeum, B. subtilis Ch-13 applied in concentration of 3 ? 108 CFU per m2 showed higher efficacy than the higher concentrations (5 ? 109 and 1 ? 1010 CFU per m2) of B. velezensis QST713. The biofungicide based on B. subtilis Ch-13 should be further investigated regarding its different modes of application to ensure better efficacy in disease control as it showed beneficial features in both promoting A. bisporus production and suppressing the growth of the aggressive compost pathogen T. aggressivum, the causal agent of devastating green mould disease.

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Reyes-Quintanar, Claudia Katia, Daniel Martínez-Carrera, Porfirio Morales Almora, Mercedes Sobal Cruz, Alan Helios Escudero-Uribe, and José Guillermo Ávila-Acevedo. "Efecto del extracto de ruda (Ruta graveolens) en el crecimiento micelial de Trichoderma." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 5, no. 8 (January 31, 2018): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v5i8.821.

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Uno de los principales problemas en el cultivo de hongos comestibles es la contaminación causada por el moho verde Trichoderma, el cual se caracteriza por ser de rápido crecimiento, altamente competitivo y provoca grandes pérdidas en la producción mundial de hongos cultivados. Actualmente, se utilizan fungicidas químicos para contrarrestar la contaminación en plantas productoras. La planta de ruda (Ruta graveolens) es una planta aromática que produce diversos metabolitos secundarios con propiedades fungicidas. Debido a lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del extracto etanólico de ruda en el desarrollo y producción de esporas del moho Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum. Para el presente estudio, se utilizó material vegetal del Jardín Etnobotánico de San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, cosechado en agosto de 2011. Se realizó un extracto etanólico de ruda y se suspendió en agua destilada estéril, se filtró para su esterilización y se agregó al medio de cultivo PDA en una concentración de 0.4%. Se evaluaron: crecimiento micelial, conteo y germinación de esporas de T. aggressivum f. europeaum. Se observó una inhibición en la velocidad de crecimiento micelial de las cepas de Trichoderma expuestas al extracto de ruda. También se observó una menor proporción de germinación de esporas expuestas directamente al extracto. La esporulación de Trichoderma a partir de la germinación de esporas en el medio con ruda fue menor que el testigo. El extracto de ruda disminuyó la densidad micelial de las cepas estudiadas. Los resultados demostraron que se puede inhibir el crecimiento (53%-81%), la esporulación y la germinación de Trichoderma en niveles superiores al 90% empleando extractos vegetales naturales, los cuales pueden ser potencialmente utilizados en el cultivo de hongos comestibles.

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Mazin, Maria, Rob Harvey, Stefanos Andreadis, John Pecchia, Kevin Cloonan, and Edwin G. Rajotte. "Mushroom sciarid fly, Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae) adults and larvae vector Mushroom Green Mold (Trichoderma aggressivum ft. aggressivum) spores." Applied Entomology and Zoology 54, no. 4 (August 20, 2019): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13355-019-00632-2.

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Radványi, Dalma, András Geösel, Zsuzsa Jókai, Péter Fodor, and Attila Gere. "Detection and Identification of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds of the Green Mold Disease." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 11, no. 2 (April 2020): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2020040102.

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Button mushrooms are one of the most commonly cultivated mushroom species facing different risks e.g.: viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. One of the most common problems is caused by Trichoderma aggressivum, or ‘green mould' disease. The presence or absence of mushroom disease-related moulds can sufficiently be detected from the air by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS SPME GC-MS) via their emitted microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs). In the present study, HS SPME GC-MS was used to explore the volatile secondary metabolites released by T. aggressivum f. europaeum on different nutrient-rich and -poor media. The MVOC pattern of green mould was determined, then media-dependent and independent biomarkers were also identified during metabolomic experiments. The presented results provide the basics of a green mould identification system which helps producers reducing yield loss, new directions for researchers in mapping the metabolomic pathways of T. aggressivum and new tools for policy makers in mushroom quality control.

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Szczech, Magdalena, Mirosława Staniaszek, Hanna Habdas, Zbigniew Uliński, and Jan Szymański. "Trichoderma spp. - The Cause of Green Mold on Polish Mushroom Farms." Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 69, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10032-008-0025-0.

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Trichodermaspp. - The Cause of Green Mold on Polish Mushroom FarmsThe first reports concerning green mold on Polish mushroom farms are from 2002. In Europe and the United StatesTrichoderma harzianumwas initially described as a causative agent of the disease. However, soon two biotypes ofTrichoderma, Th2 in Europe and Th4 in America, were recognised as responsible for commercial losses and were designated as a new species namedT. aggressivum.Until now it has not been clear which species ofTrichodermaand which form of the species was a causative agent of the disease outbreak in Poland and what was the main source of infection. Therefore, studies were conducted on the composition of theTrichodermaspecies in Polish mushroom farms and in compost samples. The isolates were identified by phenotypic and microscopic studies. The classification of the strains recognised asT. aggressivumwas then confirmed by PCR methods. The aggressiveness ofTrichodermaspp., especiallyT. aggressivum, was estimated inin vitrostudies. The most frequently isolatedTrichodermaspp. were:T. harzianum, T. aggressivum, T. atrovirideandT. longibrachiatum.Using the technique of PCR, multiplex PCR and PCR-RAPD it was determined that 24 isolates from Polish mushroom farms belonged toT. aggressivumf.europeanum(Th2). However, a large variation between isolates indicated the possibility that Polish biotypes ofT. aggressivumwere different from those, which were found in western Europe. All isolates ofT. aggressivumwere highly pathogenic towardsAgaricus bisporus.

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Stanojevic, Olja, Svetlana Milijasevic-Marcic, Ivana Potocnik, Milos Stepanovic, Ivica Dimkic, Slavisa Stankovic, and Tanja Beric. "Isolation and identification of Bacillus spp. from compost material, compost and mushroom casing soil active against Trichoderma spp." Archives of Biological Sciences 68, no. 4 (2016): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs151104073s.

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The isolation of bacteria was carried out from samples of straw and chicken manure, compost at various stages of the composting process and casing soil used for growing button mushrooms. A preliminary screening of 108 bacterial isolates for antagonistic activity against Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum showed that 23 tested isolates inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungus. Further screening with four indicator isolates of fungi revealed that all 23 bacterial isolates inhibited the growth of T. aggressivum f. europaeum, T. harzianum and T. koningii, while only 13 isolates inhibited the growth of T. atroviride. T. aggressivum f. europaeum proved to be the most sensitive, with many bacterial isolates generating a high percentage of growth inhibition. Only two bacterial isolates (B-129 and B-268) were successful in inhibiting the growth of all 4 tested pathogens. All 23 bacterial isolates were characterized as Gram-positive and catalase-positive and were subjected to molecular identification based on the partial sequence, the hypervariant region of the 16S rDNA. It was shown that the obtained bacterial strains belong to Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis and B. pumilus species.

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Potocnik, Ivana, Biljana Todorovic, Emil Rekanovic, Jelena Lukovic, Dusanka Paunovic, and Svetlana Milijasevic-Marcic. "Impact of Bacillus subtilis QST713 mushroom grain spawn treatment on yield and green mould control." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 33, no. 3-4 (2018): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1804205p.

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A biofungicide based on Bacillus subtilis QST713 was tested for impact on yield and efficacy against a Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum T77 strain from Serbia by coating mushroom grain spawn and comparing the results with the chemical fungicide prochloraz manganese in a mushroom growing room. The tested B. subtilis QST713 strain did not inhibit mycelial growth of Agaricus bisporus in plots free of the pathogen, showing an impact on yield of 91.95%, which was not significantly different from an untreated control. As for the efficacy of the fungicides used against T. aggressivum f. europaeum T77, there were no significant differences between a prochloraz manganese casing treatment, and B. subtilis QST713 coating on mushroom grain spawn, as the efficacy was 70.37 and 53.09%, respectively. These results implied that the biofungicide based on B. subtilis could serve as a harmless alternative to synthetic fungicides in mushroom production, especially during serious compost green muold outbreaks caused by T. aggressivum. Furthermore, the biofungicide should be applied alone because an antagonistic reaction was detected between the fungicide prochloraz and B. subtilis QST713.

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Kosanovic, Dejana, Gerard Sheehan, Helen Grogan, and Kevin Kavanagh. "Characterisation of the interaction of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas tolaasii with Trichoderma aggressivum." European Journal of Plant Pathology 156, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01867-z.

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THOKALA, PRAMEELADEVI, PRABHAKARAN NARAYANASAMY, DEEBA KAMIL, and SHIV PRATAP CHOUDHARY. "Polyphasic taxonomy of Indian Trichoderma species." Phytotaxa 502, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.502.1.1.

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Trichoderma speies are known for their diverse applications as potent bio-control organisms. 34 isolates of Trichoderma were obtained from various geographical locations in India and were subjected to phenotypic evaluation. Species identification if based on only morphology, may lead to sometimes erroneous, uncertain or remains unclear due to overlapping characters. Therefore, molecular characterization was also performed based on ITS region sequence analysis for reliable identification using both morphological and molecular characters. The isolates were identified into 20 different species viz., T. aggressivum, T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. brevicompactum, T. citrinoviride, T. crassum, T. erinaceum, T. ghanense, T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. koningiopsis, T. longibrachiatum, T. longipile (Syn. Hypocrea longipilosa), T. minutisporum, T. pubscenes, T.reesei, T. saturnisporum, T. spirale, T. tomentosum and T. virens based on the integrated approach of both morphological and molecular characterisation. ß-tub gene sequence analysis was also performed to find out the phylogenetic relationship of these species. The ß-tub gene sequences differentiated all the 20 different species of Trichoderma better than the ITS region sequences. The morphological characters viz., colony, conidiophores, phialides, conidia and chlamydospores of all the twenty species of Trichoderma were described along with photomicrographs. The ITS and β-tub gene sequences of all the 20 species studied have been deposited in the Genbank.

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Djurovic-Pejcev, Rada, Ivana Potocnik, Svetlana Milijasevic-Marcic, Biljana Todorovic, Emil Rekanovic, and Milos Stepanovic. "Antifungal activity of six plant essential oils from Serbia against Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 29, no. 4 (2014): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1404291d.

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Six essential oils (EOs) extracted from plants originating in Serbia were assayed for inhibitory and fungicidal activity against a major fungal pathogen of button mushroom causing green mould disease, Trichoderma agressivum f. europaeum. The strongest activity was demonstrated by the oils of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Medium antifungal activity of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) and walnut [Juglans regia (F)] oils was also recorded. Oils extracted from yarrow (Achillea millepholium L.) and juniper (Juniperus communis L.) exhibited the lowest activity. Peppermint oil showed fungicidal effect on the pathogen, having a minimum fungicidal concentration of 0.64 ?l ml-1. The main components of peppermint essential oil were menthone (37.02%), menthol (29.57%) and isomenthone (9.06%).

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O'Brien, Matt, Helen Grogan, and Kevin Kavanagh. "Proteomic response of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum to Agaricus bisporus tissue and mushroom compost." Fungal Biology 118, no. 9-10 (September 2014): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2014.06.004.

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O’Brien, Matthew, Kevin Kavanagh, and Helen Grogan. "Detection of Trichoderma aggressivum in bulk phase III substrate and the effect of T. aggressivum inoculum, supplementation and substrate-mixing on Agaricus bisporus yields." European Journal of Plant Pathology 147, no. 1 (June 27, 2016): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-0992-9.

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Kosanovic, Dejana, Maria Dyas, Helen Grogan, and Kevin Kavanagh. "Differential proteomic response of Agaricus bisporus and Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum to Bacillus velezensis supernatant." European Journal of Plant Pathology 160, no. 2 (March 10, 2021): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02252-5.

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Chen, Shurong, Li Pan, Siying Liu, Lijie Pan, Xuejie Li, and Bin Wang. "Recombinant expression and surface display of a zearalenone lactonohydrolase from Trichoderma aggressivum in Escherichia coli." Protein Expression and Purification 187 (November 2021): 105933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2021.105933.

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Kumar, Gyanendra, Anuradha Singh, Sonika Pandey, Jogender Singh, Sangeeta Singh Chauhan, and Mukesh Srivastava. "Morphomolecular Identification of Trichoderma sp. and their Mycoparasitic Activity Against Soil Borne Pathogens." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 11, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2020.2131.

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This study was carried out to identify and characterize Trichoderma species isolated from rhizospheric soil of Uttar Pradesh, India, by using single spore technique. Morphological, cultural and molecular characterization were done with sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The classes were compared with morphological identification and rDNA sequence data for every class of all Trichoderma strains were of the same identity. These strains belonged to T. harzianum (Th azad), T. viride (01PP), T. asperellum (Tasp/CSAU), T. Koningii [TK (CSAU)], T. atroviride (71L), T. longibrachiatum (21PP), T. virens [Tvi (CSAU)], T. reesei [Tr (CSAU)], T. aggressivum [T.agg(CSAU)], T. aureoviride [T. avi (CSAU)], T. citrinoviride [T. cvi (CSAU)], T. erinaceum [T. eri (CSAU)], T. koningiopsis [T. kop (CSAU)], T. tomentosum [T. tos (CSAU)], T. mintisporum [T. mip (CSAU)], T. pubscenes [T. sce (CSAU)], T. saturnisporum [T. ssp (CSAU)], T. spirale [T. sp. (CSAU)]. Morphological studies were based on the colony appearance, growth rate and microscopic features such as branching patterns of conidiophores, the arrangement of phialospores and their shape, size and color. The 5.8S-ITS regions of the Trichoderma strains were amplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The rRNA based analysis is a central method used not only to explore microbial diversity but also to identify new strains. Validations of ITS marker with 18 Trichoderma sp. were done and their sequences were deposited at NCBI GenBank their permanent accession no. were allotted.

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Krupke, Oliver Albert, Alan J. Castle, and Danny Lee Rinker. "The North American mushroom competitor, Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum, produces antifungal compounds in mushroom compost that inhibit mycelial growth of the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus." Mycological Research 107, no. 12 (December 2003): 1467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756203008621.

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Oskiera, Michał, Magdalena Szczech, and Grzegorz Bartoszewski. "Molecular Identification Of Trichoderma Strains Collected To Develop Plant Growth-Promoting And Biocontrol Agents." Journal of Horticultural Research 23, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2015-0010.

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AbstractTrichoderma strains that are beneficial to both the growth and health of plants can be used as plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) or biological control agents (BCA) in agricultural and horticultural practices. In order to select PGPF or BCA strains, their biological properties and taxonomy must be carefully studied. In this study, 104 strains of Trichoderma collected at geographically different locations in Poland for selection as PGPF or BCA were identified by DNA barcoding, based on the sequences of internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1 and 2) of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster and on the sequences of translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1), chitinase 18-5 (chi18-5), and RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2) gene fragments. Most of the strains were classified as: T. atroviride (38%), T. harzianum (21%), T. lentiforme (9%), T. virens (9%), and T. simmonsii (6%). Single strains belonging to T. atrobrunneum, T. citrinoviride, T. crassum, T. gamsii, T. hamatum, T. spirale, T. tomentosum, and T. viridescens were identified. Three strains that are potentially pathogenic to cultivated mushrooms belonging to T. pleuroticola and T. aggressivum f. europaeum were also identified. Four strains: TRS4, TRS29, TRS33, and TRS73 were classified to Trichoderma spp. and molecular identification was inconclusive at the species level. Phylogeny analysis showed that three of these strains TRS4, TRS29, and TRS33 belong to Trichoderma species that is not yet taxonomically established and strain TRS73 belongs to the T. harzianum complex, however, the species could not be identified with certainty.

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Kosanovic, Dejana, Helen Grogan, and Kevin Kavanagh. "Exposure of Agaricus bisporus to Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum leads to growth inhibition and induction of an oxidative stress response." Fungal Biology 124, no. 9 (September 2020): 814–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2020.07.003.

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Mazin, Maria, Stefanos S. Andreadis, Nina E. Jenkins, and Edwin G. Rajotte. "The mushroom sciarid fly, Lycoriella ingenua, benefits from its association with green mold disease (Trichoderma aggressivum) in commercial mushroom production." Journal of Pest Science 91, no. 2 (November 16, 2017): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-017-0930-4.

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Lukovic, Jelena, Rada Djurovic-Pejcev, Tijana Djordjevic, Svetlana Milijasevic-Marcic, Natasa Duduk, Ivana Vico, and Ivana Potocnik. "Antifungal and synergistic activity of five plant essential oils from Serbia against Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum Samuels & W. Gams." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 35, no. 3 (2020): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif2003173l.

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Five essential oils isolated from plants originating from Serbia and ten combinations of the selected essential oils were assayed to test their inhibitory and fungicidal activity against Trchoderma aggressivum f. europaeum Samuels & W. Gams using two distinctive methods: microdilution and fumigant macrodilution methods. The strongest activity was demonstrated by spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) oils at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 ?l ml-1 using microdilution, and 0.16 ?l ml-1 of air using fumigant macrodilution method. The antifungal activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) was medium, while the oil extracted from St. John?s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) exhibited the lowest activity. None of the selected essential oils exhibited fungicidal effect at minimal fungicidal concentrations (?FC) of over 25 ?l ml-1 or 0.32 ?l ml-1of air, using micro- and macrodilution, respectively. When microdilution was used, the strongest antifungal activity was demonstrated by two oil combinations: spearmint-thyme and spearmint-peppermint, having MIC and MFC values of 3.75 ?l ml-1. The lowest activity was demonstrated by the basil-St. John?s wort essential oil combination, at 30 ?l ml-1 MIC, and MFC exceeding 30 ?l ml-1. The obtained results indicate possible synergistic effects of essential oils and their components.

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Potocnik, Ivana, Biljana Todorovic, Rada Djurovic-Pejcev, Milos Stepanovic, Emil Rekanovic, and Svetlana Milijasevic-Marcic. "Antimicrobial activity of biochemical substances against pathogens of cultivated mushrooms in Serbia." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 31, no. 1-2 (2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1602019p.

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Disease control with few or no chemicals is a major challenge for mushroom growers in the 21st century. An alarming incidence of resistance to antibiotics in bacteria, and to fungicides among mycopathogenic fungi requires effective alternatives. Previous studies have indicated that various plant oils and their components demonstrate strong antimicrobial effects against pathogens on cultivated mushrooms. The strongest and broadest activity to pathogens obtained from mushroom facilities in Serbia was shown by the oils of oregano, thyme and basil. Five oils inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas tolaasii: wintergreen, oregano, lemongrass, rosemary and eucalyptus. The essential oils of oregano, geranium and thyme were considerably toxic to the pathogenic fungi Mycogone perniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola and Cladobotryum spp. The strongest activity against Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum was shown by the oils of basil and mint. Oils of juniper and pine showed neither inhibitory nor lethal effects on mushroom pathogens. Although the fungitoxic activity of oils is not strong, they could be used as a supplement to commercial productus for disease control, which will minimize the quantity of fungicides used.

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Sobieralski, Krzysztof, Marek Siwulski, Dorota Frużyńska-Jóźwiak, Lidia Błaszczyk, Iwona Sas-Golak, and Agnieszka Jasińska. "Impact of Infections with two Trichoderma Aggressivum F. Europaeum Isolates on the Yielding of Some Wild Strains of Agaricus Bisporus (Lange) Imbach." Journal of Plant Protection Research 50, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0083-4.

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Impact of Infections with twoTrichoderma AggressivumF.EuropaeumIsolates on the Yielding of Some Wild Strains ofAgaricus Bisporus(Lange) ImbachThe effect of infections withTrichoderma aggressivumf.europaeumon the yielding of seven wild and one commercial strain ofAgaricus bisporus(Lange) Imbach. was investigated. Wild strains of the mushroom were derived from natural habitats of Poland. The cultivation substrate was inoculated with two different isolates ofT. aggressivumf.europaeumTh2. It was found that infections of the substrate with these isolates resulted in a very serious decrease in mushroom yield. The examined mushroom strains showed different reactions to the infections withTrichodermaisolates.

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Szumigaj-Tarnowska, Joanna, Piotr Szafranek, Zbigniew Uliński, and Czesław Ślusarski. "Efficiency of Gaseous Ozone in Disinfection of Mushroom Growing Rooms." Journal of Horticultural Research 28, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2020-0017.

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AbstractFungal diseases are a persistent problem in the cultivation of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). The chemical control of pathogens is becoming less effective and less desirable, so new ways to limit these infections are urgently required. What is more, the disease is mostly controlled through cultural practices and good hygiene on mushroom farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fungicidal effects of ozone on fungal pathogens of common mushrooms. Experiments with the use of ozone gas for disinfection of growing rooms after the completion of the mushroom growing cycle were carried out. The fungicidal effectiveness of ozone fumigation was evaluated on the basis of the survival rate of the spores of the pathogens tested (Lecanicillium fungicola, Cladobotryum dendroides, Mycogone perniciosa, and Trichoderma aggressivum). Spore suspension was applied to aluminum plates and then was exposed to gaseous ozone. The assessment of the growth of colonies of fungal isolates obtained from infected surfaces was carried out using Rodac contact test plates. The results showed that L. fungicola, M. perniciosa, and C. dendroides isolates were sensitive to the gas ozone. In order to achieve 100% efficacy against Mycogone strains, a minimum of 6 hours of ozonation had to be applied, whereas for Cladobotryum strains, a minimum of 8 hours had to be applied. The Lecanicillium species was the most sensitive to ozonation because 30 minutes of ozonation was enough to gain 100% inhibition of its growth. No satisfactory results were obtained in the case of the pathogenic species of Trichoderma, regardless of the experimental conditions. Nevertheless, this study has demonstrated the usefulness of ozone as a disinfectant for empty growing rooms after the completion of the mushrooms’ cultivation cycle.

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Szumigaj-Tarnowska, Joanna, Piotr Szafranek, Zbigniew Uliński, and Czesław Ślusarski. "Efficiency of Gaseous Ozone in Disinfection of Mushroom Growing Rooms." Journal of Horticultural Research 28, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2020-0017.

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Abstract Fungal diseases are a persistent problem in the cultivation of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). The chemical control of pathogens is becoming less effective and less desirable, so new ways to limit these infections are urgently required. What is more, the disease is mostly controlled through cultural practices and good hygiene on mushroom farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fungicidal effects of ozone on fungal pathogens of common mushrooms. Experiments with the use of ozone gas for disinfection of growing rooms after the completion of the mushroom growing cycle were carried out. The fungicidal effectiveness of ozone fumigation was evaluated on the basis of the survival rate of the spores of the pathogens tested (Lecanicillium fungicola, Cladobotryum dendroides, Mycogone perniciosa, and Trichoderma aggressivum). Spore suspension was applied to aluminum plates and then was exposed to gaseous ozone. The assessment of the growth of colonies of fungal isolates obtained from infected surfaces was carried out using Rodac contact test plates. The results showed that L. fungicola, M. perniciosa, and C. dendroides isolates were sensitive to the gas ozone. In order to achieve 100% efficacy against Mycogone strains, a minimum of 6 hours of ozonation had to be applied, whereas for Cladobotryum strains, a minimum of 8 hours had to be applied. The Lecanicillium species was the most sensitive to ozonation because 30 minutes of ozonation was enough to gain 100% inhibition of its growth. No satisfactory results were obtained in the case of the pathogenic species of Trichoderma, regardless of the experimental conditions. Nevertheless, this study has demonstrated the usefulness of ozone as a disinfectant for empty growing rooms after the completion of the mushrooms’ cultivation cycle.

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Pandin, Caroline, Régis Védie, Thierry Rousseau, Dominique Le Coq, Stéphane Aymerich, and Romain Briandet. "Dynamics of compost microbiota during the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus in the presence of Bacillus velezensis QST713 as biocontrol agent against Trichoderma aggressivum." Biological Control 127 (December 2018): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.08.022.

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Potocnik, Ivana, Milos Stepanovic, Emil Rekanovic, Biljana Todorovic, and Svetlana Milijasevic-Marcic. "Disease control by chemical and biological fungicides in cultivated mushrooms: Button mushroom, oyster mushroom and shiitake." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 30, no. 4 (2015): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1504201p.

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The most commonly cultivated basidiomycetes worldwide and in Serbia are button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes). Production of their fruiting bodies is severely afflicted by fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens that are able to cause diseases which affect yield and quality. Major A. bisporus fungal pathogens include Mycogone perniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola, and Cladobotryum spp., the causal agents of dry bubble, wet bubble, and cobweb disease, respectively. Various Trichoderma species, the causal agents of green mould, also affect all three kinds of edible mushrooms. Over the past two decades, green mould caused by T. aggressivum has been the most serious disease of button mushroom. Oyster mushroom is susceptible to T. pleurotum and shiitake to T. harzianum. The bacterial brawn blotch disease, caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii, is distributed globally. Disease control on mushroom farms worldwide is commonly based on the use of fungicides. However, evolution of pathogen resistance to fungicides after frequent application, and host sensitivity to fungicides are serious problems. Only a few fungicides are officially recommended in mushroom production: chlorothalonil and thiabendazol in North America and prochloraz in the EU and some other countries. Even though decreased sensitivity levels of L. fungicola and Cladobotryum mycophilum to prochloraz have been detected, disease control is still mainly provided by that chemical fungicide. Considering such resistance evolution, harmful impact to the environment and human health, special attention should be focused on biofungicides, both microbiological products based on Bacillus species and various natural substances of biological origin, together with good programs of hygiene. Introduction of biofungicides has created new possibilities for crop protection with reduced application of chemicals.

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a, Yashpal. "TRICHODERMAVIRIDE CRUCIAL ROLE IN PLANTDEFENCE AND REPLACE THE CHEMICAL FUNGICIDE THAT HIGH HEALTH RISK TO FARMER LIFE." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 07 (July 31, 2021): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13107.

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The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complexnet of several techniques. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being a hitplant Symbioticorganisms. Trichoderma spp. additionally behave as a low cost, powerful and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in numerouspatho-systems, have minimum effectat the soil equilibrium and do now no longer impair beneficial organisms that make contributions to the manipulate of pathogens. This symbiotic affiliation in plant life results in the purchase of plant resistance to pathogens, improves developmental techniques and yields and promotes absorption of nutrient and fertilizer use efficiency. Among different biocontrol mechanisms, antibiosis, opposition and mycoparasitism are a number of the major capabilities through which microorganisms, including Thrichoderma, react to the presence of different aggressive pathogenic organisms, thereby stopping or obstructing their development. Stimulation of each systementails the biosynthesis of centered metabolites like plant increase regulators, enzymes, siderophores, antibiotics, etc. This evaluation summarizes the organic manipulate past time exerted by Trichoderma spp. and sheds mildat thecurrentdevelopment in pinpointing the ecological importance of Trichoderma on the biochemical and molecular stagewithinside the rhizosphere in addition to the blessings of symbiosis to the plant host in phrases of physiological and biochemical mechanisms. From an applicative factor of view, the prooffurnished herein strongly helps the opportunity to use Trichoderma as a safe, ecofriendly and powerful biocontrol agent for one-of-a-kind crop species.

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Hadi, Pramono hadi, Moh Masnur, and Srie Juli Rachmawatie. "The IN VIVO UTILIZATION OF ANTAGONISTIC INTERACTION ABILITIES OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AGAINST PATHOGENIC FUNGUS OF Fusarium spp. FOR CONTROL OF STEM ROT DISEASE IN THE FIG CUTTINGS (Ficus carica L) AND ITS EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH." VIABEL: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian 15, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35457/viabel.v15i1.1391.

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ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the inoculation of antagonistic biological agents in controlling stem rot disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium spp., and to increase the growth of fig stem cuttings (Ficus carica L.). This research was conducted at the Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic University of Batik Surakarta (UIBS), from September 2020 to December 2020. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD)., with 6 types of treatment, consisting of control, Trichoderma, Gliocladium, Corynebacterium, PGPR, and synthetic fungicide Mancozeb as a comparison, with 3 repetitions and 3 sub-repetitions. Observations consisted of several parameters, namely: disease incubation period, disease incidence, disease severity, shoot growth period, shoot height, leaf number, leaf area, root length, and number of roots. The results showed that Trichoderma treatment gave the best results for all observed parameters, even better than Mancozeb which is usually used by farmers. This is because Trichoderma has the ability of antagonistic in the form of very aggressive competition, producing antibiotic, and mycoparasitic mechanism against the pathogenic fungus Fusarium spp., so its utilization can be applied in organic farming to control stem rot disease which is more environmentally friendly. Trichoderma can also be used as biofertilizer because it has the ability as a good biodecomposer, its can breakdown nitrogen nutrients, dissolve phosphate, and provide micro nutrients, and even release the hormones auxin, cytokinins and ethylene, so that its effectiveness can stimulate and increase vegetative growth of fig plants in the form of shoots, leaves and roots. Keywords: fig, Fusarium spp., biological agent, Trichoderma, Mancozeb

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Williams, Josie, John M. Clarkson, Peter R. Mills, and Richard M. Cooper. "A Selective Medium for Quantitative Reisolation of Trichoderma harzianum from Agaricus bisporus Compost." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 7 (July 2003): 4190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.7.4190-4191.2003.

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ABSTRACT We adapted a selective medium, previously developed for reisolation of Trichoderma spp. from soil, for quantitative determination of growth of T. harzianum from commercial Agaricus bisporus composts. This medium enables comparisons of aggressive (sensu inhibition of A. bisporus yield) with nonaggressive T. harzianum groups. The resulting medium contains the antimicrobials chloramphenicol, streptomycin, quintozene, and propamocarb and was highly selective, allowing the recovery of T. harzianum, as viable conidia and hyphal fragments, in compact colonies with the absence of visible microbial contaminants.

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Ospina-Giraldo, M. D., D. J. Royse, X. Chen, and C. P. Romaine. "Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Biological Control Strains of Trichoderma harzianum and Other Biotypes of Trichoderma spp. Associated with Mushroom Green Mold." Phytopathology® 89, no. 4 (April 1999): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.4.308.

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A polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA containing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1, 5.8S, and ITS-2 regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA transcriptional unit was sequenced for 81 isolates of Trichoderma spp. associated with mushroom culture or used for biological control of plant pathogens. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the biocontrol isolates were more closely related to an isolate of T. harzianum biotype 1 (Th1) than to the aggressive biotypes 2 and 4. Th1 has been isolated from mushroom compost but is not the cause of widespread green mold epidemics that have occurred during the last 12 years in Europe and North America. Three isolates of T. harzianum obtained from shiitake (Lentinula edodes; Shi1B and S3-96) and maitake (Grifola frondosa; Mai1) substrates were placed within the biocontrol group. We also found evidence suggesting that some isolates of T. harzianum originally identified as Th4 from Pennsylvania are more closely related to Th2 from Europe. Finally, considering the wide range in sequence distribution of our samples, we propose that the consensus sequence found in this investigation be used as the reference sequence for further studies involving the identification and taxonomy of T. harzianum.

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Kleina, Heloisa Thomazi, Álvaro Figueredo Dos Santos, Henrique Da Silva Silveira Duarte, and Edilene Buturi Machado. "AGRESSIVENESS AND BIOCONTROL OF Rosellinia bunodes IN POPLAR." FLORESTA 49, no. 3 (July 16, 2019): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v49i3.59075.

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The Rosellinia root rot, caused by the fungus Rosellinia bunodes, has gained prominence due to the incidence in commercial plantations of forest species, such as poplar. Due to the absence of phytosanitary products registered for this crop in Brazil, cultural control, often inefficient, becomes the only option for the control of this disease. In the search for solutions to this problem, biological control meets the needs of implementing a more sustainable system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the aggressiveness of R. bunodes isolates in poplar and the antagonistic capacity in vitro and in vivo of Trichoderma spp. in control of this phytopathogen. For the aggressiveness test, healthy poplar seedlings were planted on substrate inoculated with nine R. bunodes isolates. The tests of antagonism in direct confrontation, production of volatile and non-volatile compounds were performed among 30 isolates of Trichoderma spp. and R. bunodes isolate R2. In the in vivo test, the treatments consisted of different planting dates of the seedlings infested with the antagonist fungus and the phytopathogen. R. bunodes isolates R2, R3, R3A, R6 and R8 were more aggressive than the others. From 30 isolates of Trichoderma spp., 12 may be considered as potential biocontrol agents due to the high competitive capacity and suppression of mycelial growth of R. bunodes. The longer exposure time between the pathogen and the antagonist on the substrate decreased the incidence of Rosellinia root rot in poplar.

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Askew, D. J., and M. D. Laing. "The in vitro screening of 118 Trichoderma isolates for antagonism to Rhizoctonia solani and an evaluation of different environmental sites of Trichoderma as sources of aggressive strains." Plant and Soil 159, no. 2 (February 1994): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00009290.

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Williams, Josie, John M. Clarkson, Peter R. Mills, and Richard M. Cooper. "Saprotrophic and Mycoparasitic Components of Aggressiveness of Trichoderma harzianum Groups toward the Commercial Mushroom Agaricus bisporus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 7 (July 2003): 4192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.7.4192-4199.2003.

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ABSTRACT We examined the mycoparasitic and saprotrophic behavior of isolates representing groups of Trichoderma harzianum to establish a mechanism for the aggressiveness towards Agaricus bisporus in infested commercial compost. Mycoparasitic structures were infrequently observed in interaction zones on various media, including compost, with cryoscanning electron microscopy. T. harzianum grows prolifically in compost in the absence or presence of A. bisporus, and the aggressive European (Th2) and North American (Th4) isolates produced significantly higher biomasses (6.8- and 7.5-fold, respectively) in compost than did nonaggressive, group 1 isolates. All groups secreted depolymerases that could attack the cell walls of A. bisporus and of wheat straw, and some were linked to aggressiveness. Growth on mushroom cell walls in vitro resulted in rapid production of chymoelastase and trypsin-like proteases by only the Th2 and Th4 isolates. These isolates also produced a dominant protease isoform (pI 6.22) and additional chitinase isoforms. On wheat straw, Th4 produced distinct isoforms of cellulase and laminarinase, but there was no consistent association between levels or isoforms of depolymerases and aggressiveness. Th3's distinctive profiles confirmed its reclassification as Trichoderma atroviride. Proteases and glycanases were detected for the first time in sterilized compost colonized by T. harzianum. Xylanase dominated, and some isoforms were unique to compost, as were some laminarinases. We hypothesize that aggressiveness results from competition, antagonism, or parasitism but only as a component of, or following, extensive saprotrophic growth involving degradation of wheat straw cell walls.

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Sokirko, Viktor Petrovich, Elena Vladimirovna Eliseeva, Eric Nshirimana, and Anastsiya Ivanovna Dmitrenko. "Features of allelopathy between fusarium species and concomitant Trichoderma longibrachiatum in the maize rhizosphere in Kuban." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i2pp41-44.

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The purpose of these studies was to study the interaction of pathogens of corn root rot in the agricultural sector of the Northern region of Krasnodar region. Corn root rot in the agricultural farms of the region annually cause significant damage to the harvest of silage and corn grain. In the course of research, the biological feature of the relationship between two species of the genus Fusarium: Fusarium concentricum Nirenberg & O'donnell and Fusarium proliferatum Matsush., optimizing the five-fold increase in the first species of mushroom compared to the growth of the second. PCR analysis revealed Fusarium oxysporum strain IMI 58289 with increased ability to exhibit elements of aggressive synergism. These fungi belong to the Department Ascomycota, order Hypocreales. In the soil of the studied rhizosphere, a natural hyperparasite – Trichoderma was detected, which can be used to minimize Fusarium infection.

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Muthumeenakshi, S., A. E. Brown, and P. R. Mills. "Genetic comparison of the aggressive weed mould strains of Trichoderma harzianum from mushroom compost in North America and the British Isles." Mycological Research 102, no. 4 (April 1998): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756297004759.

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El-Hassan, Saïd A., Simon R. Gowen, and Barbara Pembroke. "Use of Trichoderma Hamatum for Biocontrol of Lentil Vascular Wilt Disease: Efficacy, Mechanisms of Interaction And Future Prospects." Journal of Plant Protection Research 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2013-0002.

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Abstract Trichoderma hamatum (Bonord.) Bainier was evaluated for its antagonistic potential against Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyder and Hansen sp. lentis, the causal agent of vascular wilt disease of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus). Hyphal interactions on Petri plates resulted in an increase in the number of conidial spores and an increase in the vegetative growth of T. hamatum, and a decrease in the hyphal formation and sporulation of F. oxysporum f. sp. lentis. Electron and light microscopical observations suggested that hyphae of T. hamatum established aggressive contact and attachment with the hyphae of the pathogen. Growing in parallel, coiled densely and tightly, T. hamatum may penetrate those of the pathogen hyphae causing collapse due to the loss of turgor pressure. The cellulolytic enzymes produced by T. hamatum presented sufficient characteristics for its antifungal activity in the hyphae hydrolysis and competition process. In growth room and glasshouse experiments, the addition of the conidial suspension of T. hamatum or its culture filtrate to soil, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced development and spore germination of F. oxysporum. In the rhizosphere, T. hamatum occupied the same ecological niches (rhizosphere, roots, and stems) parasitizing F. oxysporum f. sp. lentis. Treatments using T. hamatum delayed the time of infection by F. oxysporum, promoted the growth, and increased the dry weight of a susceptible variety of lentil (cv. Precoz). The percent of mortality was reduced to 33 and 40% when using T. hamatum and its filtrate, respectively, compared to 93% in the control treatment during the 65 days of growing in loam/sand (2:1 vol/vol) under glasshouse conditions. Plant colonization results indicate that T. hamatum and its filtrate significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced development of the pathogen in the vascular tissue of lentil to < 30 and < 40% stem colonization, respectively, compared to 100% in the plant pathogen control. Our results suggest that potential biocontrol mechanisms of T. hamatum towards F. oxysporum f. sp. lentis were antibiosis by production of antifungal enzymes, complex mechanisms of mycoparasitism, competition for key nutrients and/or ecological niches, growth promotion, and a combination of these effects. This study results hold important suggestions for further development of effective strategies of the biological control of Fusarium vascular wilt of lentil.

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Mannai, Sabrine, Hayfa Jabnoun-Khiareddine, Bouzid Nasraoui, and Mejda Daami-Remadi. "Biocontrol of Pythium Damping-Off on Pepper (Capsicum Annuum) with Selected Fungal and Rhizobacterial Agents." International Journal of Phytopathology 9, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.009.01.3083.

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Pythium ultimum is a common soilborne pathogen causing serious losses of pepper seedlings in nurseries and few weeks post-planting. Two pepper associated-P. ultimum isolates (P1 and P2) were shown pathogenic to pepper cv. Altar causing post-emergence damping-off with P2 isolate being the most aggressive. Fungal and bacterial antagonists have been evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their ability to suppress P. ultimum. In dual culture assay, Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and Gliocladium virens inhibited pathogen radial growth by 18.54, 17.52 and 15.24%, respectively, relative to control, while none of the tested bacteria was shown able to significantly inhibit pathogen growth. However, drastic changes in pathogen hyphae expressed as strong lysis, the formation of mycelial cords and mycoparasitism have been observed. Pepper seeds treated with fungal antagonists’ conidial suspensions showed 60, 50 and 60% less pre-emergence damping-off infections, respectively, compared to the positive control. When tested as root dipping, only G. virens resulted in 40% reduced post-emergence damping-off. An improved seedlings fresh weight, by 79.31 and 76%, was respectively induced by G. virens-, and T. viride-based treatments while an increment of 27.58, 25.33 and 22.22 % was recorded following treatments with G. virens, T. viride and T. harzianum, relative to the positive control. The majority of tested bacterial isolates, applied as a seed treatment, had significantly improved the emergence percentage of inoculated seedlings as compared to control with Burkholderia glathei isolate 35 being the most efficient. When applied as root dipping, reduction of post-emergence damping-off ranged between 40 and 100% with Pseudomonas aureofaciens isolate 314 being the most effective agent. Seedlings treated with P. aureofaciens (314) and Bacillus pumilus (420) showed 35.38 and 28.51% higher heights, respectively. Plant weight was enhanced by 73.06, 61.18, 77.39, 61.8 and 67.93% over control following treatments with P. aureofaciens isolates 314 and 31, Bacillus pumilus 420, P. fluorescens and P. putida 227.

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Pandin, Caroline, Maud Darsonval, Camille Mayeur, Dominique Le Coq, Stéphane Aymerich, and Romain Briandet. "Biofilm Formation and Synthesis of Antimicrobial Compounds by the Biocontrol Agent Bacillus velezensis QST713 in an Agaricus bisporus Compost Micromodel." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 85, no. 12 (April 12, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00327-19.

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ABSTRACT Bacillus velezensis QST713 is widely used as a biological control agent for crop protection and disease suppression. This strain is used industrially in France for the protection of Agaricus bisporus against Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum, which causes green mold disease. The efficacy of this biocontrol process was evaluated in a previous study, yet the mode of its action has not been explored under production conditions. In order to decipher the underlying biocontrol mechanisms for effective biofilm formation by strain QST713 in the compost and for the involvement of antimicrobial compounds, we developed a simplified micromodel for the culture of A. bisporus during its early culture cycle. By using this micromodel system, we studied the transcriptional response of strain QST713 in the presence or absence of A. bisporus and/or T. aggressivum in axenic industrial compost. We report the overexpression of several genes of the biocontrol agent involved in biofilm formation in the compost compared to their expression during growth in broth compost extract either in the exponential growth phase (the epsC, blsA, and tapA genes) or in the stationary growth phase (the tapA gene), while a gene encoding a flagellar protein (hag) was underexpressed. We also report the overexpression of Bacillus velezensis QST713 genes related to surfactin (srfAA) and fengycin (fenA) production in the presence of the fungal pathogen in the compost. IMPORTANCE Biocontrol agents are increasingly used to replace chemical pesticides to prevent crop diseases. In the button mushroom field in France, the use of Bacillus velezensis QST713 as a biocontrol agent against the green mold Trichoderma aggressivum has been shown to be efficient. However, the biocontrol mechanisms effective in the Agaricus bisporus/Trichoderma aggressivum/Bacillus velezensis QST713 pathosystem are still unknown. Our paper focuses on the exploration of the bioprotection mechanisms of the biocontrol agent Bacillus velezensis QST713 during culture of the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) in a micromodel culture system to study the specific response of strain QST713 in the presence of T. aggressivum and/or A. bisporus.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Trichoderma aggressivum'

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