Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tridentum'

O presente relatório de estágio é constituído por duas partes, sendo a Parte I referente à investigação experimental, e a Parte II relativa ao estágio desenvolvido ao nível da farmácia comunitária. O principal objetivo da Parte I é avaliar a atividade anti-inflamatória de extratos metanólicos de diferentes partes da planta Pterospartum tridentatum, nomeadamente dos caules, folhas e flores. Os extratos brutos foram obtidos por extração com soxhlet e avaliados quanto à atividade anti-inflamatória. Esta atividade foi avaliada através do método que verifica a eventual ação inibitória dos extratos sobre a enzima 5-lipoxigenase e consequente inibição da formação de 5-HETE (ácido 5-hidroxieicosatetraenóico), sendo esta reação seguida espectrofotometricamente a 234 nm. Esta reação foi também seguida através de um ensaio colorimétrico a 620 nm (ensaio FOX), que pretende avaliar a atividade enzimática da enzima 5-lipoxigenase por formação de um complexo entre Fe3+ e o laranja xilenol que absorve na região do visível, mimetizando a hidroperoxidação lipídica que ocorre no organismo durante o processo inflamatório. Para este efeito estas metodologias foram implementadas em laboratório. A Parte II tem como principal objetivo abordar sucintamente as etapas da minha formação ao nível do funcionamento da farmácia comunitária, bem como o papel do farmacêutico enquanto diretor técnico e como farmacêutico adjunto, enquanto profissional de saúde especialista do medicamento e agente de saúde pública.<br>This report consists of two parts, Part I concerning the experimental investigation, and Part II on the stage developed in community pharmacy. The main purpose of Part I was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts from different parts of the shrub Pterospatum tridentatum, particularly the extracts of the stems, leaves and flowers. The crude extracts were obtained by soxhlet extraction and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated. This activity was evaluated using the method that verifies the potential inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase enzyme to create 5- HETE by the extracts and the reaction was followed by spectrophotometry at 234 nm. A colorimetric assay was also carried out (FOX assay) to evaluate the enzymatic activity of 5- lipoxygenase enzyme by forming a complex between Fe3+ and orange xylenol which absorbs in the visible region, mimicking the lipid hydroperoxidation that occurs during the inflammatory process. For this purpose, these methods were implemented in the laboratory. Part II aims to describe the stages of my formation in community pharmacy, as well as the role of the pharmacist as technical director and as assistant pharmacist, and as a specialist and public health worker.

Mestrado em Biologia Molecular e Celular<br>Pterospartum tridentatum (L.) WillK., leguminosa que cresce espontaneamente em Portugal, é usada na medicina popular, no tratamento de irritações de garganta e em misturas herbais de várias plantas para o tratamento da diabetes. A formação de radicais livres que causam stress oxidativo pode constituir a base de muitas doenças. Por esta razão, o uso de ervas ou de compostos naturais delas isoladas é cada vez mais comum, com vista aos seus efeitos benéficos. O objectivo do presente trabalho consistiu em estudar os efeitos histopatológicos de extractos de folhas e flores de P. tridentatum no fígado, baço e rim de ratinhos e a sua acção protectora após a administração de um tóxico, o CCl4. No estudo de toxicidade, utilizaram-se 27 ratinhos ICR-CD1 machos, divididos em 7 grupos: o grupo controlo negativo (NaCl 0,9%), 3 grupos aos quais foram injectados extractos de folhas nas concentrações 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg e 1000 mg/kg e outros 3 grupos aos quais foram administrados extractos de flores com as mesmas concentrações. Estes 7 grupos receberam uma injecção subcutânea diária durante 6 dias. No estudo de protecção, 25 ratinhos ICR-CD1 foram divididos em 5 grupos: o grupo controlo positivo (CCl4 2ml/kg) recebeu duas injecções subcutâneas, uma no primeiro dia de ensaio e a segunda após 72 horas; 4 grupos foram tratados com as duas injecções de CCl4 e injecções diárias de extractos de folhas nas concentrações de 5 mg/kg e 10 mg/kg e extractos de flores nas concentrações de 5 mg/kg e 10 mg/kg, durante 10 dias. Após sacrifício dos animais, o fígado, o baço e o rim foram removidos, fixados em solução de Bouin e preparados para estudos histológicos. Os cortes histológicos dos órgãos dos animais expostos aos extractos de folhas e flores revelaram lesões hemorrágicas mais frequentes nas concentrações de 100 mg/kg e 1000 mg/kg. O estudo de protecção revelou uma recuperação significativa nos vários órgãos quando comparado com o controlo positivo (CCl4). Em conclusão, o presente estudo revelou que os extractos de folhas e flores de P. tridentatum na concentração de 10 mg/kg não induziram alterações histopatológicas significativas ao nível do fígado, baço e rim e que após a administração de CCl4, os mesmos extractos nas concentrações de 5 mg/kg e 10 mg/kg demonstraram ter um efeito protector nestes órgãos. Sugere-se que a actividade protectora se deve à presença de compostos bioactivos, como os compostos fenólicos, cuja actividade antioxidante é bem conhecida. ABSTRACT: Pterospartum tridentatum (L.) Willk., a Leguminosae that grows spontaneously in Portugal, is used in folk medicine for throat irritation treatment, and herb mixtures for diabetes. The formation of free radicals that cause oxidative stress is on the base of some pathologies and the use of herbal or natural compounds isolated from plants to reduce them is increasingly common. The aim of the present work was to study the histopathological effects of P. tridentatum extracts of leaves and flowers in the liver, spleen, and kidney of mice and their protective action after administration of the toxic CCl4. In the toxicity study, 27 ICR-CD1 mice were used and divided into 7 groups: the negative control group (NaCl 0.9%), 3 groups were injected with leaves extracts in concentrations of 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, and 3 other groups were administered with flowers extracts with the same concentrations. These 7 groups received a subcutaneous daily injection for 6 days. In the study of protection, 25 ICR-CD1 mice were divided into 5 groups: the positive control group (CCl4 2 ml/kg) received two subcutaneous injections, one on the first day of testing and the second one 72 hours later; 4 groups were treated with two CCl4 injections and daily injections of leaves extracts at a concentration of 5 mg/ kg and 10 mg/kg and flowers extracts at a concentration of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg for 10 days. After sacrifice, the liver, spleen and kidney were removed, fixed in Bouin's solution and prepared for histological studies. Sections of organs exposed to leaves and flowers extracts showed more frequent hemorrhagic lesions in concentrations of 100 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg. The protection study revealed a significant recovery in the various organs when compared with the positive control (CCl4). In conclusion, this study showed that extracts of P. tridentatum leaves and flowers at a concentration of 10 mg/kg did not induce significant histopathological changes in the liver, spleen and kidney and, after administration of CCl4, the same extracts in concentrations of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg supported the organs protection. We suggest that the protective activity is due to some bioactive elements, such as phenolic compounds, whose antioxidant activity is well known.

Corporate corruption is a widespread phenomenon that persists in the functioning of both public and private companies of differing size, performance, industry, and national origin. As it generates negative effects both within and outside the organization, corporate corruption has been the subject of scholarly research. Yet, despite attempts to understand its antecedents and consequences, companies continue to struggle to eliminate corruption in their business practices. Thus, the overarching research question for this dissertation is "Why do companies continue engaging in corruption?" To answer this research question, I focused on the topic of organizational corruption control, i.e., a set of mechanisms that purposefully target the prevention of corrupt practices within an organization. Specifically, I investigated the trident of organizational corruption control via its effects and implications on three constructs - corporate social performance, opportunity attractiveness of organizational corruption and corporate corruption recidivism. Using distinct methodologies, I examined corporate corruption control in three separate studies to address 1) the effect of corruption control on the opportunity attractiveness of organizational corruption 2) the effect of corruption control on corporate social performance and 3) the implication of ineffective corruption control on organizational corruption recidivism. Based on interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives and several secondary data sources, the hypothesized effects were empirically tested and insights were derived from a multiple case study approach. The three studies used different firm samples. Study 1 was based on the data of the United States enforcement actions for violations of the 1977 Foreign Corrupt Practice Act (FCPA) formally prohibiting foreign bribery; firm-level data from the Bloomberg terminal; and a country-level measure from Worldwide Governance Indicators. In Study 1 (N=71 firms involved in foreign bribery), results supported hypotheses that regulatory sanctioning in host countries and bureaucratic controls at a firm level were negatively correlated with corruption opportunity attractiveness. Furthermore, vigilance controls help strengthen negative effect of bureaucratic controls on corruption opportunity attractiveness. Study 2 was based on reports of anti-corruption programs of the world's largest companies from Transparency International, corporate social performance scores from CSRHub, and firm-level financial indicators from the Bloomberg terminal. The findings of Study 2 (N=102 firms) supported hypothesis that corporate corruption controls positively affect Sustainable Resource Management, a sub-dimension of CSP. Importantly, the use of a cross-lagged design helped to specify that the relationship between Corruption Controls and CSP dimensions is not reciprocal (2-way) as was previously discussed in the literature. Study 3, was based on 6 cases of corruption recidivists identified via FCPA enforcements' database, and utilized data from court proceedings, annual reports, and news articles. Data were coded following prescribed steps to arrive at categories and themes. An inductive qualitative analysis performed in Study 3 resulted in a descriptive framework of ingenious deviance that underpins the profile of corporate corruption recidivists. The analysis revealed that a) a combination of underlying contextual and situational factors provided fertile ground for corruption, b) the phenomenon of recidivism occurred in the presence of multiple competing logics, and c) internal controls were subverted through ingenious deviance to facilitate bribery.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited<br>Since the country has moved into the Information Age, the military forces have been moving towards network based operations. The rapid expansion of the internet and information technology (IT) has led to the emerging theory of Network- Centric Warfare (NCW). The Naval Services instantiation of NCW is FORCEnet. "FORCEnet is the "glue" that binds together Sea Strike, Sea Shield, and Sea Basing. It is the operational construct and architectural framework for naval warfare in the Information Age, integrating warriors, sensors, command and control, platforms, and weapons into a networked, distributed combat force. FORCEnet will provide the architecture to increase substantially combat capabilities through aligned and integrated systems, functions, and missions. Sea Power 21 is a comprehensive attempt to address the ramifications of the Information Age revolution. The framework of the Sea Power 21 vision is composed of the following elements: Sea Basing, Sea Shield and Sea Strike. The enabler of this vision or the "glue" that holds it all together is FORCEnet. FORCEnet is "the operational construct and architectural framework of naval warfare in the information age that integrates Warriors, sensors, networks, command and control, platforms, and weapons into a networked, distributed combat force that is scaleable across all levels of conflict from seabed to space and sea to land." The Trident Warrior 03 exercise was then developed as a means to measure its success and to acquire data from which future exercises can be measured against. FORCEnet is still in its infancy and many people have different views on what exactly it is and how it should be implemented to achieve those goals. The intent of this thesis was not to answer those questions per se, but provide a realistic analysis of what worked during the TW03 exercise and what did not. This should provide a baseline for further Trident Warrior exercises so as to avoid the same mistakes in the future. The military has a ways to go before it can fully realize a truly networked-centric armed forces, but TW03 was the beginning and the lessons learned from it will pay dividends in realizing that fully networked goal.<br>Major, United States Marine Corps

Mestrado em Bioquímica - Métodos Biomoleculares<br>O Pterospartum tridentatum é um arbusto usado na medicina tradicional Portuguesa no tratamento de vários problemas de saúde. Existe, no entanto, pouca informação na literatura que suporte cientificamente os efeitos que lhe são atribuídos. Assim, este trabalho visou isolar novos compostos da raiz, do caule e das folhas do arbusto Pterospartum tridentatum, sendo posteriormente feita a avaliação in vitro da sua atividade anti-inflamatória e in chemico da atividade anti-acetilcolinesterase, de modo a comprovar o seu uso na medicina tradicional. Foram preparados os extratos etanólicos destas três secções e feita a sua caracterização usando UHPLC-MS-ESI/MSn. Procedeu-se também ao isolamento de 3 flavonoides prenilados dos extratos da raiz, sendo um deles isolado pela primeira vez. O potencial anti-inflamatório dos extratos das diferentes secções foi avaliado in vitro em macrófagos estimulados com lipopolissacarídeo bacteriano (LPS). Foi avaliado o efeito a nível da produção de óxido nítrico NO, da expressão das proteínas iNOS e COX-2 e da transcrição de vários genes pró-inflamatórios como Il1, Nos2, Il6, Ptgs2 e Tnfa. Atendendo aos dados obtidos verificou-se que todos os extratos inibem significativamente a produção de NO induzida pelo LPS, em resultado de uma diminuição da transcrição do gene Nos2 e da consequente expressão da enzima por iNOS por ele codificada. Verificou-se também que todos os extratos exibem atividade antioxidante significativa a nível celular. O extrato do caule mostrou ainda inibir a expressão de COX-2 induzida pelo LPS, sendo este efeito devido a uma diminuição da transcrição do respetivo gene Ptgs2. Adicionalmente, foi possível verificar que todos os extratos inibem significativamente a transcrição da citocina inflamatória IL-1β. Quanto á atividade anti-acetilcolinesterase não foi possível verificar se os extratos apresentam atividade inibidora relevante. Em suma, os extratos têm características anti-inflamatórias que suportam alguns dos usos da Pterospartum tridentatum na medicina tradicional.<br>Pterospartum tridentatum is a shrub used in Portuguese traditional medicine for the treatment of various health problems. However, there is little information in the literature that scientifically supports the effects attributed to it. Thus, this work aims to isolate new compounds from the root, stem and leaves and to evaluate in vitro the anti-inflammatory activity and in chemico anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, in order to prove their use by traditional medicine. The ethanolic extracts of these three sections were prepared and the characterization was performed using UHPLC-MS-ESI/MSn. It was also possible to isolate 3 prenylated flavonoids from the root extract, one of them being isolated for the first time. The anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts from the different sections was evaluated in vitro on bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophages. The effect on the production of nitric oxide NO, the expression of the iNOS and COX-2 proteins and the transcription of several pro-inflammatory genes like Il1, Nos2, Ptgs2 and Tnfa were evaluated. Based on the data obtained, it was verified that all the extracts significantly inhibit the NO production induced by LPS, because of a decrease in the transcription of the Nos2 gene and the consequent expression of the enzyme by iNOS encoded by it. We also found that all extracts show significant antioxidant activity at the cellular level. The extract of the stem also showed to inhibit the expression of COX-2 induced by LPS, being this effect due to a decrease of the transcription of the respective gene Ptgs2. Additionally, it was possible to verify that all the extracts significantly inhibit the transcription of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. As for the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, it wasn’t possible to verify if the extracts present a relevant inhibitory activity. In sum, the extracts have anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase characteristics that support some of the uses of Pterospartum tridentatum in traditional medicine.

Revisamos sistemáticamente el proceso de producción de di-muones vía la dispersión de neutrinos en el campo Coulombiano del núcleo, conocido como producción tridente de neutrinos. A pesar de que este proceso tiene una sección de choque pequeña comparada con el proceso de dispersión neutrino-núcleo vía corriente cargada inclusiva en el Modelo Estándar, se caracteriza por una señal experimental muy clara. El par de muones cargados opuestamente es caracterizado investigando sus distribuciones cinemáticas. Para esto, hemos implementado una simulación detallada del proceso de producción tridente de neutrinos en el generador de eventos Montecarlo GENIE; y analizamos y simulamos los backgrounds relevantes. También exploramos métodos de Análisis Multivariado para mejorar la selección de la señal en el contexto de detectores tipo MINERVA y DUNE como representantes de experimentos de neutrinos de aceleradores presentes y venideros.<br>We systematically review the di-muon production via neutrino scattering off the Coloumb éld of nuclei, referred to as neutrino trident production. While this process has a small cross section compared to the SM charged-current inclusive neutrino nucleus channel, it features a very clear experimental signature. The oppositely charged muons are characterized by investigating their kinematical distributions. For this, we have implemented a very detailed simulation of neutrino trident production in the GENIE MC and make an analysis and simulation of relevant backgrounds. We further explore Multivariate Analysis methods to enhance signal selection in the context of a MINERVA-like and DUNE-like detectors as representative of current and forthcoming accelerator-based neutrino experiments.<br>Tesis

The main aim of the study is to document the development of US Fleet Ballistic Missile technology from its mid-1950s beginnings through to Trident II D5. This historical documentation is framed by a perspective which seeks to understand how technology evolves and what the relationship is between, to put it simply, technology and strategy, or technology and politics. Of particular interest in this case study is the relationship between technology and nuclear strategy. It is a commonplace assertion that technology is a dominant, determining factor in the arms race, that indeed there is a technological imperative. In particular there are many who argue that improvements in missile accuracies have driven changes in nuclear strategy away from counter-city retaliatory deterrence to war-fighting counter-force postures. Tracing the history of FBM development from Polaris, considered by many the archetypal counter-city deterrent, to Trident II, with hard-target kill capability comparable to MX, helps our understanding of this issue. In considering this central theme, the development of FBM technology is analysed in the social constructionist terms of the 'new' sociology of technology. This approach argues that technical change must be explained impartially and symmetrically, and that the success of a particular technology is not sufficient explanation in itself, but is rather exactly what needs to be explained. Technology is considered to be underdetermined by the physical world, and thus to be fundamentally shaped by the social world. The extreme characterizations of the relationship between technology and politics - either that technology is simply the tool of political will or that technology is out-of-control (as in the view that accuracy improvements have driven strategy) - are found to be inadequate in this study. Instead it is found that the 'bureaucratic politics' approach captures much of the rich complexity of the process of technological change. Yet even this approach fails fully to capture the complex inter-relatedness of 'technology' and 'politics', nor does it take into account the importance of the physical production of technology.

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>Carqueja, Pterospartum tridentatum L., is a shrub common in mountainous areas and acids land, used in traditional medicine and gastronomy. In order to evaluate the eventual production of extracts of this plant, the effect of harvest period and extraction time on yield, phenolic content (PC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of the extracts was studied. Plant samples, harvested in Malcata and Gardunha mountains, were subjected to consecutive extraction steps in boiling water. After each step the aqueous phase was recovered and liophilized. The highest yield extraction was obtained in the dormancy period, with 46 and 25 % m/m (d.m) in plants of Malcata and Gardunha. It was observed at 120minutes the mass of extract recovered was on average more than 75%. No substantial variation of PC, evaluated by measuring the absorbance at 280nm in aqueous solutions, was observed throughout the consecutive extracts. PC ranged from 245 to 400 mg gallic acid equivalents per g (d.m.). Probably different phenolic compounds are extracted at different rates and there are other compounds co-extracted. The AA was determined by the radical scavenging activity method using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. The greatest radical scavenging activity was observed in the flowers extracts (2mMTrolox/100g d.m.), no significant differences were observed for the different batches. Due to its AA the results suggest the interest on the production of carqueja extracts.

Doutoramento em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>The aim of this work was to develop methodologies for micropropagation and extraction of bioactive compounds from both wild gorse (Pterospartum tridentatum L.) and micropropagated gorse explants, as a means of valorisation of this species. Micropropagation was very effective on large scale propagation, having multiplication rates ranging from 1.6 to 43.9; number of shoots ranging from 1.5 to 10.4 and rooting above 96.7%. The extraction yield of aqueous extraction varied from 10.5 to 19.4 and 12.2 to 30.1% (w/w) for wild gorse and micropropagated gorse explants, respectively. Aqueous extracts showed high levels of total phenols, from 203.4 to 369.2 and 104.1 to 121.3 mg gallic acid eq g-1 ms, and FRAP antioxidant activity: 256-856 and 160-260 mmolFe2+ 100g-1 ms; DPPH: 1433-1551 and 1503-1509 mM Trolox 100g-1 ms for wild gorse and micropropagated gorse explants, respectively. Extracts showed no antifungal activity. However, these extracts showed inhibition of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Chitosan bioactive coatings with gorse extracts improved cherry postharvest preservation ability. The results allow topropose these methodologies to obtain extracts with bioactive properties from micropropagated material, without depleting natural resources

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited<br>The objective of this thesis is to evaluate a modeling and simulation tool for the analysis of the Trident II D5 missile nose fairing to determine the limitations of serviceability through the extended service life of the D5 missile. The benefit of this analysis is a means to evaluate and manage the remaining nose fairing supply and serve as a baseline for future production of nose fairings. Constructed of a Sitka spruce and fiberglass laminate, the nose fairing is designed as the lifting point of the missile for submarine onloads and offloads and supports the entire weight of the missile. A computer model of the nose fairing was used to evaluate the nose fairing under tensile and compressive loading conditions to simulate the lifting evolution and closure segment impact at time of launch. Changes in the material properties of the model allow for a simulation of aging in the nose fairing to estimate the performance degradation over time, as well as exploration of the applicability of new materials to any future design of nose fairings.

We studied dimuon events arising from trident production, for both coherent and incoherent processes, as well as relevant backgrounds, in order to predict the number of expected events observed in the lifetimes of current and forthcoming neutrino experiments. In particular, for this thesis, we focused in building the implementation of the incoherent contribution within the context of the GENIE montecarlo generator. We also developed relatively detailed GEANT4 geometries for the MINERvA detector as well as the DUNE Near Detector, for the Liquid Argon (LArTPC) and Straw Tube Tracker (STT) proposals. A very careful study of the backgrounds for the incoherent case was carried, in order to complement the study already done for the coherent contribution. Then, we combined the signals for the coherent and incoherent processes to realize a more realistic study of the expected number of events. The ROOT TMVA package for multivariate analysis was then used to filter signal from background. The results are presented in terms of number of events, and are calibrated based on the detector exposure in the lifetime of the MINERvA detector and DUNE Near Detector.<br>Tesis

Wireless communication is part of our daily life in several applications, such as cell phones, wireless printers, sensors, etc. Each wireless device requires at least one antenna to communicate with other devices. In 2002, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) assigned a frequency spectrum from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz for ultra-wideband communications. Several narrowband antennas require to cover the entire range. Unlike narrowband antennas, ultra-wideband antennas need to cover the wide frequency band. This research mainly focuses on physically small antenna designs. The first antenna discussed in this dissertation is a dual, triple trident antenna with dimensions 24 mm × 28 mm × 0.785 mm, which will operate from 3 GHz to 12.15 GHz [58]. The first antenna consists of six tridents symmetrical along the vertical direction. The second antenna design is a novel rectangular ring ultra-wideband antenna [59]. Large antennas operate for low frequency, and small antennas work for high frequency. The number of rings increased in wideband antenna to 9 from 4 to check the design methodology. The rectangular ring ultra-wideband antenna has dimensions 24 mm × 26 mm × 1.52 mm. This antenna operates from 3.12 GHz to 12.85 GHz. The third antenna design is an ultra-wideband dual square trident planar antenna. This antenna’s overall size is 26 mm × 24 mm × 1.56 mm [60]. This antenna has impedance bandwidth from 3.65 GHz to 12.50 GHz. The fourth antenna design is an ultra-wideband antenna with a band notch from 5.05 GHz to 5.9 GHz [61]. This antenna consists of two tridents and two split-ring resonators along the microstrip feed line. The overall size of this antenna 26 mm ×24 mm × 1.53mm. Simulations are carried out using the CST microwave studios® to analyze the antenna performance. Experiments are conducted to verify the simulated results using vector network analyzers for impedance and anechoic antenna chamber for radiation characteristics of the antenna. All four antennas are excellent for the wireless device due to their compact size and planar designs.

The feasibility of using a three axis control, momentum bias system with magnetic actuators for sun-oriented operations is explored. Relevant equations of motion are developed for a sun-oriented coordinate system and control laws are developed for: initial spacecraft capture after launch vehicle separation; reorientation from Earth-oriented to a sun-oriented operations mode; sun-oriented attitude control; and momentum wheel control. Simulationsdemonstratingthestabilityandtimeresponsivenessofthesystemareperformed. Sensornoiseinputtests are performed to investigate the systems susceptibility to imperfect conditions. Cross product of inertia effects are also input to test for system instability.<br>The purpose of this research is to determine the mission readiness impact that would result if the allowance levels of Trident HM&E On-Board-Repair-Parts were reduced by 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20%. The dollar value of the reduced inventories is calculated to estimate the potential cost savings to the Operations and Maintenance, Navy (OM&N) appropriation account. The study concludes that reducing Trident HM&E allowance levels up to 20% wouldhavenoimpactonmissionreadiness. Atthe20%inventoryreductionlevel, the procurement cost savings to the OM&N appropriation for one Trident submarine is estimated to be more than $500,000 per inventory cycle.

It was a year of decisions that heralded the pre-dreadnought era, perhaps the least understood chapter of modern naval history. In March 1889, the Salisbury ministry officially endorsed what later became the Naval Defence Act, which in its final form authorised the largest shipbuilding programme of its kind in the nineteenth century. When it was finally completed five years later, the Royal Navy would have a new fleet based around 10 battleships, 42 cruisers and 18 torpedo gunboats, all of the latest design and at a cost of £21,500,000. Then, in December 1889, the Harrison administration sought legislative approval to adopt a forward offensive naval strategy, complete with a fleet of battleships and armoured cruisers in an unprecedented shift in American naval policy. This strategic rationale provided the intellectual framework to transform the United States into a modern seapower. The purpose of this comparative study is to revisit the decisions of 1889, with the benefit of underutilised archival sources and an innovative research methodology recently embraced by the naval historical community. Whereas prior accounts of these decisions generally assess their historical significance in terms of the naval construction that ensued in the pre-dreadnought era, this thesis focuses instead on the pervasive influence of strategic ideas and how strongly they affected the personalities, institutions and events that shaped the respective outcomes in both London and Washington. That strategic ideas shared among naval officers can be decisive in this regard is the underlying tenet behind the cultural approach to historical naval analysis, which is introduced here to highlight the impact of organisational cultures upon the strategic and force structure choices of military organisations.

Only recently have declassified government documents on the United States sale of Trident nuclear missiles to the United Kingdom become available. As such, the Trident agreements of 1980 and 1982 have received little scholarly attention. This thesis provides the first focused study of the negotiations on the supply of Trident C4 and D5 missiles. It does this by drawing upon material from the British National Archives, the Jimmy Carter Library and the Ronald Reagan Library. Specifically, the research focuses on the ways in which the interests of the United States influenced the Trident negotiations and British decisionmaking on the successor to Polaris. This approach eschews the Anglo-centric framework that dominates research on the US-UK nuclear relationship. This US-centred approach demonstrates the contingency of the Trident negotiations. Both the Reagan and Carter administrations were hard-headed in their discussions with the British over the supply of Trident, and only consented to do so when it suited Washington. Furthermore, both administrations drove a hard bargain over the terms of sale, and sought to derive the greatest possible benefit from the deal. US geostrategic interests, economic realities and domestic politics influenced the actions of White House officials throughout. The sale of Trident only brought modest benefits. As such, both US administrations viewed it as helpful to assist the British when it coalesced with their overall interests. However, if a Polaris replacement clashed with the priorities of the administration, they disregarded British interests. As such, the Trident agreements were not a ‘foregone conclusion’ due to the logic of Cold War ‘deterrence’, or long-standing US-UK nuclear cooperation, but negotiations heavily influenced by the context of the time. As such, the study reveals the ways in which the broader political concerns of the United States interacted with the US-UK nuclear relationship and nuclear decision-making.

Les α-oléfines jouent un rôle très important en tant qu'intermédiaires réactionnels dans l'industrie chimique et pétrochimique. Leur utilisation principale est la production de diverses qualités de polyéthylène dans lequel l'α-oléfine est engagée en tant que co-monomère (butène-1, hexène-1 et octène-1). Les systèmes capables de dimériser, trimériser voir tétramériser sélectivement l'éthylène en α-oléfines supérieures, utilisent principalement le titane et le chrome. Du fait de la toxicité potentielle du chrome, la recherche industrielle et académique s’oriente de plus en plus vers des systèmes à base de titane.Notre objectif dans ce contexte était d’étudier le potentiel des systèmes « phénoxy-tridente » du Ti(IV) pour la trimérisation sélective de l’éthylène en hexène-1. De nombreux systèmes de formules générales [(ArO-X-L)TiCl3] (X=O,P,N et L=O,P,N) ont ainsi été isolés et caractérisés. L’étude de leurs propriétés électroniques et stériques et ses conséquences sur leurs performances en oligomérisation/polymérisation de l’éthylène ont été discutées. Elles mettent en évidence la criticité de l’ensemble des paramètres à la fois électroniques et structuraux du ligand. Un seul système de cette famille est capable de produire sélectivement de l’hexène-1, les autres conduisant à la polymérisation de l’éthylène.Une étude DFT associée à une étude expérimentale des propriétés redox des précurseurs catalytiques ou encore du comportement hémilabile des ligands mis en jeu, nous a conduit à proposer un mécanisme identifiant la phase d’activation comme l’élément clé permettant d’orienter les systèmes étudiés vers la polymérisation ou la production sélective d’hexène-1<br>Linear α-olefins (LAOs) are crucial importance for the chemical and petrochemical industry as they are highly valuable feedstock for a variety of process mainly as co-monomer for the production of different grade of polyethylene (1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene). Some systems and predominantly chromium and titanium systems have performed selective dimerization, trimerization and tetramerization of ethylene to higher α-olefins. For toxicity reasons, industrial and academic research focus more and more on titanium-based systems.Our objective in this context was the study of potential “tridentate phenoxy” systems of Ti(IV) for selective trimerization of ethylene to 1-hexene. Numerous systems with general formula [(ArO-X-L)TiCl3] (X=O,P,N and L=O,P,N) were described and characterized. The study of electronic and steric properties and their consequences on catalytic performances in oligomerization/polymerization of ethylene were discussed. They showed the criticity of all electronic and structural parameters of ligands. Only one system of this family is able to produce selectively 1-hexene, others give mainly polyethylene.DFT study associated with an experimental study of redox properties on catalytic precursors or the hemilabile behavior of ligands involved, led us to propose a mechanism identifying the activation phase as the key to switch between polymerization or selective trimerization of ethylene

Thesis advisor: James E. Cronin<br>This dissertation examines British nuclear policymaking during the late 1970s and early 1980s with a focus on its political implications. Highlighting the important link between nuclear politics and alliance coordination, the dissertation demonstrates that at a time of increased Alliance disunity (over Vietnam, détente, etc.) NATO policymakers achieved a broad consensus on theater nuclear policy that in effect stabilized the Alliance against the crises of the 1970s. The dissertation focuses especially on the U.K.’s role in this; British policymakers’ unique ability to mediate between the U.S. and continental Europe contributed enormously to the success of NATO in this period. Taking the British decision to update its strategic nuclear weapons and the coterminous debates in NATO over theater nuclear weapons, carried out against the backdrop of heightened public opposition and debate, it argues that nuclear politics played an integral role in structuring alliances and that this recalibration not only precipitated the end of the Cold War, but also ensured the Alliance’s post-Cold War viability. This research revises our understanding of the Cold War. This dissertation demonstrates that the Cold War, traditionally regarded as a bipolar conflict between superpowers, was often waged through alliances and that the policy preferences of lesser alliance partners mattered tremendously. The dissertation, furthermore, provides evidence for the way in which British policymakers retained an unexpected and disproportionate influence for the U.K. in world affairs—via their ability to successfully mediate within NATO

Thesis (M.S. in Contract Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2003.<br>Thesis advisor(s): Jeffrey Cuskey, David Krueger. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-91). Also available online.

Cette thèse étudie un volet méconnu de la réforme catholique. Grâce à l’étude d’un peu moins de 200 procédures judiciaires instruites par la justice ecclésiastique au XVIIe siècle à l’encontre de curés déviants du diocèse de Beauvais, notre recherche entend appréhender le rôle du tribunal ecclésiastique (l’officialité) dans le processus de disciplinement du clergé paroissial. Organisée en trois parties (« Les siècles des désordres » ; « Le curé délinquant dans son milieu paroissial » ; « Le curé délinquant face à ses juges »), la thèse démontre que, loin d’être marginalisée, l’officialité diocésaine de Beauvais parvient à maintenir ses prérogatives sur les prêtres, sans voir son champ de compétences contesté par les juridictions laïques. La justice de l’évêque fonctionne le plus souvent selon les mêmes principes que la justice royale, en cherchant plus à concilier et à réformer qu’à punir. La sentence de l’official, toujours lourde, n’est finalement prononcée que lorsque le curé a prouvé qu’il était incapable de s’amender malgré de multiples rappels à l’ordre. Les curés délinquants ayant maille à partir avec la justice épiscopale ont un profil particulier. Issus des milieux les moins défavorisés, formés « sur le tas », ils sont très souvent originaires d’un diocèse étranger et appartiennent tous – ou presque – aux générations antérieures à la mise en place du séminaire diocésain. Grâce à des soutiens nombreux et variés dans leur paroisse, les curés aux mœurs dissolues parviennent à se maintenir dans leur cure pendant de longues années avant que les scandales ne provoquent leur disgrâce. La vie religieuse de la paroisse n’est pas fortement perturbée par l’inconduite du curé comme le montrent les registres paroissiaux, les fonds des fabriques et les dossiers de paroisses. Contrairement aux discours alarmants tenus par certains plaignants, les ouailles ne se détournent pas de l’église à la suite des scandales et ne remettent pas en cause la validité des sacrements administrés par le curé<br>This dissertation examines a little known part of the Catholic reformation. Thanks to the study of not less than 200 cases against deviant priests investigated by ecclesiastical courts in the diocese of Beauvais in the XVIIth century, our research tries to understand the part played by ecclesiastical courts (i.e. « officialités ») in the process of controlling parish priests. This dissertation is divided into three parts – « The Centuries of Disorders », « The Delinquent Priest in his Parish » and « The Delinquent Priest in Court » - and shows that, far from being marginalised, the Beauvais ecclesiastical court succeeds in keeping its prerogatives over priests without seeing its sphere of competence challenged by secular courts. Most of the time, the bishop’s judicial decisions work according to the same principles as the King’s, trying to reconcile and reform rather than to punish. The sentence of the judicial vicar (the « officialis ») is always severe and eventually only handed down when the priest showed he was unable to mend his ways in spite of numerous warnings. The deliquent priests who are at odds with the bishop’s justice have a distinctive profile. They come from the least underprivileged backgrounds, they were trained « on the job », they often come from a foreign diocese and all, or almost all, belong to generations living before the setting up of diocesan seminaries. Thanks to multitudinous and varied support from their parish, the morally depraved priests manage to remain in the place for many years before scandals cause them fall into disfavour. The religious life in the area is not greatly disturbed by the misbehaviour of the priest as the parish records and files as well as the mill resources show. Unlike the alarming speech of some plaintiffs, the flock doesn’t turn away from the Church after the scandals nor questions the validity of the sacraments administered by the priest

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Artes de Exu trata os objetos de arte não só pelos aspectos artísticos e sociológicos, mas também pelos aspectos que ligam as obras a Exu, além do enunciado. Como coisa contida na concepção, na execução e imbricada na própria história da obra. As obras escolhidas são: Tridente de NI (2006) de Alexandre Vogler e Exu dos Ventos (1992), de Mario Cravo Júnior. As obras contêm conflitos que envolvem a mídia, religiosos e políticos. A partir de pesquisas etnográficas é feita uma análise dos olhares que se cruzam na construção dos sentidos na disputa pelo espaço simbólico, considerando ainda o trânsito percorrido pelas obras entre a oficina, o espaço de exposição e a rua. Pertence ainda ao corpo das análises as referências na mídia impressa, forma de veiculação das imagens, apropriações e discursos. As artes de Exu se evidenciam no desenrolar dessas tramas, conforme os objetos artísticos oferecem um lugar para pensar na conciliação entre diferentes: entre a cruz e o tridente, entre Cristo e Exu e entre cristãos e religiões de matriz africana<br>Artes de Exu deals with art objects not only by its artistic and sociological aspects, but also by the aspects that connect these works to the divinity Exu. As if something is contained in the conception, execution and within the history of these works. The chosen objects are: Alexandre Voglers Tridente de NI (2006) and Mario Cravo Juniors Exu dos Ventos (1992). These works brought conflicts involving press, religion and politics. From ethnographic researches its built an analysis of the different meanings that have been crossed in the construction of senses that struggle for the symbolic space, also considering the movement between street and gallery, performed by these works. Its also present in Artes de Exu the references collected from the printed press, the image circulation, appropriations and discourses. Some works of Exu appear themselves in the upbringing of these conflicts, as the referred art objects offer the condition to think about the conciliation between different aspects such as: the cross and the trident, Christ and Exu and Christians and African related religions

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, 2014.<br>Submitted by Jaqueline Ferreira de Souza (jaquefs.braz@gmail.com) on 2014-12-08T12:12:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_JoaoPauloSoaresAlsinaJunior_Parcial.pdf: 497903 bytes, checksum: d7541a2d747e452896e327c163766986 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Patrícia Nunes da Silva(patricia@bce.unb.br) on 2014-12-08T12:40:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_JoaoPauloSoaresAlsinaJunior_Parcial.pdf: 497903 bytes, checksum: d7541a2d747e452896e327c163766986 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-08T12:40:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_JoaoPauloSoaresAlsinaJunior_Parcial.pdf: 497903 bytes, checksum: d7541a2d747e452896e327c163766986 (MD5)<br>Esta tese aborda a grande estratégia levada a cabo pelo Barão do Rio-Branco durante o período em que esteve à frente do Itamaraty e o papel que o programa de reorganização naval (1904-1910) desempenhou nesse contexto. O estudo de caso realizado buscou determinar os condicionantes domésticos e internacionais daquele programa, assim como a mundivisão do patrono da diplomacia brasileira a respeito da instrumentalidade do poder militar para a condução da política externa – levando em conta o resoluto apoio conferido pelo Ministro das Relações Exteriores à sustentação daquele programa. Esses objetivos estiveram enquadrados por discussão teórica sobre os conceitos de legado e de grande estratégia e por largo histórico do papel desempenhado pela Marinha na vida nacional. Por fim, com base em avaliação do sistema internacional de segurança contemporâneo, procurou-se cotejar a política externa de Paranhos Jr. com a implementada no presente – visando determinar em que medida a primeira estaria datada e até que ponto a última mereceria ajustes à luz do legado do Barão. Conclui-se pela rejeição de visões idealizadas desse legado, ao passo que se afirma a atualidade da concepção de Rio-Branco sobre a centralidade do poder militar para a inserção internacional soberana do País.<br>This thesis addresses Baron of Rio-Branco’s grand strategy during his term as Brazil’s Minister of External Relations and the role played in this context by the naval reorganization programme (1904-1910). The ensuing case study aimed to determine domestic and international constraints that affected the latter, as well as the worldview of the patron of Brazilian diplomacy regarding military power’s instrumentality to foreign policy – taking into account Rio-Branco’s unwavering support of the programme. These goals were framed by a theoretical discussion of the concepts of legacy, grand strategy, and by a broad historical portrait of the role played by the Navy since independence. Finally, based on an assessment of the contemporary international security system, Paranhos Jr.’s foreign policy was compared to the one now implemented to determine to what extent the former was dated and to what extent the latter should be adjusted in light of Rio-Branco’s legacy. The thesis’s conclusion rejects idealized versions of that legacy while it affirms the continued relevance of Rio-Branco’s belief in the centrality of military power for Brazil’s sovereign integration into the international system.

Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2019<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 74-78).<br>In attempts to address a skills gap, the state of South Carolina established Apprenticeship Carolina in 2007 which helps businesses create federally registered apprenticeships. Apprenticeship Carolina is a newer addition to the longstanding worker-training programs that make up the South Carolina Technical College System's Division of Economic Development. In the Charleston area, actors in the public and private sectors have partnered with the region's technical college (Trident Technical College or "Trident Tech") and leveraged Apprenticeship Carolina to create robust adult and youth apprenticeship programs in addition to leading other new workforce initiatives. At the same time, the local economy is growing and diversifying rapidly in the fields of advanced manufacturing, information technology, and other STEM-related sectors. This makes Trident Technical College's work in Charleston an attractive case study on apprenticeships as a means for addressing skills gaps. Since 2007, Trident Tech, businesses, and community partners have expanded the number of adult apprenticeships and created a regional youth apprenticeship program where both programs offer positions in career pathways in diverse sectors. This thesis examines what program administrators, community partners, and participating businesses ("sponsors") believe is working well and where there could be improvements.<br>by Tia Marie Vice.<br>M.C.P.<br>M.C.P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning

La tesi analitza com les disposicions sorgides del Concili de Trento (1545-1563) fan evolucionar el sistema beneficial de l’Església catòlica. Ho fa a partir de quatre grans objectius interrelacionats: el primer estudiar l’organització i la composició de la comunitat de beneficiats de l’església de la Pietat de Vic. El segon analitzar l’encaix i l’abast en la societat vigatana del sistema beneficial de l’església catòlica a partir de les modificacions tridentines. El tercer conèixer fins a quin punt les disposicions conciliars modifiquen les relacions socials i, en cas afirmatiu, determinar si és un cas específic del bisbat de Vic o si és extrapolable a altres indrets. I el quart, estudiar la relació Economia-Església- Societat. La tesi tracta de la comunitat de beneficiats de l’església de la Pietat de Vic entre l’any de la seva fundació (1613), i el de la translació de les relíquies dels Sants Màrtirs a l’altar major de l’església de la Pietat (1664). La comunitat de beneficiats de la Pietat de Vic la creen els beneficiats del Capbreu de la catedral com a instrument en la seva lluita amb el Capítol de canonges per tal d’esdevenir col·legi. L’estudi analitza com es funda la comunitat de beneficiats, qui en forma part, on s’ubica, les relacions amb altres col·lectius −com la institució episcopal, el capítol de canonges, el Capbreu de la catedral i el Consell Municipal−, com es consolida, com s’organitza, quina transcendència té en la vida econòmica de la ciutat i quin paper social desenvolupa.<br>This thesis analyses how the dispositions that resulted from the Trento Council (1545-1563) evolved the beneficial system of the Catholic Church. This is done from four great interrelated objectives. The first one is studying the organization and the composition of the community of beneficiaries of the Vic’s church of Pietat. The second objective is to analyse how the Vic’s society is affected by the tridentin modifications in the Catholic Church’s beneficial system. The third is to know to what extent the dispositions of the council modify the social relationships and, if that is the case, determine if the case is specific to Vic’s bishopric or if it is extrapolatable to other places. The fourth objective is to study the relation between the Economy, the Church and the Society. The thesis is about the community of beneficiaries of the Vic’s church of Pietat between its foundation (1613) and the translocation of the Martyr Saints relics to the major altar of the church of Pietat (1664). The community of beneficiaries of the church of Pietat is created by the beneficiaries of Capbreu of the cathedral. This is done as an instrument in their fight with the Capitol of canons in order to become a college. This study analyses how the community of beneficiaries is founded, who forms part of it and where it is located. The study also analyses the relations with other collectives – such as the episcopal institution, the Capitol of canons, the Capbreu of the cathedral and the Municipal Council. Finally, the study investigates how it is consolidated, how it is organized and what transcendence it has in the city’s economic life and its social role.

Le transfert d'électron et d'énergie induit par la lumière dans des dispositifs moléculaires est largement étudié dans le domaine de la photosynthèse artificielle. Dans ce contexte, les dérivés du [Ru(bpy)3]2+ ont été très utilisés, en raison de leurs propriétés photophysiques favorables, à savoir des durées de vie de l’ordre des µs à température ambiante, des rendements quantiques d’émission élevés et un fort pouvoir d’oxydation et de réduction. La conception de la structure électronique des complexes de ruthénium(II) revêt une très grande importance, car celle-ci dictera les propriétés photophysiques, photochimiques et électrochimiques de ces complexes. En conséquence, le sujet principal de cette thèse est d'explorer les propriétés de coordination de nouveaux ligands tridentes sur le cation ruthénium. Ce travail décrit la synthèse de ces nouveaux ligands basés sur l'hétérocycle acridine avec différents fragments en positions 4 et 5. Les complexes de ruthénium(II) octaédriques correspondants ont ensuite été construits autour de ces ligands à base d'acridine, avec des niveaux d'énergie ajustés des états excités 3MC et 3MLCT fonctionnellement actifs. Très peu de dérivés d’acridine sont substitués aux positions 4 et 5. La stratégie de synthèse pour les ligands cibles commence sur l’acridone. La 4,5-dibromoacridine a été obtenue en quatre étapes synthétiques et ce précurseur commun a ensuite été utilisé pour la construction de ligands tridentés (NNN) avec de la pyridine et du pyrazole. De plus, un analogue de ligand tridentate (SNS) à base de thioéther acridine a été synthétisé, et un autre ligand tridentate de thioéther (SNS), sans hétérocycle acridine, a été préparé dans le but d’acquérir une certaine flexibilité dans la structure. Les complexes homoleptiques correspondants avec des métallacycles à 6 chaînons ont tous adopté une géométrie octaédrique faciale. Ainsi, les complexes hétéroleptiques ont été préparés en combinaison avec un ligand terpyridine plan afin de forcer les ligands contraints et rigides à se coordiner de manière méridienne sur le métal. Les propriétés électrochimiques, photophysiques et photochimiques de tous les complexes ont été étudiées et la structure de la plupart de ces complexes de Ru(II) a été déduite par des expériences de cristallographie par diffraction des rayons X. Les complexes bis-tridentés de Ru(II) basés sur le ligand thioéther flexible (SNS), se sont montrés photoactifs: lors d'une exposition à la lumière blanche ils subissent une réaction de photosubstitution, remplaçant le ligand thioéther tridentate par des ligands monodentates<br>Light-induced electron and energy transfer in molecular arrays is being extensively studied in view of artificial photosynthesis. In this context, [Ru(bpy)3]2+ derivatives have been widely used, due to their favorable photophysical properties, i.e. lifetimes in the µs range at room temperature, high emission quantum yields, and strong oxidizing and reducing capability. The electronic structural design of most ruthenium(II) complexes is of great importance by specifying the complexes’ photophysical, photochemical, and electrochemical properties. As a consequence, the main theme of this thesis is to explore the coordination properties of new tridentate ligands on the ruthenium cation. This work describes the synthesis of these new tridentate ligands based on the acridine heterocycle with different moieties at positions 4 and 5. Octahedral ruthenium(II) complexes were then constructed around these acridine-based ligands, with tuned energy levels of the functionally active 3MC and 3MLCT excited states. Very few acridine derivatives are substituted at positions 4 and 5. The synthetic strategy for the target ligands starts from acridone. The 4,5-dibromoacridine was obtained in four synthetic steps and this common precursor was subsequently used for the construction of tridentate (NNN) ligands with pyridine and pyrazole. In addition, a thioether acridine-based tridentate ligand (SNS) analogue was synthesized, and another tridentate thioether (SNS) ligand, without an acridine heterocycle, was prepared to gain some flexibility within the ligand scaffold. The corresponding homoleptic complexes with 6-membered metallacycles only adopted a facial octahedral geometry. Thus, the heteroleptic complexes were prepared in combination with a planar terpyridine ligand in order to force the constrained and rigid ligands to coordinate in a meridional fashion on the metal. The electrochemical, photophysical, and photochemical properties of all complexes were studied and the structure for most of these Ru(II) complexes was deduced by X-ray diffraction crystallography experiments. The bis-tridentate Ru(II) complexes based on the flexible (SNS) thioether ligand were photoactive: they were able to undergo a photosubstitution reaction, by replacing the tridentate thioether ligand with monodentate ligands, upon white light exposure

Thesis (M.S. in Systems Engineering Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2008.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Osmundson, John "September 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on November 4, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-48). Also available in print.

In 1958 the United States and United Kingdom signed the Mutual Defense Agreement which allowed the two countries to share information and technology concerning nuclear weapons. This paper examines the history of this agreement and the Polaris and Trident Sales agreements which followed. The main focus of the paper is the motivating interests of both countries to maintain these agreements today.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá popisem řiditelnosti specifického robotického hada, který se nazývá trident snake robot. Tento robot je řazen mezi neholonomní systémy. Model je převeden do jazyka diferenciální geometrie a řízen pomocí vektorových polí a operace na nich zavedené (Lieova závorka). Je také uvažována aproximace řídicí distribuce. Dále jsou formulovány pohyby hada ve směru vektorových polí a jejich kombinace, které zajišťují základní pohyby v prostoru (rotace a translace). Tyto pohyby jsou na závěr simulovány v prostředí V-REP.

This master’s thesis describes equations of motion for dynamic model of nonholonomic constrained system, namely the trident robotic snakes. The model is studied in the form of Lagrange's equations and D’Alembert’s principle is applied. Actually this thesis is a continuation of the study going at VUT about the simulations of non-holonomic mechanisms, specifically robotic snakes. The kinematics model was well-examined in the work of of Byrtus, Roman and Vechetová, Jana. So here we provide equations of motion and address the motion planning problem regarding dynamics of the trident snake equipped with active joints through basic examples and propose a feedback linearization algorithm.

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de l'interaction laser-matière dans un régime d'éclairement extrême que visent à atteindre plusieurs installations multi-pétawatt en cours de développement (CILEX-Apollon, ELI, IZEST, etc.). Pour un éclairement supérieur à 1022 Wcm-2, la dynamique relativiste des électrons accélérés dans l'onde laser est modiée par un important rayonnement Compton inverse non-linéaire. Au-delà de 1023 Wcm2, les photons ainsi produits peuvent, en interagissant à leur tour avec le champ laser, se désintégrer en paires électron-positron via le mécanisme de Breit-Wheeler non-linéaire. Ces mécanismes d'électrodynamique quantique, dont l'étude expérimentale était jusqu'ici l'apanage des grands accélérateurs de particles, peuvent grandement affecter les mécanismes usuels d'interaction laser-plasma, notamment ceux régissant l'accélération de particules chargées et, par conséquent, le bilan global de l'interaction. Afin de modéliser ce régime inédit d'interaction, qui combine processus collectifs, relativistes et d'électrodynamique quantique, nous avons enrichi des mécanismes précédents le code de simulation particle-in-cell calder développé de longue date au CEA/DIF. L'influence de ces mécanismes est d'abord explorée dans le cas d'une impulsion laser interagissant avec une cible dense de taille micrométrique. Un rendement de conversion de l'énergie laser en photons supérieur à 10% est observée au-dessus de 1023 Wcm-2, tandis que la production d'anti-matière s'emballe, via un mécanisme de cascade, à partir de 1024 Wcm2. Dans un second temps, nous étudions la génération de positrons lors de la collision frontale entre un faisceau d'électrons ultra-relativistes issu d'un accélérateur plasma et une impulsion laser ultra-intense. Dans une dernière partie, nous considérons un scénario prospectif d'intérêt astrophysique, à savoir la collision de plasmas de paires issus de cibles solides irradiées à 1024 Wcm-2 montrant la croissance rapide d'une instabilité de lamentation magnétique combinée à d'intenses effets radiatifs<br>This PhD thesis is concerned with the regime of extreme-intensity laser-matter interaction that should be accessed on upcoming multi-petawatt facilities (e.g. CILEX-Apollon, ELI, IZEST). At intensities IL &gt; 1022 Wcm-2, the relativistic dynamics of the laser-driven electrons becomes significantly modified by high-energy radiation emission through nonlinear inverse Compton scattering. For IL &gt; 1023 Wcm-2, the emitted-ray photons can, in turn, interact with the laser field and decay into electron-positron pairs via the nonlinear Breit-Wheeler process. These quantum electrodynamic processes, which until recently could only be explored on large-scale particle accelerators, can greatly alter the "standard" mechanisms of laser-plasma interaction, and therefore its overall energy budget. In order to model their intricate interplay with the laser-induced plasma processes, they have been implemented within the particle-in-cell code calder developed at CEA. In a first part, we study these QED processes in the interaction of an ultra-intense laser with a micrometric overdense target. It is found that the laser-to--ray energy conversion efficiency can by far exceed 10% for intensities IL &gt; 1023 Wcm-2, while copious pair production (through pair cascading) kicks in for IL &gt; 1024 Wcm-2. In a second part, we consider positron generation in the collision between a GeV electron bunch issued from a laser-wake eld accelerator and a counterpropagating laser pulse. In a third part, we analyze a prospective scheme of astrophysical interest, consisting in the collision between two dense pair plasmas produced from solid targets irradiated at 1024 Wcm-2 showing a fast-growing magnetic lamentation instability amplified by intense synchrotron emission

Doutoramento em Química<br>The use of plants with medicinal purposes is an ancient practice still very common in developing regions, and is rapidly spreading in industrialized countries. This fact is evidenced by the large number of ethnobotanical studies found in the literature referring that these plants are often used as decoctions and infusions. In most studies the reported biological activities are attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds, due to their antioxidant properties, and to polysaccharides, with its anti-tumoral properties. In “Trás-os-Montes” region, some of the most popular infusions used by the popular medicine are prepared with the dried leaves of Fraxinus angustifolia, the dried shoots of Mentha suaveolens, and the dried inflorescences of Pterospartum tridentatum. However, there are no studies about the polysaccharides present in these infusions. Thus, through the structural characterization of the polysaccharides present in the infusions of F. angustifolia, M. suaveolens, and P. tridentatum, the present PhD thesis intends to evaluate the possible relation between polysaccharides and the immunostimulatory activity that these infusions might present. In a preliminary phase, infusions of F. angustifolia were prepared according to the popular tradition, and it was observed that the obtained water soluble material contained approximately 85% of material non-retained in C18 cartridges, with hydrophilic characteristics, with the remaining 15% comprising retained-material with hydrophobic characteristics. It was also shown that the infusions only contained between 2 and 4% of high molecular weight material (HMWM), which comprised approximately 30% of carbohydrate material. Sugar and methylation analysis of the HMWM suggested the presence of pectic polysaccharides, together with type II arabinogalactans, mannans, and xyloglucans. However, the amount of material obtained is to low for the fractionation, and structural analysis of the polysaccharides present. The 4 h decoction, divided in two periods of 2 h, with water renewal, allowed to increase the HMWM yield, relatively to the infusions traditional infusions. It was also observed that the decoction also allowed to increase the HMWM proportion of carbohydrate material, due to an increase in the proportion of uronic acid present, although the neutral sugar residues seemed to be detected in similar proportions. Therefore, in all the experiments subsequently performed, the HMWM used was obtained through the decoction of F. angustifolia dried leaves, M. suaveolens dried shoots, and P. tridentatum dried inflorescences. x After the fractionation, through ethanol precipitation, and anion exchange chromatography, of the polysaccharides from the HMWM obtained by the decoction of the vegetable material of the distinct studied plants, it was observed the presence of high proportions of pectic polysaccharides, containing type I arabinogalactans, together with minor proportions of type II arabinogalactans, mannans, and xyloglucans. The presence of pectic polysaccharides in the extracts from F. angustifolia was also evidenced through endo-polygalacturonase treatment, and ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS experiments. The detection of linked pentose and uronic acid residues, also seemed to suggest the presence of xylogalacturonan domains in the pectic polysaccharides from F. angustifolia. The extracts from F. angustifolia dried leaves also contained type II arabinogalactans that exhibited a higher structural diversity than those detected in the M. suaveolens, and P. tridentatum extracts, particularly in the substitution degree of the galactan backbone, and in the extension of the (1→5)-Araf side chains. Moreover, for all the plants studied, it was also observed that the type II arabinogalactans, extracted during the 2nd 2h of the extraction process, exhibited a substitution degree of the galactan backbone higher than those extracted during the 1st 2h. The extracts from P. tridentatum dried inflorescences contained higher proportions of mannans, and also of xyloglucans, both presenting a substitution degree higher than those, which were detected in lower proportion in the extracts of F. angustifolia and M. suaveolens. Through ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS it was possible to evidence that the mannans present in the extracts of P. tridentatum presented acetyl groups on the O-2 of the mannosyl residues. It was also evidenced that the P. tridentatum mannans were more extensively acetylated than the mannans detected in the coffee infusion, LBG, and other non-conventional mannan sources. Moreover, it was detected the presence of oligosaccharides comprising hexose residues linked to non acetylated pentose residues, suggesting the possible presence of arabinose residues in the mannans from P. tridentatum extracts. The immunostimulatory activity of three fractions isolated from the extracts of F. angustifolia, M. suaveolens, and P. tridentatum, was tested and an increase in the NO production by macrophages, without compromising their cellular viability, was observed. The type I, and type II arabinogalactans detected in the extracts from F. angustifolia, and M. suaveolens seem to have contributed for the observed immunostimulatory activity. For the fraction from P. tridentatum, the mannans acetylation, and the presence of type I, and type II arabinogalactans seemed to contribute for the macrophage immunostimulatory activity observed. The possible presence of storage xyloglucans from the inflorescences seeds, also seems to have contributed for the immunostimulatory activity registered when the macrophages were stimulated with higher extract concentrations. The results obtained allow to conclude that the extracts of F. angustifolia dried leaves, M. suaveolens dried shoots, and P. tridentatum dried inflorescences contained high proportions of pectic polysaccharides, exhibiting type I arabinogalactans, together with other polysaccharides, such as type II arabinogalactans, mannans, and xyloglucans. This polysaccharide mixture seems to have contributed to the immunostimulatory activity of fractions isolated from the extracts of the studied plants. Therefore, as the same type of polysaccharides seem to be present in the decoctions and in the infusions, it seems possible that the polysaccharides might contribute for the therapeutic properties frequently associated by the popular tradition to the infusions of these plants.<br>O uso de plantas com fins medicinais é uma prática antiga, ainda bastante frequente em regiões de países em desenvolvimento, e que se tem vindo a disseminar em países mais industrializados. Este facto é suportado pelo elevado número de estudos etnobotânicos, onde se refere que estas plantas são frequentemente usadas na forma de decocções e infusões. Na maioria dos estudos as atividades biológicas são associadas à presença de compostos fenólicos e às suas propriedades antioxidantes, assim como aos polissacarídeos, nomeadamente devido às propriedades antitumorais. Na região de Trás-os-Montes, algumas das infusões mais utilizadas pela medicina popular têm por base as folhas secas do freixo (Fraxinus angustifolia), a parte aérea seca do mondrasto (Mentha suaveolens) e as inflorescências secas da carqueja (Pterospartum tridentatum). No entanto, não existe nenhum estudo sobre os polissacarídeos presentes nas infusões das folhas secas do freixo (Fraxinus angustifolia), da parte aérea do mondrasto (Mentha suaveolens) ou das inflorescências da carqueja (Pterospartum tridentatum). Deste modo, com a presente dissertação pretende-se, através da caracterização estrutural dos polissacarídeos presentes nas infusões de F. angustifolia, M. suaveolens e P. tridentatum, avaliar a possível relação entre os polissacarídeos e a atividade imunoestimuladora que estas infusões possam apresentar. Numa primeira fase, foram preparadas infusões tradicionais de F. angustifolia, tendo-se mostrado que o material solúvel das infusões continha cerca de 85% de material não retido em cartuchos C18 com características hidrofílicas, sendo os restantes 15% compostos por material retido de características hidrofóbicas. Mostrou-se ainda que as infusões obtidas apenas continham cerca de 2 a 4% de material de alto peso molecular (HMWM), que era composto por cerca de 30% de carboidratos. A análise de açúcares e a análise de metilação do HMWM sugeriu a presença de polissacarídeos pécticos, em conjunto com arabinogalactanas do tipo II, mananas e xiloglucanas. No entanto, a quantidade de material obtido é muito baixa para o fracionamento e a análise estrutural dos polissacarídeos presentes. A decocção de 4 h, divididas em 2 períodos de 2 h, com renovação da água, permitiu um aumento no rendimento em HMWM, relativamente às infusões tradicionais. Verificou-se ainda, que a decocção também permitiu aumentar a proporção de carboidratos no HMWM, particularmente devido ao aumento da proporção de ácido urónico presente, embora os resíduos de açúcares neutros se encontrassem em proporção semelhante. Deste modo, em todas as experiências realizadas posteriormente, o HMWM utilizado foi obtido através da decocção das folhas secas de F. angustifolia, da parte aérea seca de M. suaveolens e das inflorescências secas de P. tridentatum. Após fracionamento por precipitação em etanol e cromatografia de troca aniónica dos polissacarídeos presentes no HMWM obtido através da decocção dos materiais vegetais das diferentes plantas estudadas, verificou-se a presença de elevadas proporções de polissacarídeos pécticos, contendo arabinogalactanas do tipo I, em conjunto com menores proporções de arabinogalactanas do tipo II, mananas e xiloglucanas. A presença de polissacarídeos pécticos nos extratos de F. angustifolia foi também evidenciada através do tratamento enzimático com endopoligalacturonase e de experiências de ESI-MS e ESI-MS/MS. A deteção de resíduos de pentose ligados a resíduos de ácido urónico também pareceu indicar a presença de domínios de xilogalacturonana nos polissacarídeos pécticos de F. angustifolia. Os extratos das folhas secas de F. angustifolia mostraram conter arabinogalactanas do tipo II com uma maior diversidade estrutural do que as que foram detetadas nos extratos de M. suaveolens e P. tridentatum, particularmente no que diz respeito à substituição das cadeias de (1→3)-Galp e à extensão das cadeias laterais compostas por resíduos de (1→5)-Araf. Para além disso, verificou-se que, para todas as plantas estudadas, as arabinogalactanas do tipo II presentes nas frações obtidas durante a segunda parte do processo de extração apresentaram uma substituição das cadeias de (1→3)-Galp maior do que as extraídas durante a primeira parte da extração. Os extratos das inflorescências de P. tridentatum continham maiores proporções de mananas e de xiloglucanas, tendo-se detetado estruturas que apresentaram um maior grau de substituição do que as que foram detetadas em menores proporções nos extratos de F. angustifolia e M. suaveolens. Através das técnicas de ESI-MS e ESI-MS/MS, foi possível demonstrar que as mananas presentes nos extratos de P. tridentatum se encontravam acetiladas no O-2 dos resíduos de manose. Verificou-se que as mananas presentes nos extratos de P. tridentatum se encontravam acetiladas em maior extensão do que as mananas detetadas na infusão do café, na goma de alfarroba e em outras fontes não convencionais de mananas. Para além disso, também foram detetados oligossacarídeos contendo resíduos de pentose, ligados a resíduos de hexose, sugerindo a presença de resíduos de arabinose na estrutura das mananas de P. tridentatum. A atividade imunoestimuladora de três frações isoladas a partir dos extratos de F. angustifolia, M. suaveolens e P. tridentatum foi avaliada, tendo-se observado o aumento da produção de NO por parte de macrófagos, sem comprometer a sua viabilidade celular. As arabinogalactanas do tipo I e II parecem contribuir para a atividade imunoestimuladora observada nas frações dos extratos de F. angustifolia e de M. suaveolens No caso da fração obtida a partir dos extratos de P. tridentatum, a acetilação das mananas, bem como a presença de arabinogalactanas do tipo I e II parecem ter contribuído para a atividade imunoestimuladora dos macrófagos observada. A possível presença de xiloglucanas de armazenamento, provenientes das sementes das inflorescências de P. tridentatum, também poderá contribuir para a atividade imunoestimuladora observada quando os macrófagos foram estimulados com maiores concentrações de extrato. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que os extratos das folhas secas de F. angustifolia, da parte aérea de M. suaveolens e das inflorescências de P. tridentatum contêm elevadas proporções de polissacarídeos pécticos, contendo arabinogalactanas do tipo I, misturados com outros polissacarídeos, tais como arabinogalactanas do tipo II, mananas e xiloglucanas. Esta mistura de polissacarídeos mostrou contribuir para a atividade imunoestimuladora de frações isoladas a partir dos extratos das plantas estudadas. Deste modo, e como o mesmo tipo de polissacarídeos parece estar presente nas infusões e decoções, é possível que os polissacarídeos possam contribuir para as propriedades terapêuticas frequentemente atribuídas pela tradição popular às infusões destas plantas.

This thesis deals with the theory of geometric control of the trident robot. The thesis describes the basic concepts of differential geometry and control theory, which are subsequently used for describing various mechanisms. Finally, the thesis proposes the management using inferred results.

Cette thèse sur la décentralisation théâtrale en Basse-Normandie se propose d’embrasser la période qui va des années 1940 à nos jours, c’est-à-dire du lancement d’une politique nationale de décentralisation dramatique impulsée par JeanneLaurent à la montée en puissance des collectivités territoriales dans le champ des compétences culturelles. A partir de la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale et de la reconstruction de Caen, nous verrons comment les lieux de spectacles se sontdéveloppés dans la région, notamment à travers la figure emblématique de la décentralisation théâtrale en Basse-Normandie : Jo Tréhard. Comédien autodidacte, metteur en scène, directeur de compagnie et de théâtre, fondateur de multiples lieux de spectacle (Le Tonneau, le Théâtre – Maison de la Culture, puis la Comédie de Caen) et d’un festival de Normandie. Nous étudierons ensuite la construction du réseau des scènes et lieux de spectacle vivant bas-normands, notamment ceux qui ont une reconnaissance institutionnelle : labellisées ou conventionnées par le Ministère de laCulture (Le Théâtre du Préau à Vire, La SN61 à Alençon, Le Trident à Cherbourg, L’Archipel à Granville et le Théâtre Municipal de Coutances). Enfin, nous verrons comment les collectivités locales complètent et soutiennent ce réseau, ainsi que les évolutions liées aux dernières réformes territoriales<br>This thesis on the dramatical decentralization in Lower Normandy proposes to embrace the period that goes from the 1940s to today, from the launching of a national policy of dramatical decentralization impelled by Jeanne Laurent to the risepower of local authorities in the field of cultural competences. From the end of the second world war and the reconstruction of Caen, we will see how the venues have developed in the region, particularly through the emblematic figure of dramaticaldecentralization in Lower Normandy: Jo Tréhard. Self-taught comedian, director of company and theater, founder of multiple theaters (The “Tonneau”, the “Theatre – Maison de la Culture”, and the Comedy of Caen) and the Normandy Festival. We willthen study the construction of the network of scenes in Lower Normandy, including those with institutional recognition: labeled or approved by the Ministry of Culture (The Theater of Préau to Vire, The SN61 in Alençon, The Trident in Cherbourg, L'Archipel inGranville and the Coutances Theater). Finally, we will see how local authorities complement and support this network, as well as developments related to the latest territorial reforms

- Introducción. Este trabajo versa sobre todo lo vinculado a la Intendencia del ejército y reino de Mallorca dentro del marco cronológico que va desde el reinado de Felipe V hasta el final del de Carlos III, dando a conocer tanto su funcionamiento y problemática como a los individuos vinculados a ella, siempre conectados al contexto administrativo, económico, militar y social insular. - Contenido de la investigación En esta tesis se estudia la implantación de la intendencia, con el proceso de tránsito y la imbricación de las nuevas piezas en el espacio de Mallorca e Ibiza y pasando después al estudio de la evolución de la institución a lo largo del siglo, estableciendo etapas y analizando su funcionamiento y la coordinación de sus distintos elementos. Asimismo, se estudian las áreas jurisdiccionales del intendente, con sus respectivas competencias, incluyendo su faceta como corregidor y valorando su débil implicación en el Ayuntamiento, así como el papel y el funcionamiento de la Contaduría y la Tesorería del ejército, conectadas a las cuestiones presupuestarias y relacionadas con la economía del territorio insular, incluyendo los distintos modelos de gestión y los agentes económicos que intervienen. Los protagonistas también son fundamental, valorando los problemas a los que se enfrentaron y los conflictos que se desarrollaron con otras instituciones, así como las relaciones sociales y de poder que se dieron. - Conclusiones. La intendencia de Mallorca puede considerarse de segundo orden y un destino poco atractivo. Entre 1715 y 1788 dieciséis individuos diferentes se encargaron de la intendencia ( y del corregimiento entre 1718 y 1772). De ellos, tan sólo 9 fueron titulares, mientras que los demás ejercieron como interinos, y de hecho tan sólo el 60% de los intendentes nombrados llegaron a ocupar esta intendencia, porcentaje similar al de los contadores y tesoreros, los otros dos componentes del tridente gestor. La mayor parte de lo ingresado en las arcas de la tesorería se destinaba al mantenimiento de la militarización de Mallorca e Ibiza y provenía fundamentalmente de dos rentas: Tabaco y Real Patrimonio, seguidas por un grupo más variable como era el formado por Aduanas, Salinas, Talla y Aguardiente. Los impuestos más polémicos, la talla y el de utensilios fueron objeto de quejas, retrasos e impagos. Desde la década de los años 60 los ingresos mejoraron debido a factores como la tranquilidad institucional, la gestión por administración directa de las rentas, los beneficios generados por la renta del tabaco y la existencia de movimientos económicos positivos en las islas. El nuevo sistema borbónico sistema guardará en su interior algunos signos de identidad anteriores, y de hecho, la endogamia administrativa, la formación de sagas familiares que controlaban la gestión económica de las rentas y el desarrollo de alianzas entre los delegados de la Administración central y algunos linajes insulares provocaron que con el paso de los años se viesen más similitudes de las esperadas respecto a las redes sociales y de poder que se tejieron en el período de los Austrias. La opción de la estabilidad frente a la transparencia fue la escogida por la Administración central, y el mejor paradigma lo encontramos en Ibiza, espacio relegado a un plano residual hasta la década de los ochenta, donde se permitió que un linaje asumiese la subdelegación de la intendencia y la gestión económica de la isla desde 1718 y hasta entrado el siglo XIX.<br>- Introduction. This doctoral thesis deals with everything related to the Administration of the intendancy of the army and kingdom of Mallorca, within the timeframe that runs from the reign of Philip V to the end of Carlos III one, revealing both its operation and problematic as well as the individuals linked to it, always connected to the insular administrative, economic, military and social context - Research content. This work studies the implementation of the intendancy system, with the process of transition and the overlapping of the new parts in the space of Majorca and Ibiza, going then to the study of the evolution of the institution throughout the century, establishing stages and analyzing their functioning and the coordination of its elements. Also, it evaluates the jurisdictional areas, with their respective powers, including his role as corregidor and reviewing his weak involvement in the Town Hall matters. The role and function of the Accountant’s Office and of the Army Treasury as well as the budget issues regarding to them are also discussed, linking all of it to the economy of the island territory, including different management models and economic agents involved in them. The protagonists are also presented: intendants, main accountants and army treasurers, as well as other agents whose role was essential. Finally, it analyses the problems to they faced and the conflicts that were developed with other institutions, as well as social relations and power that existed. - Conclusions. The intendancy of Mallorca can be considered of second-order and an unattractive destination. Between 1715 and 1788 sixteen different individuals took care of it (and also of the corregimiento, from 1718 to 1772). Of these, only 9 were titular, while the others exercised as interim, and in fact, only the 60% of those destined to this intendancy came to occupy it, a similar percentage to accountants and treasurers, the other two components of the trident that took care of the intendancy management. Most of what entered into the coffers of the treasury was spent on the maintenance of the militarization of Majorca and Ibiza, and came mainly from two incomes: Tobacco and Real Heritage, followed by a more variable group as was the formed by customs, salt, the talla, and brandy. The most controversial taxes, the talla and the utensils tax, were the subject of complaints, delays and defaults. Since the early 60's, the revenue improved due to factors such as institutional peace, the income management by direct administration method, the profits generated by the tobacco and the existence of positive economic movements in the islands. The new Bourbon system will save inside itself some signs of previous identity, and in fact, the administrative inbreeding, the formation of family sagas that controlled the economic management of the revenues and the development of partnerships among the delegates of the central government and some lineages of the islands meant over the years more similarities than expected, regarding social and power networks that were woven into the period of the Hapsburgs. The stability was chosen by the central government in front of the transparency: the best paradigm is found in Ibiza, a space relegated to a residual level until the eighties, where it was also allowed that a family assume the subdelegation of the intendancy and the economic management of the island since 1718 and even into the nineteenth century.<br>- Introducció. Aquest treball versa sobre tot el vinculat a la Intendència de l'exèrcit i regne de Mallorca dins el marc cronològic que va des del regnat de Felip V fins al final del de Carles III, donant a conèixer tant el seu funcionament i problemàtica com als individus vinculats a ella, sempre connectats al context administratiu, econòmic, militar i social insular. -Contingut de la investigació. En aquesta tesi doctoral s'estudia la implantació de la intendència, amb el procés de trànsit i la imbricació de les noves peces a l'espai de Mallorca i Eivissa, passant després a l'estudi de l'evolució de la institució al llarg del segle, establint diferents etapes, analitzant el seu funcionament i la coordinació dels seus elements. Així mateix, s'estudien les àrees judicials de l'intendent, amb les seves respectives competències, incloent la seva faceta com a corregidor i valorant la seva implicació a l'Ajuntament, així com el paper i el funcionament de la Comptadoria i la Tresoreria de l'exèrcit, amb les qüestions pressupostàries relacionades amb l'economia del territori insular, incloent els diferents models de gestió i els diversos agents econòmics que hi intervenen. També es presenta als protagonistes, tant intendents com comptadors i tresorers, i a altres agents el paper dels quals és fonamental, valorant els problemes als quals es van enfrontar i els conflictes que es van desenvolupar amb altres institucions, així com les relacions socials i de poder que es varen donar. - Conclusions. La intendència de Mallorca pot considerar-se de segon ordre i un destí poc atractiu. Entre 1715 i 1788 setze individus diferents s’ocuparen de la intendència de l'exèrcit i regne de Mallorca (i del corregiment entre 1718 i 1772), bé com a titulars o bé de forma interina. D'ells, tan sols 9 van ser titulars, mentre que els altres van exercir com a interins, i de fet tan sols el 60% dels intendents nomenats van arribar a ocupar aquesta intendència, percentatge similar al dels comptadors i tresorers, els altres dos components del trident gestor. La major part del que s’ingressava en les arques de la tresoreria es destinava al manteniment de la militarització de Mallorca i Eivissa i provenia fonamentalment de dues rendes: Tabac i Reial Patrimoni, seguides per un grup més variable com era el format per Duanes, Salines, Talla i Aiguardent. Els impostos més polèmics, la talla i el de utensilis van ser objecte de queixes, retards i impagaments. Des de la dècada dels anys 60 els ingressos van millorar a causa de factors com la tranquil·litat institucional, la gestió per administració directa de les rendes, els beneficis generats per la renda del tabac i l'existència de moviments econòmics positius a les illes. El nou sistema borbònic guardarà en el seu interior alguns signes d'identitat anteriors, i de fet, l'endogàmia administrativa, la formació de sagues familiars que controlaven la gestió econòmica de les rendes i el desenvolupament d'aliances entre els delegats de l'Administració central i alguns llinatges insulars van provocar que amb el pas dels anys es veiessin més similituds de les esperades respecte a les xarxes socials i de poder que s’havien teixit en el període dels Àustries. L'opció de l'estabilitat enfront de la transparència va ser l'escollida per l'Administració central i el millor paradigma el trobem a Eivissa, espai relegat a un pla residual fins a la dècada dels vuitanta, on es va permetre que un llinatge assumís la subdelegació de la intendència i la gestió econòmica de l'illa des de 1718 i fins entrat el segle XIX.

Le système présente a été développé dans le cadre d'un système d'interprétation de scènes tridimentionnelles (Trident). Le modèle choisi permet de décrire des familles d'objets génériques construits par unions de primitives. La tache du système Mephisto est de décider de la cohérence d'un modèle fourni par l'utilisateur avant qu'il ne soit utilisé par trident. Dans le contexte de la représentation choisie, un modèle peut être vu comme un graphe et/ou avec contraintes. Une stratégie de recherche de chemin dans un graphe et/ou, minimisant en moyenne les coûts de construction, à partir d'une évaluation des espérances de succès de cette construction

Ce travail analyse la fondation du clergé séculier à partir de 1519 dans le diocèse de Mexico et son évolution jusqu'en 1650. L'étude repose sur le parcours des clercs diocésains à la lumière des orientations canoniques et royales. La première partie aborde l'établissement des séculiers sur l'immense territoire diocésain d'alors, ainsi que les obstacles qu'ils ont rencontrés dans l'exercice de leur ministère. La seconde partie présente l'origine sociale et la formation intellectuelle de ces clercs si déterminantes pour leur carrière. La troisième partie, enfin, aborde les processus de nomination de ces prêtres et s'intéresse à leur mission pastorale. L'ensemble a pour but de faire connaître les séculiers qui furent les guides spirituels des catholiques mexicains dans l'esprit des orientations novatrices définies à Trente. Jamais la spécificité du clergé séculier n'a été prise en compte pour elle-même à travers le développement de la théologie pastorale tridentine, telle quelle fut vécue au quotidien dans les premières décades de la jeune Eglise Mexicaine<br>This work analyzes the establishment of the secular clergy in the diocese of Mexico in 1519 and its evolution until 1650. The study is based on the career of secular clergy according to canonical and royal guidelines. The first part explores the establishment of diocesan priests on this huge diocesan territory, as well as the obstacles they faced in the exercise of the duties. The second part, presents the social origins and the intellectual background of the secular clergy which was so determining for the career of its members. Finally, the third part approaches the processes leading to the appointment of these priests and focuses on their pastoral mission. The purpose of the whole thesis is to throw some light on the activity of the secular clergy who was the spiritual guide of Mexican Catholics following the innovative outlined orientations by the Council of Trent. Never before, the specificity of the secular clergy has been taken into account for itself, when considering the development of tridentine pastoral theology, showing this theology rooted in everyday life during the first decades of the early Mexican Church