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Journal articles on the topic 'Trichomonase'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

KUTISOVA, K., J. KULDA, I. CEPICKA, J. FLEGR, B. KOUDELA, J. TERAS, and J. TACHEZY. "Tetratrichomonads from the oral cavity and respiratory tract of humans." Parasitology 131, no. 3 (June 10, 2005): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182005008000.

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To clarify the taxonomy of trichomonads associated with human respiratory diseases, we examined a collection of axenic trichomonad strains isolated from the oral cavity and bronchi of patients from pulmonary diseases clinics in Tallin, Estonia. The oral and bronchial strains were compared mutually as well as with a reference strain of Trichomonas tenax, a common inhabitant of the human oral cavity, and other trichomonad species from humans and animals. Unexpectedly, the morphological studies, as well as DNA sequencing of ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 regions revealed that the Estonian strains belong to the genus Tetratrichomonas, with a high similarity to the avian species Tetratrichomonas gallinarum. None of the strains belonged to Trichomonas tenax. DNA fingerprinting using the RAPD method separated Estonian strains into 2 distinct groups: ‘bronchial’ consisting of 5 and 2 strains isolated from bronchi and ‘oral’ cavity, respectively, and oral consisting of 3 oral strains. Consistent differences between ‘bronchial’ and ‘oral’ groups were confirmed by analysis of ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 sequences. Our results have revealed novel trichomonad species of the human oral cavity and bronchi.
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2

TASCA, T., C. D. BONAN, G. A. DE CARLI, J. J. F. SARKIS, and J. F. ALDERETE. "Heterogeneity in extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis among clinical isolates ofTrichomonas vaginalis." Parasitology 131, no. 1 (March 7, 2005): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182005007377.

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Trichomonas vaginalisis a parasitic protozoan that causes trichomonosis, a sexually-transmitted disease, with serious sequelae to women and men. As the host–parasite relationship is complex, it is important to investigate biochemical aspects of the parasite that contribute to our understanding of trichomonal biology and pathogenesis. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase 1), which hydrolyses extracellular ATP and ADP, and ecto-5′-nucleotidase, which hyrolyses AMP, have been characterized in laboratory isolates ofT. vaginalis. Here we show that the extracellular ATP[ratio ]ADP hydrolysis ratio varies among fresh clinical isolates, which presented higher ATPase and ADPase activities than long-term-grown isolates. Growth of parasites in iron-replete and iron-depleted medium resulted in different, albeit minor, patterns in extracellular ATP and ADP hydrolysis among isolates. Importantly, some isolates had low or absent ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity, regardless of environmental conditions tested. For isolates with ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity, high- and low-iron trichomonads had increased and decreased levels of activity, respectively, compared to organisms grown in normal TYM-serum medium. This suggests a regulation in expression of either the enzyme amounts and/or activity under the control of iron. Finally, we found no correlation between the presence or absence of dsRNA virus infection among trichomonad isolates and NTPDase and ecto-5′-nucleotidase activities.
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3

Potamianos, Spyros, Peter R. Mason, John S. Read, and Silas Chikunguwo. "Lysis of erythrocytes by Trichomonas vaginalis." Bioscience Reports 12, no. 5 (October 1, 1992): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01121502.

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The in vitro hemolytic activity of 4 isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis was investigated. Repetitive hemolysis assays of any one isolate showed cyclical fluctuations in hemolytic activity, varying over 24 hr of continuous culture. Maximal hemolytic activity was detected using trichomonads in the lag phase of the growth cycle. Investigations showed that hemolysis was a contact-dependent phenomenon and microscopic investigation of samples showed a significant correlation between hemolysis and attachment of erythrocytes to the trichomonad surface. Quantitative data from cytoadherence assays using [51Cr]-labeled erythrocytes were consistent with these observations. It is suggested that hemolytic activity is dependent upon adherence of red blood cells to the surface of T. vaginalis.
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4

Lehker, M. W., R. Arroyo, and J. F. Alderete. "The regulation by iron of the synthesis of adhesins and cytoadherence levels in the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 174, no. 2 (August 1, 1991): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.174.2.311.

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Levels of adherence of Trichomonas vaginalis to epithelial cells was found to be modulated by iron. Cytoadherence values were greater than or equal to twofold higher for trichomonads grown in a complex cultivation medium supplemented with iron. This increase in adherence levels was specifically mediated by iron; parasites cultured in a low-iron medium in the presence of salts other than iron were unresponsive to changes in adherence levels. Expression of the higher adherence property, by parasites grown first in low-iron medium followed by supplementation with iron, was a function of time, and the extent of cytoadherence was proportional to the concentration of iron added to the medium. Lactoferrin, an important iron source for trichomonads at the site of infection, elevated adherence of the parasite to epithelial cells, demonstrating the likely in vivo modulation of adherence by iron. The alteration of levels of adherence caused by iron was determined to be a reflection of gene expression of previously characterized trichomonad adhesins. Parasites grown under iron-replete conditions had higher quantities of surface-exposed adhesins, and this was a result of increased synthesis of adhesins. Actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin prevented expression of adhesin molecules, which resulted in decreased cytoadherence, showing that adhesin synthesis was dependent on gene transcription. Data indicated that genes encoding the four trichomonad adhesins are coordinately regulated by iron.
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5

OZPINAR, Necati, Hulya OZPINAR, Nuraniye ERUYGUR, and Tuğba KAYA. "EVALUATION OF ANTI-TRICHOMONASE ACTIVITIES OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF HYPERICUM SCABRUM L." INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF SPORTS 34 (2020): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.17363/sstb.2020.34.2.

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6

Lehker, M. W., T. H. Chang, D. C. Dailey, and J. F. Alderete. "Specific erythrocyte binding is an additional nutrient acquisition system for Trichomonas vaginalis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 171, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 2165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.171.6.2165.

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Specific receptor-mediated binding by Trichomonas vaginalis of human erythrocytes was demonstrated. The ability of live parasites to internalize erythrocytes was also documented. In vitro growth assays during lipid-free and iron-limiting conditions that do not support the survival of T. vaginalis organisms showed that purified erythrocyte lipids and hemoglobin were each able to provide lipids and/or hemoglobin iron for trichomonal growth and multiplication. Parasites bound hemoglobin in a highly specific receptor-mediated fashion, and only the homologous unlabeled hemoglobin, but not lactoferrin and transferrin, competed with iodinated hemoglobin binding. Two antibody-crossreactive surface proteins of the parasites were identified as adhesins, and antibody to the individual adhesins inhibited T. vaginalis recognition and binding of erythrocytes. Finally, patient sera possessed antibody to the adhesins, showing the immunogenic nature and in vivo relevance of the trichomonad proteins during infection.
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7

Morton, O. "Neotran® – A New Double-Active Pessary for the Treatment of Vaginitis." Journal of International Medical Research 21, no. 1 (January 1993): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059302100104.

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The common causes of vaginitis have changed in recent years. Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis is much less frequent than it used to be. The most common causes of vaginitis are candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis due to infection with mixed bacterial flora. In general practice, treatment of vaginitis is often begun before microbiological confirmation of the diagnosis is available. A vaginal pessary has been formulated to provide an effective therapy in all three forms of vaginitis mentioned above. This formulation, Neotran®, is believed to be the first pessary to contain both metronidazole and miconazole. In vivo and in vitro studies showed Neotran® to be effective against Candida albicans and mixed bacterial flora. Neotran® was shown, in vitro, to be active against Trichomonas but, because of the current rarity of trichomonal infection in the UK, it was not possible to show its effectiveness against Trichomonas in vivo. In a general-practice clinical trial of the treatment of vaginitis in 80 patients, Neotran® pessaries achieved a microbiological resolution rate of 83% in those patients who were bacteriologically evaluable and was well tolerated. Overall clinical evaluation of the patients showed the condition to be resolved in 73% of patients, improved in 21% and unchanged in 6%. Die gewöhnlichen Ursachen von Vaginitis haben sich in den vergangenen Jahren geändert. Eine Infektion mit Trichomonas vaginalis ist viel seltener als früher. Die gewöhnlichsten Ursachen von Vaginitis sind Candidiase und bakterielle Vaginose aufgrund von Infektionen mit gemischter bakterieller Flora. In der Allgemeinmedizin wird die Behandlung von Vaginitis oft begonnen, bevor eine mikrobiologische Bestätigung der Diagnose zur Verfügung steht. Es wurde ein Scheidenpessar hergestellt, um eine wirksame Behandlung aller der drei oben angegebenen Arten von Vaginitis zu ermöglichen. Es besteht die Meinung, daβ Neotran®, eine Mischung nach Formel, das erste Pessar ist, das sowohl Metronidazole als auch Miconazole enthält. Studien in vivo und in vitro zeigten, daβ Neotran® gegen Candida albicans und gemischte bakterielle Flora wirksam ist. Neotran® erwies sich in vitro aktiv gegen Trichomonas, es war aber wegen der derzeitigen Seltenheit von trichomonalen Infektionen in Groβbritannien nicht möglich, ihre Wirksamkeit gegen Trichomonas in vivo aufzuzeigen. In klinischen Versuchen, die in der Allgemeinmedizin bei der Behandlung von Vaginitis ausgeführtwurden, bewirkten die Neotran®-Pessare bei 80 Patienten eine mikrobiologische Auflösungsrate von 83% bei jenen Patienten, die bakteriologisch bewertet werden konnten, und sie wurden gut toleriert. Eine allgemeine klinische Bewertung der Patienten zeigte, daβ der Zustand bei 73% der Patienten geheilt, bei 21% verbessert und bei 6% unverändert war. Son yillarda vajinitis'in bilinen yaygin sebeplerinde değişLmeler olmuşLtur. Trichomonas vaginalis ile oluşLan vajinitis artik eskisine oranla çok seyrek olarak görülmektedir. Vajinitis'in en yaygin sebepleri; candidiasis ve karişLik flora ile oluşLmuşL enfeksiyona bağli bakteriyel vajinosistir. Klinik uyğulamada, vajinitis'in tedavisi genellikle, daha mikrobiyolojik kültür sonucu gelmeden başLlar. Yukarida siralanan üç vajinitis türüne etkili olabilecek yeni bir vajinal ovül tedavi hizmetine sunulmuşLtur. Bu ovül Neotran® olup, hem metranidazol hem de micanozole işLeren ilk ovüldür. In vivo ve in vitro araşLtirmalar Neotran®’ in hem Candida albicans'a hem de karişLik flora bakterilerine karşLi etkili olduğunu göstermişLter. Neotran®'in ashnda in vitro olarak Trichomonas'a karşLi da etkili olduğu araşLtirmalar sonucunda ortaya çikmişLtir; ama Ingiltere'de trikomonal enfeksiyon çok seyrek olduğu için, in vivo olarak bu etkinliği göstermek mümkün olmamişLtir. Seksen hastayi içine alan bir araşLtirmada Neotran®, hastalarin %83’ ünde mikrobiyolojik düzelme sağlamişLtir. Ayrica bu hastalar Neotran®’ i iyi tolere etmişLtir. Bu hastalarin genel değerlendirmeleri sonucunda %73 vakada klinik şLikayetlerin kaybolduğu, %6’ sinda hiç bir değişLme olmadiği ve %21’ inde şLikayetlerin kismen iyileşLtiği görülmüşLtür.
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8

Miranda-Ozuna, Jesús F. T., Luis Alberto Rivera-Rivas, Rosa Elena Cárdenas-Guerra, Mar Sarai Hernández-García, Sarahí Rodríguez-Cruz, Arturo González-Robles, Bibiana Chavez-Munguía, and Rossana Arroyo. "Glucose-restriction increasesTrichomonas vaginaliscellular damage towards HeLa cells and proteolytic activity of cysteine proteinases (CPs), such as TvCP2." Parasitology 146, no. 9 (March 12, 2019): 1156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019000209.

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AbstractTrichomonas vaginalisinduces cellular damage to the host cells (cytotoxicity) through the proteolytic activity of multiple proteinases of the cysteine type (CPs). Some CPs are modulated by environmental factors such as iron, zinc, polyamines, etc. Thus, the goal of this study was to assess the effect of glucose onT. vaginaliscytotoxicity, proteolytic activity and the particular role of TvCP2 (TVAG_057000) during cellular damage. Cytotoxicity assays showed that glucose-restriction (GR) promotes the highest HeLa cell monolayers destruction (~95%) by trichomonads compared to those grown under high glucose (~44%) condition. Zymography and Western blot using different primary antibodies showed that GR increased the proteolytic activity, amount and secretion of certain CPs, including TvCP2. We further characterized the effect of glucose on TvCP2. TvCP2 increases in GR, localized in vesicles close to the plasma membrane and on the surface ofT. vaginalis. Furthermore, pretreatment of GR-trichomonads with an anti-TvCP2r polyclonal antibody specifically reduced the levels of cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction to HeLa cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, our data show that GR, as a nutritional stress condition, promotes trichomonal cytotoxicity to the host cells, increases trichomonad proteolytic activity and amount of CPs, such as TvCP2 involved in cellular damage.
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9

Friedman, Mendel, Christina C. Tam, Jong H. Kim, Sydney Escobar, Steven Gong, Max Liu, Xuan Yu Mao, et al. "Anti-Parasitic Activity of Cherry Tomato Peel Powders." Foods 10, no. 2 (January 23, 2021): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020230.

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Trichomoniasis in humans, caused by the protozoal parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, while Tritrichomonas foetus causes trichomonosis, an infection of the gastrointestinal tract and diarrhea in farm animals and domesticated cats. As part of an effort to determine the inhibitory effects of plant-based extracts and pure compounds, seven commercially available cherry tomato varieties were hand-peeled, freeze-dried, and pounded into powders. The anti-trichomonad inhibitory activities of these peel powders at 0.02% concentration determined using an in vitro cell assay varied widely from 0.0% to 66.7% against T. vaginalis G3 (human); from 0.9% to 66.8% for T. foetus C1 (feline); and from 0.0% to 81.3% for T. foetus D1 (bovine). The organic Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (D) peels were the most active against all three trichomonads, inhibiting 52.2% (G3), 66.8% (C1), and 81.3% (D1). Additional assays showed that none of the powders inhibited the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic fungi, or non-pathogenic lactobacilli. Tomato peel and pomace powders with high content of described biologically active compounds could serve as functional food and feed additives that might help overcome adverse effects of wide-ranging diseases and complement the treatment of parasites with the anti-trichomonad drug metronidazole.
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10

Mendoza-López, M. Remedios, Cecilia Becerril-Garcia, Loriz V. Fattel-Facenda, Leticia Avila-Gonzalez, Martha E. Ruíz-Tachiquín, Jaime Ortega-Lopez, and Rossana Arroyo. "CP30, a Cysteine Proteinase Involved inTrichomonas vaginalis Cytoadherence." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 4907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.9.4907-4912.2000.

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ABSTRACT We describe here the participation of a Trichomonas vaginalis 30-kDa proteinase (CP30) with affinity to the HeLa cell surface in attachment of this parasite to host epithelial cells. The CP30 band is a cysteine proteinase because its activity was inhibited by E-64, a thiol proteinase inhibitor. In two-dimensional substrate gel electrophoresis of total extracts of the trichomonad isolate CNCD 147, three spots with proteolytic activity were detected in the 30-kDa region, in the pI range from 4.5 to 5.5. Two of the spots (pI 4.5 and 5.0) bound to the surfaces of fixed HeLa cells corresponding to the CP30 band. The immunoglobulin G fraction of the rabbit anti-CP30 antiserum that recognized a 30-kDa band by Western blotting and immunoprecipitated CP30 specifically inhibited trichomonal cytoadherence to HeLa cell monolayers in a concentration-dependent manner and reacted with CP30 at the parasite surface. CP30 degraded proteins found on the female urogenital tract, including fibronectin, collagen IV, and hemoglobin. Interestingly, CP30 digested fibronectin and collagen IV only at pH levels between 4.5 and 5.0. Moreover, trichomonosis patients whose diagnosis was confirmed by in vitro culture possessed antibody to CP30 in both sera and vaginal washes, and CP30 activity was found in vaginal washes. Our results suggest that surface CP30 is a cysteine proteinase necessary for trichomonal adherence to human epithelial cells.
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11

Desoubeaux, Guillaume, and Adélaïde Chesnay. "Diagnostic de la trichomonose à Trichomonas vaginalis." Revue Francophone des Laboratoires 2021, no. 530 (March 2021): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1773-035x(21)00071-x.

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12

Kleydman, Yekaterina, Nigel Yarlett, and Thomas E. Gorrell. "Production of ammonia by Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis." Microbiology 150, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 1139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26939-0.

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Production of ammonia is difficult to find among the various studies of amino acid metabolism in protozoa. Several studies suggest that catabolism of arginine to ammonium is important for the growth of trichomonads. Trichomonads are amitochondriate zooflagellates that thrive under microaerophilic and anaerobic conditions. The authors were able to detect accumulation of ammonium ions and ammonia in cultures of Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis, including those resistant to metronidazole. Ammonium ions and ammonia were detected using the indophenol colorimetric method. Cells incubated overnight under an ambient oxygen gas phase had 0·9 mM soluble ammonium (NH4 + and NH3) or a 20 % greater concentration of ammonium relative to sterile growth medium that had been incubated similarly. Production of ammonia itself was confirmed by analysis of a wick that was moistened with sulfuric acid (20 mM) and placed above the liquid in sealed cultures of a strain of Trichomonas vaginalis. The wicks from these cultures captured the equivalent of 0·048 mM volatile ammonia (NH3) from the liquid as compared to 0·021 mM volatile ammonia from sterile medium after overnight incubation. Intact trichomonads, 0·7×106 cells ml−1 equivalent to 0·7 mg protein ml−1, incubated in Doran's buffer with or without (1 mM) l-arginine produced significant amounts of soluble ammonium (0·07 mM and 0·04 mM, respectively) during 60 min. The results indicate that ammonium ions and the more irritating ammonia are significant metabolites of trichomonads. In addition, based upon end-product amounts, it appears that the rate of arginine metabolism is of the same order of magnitude as that for carbohydrate metabolism by trichomonads.
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13

Nielsen, Tyler J., Prajakta Pradhan, Andrew Brittingham, and Wayne A. Wilson. "Glycogen Accumulation and Degradation by the Trichomonads Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas tenax." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59, no. 4 (May 21, 2012): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00624.x.

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14

van Schalkwyk, Julie, and Mark H. Yudin. "Vulvovaginite : Dépistage et prise en charge de la trichomonase, de la candidose vulvovaginale et de la vaginose bactérienne." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 38, no. 12 (December 2016): S587—S596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2016.09.065.

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15

van Schalkwyk, Julie, Mark H. Yudin, Mark H. Yudin, Victoria Allen, Céline Bouchard, Marc Boucher, Isabelle Boucoiran, et al. "Vulvovaginite: Dépistage et prise en charge de la trichomonase, de la candidose vulvovaginale et de la vaginose bactérienne." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 37, no. 3 (March 2015): 275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30317-0.

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16

Alrefaei, Abdulwahed Fahad, Ross Low, Neil Hall, Rodrigo Jardim, Alberto Dávila, Rick Gerhold, Shinto John, et al. "Multilocus Analysis Resolves the European Finch Epidemic Strain of Trichomonas gallinae and Suggests Introgression from Divergent Trichomonads." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 2391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz164.

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Abstract In Europe, Trichomonas gallinae recently emerged as a cause of epidemic disease in songbirds. A clonal strain of the parasite, first found in the United Kingdom, has become the predominant strain there and spread to continental Europe. Discriminating this epidemic strain of T. gallinae from other strains necessitated development of multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Development of the MLST was facilitated by the assembly and annotation of a 54.7 Mb draft genome of a cloned stabilate of the A1 European finch epidemic strain (isolated from Greenfinch, Chloris chloris, XT-1081/07 in 2007) containing 21,924 protein coding genes. This enabled construction of a robust 19 locus MLST based on existing typing loci for Trichomonas vaginalis and T. gallinae. Our MLST has the sensitivity to discriminate strains within existing genotypes confidently, and resolves the American finch A1 genotype from the European finch epidemic A1 genotype. Interestingly, one isolate we obtained from a captive black-naped fruit dove Ptilinopsus melanospilus, was not truly T. gallinae but a hybrid of T. gallinae with a distant trichomonad lineage. Phylogenetic analysis of the individual loci in this fruit dove provides evidence of gene flow between distant trichomonad lineages at 2 of the 19 loci examined and may provide precedence for the emergence of other hybrid trichomonad genomes including T. vaginalis.
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17

Calla-Choque, Jaeson Santos, Elisa Elvira Figueroa-Angulo, Leticia Ávila-González, and Rossana Arroyo. "α-Actinin TvACTN3 ofTrichomonas vaginalisIs an RNA-Binding Protein That Could Participate in Its Posttranscriptional Iron Regulatory Mechanism." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/424767.

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Trichomonas vaginalisis a sexually transmitted flagellated protist parasite responsible for trichomoniasis. This parasite is dependent on high levels of iron, favoring its growth and multiplication. Iron also differentially regulates some trichomonad virulence properties by unknown mechanisms. However, there is evidence to support the existence of gene regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels that are mediated by iron concentration inT. vaginalis. Thus, the goal of this study was to identify an RNA-binding protein inT. vaginalisthat interacts with the tvcp4 RNA stem-loop structure, which may participate in a posttranscriptional iron regulatory mechanism mediated by RNA-protein interactions. We performed RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay (REMSA) and supershift, UV cross-linking, Northwestern blot, and western blot (WB) assays using cytoplasmic protein extracts fromT. vaginaliswith the tvcp4 RNA hairpin structure as a probe. We identified a 135-kDa protein isolated by the UV cross-linking assays asα-actinin 3 (TvACTN3) by MALDI-TOF-MS that was confirmed by LS-MS/MS andde novosequencing. TvACTN3 is a cytoplasmic protein that specifically binds to hairpin RNA structures from trichomonads and humans when the parasites are grown under iron-depleted conditions. Thus, TvACTN3 could participate in the regulation of gene expression by iron inT. vaginalisthrough a parallel posttranscriptional mechanism similar to that of the IRE/IRP system.
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18

Leon, Segundo R., Kelika A. Konda, Kyle T. Bernstein, Jose B. Pajuelo, Ana M. Rosasco, Carlos F. Caceres, Thomas J. Coates, and Jeffrey D. Klausner. "Trichomonas vaginalisInfection and Associated Risk Factors in a Socially-Marginalized Female Population in Coastal Peru." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009 (2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/752437.

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Objective. The epidemiology ofTrichomonas vaginalisinfection among sexually active socially-marginalized women in three urban, coastal Peruvian cities was examined in order to quantify the prevalence of trichomonas infection and identify associated risk factors.Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional, venue-based study of women from socially-marginalized populations in three coastal Peruvian cities.Results. Among the 319 women enrolled, the overall prevalence of trichomonal infection was 9.1% (95% CI, 5.9%–12.3%). The mean age was 26.3 years, and 35.5% reported having had unprotected intercourse with nonprimary partners and 19.8% reported two or more sex partners in the last three months. Trichomonal infection was associated with increased number of sex partners (PR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.6) and unprotected sex with nonprimary partner in the last three months (PR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.9).Conclusions. A moderately high prevalence of trichomonal infection was found among women in our study. Trichomonal infection was associated with unprotected sex and multiple sex partners. Efforts to control the continued spread of trichomonal infection are warranted.
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Alderete, J. F. "Iron Modulates Phenotypic Variation and Phosphorylation of P270 in Double-Stranded RNA Virus-Infected Trichomonas vaginalis." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 4298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.8.4298-4302.1999.

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ABSTRACT Trichomonas vaginalis infected with a double-stranded RNA virus undergoes phenotypic variation on the basis of surface versus cytoplasmic expression of the immunogenic protein P270. Examination of batch cultures by flow cytofluorometry with monoclonal antibody (MAb) to P270 yields both fluorescent and nonfluorescent trichomonads. Greater numbers and intensity of fluorescent organisms with surface P270 reactive with MAb were evident in parasites grown in medium depleted of iron. Placement of iron-limited organisms in medium supplemented with iron gave increased numbers of nonfluorescent trichomonads. Purified subpopulations of trichomonads with and without surface P270 obtained by fluorescence-activated cell sorting reverted to nonfluorescent and fluorescent phenotypes when placed in high- and low-iron media, respectively. No similar regulation by iron of P270 was evident among virus-negative T. vaginalis isolates or virus-negative progeny trichomonads derived from virus-infected isolates. Equal amounts of P270 were detectable by MAb on immunoblots of total proteins from identical numbers of parasites grown in low- and high-iron media. Finally, P270 was found to be highly phosphorylated in high-iron parasites. Iron, therefore, plays a role in modulating surface localization of P270 in virus-harboring parasites.
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20

Rendón-Gandarilla, Francisco Javier, Lucero de los Angeles Ramón-Luing, Jaime Ortega-López, Ivone Rosa de Andrade, Marlene Benchimol, and Rossana Arroyo. "The TvLEGU-1, a Legumain-Like Cysteine Proteinase, Plays a Key Role inTrichomonas vaginalisCytoadherence." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/561979.

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The goal of this paper was to characterize aTrichomonas vaginaliscysteine proteinase (CP) legumain-1 (TvLEGU-1) and determine its potential role as a virulence factor duringT. vaginalisinfection. A 30-kDa band, which migrates in three protein spots (pI~6.3, ~6.5, and ~6.7) with a different type and level of phosphorylation, was identified as TvLEGU-1 by one- and two-dimensional Western blot (WB) assays, using a protease-rich trichomonad extract and polyclonal antibodies produced against the recombinant TvLEGU-1 (anti-TvLEGU-1r). Its identification was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Immunofluorescence, cell binding, and WB assays showed that TvLEGU-1 is upregulated by iron at the protein level, localized on the trichomonad surface and in lysosomes and Golgi complex, bound to the surface of HeLa cells, and was found in vaginal secretions. Additionally, the IgG and Fab fractions of the anti-TvLEGU-1r antibody inhibited trichomonal cytoadherence up to 45%. Moreover, the Aza-Peptidyl Michael Acceptor that inhibited legumain proteolytic activity in live parasites also reduced levels of trichomonal cytoadherence up to 80%. In conclusion, our data show that the proteolytic activity of TvLEGU-1 is necessary for trichomonal adherence. Thus, TvLEGU-1 is a novel virulence factor upregulated by iron. This is the first report that a legumain-like CP plays a role in a pathogen cytoadherence.
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Graves, Keonte J., Jan Novak, W. Evan Secor, Patricia J. Kissinger, Jane R. Schwebke, and Christina A. Muzny. "A systematic review of the literature on mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole resistance in Trichomonas vaginalis." Parasitology 147, no. 13 (July 30, 2020): 1383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020001237.

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AbstractBackgroundTrichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. 5-Nitroimidazoles [metronidazole (MTZ) and tinidazole (TDZ)] are FDA-approved treatments. To better understand treatment failure, we conducted a systematic review on mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole resistance.MethodsPubMed, ScienceDirect and EMBASE databases were searched using keywords Trichomonas vaginalis, trichomoniasis, 5-nitroimidazole, metronidazole, tinidazole and drug resistance. Non-English language articles and articles on other treatments were excluded.ResultsThe search yielded 606 articles, of which 550 were excluded, leaving 58 articles. Trichomonas vaginalis resistance varies and is higher with MTZ (2.2–9.6%) than TDZ (0–2%). Resistance can be aerobic or anaerobic and is relative rather than absolute. Differential expression of enzymes involved in trichomonad energy production and antioxidant defenses affects 5-nitroimidazole drug activation; reduced expression of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, ferredoxin, nitroreductase, hydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase and flavin reductase are implicated in drug resistance. Trichomonas vaginalis infection with Mycoplasma hominis or T. vaginalis virus has also been associated with resistance. Trichomonas vaginalis has two genotypes, with greater resistance seen in type 2 (vs type 1) populations.Discussion5-Nitroimidazole resistance results from differential expression of enzymes involved in energy production or antioxidant defenses, along with genetic mutations in the T. vaginalis genome. Alternative treatments outside of the 5-nitroimidazole class are needed.
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Benchimol, Marlene. "Trichomonads under Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, no. 5 (October 2004): 528–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604040905.

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Trichomonads are flagellate protists, and among themTrichomonas vaginalisandTritrichomonas foetusare the most studied because they are parasites of the urogenital tract of humans and cattle, respectively. Microscopy provides new insights into the cell biology and morphology of these parasites, and thus allows better understanding of the main aspects of their physiology. Here, we review the ultrastructure ofT. foetusandT. vaginalis, stressing the participation of the axostyle in the process of cell division and showing that the pseudocyst may be a new form in the trichomonad cell cycle and not simply a degenerative form. Other organelles, such as the Golgi and hydrogenosomes, are also reviewed. The virus present in trichomonads is discussed.
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Martikaynen, Zinaida Mikhaylovna, Aleksey Nikolayevich Grigoryev, Olga Sergeyevna Ryzhkova, Yelena Vasilyevna Shipitsyna, Alevtina Mikhaylovna Savicheva, Irina Viktorovna Litvinenko, Alla Valentinovna Galkina, et al. "Comparison of laboratory methods for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 63, no. 1 (December 15, 2014): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd6315-9.

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The paper presents data on comparison of microscopy, culture and molecular (PCR) methods for diagnosis of trichomoniasis, as well as on evaluation of the quality of culture media for isolation of trichomonads produced by Russian and international manufacturers. The highest sensitivity was shown for the molecular (real-time PCR) method. Microscopy of stained and wet smears demonstrated relatively high sensitivity. The culture media that are widely used in our country for Trichomonas vaginalis isolation need optimization.
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SMEJKALOVÁ, PAVLA, KLÁRA J. PETRŽELKOVÁ, KATEŘINA POMAJBÍKOVÁ, DAVID MODRÝ, and IVAN ČEPIČKA. "Extensive diversity of intestinal trichomonads of non-human primates." Parasitology 139, no. 1 (September 26, 2011): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001624.

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SUMMARYDespite the fact that the non-human primates are our closest relatives and represent a species-rich mammalian group, little is known about their intestinal protistan parasites/commensals. Particularly, the intestinal trichomonads represent a neglected part of the fauna of the primate digestive system. We have established 30 trichomonad strains isolated from feces of 11 primate species kept in 3 Czech zoos and performed an analysis of their SSU rDNA and ITS1-5·8S rDNA-ITS2. Our results showed that intestinal trichomonads are rather common among non-human primates. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the strains are unexpectedly diversified, belonging to 8 or 9 distinct species. Interestingly, the vast majority of the strains from non-human primates belonged to the genus Tetratrichomonas while no member of this genus has been found in the human intestine so far. In addition, hominoid and non-hominoid primates differed in their intestinal trichomonads. Our results suggest that captive primates possibly may be infected by intestinal trichomonads of other vertebrates such as pigs, cattle, birds, tortoises and lizards.
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MARTY, MATHIEU, MARK BONNER, and FRÉDÉRIC VAYSSE. "Observation of trichomonads infection in a child with periodontitis by direct microscopy at the dental office." Parasitology 142, no. 11 (July 14, 2015): 1440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015000876.

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SUMMARYThe pathogenicity of Trichomonas species is well documented. Although their exact involvement in gum disease is not fully understood, recent studies suggest a correlation between these protozoa and periodontitis. This case report details the first chair-side observation in Europe of an oral trichomonad infection in a child with periodontitis, by direct microscopy. The dramatic recovery of the patient, observed following administration of an anti-parasitic treatment, confirms the necessity of further investigation in this field.
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Omer, El-Fadil E., R. D. Catterall, M. H. Ali, H. A. El-Naeem, and H. H. Erwa. "Vaginal Trichomoniasis." Tropical Doctor 15, no. 4 (October 1985): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558501500407.

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At a sexually transmitted disease clinic at Khartoum 613 Sudanese women presenting with vaginal discharge were investigated. Specimens were examined by microscopy and culture. Trichomonas vaginalis infestation was found in 123 patients (20.1%), predominantly in the age groups 16–19 years (27.1%) and 46–65 years (27%). Frequency of trichomonal vaginitis was highest (35.9%) among divorced women. Of the pregnant women investigated, 16.3% were found to harbour the parasite. There was no significant difference in the parity of parasitized and non-parasitized patients.
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Brugerolle, Guy, Geneviève Bricheux, and Gérard Coffe. "Actin cytoskeleton demonstration in Trichomonas vaginalis and in other trichomonads." Biology of the Cell 88, no. 1-2 (1996): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0248-4900(97)86828-1.

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THONG, K., G. COOMBS, and B. SANDERSON. "S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity in Trichomonas vaginalis and other trichomonads." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 17, no. 1 (October 1985): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6851(85)90126-4.

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Dimasuay, Kris Genelyn B., Orlie John Y. Lavilla, and Windell L. Rivera. "New Hosts ofSimplicimonas similisandTrichomitus batrachorumIdentified by 18S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequences." Journal of Parasitology Research 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/831947.

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Trichomonads are obligate anaerobes generally found in the digestive and genitourinary tract of domestic animals. In this study, four trichomonad isolates were obtained from carabao, dog, and pig hosts using rectal swab. Genomic DNA was extracted using Chelex method and the 18S rRNA gene was successfully amplified through novel sets of primers and undergone DNA sequencing. Aligned isolate sequences together with retrieved 18S rRNA gene sequences of known trichomonads were utilized to generate phylogenetic trees using maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining analyses. Two isolates from carabao were identified asSimplicimonas similiswhile each isolate from dog and pig was identified asPentatrichomonas hominisandTrichomitus batrachorum, respectively. This is the first report ofS. similisin carabao and the identification ofT. batrachorumin pig using 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The generated phylogenetic tree yielded three distinct groups mostly with relatively moderate to high bootstrap support and in agreement with the most recent classification. Pathogenic potential of the trichomonads in these hosts still needs further investigation.
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Mundodi, V., A. S. Kucknoor, and J. F. Alderete. "Immunogenic and Plasminogen-Binding Surface-Associated α-Enolase of Trichomonas vaginalis." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 2 (December 10, 2007): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01352-07.

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ABSTRACT Trichomonas vaginalis is a protist that causes the most common human sexually transmitted infection. A T. vaginalis cDNA expression library was screened with pooled sera from patients with trichomoniasis. A highly reactive cDNA clone of 1,428 bp encoded a trichomonad protein of 472 amino acids with sequence identity to α-enolase (tv-eno1). The sequence alignment confirmed the highly conserved nature of the enzyme with 65% to 84% identity among organisms. The expression of tv-eno1 was up-regulated by contact of parasites with vaginal epithelial cells, and this is the first report demonstrating up-regulation by cytoadherence of a plasminogen-binding α-enolase in T. vaginalis. Immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibody of nonpermeabilized trichomonads showed tv-ENO1 on the surface. The recombinant tv-ENO1 was expressed in Escherichia coli as a glutathione S-transferase (GST)::tv-ENO1 fusion protein, which was cleaved using thrombin to obtain affinity-purified recombinant tv-ENO1 protein (tv-rENO1) detectable in immunoblots by sera of patients. Immobilized tv-rENO1 bound human plasminogen in a dose-dependent manner, and plasminogen binding by tv-rENO1 was confirmed in a ligand blot assay. The plasminogen-specific inhibitor ε-aminocaproic acid blocked the tv-rENO1-plasminogen association, indicating that lysines play a role in binding to tv-rENO1. Further, both parasites and tv-rENO1 activate plasminogen to plasmin that is mediated by tissue plasminogen activator. These data indicate that as with other bacterial pathogens, tv-ENO1 is an anchorless, surface-associated glycolytic enzyme of T. vaginalis.
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Dailey, D. C., C. Te-Hung, and J. F. Alderete. "Characterization ofTrichomonas vaginalishaemolysis." Parasitology 101, no. 2 (October 1990): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000063204.

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The haemolytic activity of liveTrichomonas vaginalisorganisms was investigated. Optimal haemolysis of human erythrocytes was observed at a parasite to erythrocyte ratio of 1:5 during a 2 h incubation period. No haemolytic activity was detected in concentrated culture supernatants after overnight growth of trichomonads or when parasites were separated from erythrocytes by a 3 μm filter, suggesting a contact-dependent mechanism for haemolysis. The haemolytic activity was temperature-dependent and maximal haemolysis occurred at 37 °C. Treatment of trichomonads with metronidazole reduced levels of haemolysis by > 50%. Maximal haemolysis occurred at the pH range of the vagina during trichomoniasis.N-μ-tosyl-L-lysyl-chloromethyl ketone and iodoacetamide, inhibitors of trichomonad cysteine proteinases, reduced the haemolytic activity of live parasites.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Evaluation the efficiency of Trichomonas vaginalis depending on clinical sings , direct examination ,culturing and serological test." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2011): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.1.392-399.

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The adequacy of diagnostic tests, together with trichomoniasis associated clinical symptoms, were investigated in females suffering vaginitis, and they were referred to the Gynecology Department, Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital during the period December 2004 – June 2005. The total number of patients was 250 cases (age range: 18 - 52 years), and each patient was examined using a sterile speculum to obtain vaginal swabs for examination. The diagnosis with T. vaginalis was done in many methods. The direct methods included wet and stained (Leishman's stain) examinations and cultivation in different culture media (Kupferberg Trichomonas Broth Base;, Trichomonas Agar Base; TAB and Trichomonas Modified CPLM), while the indirect methods were serological detections of anti-trichomonas antibodies in the sera of patients by using of indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results of this profile were as the following: 1. Out of 250 females with abnormal vaginal discharges, 15 patients (6%) were infected with T. vaginalis. 2. The sensitivity of testing methods was different. It was 66.7 and 13.3% for wet and stained examinations, respectively. In culture examinations, the sensitivity was 60, 80 and 100% for Kupferberg, TAB and CPLM media, respectively, while the sensitivity IHAT and ELISA were 40 and 73.3%, respectively. 3. The clinical sings of infection in women were discharge and itching (46.7%), discharge with itching and dysuria (20.0%), discharge only (13.3%), itching only (13.3%) and discharge with dysuria (6.7%). Therefore we can conclude that impossible to the clinical signs in diagnose of Trichomonasis because of the variation and the laboratory diagnosis is necessary especially the cultivation method.
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MIDLEJ, V., and M. BENCHIMOL. "Trichomonas vaginaliskills and eats – evidence for phagocytic activity as a cytopathic effect." Parasitology 137, no. 1 (September 2, 2009): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991041.

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SUMMARYThis study reports that the cytopathic effect ofTrichomonas vaginalis, an important human parasite of the urogenital tract, occurs due to mechanical stress and subsequent phagocytosis of the necrotic cells. The investigation was done using a primary culture of bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOECs), grown either in monolayers or as floating cells. Trophozoites displaying different virulence levels were co-incubated with BOECs for times varying between 1 min and 48 h. Analyses were performed using videomicroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, colourimetric assays and cytochemistry. Injury was observed as early as 1 h after incubation, while after 12 h the host cells were severely damaged when a fresh trichomonad isolate was used. Trichomonads attack the host cells by clustering around them. Mechanical stress on the microvilli of the host cells was observed and appeared to induce plasma membrane damage and cell death. After membrane injury and lysis, fragments of the necrotic cells were ingested by trichomonads. Phagocytosis occurred by trichomonads avidly eating large portions of epithelial cells containing the nucleus and other organelles, but living or intact cells were not ingested. Necrotic fragments were rapidly digested in lysosomes, as shown by acid phosphatase and ruthenium red assays where only the BOECs were labelled. The lytic capacity of the trichomonads was more pronounced in host cell suspensions.
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Padhye, Saraswati M. "CHANGING TRENDS OF VAGINAL INFECTION." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 42, no. 145 (January 1, 2003): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.711.

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ABSTRACTIntroductionVaginal discharge and /or infection are very distressing to all women.Vaginal infection encompasses-Vaginosis/vaginitis,Trichomonal vaginitis and Monilial or fungal infection. Vaginal discharge could be due to foreignbody such as ring pessary inserted for uterovaginal prolapse or for induction of abortion by untrained Daisin Nepal. It could be due to physiological condition, such as -during mid menstrual and pregnant state. Astudy of pattern of infection in vaginal discharge has been presented in this study.ObjectiveTo find the pattern of infection in the vaginal discharge of patients attending a private Gynae. Clinic.Material and methodThis is a prospective study done during the period, November 2001 to July 2002 with “Hanging drop method”of the discharge, collected from the vagina.One thousand patients complaining of vaginal discharge with or without itching, burning sensation, pain inthe lower abdomen and subfertility were enrolled in this study.Age, parity, husband’s occupation, family planning methods used, history of drugs intake and subfertilitywere expressed.ResultIt was found that Monilial infection 36.8%,Monilial infectin with vaginitis was found in6.4% Trichomonalinfection 0.9%,Trichomonas with vaginitis 1.3% and vaginitis to be 19.5 % .Thirtyfive percent had had noabnormality in the slide.There were 11 diabetic patients.Seventeen were having some or the other drugsduring the study period. Seventyfour patients revisited for same complaints. Out of which 41 had noabnormalities.The treatment given was, Clotrimazole 200 mg daily locally for three days for 3 courses and Fluconazole150 mg orally single dose for Monilial infection. For trichomonal infection, Metronidazole 200 mg threetimes on day was prescribed to both husband and wife. In case of Vaginitis, Doxycycline 100 mg two timesa day was advised. For pruritus,local application of Betamethasone was given.ConclusionIt was noted that every third patient attending this clinic complained of vaginal discharge but 35% had noabnormality. By this study, the trend of vaginal infection seems to be changing.More Monilial thanTrichomonal infection was found in these patients, in earlier studies the incidence of Trichomonal infectionwas getting less and Monilial infection is getting higher.Key Words: Monilial infection, Trichomonas vaginitis, Non-specific vaginitis.
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Fedorich, P. V. "Protozoynye invasion of urogenital system in combine with bacterial vaginosis agents by women of fertil age and their sexual partners." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 7(133) (September 30, 2018): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2018.133.100.

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Study of protozoyny invazions of the uroganital system with combination of microorganisms which are associated with bacterial vaginosis by women of fertil age and their sexual partners men is perspective direction of modern medicine. The development of this direction can increase the level of diagnostic inspection of patients by transmissible mainly sexual way infections and improve of efficiency of their treatment. The objective: exposure of combine defeats of uroganital system with different kinds of trichomonas or lamblias and microorganisms which are associated with bacterial vaginosis, for the women of fertil age and their sexual partners – men. All patients have infections, transmissible mainly sexual way with a chronic process and their treatment. Materials and methods. The special research of biomaterial, taken from the urogenital system of women of fertil age and their sexual partners-men, patients infections, transmissible mainly sexual way with a chronic process is conducted. 198 patients were inspected in clinic. Used the method of PCR, amplifier of DT-96, reagents of «Femoflor-16», praymeris for the indication of Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichomonas tenax, Pentatrichomonas hominis and Giardia lamblia. Results. Protozoyny invasions of the urogenital system determined at 88 (44.4%) of patients. At 77 (38.8%) from them determined the differet kinds of trichomonadies: Trichomonas tenax – at 41 (20.7%), Pentatrichomonas hominis – at 28 (14.1%), Trichomonas vaginalis – at 8 (4%). Giardia lamblia determined from 11 patients (5.6%). For 92% inspected patients with a protozoal invasions were determined the increassng of indexes of microflora, associated with bacterial vaginosis. The treatment of combine pathology of urogenital system which are caused different kinds trichomonades and microorganisms, which associated with BV, were conducted with etiotropic therapy. Seknidox used 2 tablets one time per day during 5 days. Orcipol used 1 tablets 3 or 2 times per a day (depending on weight) during 10 days. In research took part 56 patients with chronic ITSW. By 54 patients (96.4%) were eliminated of trichomonas. The normalization microflora’s level is attained for a 31 (57.4%) patient. Decrease of mocroflora’s, which associated with BV is marked by 24 patients (42.6%). Conclusions. This original method of treatment, is effective, has satisfactory bearableness and can be recommended for empiric therapy of combined pathology of urogenital system, caused of protozoyny invasions (different kinds of trichomonas) and microorganisms, associated with bacterial vaginosis, for the women of fertil age and their sexual partners with chronic infections, transmissible mainly sexual a way. This agents have a certain role in development of diseases of the urogenital system. Key words: Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichomonas tenax, Pentatrichomonas hominis, Giardia lamblia, invasion, fertil age.
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FELLEISEN, R. S. J. "Comparative sequence analysis of 5·8S rRNA genes and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of trichomonadid protozoa." Parasitology 115, no. 2 (August 1997): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182097001212.

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The taxonomic situation in the genus Tritrichomonas is the subject of controversial discussion: potentially T. foetus and T. suis, the tritrichomonads from cattle and swine, respectively, could belong to the same species. In order to shed some light on this question, a molecular biological analysis was performed. The 5·8S rRNA gene and the flanking internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of 12 different isolates of 3 Tritrichomonas species T. foetus, T. suis and T. mobilensis were enzymatically amplified by PCR and subcloned. Also, the corresponding regions of the trichomonads Trichomonas vaginalis, T. tenax, T. gallinae and Pentatrichomonas hominis were included in this study. Sequence analysis of cloned fragments was used to compare the parasite isolates. The genus Tritrichomonas exhibited an extremely high degree of homogeneity. All T. foetus and T. suis isolates had identical sequences, and only 1 substitution was found in the ITS2 region of T. mobilensis. In contrast, the genus Trichomonas shared more diversity. The results obtained in this study support a possible future revision of the taxonomic classification of tritrichomonads.
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Zanzani, Sergio A., Alessia L. Gazzonis, Paola Scarpa, Emanuela Olivieri, Hans-Jörg Balzer, and Maria Teresa Manfredi. "Coinfection withTritrichomonas foetusandGiardia duodenalisin Two Cats with Chronic Diarrhea." Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5705168.

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A Tritrichomonas foetusandGiardia duodenalismixed infection was diagnosed in two Maine Coon cats aged six months. One of them presented a history of chronic liquid diarrhea and of several unsuccessful treatments. In both cats,G. duodenalisand trichomonads were detected in fecal smears from freshly voided feces; the presence ofT. foetuswas confirmed by a real-time PCR assay. The cats completely recovered after treatment with ronidazole. In a refrigerated fecal sample collected from the cat with chronic diarrhea, drop-shaped trichomonad pseudocysts smaller thanG. duodenaliscysts were detected. They appeared brownish or light-bluish when stained with Lugol’s solution or with Giemsa stain, respectively, and their morphological features were similar to those expressed by bovineT. foetuspseudocystsin vitro. Existence of pseudocysts even in feline trichomonads is noteworthy as they could represent a form of protozoan resistance due to unfavorable conditions whose detection in refrigerated feces can be a useful clue for clinicians.
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Adu-Sarkodie, Y. A., H. A. Weiss, and D. C. W. Mabey. "Are trichomonads other than Trichomonas vaginalisinvolved in the aetiology of vaginal trichomoniasis?" Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, no. 6 (November 2003): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(03)80061-5.

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Garcia, Ana F., M. Benchimol, and J. F. Alderete. "Trichomonas vaginalis Polyamine Metabolism Is Linked to Host Cell Adherence and Cytotoxicity." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 5 (May 2005): 2602–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.5.2602-2610.2005.

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ABSTRACT Trichomonas vaginalis secretes putrescine that is readily detected in vaginal secretions. We wanted to examine the effect of decreased putrescine synthesis by inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) on T. vaginalis. One reason is because inhibition of Tritrichomonas foetus ODC results in growth arrest, destruction of hydrogenosomes, and decreased amounts of hydrogenosomal enzymes. Treatment of T. vaginalis T016 with ≥20 mM 1,4-diamino-2-butanone (DAB) to inhibit ODC resulted in growth arrest, which was reversed by addition of exogenous putrescine. No similar reversal of growth arrest was achieved with the polyamines spermine or spermidine or with iron. Electron microscopic examination of control versus DAB-treated trichomonads did not reveal any adverse effects on the number and integrity of hydrogenosomes. Further, the adhesins AP65, AP51, and AP33 mediating binding to immortalized vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) share identity to enzymes of the hydrogenosome organelle, and there was no difference in amounts of adhesins between control versus DAB-treated T. vaginalis parasites. Likewise, similar patterns and extent of fluorescence were evident for the prominent AP65 adhesin. Surprisingly, DAB treatment increased by 4- to 20-fold above untreated trichomonads handled identically the level of adherence mediated by adhesins. Interestingly, the enhanced attachment to VECs was reversed by exogenous putrescine added to DAB-treated trichomonads. Equally noteworthy was that DAB-treated T. vaginalis with enhanced adherence did not possess the previously reported ability to kill host cells in a contact-dependent fashion mediated by cysteine proteinases, and total cysteine proteinase activity patterns were identical between control and DAB-treated trichomonads. Overall, these data suggest that polyamine metabolism and secreted putrescine are linked to host cell adherence and cytotoxicity.
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Walker, R. L., D. C. Hayes, S. J. Sawyer, R. W. Nordhausen, K. A. Van Hoosear, and R. H. BonDurant. "Comparison of the 5.8S rRNA Gene and Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions of Trichomonadid Protozoa Recovered from the Bovine Preputial Cavity." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15, no. 1 (January 2003): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500104.

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Sequence analysis of the 5.8S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITSRs) was used to compare trichomonadid protozoa ( n = 39) of varying morphologies isolated from the bovine preputial cavity. A multiple sequence alignment was performed with bovine isolate sequences and other trichomonadid protozoa sequences available in GenBank. As a group, Tritrichomonas foetus isolates ( n = 7) had nearly complete homology. A similarity matrix showed low homology between the T. foetus isolates and other trichomonads recovered from cattle (<70%). Two clusters of trichomonads other than T. foetus were identified. Eighteen isolates comprised 1 group. These isolates shared >99% homology among themselves and with Pen-tatrichomonas hominis. The other non– T. foetus cluster ( n = 14) did not exhibit a high degree of homology (<87%) with other bovine isolates or any of the trichomonad sequences available in GenBank. The sequence homology among isolates in that cluster was >99%, except for 1 isolate that varied from the others in both ITSRs (∼2% dissimilarity). Sequence analysis of the 5.8S rRNA gene and ITSRs was useful for comparing trichomonadid protozoa isolated from the bovine preputial cavity and demonstrated that 2 distinct types of trichomonads constituted the non– T. foetus isolates recovered from the bovine preputial cavity.
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Wang, A., C. C. Wang, and J. F. Alderete. "Trichomonas vaginalis phenotypic variation occurs only among trichomonads infected with the double-stranded RNA virus." Journal of Experimental Medicine 166, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.166.1.142.

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Trichomonas vaginalis isolates were examined for the presence of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and the property of phenotypic variation. Only the heterogeneous isolates composed of mAb-reactive and -nonreactive organisms, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytofluorometry, and capable of phenotypic variation possessed the dsRNA. Both the positive and negative phenotype subpopulations separated from the heterogeneous parent contained equal amounts of the dsRNA. Loss of the dsRNA upon prolonged in vitro cultivation always correlated with the lack of expression of the major immunogen. The data indicate a relationship between the presence of the dsRNA and the ability of the pathogenic human trichomonads to express immunogens on their surfaces and to undergo phenotypic variation.
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Mason, Peter R., and Lovemore Gwanzura. "Mouse Spleen Cell Responses to Trichomonal Antigens in Experimental Trichomonas vaginalis Infection." Journal of Parasitology 74, no. 1 (February 1988): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3282483.

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Kucknoor, Ashwini S., Vasanthakrishna Mundodi, and J. F. Alderete. "Adherence to Human Vaginal Epithelial Cells Signals for Increased Expression of Trichomonas vaginalis Genes." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 10 (October 2005): 6472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.10.6472-6478.2005.

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ABSTRACT Host parasitism by Trichomonas vaginalis is complex, and the adhesion to vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) by trichomonads is preparatory to colonization of the vagina. Since we showed increased synthesis of adhesins after contact with VECs (A. F. Garcia, et al., Mol. Microbiol. 47:1207-1224, 2003) and more recently demonstrated up-regulated gene expression in VECs after parasite attachment (A. S. Kucknoor, et al., Cell. Microbiol. 7:887-897, 2005), we hypothesized that enhanced expression of adhesin and other genes would result from signaling of trichomonads following adherence. In order to identify the genes that are up-regulated, we constructed a subtraction cDNA library enriched for differentially expressed genes from the parasites that were in contact with the host cells. Thirty randomly selected cDNA clones representing the differentially regulated genes upon initial contact of parasites with host cells were sequenced. Several genes encoded functional proteins with specific functions known to be associated with colonization, such as adherence, change in morphology, and gene transcription and translation. Interestingly, genes unique to trichomonads with unknown functions were also up-regulated. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) confirmed expression of select genes. An increased amount of protein was demonstrated by immunoblotting with monoclonal antibody. Finally, we showed the transcriptional regulation of some genes by iron by using RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report addressing the differential regulation of T. vaginalis genes immediately upon contact with VECs.
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44

Kellerová, Pavlína, and Jan Tachezy. "Zoonotic Trichomonas tenax and a new trichomonad species, Trichomonas brixi n. sp., from the oral cavities of dogs and cats." International Journal for Parasitology 47, no. 5 (April 2017): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.12.006.

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45

Lehker, M. W., and J. F. Alderete. "Iron regulates growth of Trichomonas vaginalis and the expression of immunogenic trichomonad proteins." Molecular Microbiology 6, no. 1 (January 1992): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb00844.x.

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46

Alderete, J. F., E. Newton, C. Dennis, and K. A. Neale. "Antibody in sera of patients infected with Trichomonas vaginalis is to trichomonad proteinases." Sexually Transmitted Infections 67, no. 4 (August 1, 1991): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.67.4.331.

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47

Cuvertoret-Sanz, Maria, Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang, Madeleine Lunardi, René Brunthaler, Mònica Coma, Herbert Weissenböck, and Joaquim Segalés. "Coinfection with Entamoeba polecki and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in a pig with severe diarrhea." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 31, no. 2 (February 9, 2019): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719829800.

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Enteric disease in pigs is usually of multifactorial etiology, including infectious and non-infectious factors. In many cases of endemic diarrhea in weaner-to-finisher pigs, the combination of 2 or more microorganisms leads to aggravation of intestinal lesions and, consequently, clinical signs. We autopsied a 4-mo-old fattening pig with diarrhea and diagnosed severe fibrinonecrotizing typhlocolitis. Numerous spiral-shaped bacteria and amoeba-like PAS-positive protozoa were observed in the cecal and colonic mucosa and submucosa. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was detected by PCR from colonic content. By in situ hybridization, large numbers of Entamoeba polecki were found within the lamina propria and submucosa; moderate numbers of Blastocystis sp. and scattered trichomonads were present in intestinal content. In addition, Entamoeba polecki, Balantidium spp., Blastocystis sp., and Trichomonas sp. were also detected by PCR.
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48

Dessì, Daniele, Giuseppe Delogu, Eleonora Emonte, Maria Rosaria Catania, Pier Luigi Fiori, and Paola Rappelli. "Long-Term Survival and Intracellular Replication of Mycoplasma hominis in Trichomonas vaginalis Cells: Potential Role of the Protozoon in Transmitting Bacterial Infection." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 2 (February 2005): 1180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.2.1180-1186.2005.

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ABSTRACT The existence of a symbiotic relationship between Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis, which is the first reported example of symbiosis between two obligate human pathogens, has been recently reported by our research group. In this work, we examined the cellular location of M. hominis in respect to T. vaginalis. By using gentamicin protection assays, double immunofluorescence, and confocal microscopy, we obtained strong evidence that M. hominis is located within protozoan cells. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays showed that intracellularly located mycoplasmas actively synthesize DNA. Our results demonstrate that M. hominis has the capability of entering trichomonad cells and of replicating inside the protozoon. These findings suggest that symbiosis might provide the bacteria, during human infection, with the capability to resist to environmental stresses, such as host defense mechanisms and pharmacological therapies.
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Ceplecha, V., V. Svobodova, C. Lendon, R. Husnik, K. Horackova, and M. Svoboda. "A survey of feline trichomonosis suggests a low incidence of Tritrichomonas blagburni among cats in the Czech Republic." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 5 (May 9, 2017): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/106/2016-vetmed.

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Tritrichomonas blagburni (previously called T. foetus) has been implicated as an aetiological agent of long-term large-bowel diarrhoea in cats in many countries worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of, and risk factors for T. blagburni among a cohort of cats living in different conditions in the Czech Republic. Samples were collected from 170 cats living in different environments. The InPouch™ TF-Feline medium method was used for diagnosis of feline trichomonosis. A single case (0.6%) with motile trichomonads identified as Pentatrichomonas hominis was found in a cat from a multi-cat household. Our study suggests that trichomonads and in particular, T. blagburni, infection may be much less common in the Czech Republic than in neighbouring countries, despite the inclusion of cats that were likely to be from higher-risk groups. A review of studies of the association of trichomonads and feline diarrhoea carried out in different countries revealed variation in the frequency of trichomonads detected. Different combinations of PCR or culture methods for screening or confirmation have been utilised, with or without species differentiation; however, this could not solely account for the variation in the occurrence between countries. From those studies where differentiation was performed, we calculated from the combined studies that T. blagburni occurred in six cats without diarrhoea (1.1%) and 47 cases with diarrhoea (5%). This finding supports an association with diarrhoea as well as the occurrence of asymptomatic cases. We note that in many studies, including our own, the occurrence of T. blagburni may well be underestimated and suggest that future studies use a combination of PCR screening of both faeces and faecal cultures, with differentiation of trichomonad species.
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Narcisi, E. M., and W. E. Secor. "In vitro effect of tinidazole and furazolidone on metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 5 (May 1996): 1121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.5.1121.

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Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted protozoan parasite. Although often considered simply a nuisance infection, T. vaginalis has been implicated in premature rupture of placental membranes and increases in the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus. Metronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole, is currently the drug of choice to treat T. vaginalis infection. Because some patients have severe reactions to metronidazole and others are infected with metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis, we were prompted to investigate alternative therapies. Tinidazole, another 5-nitroimidazole used in other countries to treat T. vaginalis infections, and furazolidone, a nitrofuran presently used to treat giardiasis and infections with some anaerobic enteric bacteria, were investigated for effectiveness against 9 metronidazole-susceptible and 12 metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis patient isolates. The in vitro aerobic and anaerobic minimum lethal concentrations (MLC) and the time for drug efficacy were determined. Tinidazole killed the metronidazole-susceptible isolates at a low MLC but was effective against only 4 of the 12 metronidazole-resistant isolates. In contrast, furazolidone was effective at a low MLC for all isolates. When tinidazole was effective, it required > 6 h to kill trichomonads. However, furazolidone killed both metronidazole-susceptible and resistant trichomonads within 2 to 3 h of exposure. These data suggest that furazolidone may be a good candidate for treating metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis and that further investigation of this drug is warranted.
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