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1
Grakhotskiy, A. P. "Trials of Members of Einsatzkommando 8 in West Germany: Gaswagen and the Holocaust in Mogilev." Actual Problems of Russian Law 17, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.134.1.011-030.
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In 1942, in order to execute the genocide of Jews in Belarus, along with carrying out mass executions, the Nazis began to use gaswagens. In June 1942, a «special vehicle» appeared at the disposal of Einsatzkommando 8 in Mogilev. Based on the trials’ recordings and protocols, it can be assumed that at least 2,500 Jews of the Mogilev region were poisoned in gas vans (gaswagens). Details of the crimes committed by the Nazis with the use of gas vans became known in the 1960s, when lawsuits were held in the Federative Republic of Germany against former members of Einsatzkommando 8: A. Garnishmacher, G. Richter, G. Haase, G. Schlechte, K. Strohammer. The paper sets the goal, using the example of trials against the members of Einsatzkommando 8, to determine what legal assessment West Germany justice gave to the Nazi atrocities associated with the extermination of Jews in gaswagens. On the one hand, the trials against former members of Einsatzkommando 8 testified to the desire of German justice to critically rethink Germany’s recent past, to ensure the principle of inevitability of criminal responsibility for Nazi criminals. On the other hand, the outcomes of the trials under consideration indicated that West German Themis, as well as the overwhelming majority of the citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany, refused to treat the former members of Einsatzkommando as criminals. In German society, the prevailing opinion was that the blame for the Holocaust and other crimes of National Socialism lay exclusively with A. Hitler and his entourage (G. Himmler, R. Heydrich, etc.). The rest of the Germans were only «hostages of the regime» who «due to special life circumstances» were forced to perform the criminal orders of the Fuehrer. In juridical practice, that approach took shape in the theory of complicity, based on which the German courts assigned minimal punishments to Nazi criminals, and often the courts completely exempted them from criminal liability.
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Grakhotsky, A. P. "The Legacy of the Human Rights Movement: Prosecutor-General Fritz Bauer on Genocide and Human Rights." Kutafin Law Review 9, no. 4 (January 3, 2023): 818–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2313-5395.2022.4.22.818-833.
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The paper is devoted to the legacy of Fritz Bauer — the Prosecutor General of the Land of Hesse in West Germany — and analyzes his understanding of the possibility of building the rule of law in Germany, understanding the criminal past of Germany and realizing the responsibility of the German citizens for the genocide of the Jewish people. Fritz Bauer was one of the most consistent supporters of the criminal prosecution against Nazi criminals in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In Bauer’s view, the Nuremberg trials were supposed to witness the desire of the German state to restore the rule of law, preserve the memory of millions of victims of Nazism, celebrate the triumph of justice and human rights. In the course of the court proceedings, Fritz Bauer sought to show that millions of German citizens who supported the Hitler regime and shared the ideology of National Socialism were responsible for Nazi atrocities. The merit of Fritz Bauer’s goal was to recognize the Third Reich as an illegitimate State and rehabilitate the participants of the Anti-Hitler Resistance Movement. In his articles and court speeches, Bauer justified the right of citizens to resist the criminal authorities, argued that disobeying criminal orders was the only possible option for lawful behavior in an illegitimate State. Fritz Bauer was convinced that it was possible to prevent the repetition of the past and prevent the neo-Nazis from coming to power only through the democratic education of the younger generation of the Germans, ensuring universal respect for human rights and dignity.
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Hirt, Julian, Abeelan Rasadurai, Matthias Briel, Pascal Düblin, Perrine Janiaud, and Lars G. Hemkens. "Clinical trial research on COVID-19 in Germany – a systematic analysis." F1000Research 10 (September 10, 2021): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55541.1.
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Background: In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented volume of almost 3,000 clinical trials registered worldwide. We aimed to describe the COVID-19 clinical trial research agenda in Germany during the first year of the pandemic. Methods: We identified randomized clinical trials assessing interventions to treat or prevent COVID-19 that were registered in 2020 and recruited or planned to recruit participants in Germany. We requested recruitment information from trial investigators as of April 2021. Results: In 2020, 65 trials were completely (n=27) or partially (n=38) conducted in Germany. Most trials investigated interventions to treat COVID-19 (86.2%; 56/65), in hospitalized patients (67.7%; 44/65), with industry funding (53.8%; 35/65). Few trials were completed (21.5%; 14/65). Overall, 187,179 participants were planned to be recruited (20,696 in Germany), with a median number of 106 German participants per trial (IQR 40 to 345). From the planned German participants, 13.4% were recruited (median 15 per trial (IQR 0 to 44). Conclusions: The overall German contribution to the worldwide COVID-19 clinical trial research agenda was modest. Few trials delivered urgently needed evidence. Most trials did not meet recruitment goals. Evaluation and international comparison of the challenges for conducting clinical trials in Germany is needed.
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Filitov, Alexey. "The Problem of Punishment for Nazi Criminals in the Post-War Germany: History and Historiography." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 5 (2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640028067-1.
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Building on Ralph Giordano's narrative of the Germans' “second guilt”, the author presents and analyses four patterns of treatment of Nazi criminals in post-war Germany and their reflection in historiography. With regard to the Soviet practice of their legal prosecution, the author critically examines the theses about its “propaganda orientation” and “excessive rigidity” of the sentences handed down, while the actions of the Western occupation authorities are characterised by an arbitrary and politically motivated approach. Much of the article is devoted to a comparative analysis of how the problem of punishment for Nazi crimes was, or was not, addressed in the two German states and in unified Germany. The consistent efforts of the GDR authorities to identify and prosecute Nazi criminals have been duly highlighted and recognised. The author traces the winding path of “mastering the [Nazi] past” in West Germany: from the first wave of (largely ineffective) trials in the 1940s to the complete stagnation in the mid-50s and the relative growth of war crimes and crimes against humanity cases opened in subsequent years. The shortcomings of this judicial practice and the acquittal patterns reflected in German historiography are discussed and evaluated drawing on a broad source base.
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Hamerlak, Kajetan, and Sabina Bober. "Niemiecka Republika Federalna jako azyl dla nazistowskich zbrodniarzy wojennych. Analiza wybranych aspektów ścigania i skuteczności karania." Studia Polityczne 48, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/stp.2020.48.3.03.
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West Germany had to come to terms with its wartime past in order to function on the international arena. This topic was also widely commented on in Polish press. Poland, which was one of the countries most affected by the extermination policy of Nazi Germany, was inevitably interested in holding the Nazis accountable for their crimes. Moreover, the authorities of the People’s Republic of Poland wanted German crimes to be exposed all the time. In this way, the topic of Soviet crimes was avoided. Hence, the theme of punishment for Nazi war crimes was often discussed in the press. Many articles emphasised the pathological system of prosecuting the Nazis in West Germany, pointing to the post-war careers of the war criminals. Reluctance to face the past, exhibited primarily by the older generation, was also emphasised. The young generation of Germans, untouched by the war past, was to strive for moral renewal. It should be stressed that the post-war trials concerned only a small number of actual criminals, and the penalties were often disproportionate to the crimes committed.
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Janes, Jack. "The Ampel Coalition's Foreign Policy Challenges." German Politics and Society 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2022.400405.
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Abstract German-American relations have been impacted by the war in Ukraine for reasons that have to do with domestic and foreign policy challenges. Germany is struggling with its responsibilities to increased expectations in Washington and within the European Union. The responses in Berlin to the Russian invasion of Ukraine have resulted in tensions within Europe as Germany tries to shape its policies around what Chancellor Olaf Scholz has called the Zeitenwende (turning point) of German foreign policy. The u.s. has also signaled its expectations that Germany needs to be a partner in sharing the burden of confronting Russian threats in Ukraine and Europe. Another challenge for German-American relations is emerging around relations with China, which may generate friction across the Atlantic as the United States seeks to confront China on the global stage while Germany remains tightly connected to China as its largest trade partner. How and why Germany and the United States need each other is in transition.
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Molnar, Aleksandar. "Carl Schmitt's attitude towards total war and total enemy on the eve of the outbreak of WWII." Filozofija i drustvo 21, no. 1 (2010): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1001031m.
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Carl Schmitt is usually perceived as the theorist of total state, total war and total hostility. In the article, the author however tries to show that from 1937 to 1944, Schmitt was arguing that total war and total hostility were dangerous for Germany (as well as for the rest of Europe) and warned against perpetuation of all efforts to totalize enemy that started in 1914. In his theoretical endeavors in this period there was place for the total state only - and especially for the total state strong enough to resist temptation of declaring total war on total enemy. The total state he recommended Hitler and his Nazi comrades was German Reich, as a part of Europe ordered and divided in the huge spaces (Grossraumordnung). Positioned in the centre of Europe, between the rest of the powers (France, Italy, USSR as well as the Scandinavian states), Germany should be careful enough to wage war only against its Eastern enemies (Poland and maybe USSR) and only in order to achieve 'just' borders. Occupying in this way its huge space Germany should devote itself to the task of exploitation of various peoples such as Poles, Chechs and Slovaks, which were perceived as incapable of having their states and doomed to serve the master race - the Germans.
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Wylegała, Anna. "Obraz Niemca we wspomnieniach nowych mieszkańców niemieckiego miasta." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 53, no. 3 (September 21, 2009): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2009.53.3.3.
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The author tries to analyse the picture of a German as emerging from biographical interviews with the oldest generation of the new inhabitants of an ex-German town (Krzyż, German Kreuz Ostb.), the first post-war settlers in the “recovered territories”. The author shows how people coming from the Polish Eastern Borderland, Great Poland and Central Poland remember their pre-war German neighbours, the German invaders and the Germans expelled from Krzyż. The reason for the predominantly favourable picture of a German may be found in the experiences of the interviewees’ lives, who during the war and in the post-war period suffered the greatest wrongs not on the part of the Germans, but the Soviets. It is also noteworthy that the repatriates from the Eastern Borderland perceive a similarity between the fate of the Poles and Germans expelled from their homes, though they do not deny the Germans’ guilt and responsibility for starting World War II.
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H. Geyer, Martin. "On the Road to a German “Postnationalism”? Athletic Competition between the Two German States in the Era of Konrad Adenauer." German Politics and Society 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 140–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2007.250209.
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Sports have always been used to promote the nation state and the invention of national traditions with national symbols such as flags and national hymns playing an important role. This article looks at the peculiar situation of the post-war period when two Germanys established themselves also in the field of sports, yet cooperated in some athletic disciplines, and, most important of all, at the Olympic Games until 1968. This raised a great number of delicate political questions, particularly the politics of the nonrecognition of the GDR which strove hard to establish itself internationally by way of the international sports movement. Konrad Adenauer and the German Sports Organization clashed on this issue which brought to the fore the question of a German and an emerging West-German identity. In order to describe this negotiation of the nation state in the realm of sports, this article tries to make fruitful use of the term postnationalism in order to understand the ambiguities of identity of Germans towards their nation state. It also takes a brief look at the Olympic Games of 1972, which epitomizes more than anything else the peculiar postnationalism of the Federal Republic.
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Doerr, Nicole, and Beth Gharrity Gardner. "After the storm." Translation in Society 1, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tris.21008.doe.
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Abstract This study investigates the translational practices of far-right activists in Germany through content analysis of storytelling about the January 6 storming of the US Capitol in influential German alternative news websites. Findings reveal how far-right commentators used their intermediary position to re-narrate, translate, and convert ‘mainstream’ accounts of an exceptionally contentious event into stories supporting far-right- wing and extremist identities. Re-narrations of January 6 events characterized protesters as victim-heroes and contrasted them with the true villains responsible for the chaos and violence, which included a broad spectrum of political actors on the ideological left writ large.
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Cramer, Holger. "Yoga Therapy in the German Healthcare System." International Journal of Yoga Therapy 28, no. 1 (May 9, 2018): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17761/2018-00006.
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Abstract An estimated 15.7 million Germans are currently practicing yoga or are at least interested in starting to practice, and they often perceive yoga as a therapeutic approach. From a healthcare system perspective, the situation is less clear. Here, yoga is only recognized as a recreational or preventive activity. When yoga teachers fulfill specific qualifications, their preventive yoga classes are covered by the statutory health insurances. Only those with additional qualifications in medicine or psychotherapy, however, can independently use and promote “yoga therapy.” The general perception of yoga in Germany as a preventive practice is reflected in the professional organization of yoga providers. Most providers are considered to be yoga teachers rather than yoga therapists and are organized mainly in yoga teacher associations. Despite the uncertain legal framework, yoga is now considered in a number of medical guidelines; in a number of hospitals, yoga is part of multimodal inpatient treatment programs and is delivered by physical therapists or members of other health professions. An increasing number of yoga therapy clinical trials are conducted in Germany, and efforts are underway to establish yoga therapy as an accepted adjunct treatment approach for selected medical conditions within the German healthcare system.
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Rohkrämer, Thomas. "Antimodernism, Reactionary Modernism and National Socialism. Technocratic Tendencies in Germany, 1890–1945." Contemporary European History 8, no. 1 (March 1999): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777399000120.
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The article looks critically at attempts to explain the rise of National Socialism in Germany by trying to identify a peculiarly German tradition of antimodernism or reactionary modernism (by, among others, Jeffrey Herf). By looking at different critiques of civilisation in imperial Germany, it tries to show that most of them accepted the necessity of modern technology. What was new about the so-called ‘reactionary modernists’ in the Weimar Republic was not their willingness to use modern technology, but the full acceptance of the fact that modern technology could only exist on the basis of large technological systems, industrial production and fundamental social and cultural changes. They demanded that Germans unreservedly embrace all aspects of modernity, though without giving up their conservative political ideals.While the ‘reactionary modernists’ tried to arrange the whole of society in accordance with an alleged technological functionality, National Socialism was politically more successful, exactly because its attitude towards technology and modernity was less coherent. As National Socialism had a purely pragmatic and open attitude towards technology, it could accept without hesitation that its goals were only achievable through the use of modern means, but that the cultural and private sphere should compensate for the deficits of a public life characterised by hardship and instrumental reason.
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Wilhelm, Cornelia. "Diversity in Germany: A Historical Perspective." German Politics and Society 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2013.310203.
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This article explores the changing perception of "diversity" and "cultural difference" in Germany and shows how they were central in the construction of "self" and "other" throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries affecting minorities such as Jews, Poles, and others. It examines different levels of legal and political action toward minorities and immigrants in this process and explores how the perception and legal framework for the Turkish minority in the past sixty years was influenced by historical patterns of such perceptions and their memory. The article tries to shed some light on how the nature of coming-to-terms with the past ( Vergangenheitsbewältigung ) and the memory of the Holocaust have long prohibited a broader discussion on inclusion and exclusion in German society. It makes some suggestions as to what forced Germans in the postunification era to reconsider legislation, as well as society's approach to "self" and "other" under the auspices of the closing of the "postwar period" and a newly emerging united Europe.
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Zubko, Andrii. "Creation and development of systems of weight measures in Germany, Austria and Scandinavian countries." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 69 (2023): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2023.69.03.
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The development of the economy in the territories of modern Germany, the peninsulas of Jutland and Scandinavia, inhabited since ancient times by tribes that spoke Germanic languages, required the use of various measures, the units of which must be related to each other. Since primitive times, the Germans, like other peoples of the world, used the so-called primitive natural measures, the standards of which were borrowed from nature itself. The political disunity of the Germanic tribes led to their lack of a single system of measures. However, a generally accepted standard of weight measures appeared with them. It was a mass of wheat or barley grain. When using units of measure in production and trade, the calculation was based on the numbers of ten and twenty adopted by the Indo-European peoples. In the II–I century B.C., the Romans conquered the territory of modern Germany to the west bank of the Rhine River. Roman colonies were founded there; the Roman system of measures and the monetary system were put into use. The Germanic lands to the east of the Rhine were not part of the Roman Empire. However, due to political ties and trade exchange with the Roman Empire, Roman monetary and weight measures gradually came into use in these lands. In the first centuries A.D., Germanic tribes attacked the Romans. In the 5th century, the Western Roman Empire fell. The territory of its provinces was conquered by Germanic tribes who created independent kingdoms here. In the 8th century, Charlemagne, the ruler of one of them, namely Frankish, united the former territories of the Western Roman Empire under his authority. In the empire of Charlemagne, a single system of measures was created, in which Roman and German measures were combined. In particular, instead of the Roman siliqua, which is a carob bean, the mass of a barley grain was adopted as the standard of weight. The calculation of units according to this system was conducted not only with the help of Roman numerals for 6 and 12, but also by dividing by the two system and using the decimal system. Charlemagne’s weight measures included units of coin and trade weight. Subsequently, as the analysis of the sources shows, it was on the basis of the Carolingian units of trade weight that systems of weight measures were created in the territories of Germany, Austria and the Scandinavian countries during the Middle Ages. In the 9th century, the Carolingian empire fell apart. In the 10th century, Otto I, the king of Germany, having united under his authority certain territories of Western Europe, announced the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. Later, this state gradually fell apart into separate possessions, the rulers of which introduced their own monetary and weight measures. They were based on the division into marks. Initially, this monetary weight unit was equal to 2/3 of a Roman pound. Subsequently, various stamp weight standards appeared in German lands. From the 15th century, the gold and silver mass standards of the Cologne mark are being distributed in Western Europe. In the second half of the XIX century, the political unification of Germany took place, which coincided with the introduction of the international metric system in the territories of Germany, Austria and the Scandinavian countries.
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Steger, Thomas, and Ronald Hartz. "On the way to “good” corporate governance? A critical review of the German debate." Corporate Ownership and Control 3, no. 1 (2005): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv3i1p1.
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Corporate governance was widely debated in recent years, in Germany as elsewhere. The question what “good” corporate governance constitutes and how it should be achieved stands in the centre of all those discussions. This paper critically draws on the German case. It tries to identify the key issues as well as recent changes in the character of this debate. It is argued that the reform spirit in Germany stands at the edge and needs some considerable refreshment in the near future
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Hart, Dieter, and Benedikt Buchner. "Research with Minors in Germany." European Journal of Health Law 15, no. 2 (2008): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180908x322950.
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AbstractThe European GCP Directive has been implemented into German law in sect. 40 ff. AMG (German pharmaceutical law). Unlike the Directive, German pharmaceutical law basically differentiates between three constellations of clinical trials on minors: clinical trials on healthy minors, clinical trials on ill minors with an individual benefit for the individual participant, and clinical trials on ill minors without direct benefit for the individual participant, but with a so-called “group benefit”. Particularly the latter possibility of conducting clinical trials on minors even if no individual benefit can be expected is not a matter of course in Germany since due to historical experiences a sceptical attitude towards clinical research on humans prevailed for a long time. German legislature has availed itself of the option granted by Article 3 of the GCP Directive to establish a higher level of protection of clinical trial subjects than the European level.
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Boichuk, Orest. "60th Anniversary of Warsaw Uprising and its Influence on Poland-Germany Relations." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 41 (June 26, 2020): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2020.41.83-92.
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The main idea of upon article is “a closing eyes” on the historical problem in mutual relations between states, what is leading for the problem. Such situation had place in Polish-Germany relations at the end of 90th. The research in this field is more than important, obviously in the angle of Poland-Ukraine relations. The 60th anniversary of Warsaw Uprising is the point of changes in historical narrative in Poland and German as well. Firstly, it was first official visit on the level of the Prime Minister. Prime Minister tried to appease hot discussion about the question of German people restitution by Polish Government, obviously Union of Expelled. On the other hand, H. Schröder told clearly, that the government isn’t support the demands of expelled people to Polish Government. And his participations are arguments for this. Polish Government also, gave any support to the Statement of Sejm. Prime Minister noted clearly about that. Such situation is very interesting, because the public persons had more clear view of state`s interest, and they could sometimes more effectively reduce the mutual tensions. Moreover, the Euro-Atlantic integration of Poland showed that Poland was having historical claiming to Germany. And after accession, Poland started using history in mutual relation more actively and as some researchers wrote like a tool of pressure on partner. Germany, due to its political system has strong linkage with the Expelled people. Crucially, linkages have the roots in the influences during voting, in which every party tries to find support by the environment of expelled. The roots of problems in the Polish-German relation can be located also in the support of Germany for pipeline, which tries to build Russian Federation. On the Poland point of view, it`s the threat for security of energy complex. So, we can objectively note, that additionally the historical policy can be some tools of influences to vis-à-vis. It can be truly, that Poland are using historical memory for some pressure for Germany.
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Bruckner, Till, Daniel Sanchez, Tarik Suljic, Okan Basegmez, Tungamirai Ishe Bvute, Carolina Cruz, Dominic Grzegorzek, et al. "Regulatory gaps and research waste in clinical trials involving women with metastatic breast cancer in Germany." F1000Research 13 (May 1, 2024): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.148958.1.
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Background Non-publication, incomplete publication and excessively slow publication of clinical trial outcomes contribute to research waste and can harm patients. While research waste in German academic trials is well documented, research waste in Germany related to a specific disease area across non-commercial and commercial sponsors has not previously been assessed. Methods In this cohort study, we used public records from three clinical trial registries to identify 70 completed or terminated clinical trials involving women with metastatic breast cancer with trial sites in Germany. We then searched registries and the literature for trial outcomes and contacted sponsors about unreported studies. Results We found that 66/70 trials (94.3%) had made their results public. Only 13/70 (18.6%) trials had reported results within one year of completion as recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The outcomes of 4/70 trials (5.7%) had not been made public at all, but only one of those trials had recruited a significant number of patients. Conclusions Discussions about research waste in clinical trials commonly focus on weakly designed or unreported trials. We believe that late reporting of results is another important form of research waste. In addition, a discussion regarding the appropriate ethical and legal rules for reporting the results of terminated trials might add value. German legislation now requires sponsors to upload the results of some clinical trials onto a trial registry within one year of trial completion, but these laws only cover around half of all trials. Our findings highlight the potential benefits of extending the scope of national legislation to cover all interventional clinical trials involving German patients.
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Arnaus Gil, Laia, and Amelia Jiménez-Gaspar. "Catalan as a Heritage Language in Germany." Languages 7, no. 1 (February 22, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7010043.
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Germany is currently the third country with more Catalan residents mainly characterized as families with children born in Germany but raised with Catalan as heritage language (HL). Only few studies have investigated Catalan as an HL in Germany. Our study tries to fill this gap with spontaneous recordings of 16 bilingual and trilingual children (mean age 5;7). In terms of language competence (measured via MLU), balanced bilingualism is present in most children (44%), followed by those showing a dominance into German (38%). Interestingly, regarding language use (measured in w/minute), both balanced and Catalan dominants were fluent in both L1s similarly, while the German dominant group mostly prefer German. Moreover, the parents filled in a questionnaire on current and cumulative input from which some factors were examined such as family language policies (FLP), child’s language choice to the Catalan-speaking parent, Catalan skills of the non-native parent, family language and frequency of comprehension and production activities. In a nutshell, the results show that FLP and HL as FL or no FL seem to have an impact in the child’s grammatical development in the very early years, as opposed to family language. Children mostly direct their speech in the HL when talking to the Catalan-speaking parent.
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Benini, Marco. "From the Liturgical Movement to Pope Francis's Desiderio desideravi : Frederick McManus and His German Colleagues United in Liturgical Formation and Reform." Jurist: Studies in Church Law and Ministry 79, no. 2 (2023): 433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jur.2023.a915495.
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ABSTRACT: The 2023 McManus Lecture, delivered at The Catholic University of America, honors the prominent canonist and liturgist Monsignor Frederick R. McManus by highlighting his liturgical expertise and merits for the liturgical renewal. McManus notably cooperated with his German colleagues in Trier, Johannes Wagner as the head of the German Liturgical Institute, and Balthasar Fischer, the first chair of liturgical studies in Germany. Based on their letters kept in the archive of the Liturgical Institute in Trier, one can see how these important figures of the liturgical renewal became acquainted at international liturgical study meetings in 1956/60, cooperated as consultants for drafting Sacrosanctum Concilium , engaged in the liturgical reform of the Mass and the baptismal rites, and worked together in promoting liturgical studies. These three protagonists were part of the larger context of the liturgical movement as it existed between Germany and the United States in the early liturgical movement, in which Virgil Michel and immigrants brought ideas from Europe/Germany to the United States and adapted them. While the relationship first was one of influence and support, in the later liturgical movement it became one of cooperation. Pope Francis has recalled our attention to the liturgical movement in Desiderio desideravi , which demonstrates the enduring relevance of these three protagonists and the liturgical formation to which they have contributed.
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Graf, Rüdiger. "Transitional Injustice at Leipzig: Negotiating Sovereignty and International Humanitarian Law in Germany after the First World War." Central European History 55, no. 1 (March 2022): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938921001758.
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AbstractThe article analyzes Allied attempts to try German war criminals after the First World War and the ensuing Leipzig trials. Historians of international law commonly describe these as the first (failed) attempt to break principles of national sovereignty by implementing principles of international humanitarian law, which were later realized at Nuremberg and The Hague. The article brackets the question of the Leipzig trials’ alleged success or failure by situating them not so much within the long-term history of international justice but, rather, within the political and intellectual culture of Weimar Germany. The article shows how the German government tried to use its limited domestic sovereignty in order to enhance its international sovereignty. By asking how German sovereignty was contested, negotiated, and reaffirmed, the article historicizes the Leipzig trials and also addresses the more general question of which conditions facilitate international war crimes trials. Drawing on the literature on transitional justice, this article suggests that contestations over German domestic and international sovereignty after the Versailles Treaty offer a more productive frame to understand the trials than measuring success according to international humanitarian law.
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Papenko, Nataliia. "«Reformer» of Wilhelmine Era: Bernhard Martin von Bulow (1849-1929)." European Historical Studies, no. 15 (2020): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.15.9.
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In the article the author examines the socio-political development of the German Empire during the reign of Emperor Wilhelm II. The author of the article tries to reveal the complex mechanism of the methods of policy of the imperial chancellor B. von Bulow both in the sphere of foreign and domestic politics. He began his activities in a difficult historical time not only for Germany but also for most of Western Europe. It was the time of Germany’s struggle for world domination. The political leaders of the leading Western European countries were representatives of the new formation, therefore, they had to act with new methods of management of society and not only them. The Reichskanzler B. von Bulow was ready to enact political and social reforms in order to weaken social conflicts and improve society as a whole. The author of the article emphasizes that unlike Western Europe, Germany at the beginning of the twentieth century could not completely free itself from the feudal-absolutist heritage. However, the rapid capitalist-industrial development of the country had an impact on all strata of the society and political institutions of power. At the beginning of the twentieth century in Germany, conservatism crystallized as a consistent ideology coupled with liberal tendencies. A bright representative of this ideology was B. von Bulow. Intelligent, charismatic, he was not against the democratic changes at all, insisting that all kinds of changes in the country be introduced in order to promote the organic development of generally recognized state and social institutions. So they are not in danger. As a leader of the country, he understood well the need to abandon extremes of conservatism, from violent methods, insisting on the combination of conservatism and liberalism, thus creating a bloc of party unity. Therefore, he tried to act in a consistent, active manner. At the beginning of the twentieth century Germany failed to build a stable parliamentary system. The Europeans considered the Germans “behind the facade of democracy”, because the effects of liberalization appeared there only from time to time. The article emphasizes that the liberals were not prepared to consider the radical projects of B. von Bulow, for example, general suffrage, because there were authoritarian traditions of the court, the army, and so German liberalism was weak and could not play a leading political role in the country. Relevance of the topic of study is determined by the historical significance of problems raised in it. Significant political parties, political and economic forces have created a “geopolitical consensus,” leading Germany to a struggle for world domination.
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Frey, Pia-Elena, Mirco Friedrich, Lukas Rädeker, Christoph A. Fink, Alexander Leuck, Solveig Tenckhoff, Jens Neudecker, and André L. Mihaljevic. "Encouraging student-driven clinical research in Germany: the CHIR-Net SIGMA network." Innovative Surgical Sciences 2, no. 4 (November 27, 2017): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iss-2017-0038.
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AbstractEvidence should define and guide modern clinical care, yet many relevant questions in surgical practice remain unconfirmed by substantial data. Evidence-based medicine requires both the implementation of its principles in day-to-day work and the acquisition of new evidence preferably by randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews. Meaningful clinical research, however, is challenging to conduct, and its overall infrastructure in Germany was, until recently, considered poor compared to other leading countries. Although this has been significantly improved after the establishment of the Study Center of the German Surgical Society (SDGC) and the surgical clinical trial network CHIR-Net, limited focus has been put on the training, teaching, and recruitment of medical students to become competent clinical researchers and clinician scientists. To ensure continuing comprehensive clinical research in surgery, CHIR-Net aims to establish a student-driven multicenter research network in Germany, which is embedded in both the national CHIR-Net and the pan-European and international frameworks. Student-Initiated German Medical Audits (SIGMA) is a product of the strong collaboration between clinical scientists and medical trainees, enabling students to contribute to high-quality clinical trials. Additionally, participants are offered extensive training to support the next generation of research-active clinicians. Starting on 2018, SIGMA will perform its first multicenter observational study in Germany.
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Herbert, Ulrich. "La politique d'extermination: nouvelles réponses, nouvlles questions sur l'histoire de l'Holocauste." Revue d’histoire moderne & contemporaine 47-2, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 233–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rhmc.g2000.47n2.0233.
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Résumé R$L'« Holocauste » a-t-il été un « projet national » des Allemands ? Jusqu'à quel point l'antisémitisme était-il répandu parmi les Allemands, et quel rôle a-t-il joué dans le déclenchement du génocide ? Quels étaient les mobiles des tueurs, qu'il s'agisse des meurtriers de bureau ou bien de ceux qui ont commis les meurtres ? Dans quel rapport se situaient les mobiles de nature idéologique avec les objectifs non idéologiques, à visée utilitaire ? Et quelle a été l'importance de la politique d'extermination nationale-socialiste pour la politique d'occupation allemande en Europe dans son ensemble ? Cet article s'efforce de donner de nouvelles réponses à ces questions, à partir de nombreuses recherches empiriques dont le nombre s'est considérablement accru ces dix dernières années, essentiellement en Allemagne, en Israël et aux États-Unis. Was the « Holocaust » a « national project » of the Germans ? How widely spread was antisemitism among the Germans, and how important was that for the implementation of the génocide ? What kind of motives can we perceive in the perpetrators — those at the desks and those, who executed the murders ? What relation can be seen between ideological motives and non-ideological, utilitarian goals ? And what was the impact of the national-socialist annihilation policy for the German occupation policy in Europe ? This article tries to give new answers to thèse questions on the basis of new empirical research, which has intensified over the last ten years especially in Germany, Israël and the United States.
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Linder, Mattea, Sibylle Loibl, and Gunter von Minckwitz. "The German Breast Group – Healing Through Innovation, Competence and Partnership." European Oncology & Haematology 05, no. 01 (2009): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/eoh.2009.05.1.41.
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The German Breast Group (GBG) is the leading breast cancer study group in Germany, conducting clinical trials in the adjuvant, neoadjuvant, preventative and palliative settings. One focus of the GBG is neoadjuvant studies, which have a long and successful history in Germany. The aim of neoadjuvant studies is to improve operability and to gain more information about the tumour itself in terms of the chemotherapy (invivo) as well as regarding the biology in general. However, preventative, palliative and adjuvant studies are also important components of the GBG. This article is an overview of the structure and working practice of the GBG and gives a sample of trials currently being led by the GBG.
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Rustamova, L. R. "German "Soft power" Policies in the Muslim World." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(43) (August 28, 2015): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-144-151.
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In recent years, a number of foreign policy concepts declared the importance of using the instruments of "soft power" to promote the national interests of a country. Soft power is the ability through political values, culture and foreign policy to influence others by forming attractiveness [18]. Germany is generally recognized as the leader in the resources of "soft power." The article discusses what kind of resources are deployed by Germany to increase its "soft power" in the Muslim direction of foreign policy. The Muslim world has its own specifics, which complicate the use of instruments of "soft power." Countries with large Muslim population are difficult to influence, as they differ from Europe in the civilizational respect, have their own customs and traditions which they strictly follow because of the nature of Muslim religion. The author notes that in the Muslim direction of foreign policy the problem for Germany lies in the fact that the formation of its attractiveness resulted in a significant flow of immigration of Muslims in the country. A part of immigrant Muslims tries to live isolated from European society, professes radical currents ofIslam and participates in military conflicts abroad, participation in which in the role of active player is ruled out by Germany. Failure to integrate them into German society and the lack of progress in the formation of its positive image in the Muslim countries resulted, on the one hand, in the split of German society, on the other hand, in the threat of absorption by foreign civilization, as it is observed now in Germany the presence of "soft power" of Muslim countries, which use its former and current citizens to influence German political course. The article was written within the constructivist methodology, which consider the "soft power" as a way of construction of social reality with the use of tangible and intangible resources for the formation of an attractive image of Germany in world politics.
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Kaiser, Alexandra. "Performing the New German Past: The People's Day of Mourning and 27 January as Postunification Commemorations." German Politics and Society 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 28–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2008.260403.
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The article sketches the ruptures in today's German memory culture, concentrating on the Volkstrauertag (People's Day of Mourning) and the Gedenktag für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Remembrance Day for the Victims of National Socialism) on 27 January. It starts with an overview of the history of the Volkstrauertag with its (outward) transformation from a commemoration day for dead German soldiers into one for “all victims of war and violence.” The inclusive model of commemoration that was typical for the Bonn Republic is disintegrating today. In united Germany, the Volkstrauertag and 27 January reflect antagonistic memory strands, that is a memory focussed on the war dead and German suffering or on the Holocaust and German guilt. In light of discussions about commemorating Bundeswehr dead, the article ends by describing a re-heroicizing of the Volkstrauertag and, in a more general way, tries to outline the shifting construction of German national identity.
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Trunov, Philipp. "THE DIALOGUE OF THE FRG WITH LATIN AMERICA’ STATES: POLITICAL-MILITARY ASPECTS." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 3 (2022): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.03.06.
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The article analyses the state of German bilateral relations with South America’ states in defense and security field. The decline in the dialogue between Germany and Latin America’ countries during the COVID-19 pandemic turned out to be more significant than in other regional areas . The key reason is the difficulties in strengthening German strategic positions on the continent in the second half of the 2010. The paper stresses the functional and geographical narrowness of German political and diplomatic opportunities. In the military sphere the cooperation was mainly reduced to the export of weapons produced in Germany. In its attempts to create strategic positions in South America official Berlin has traditionally focused on strengthening relations with Brazil. The factor of non-diversification of Germany’s regional contacts has been fully manifested in the situation of stagnation and degradation of German-Brazilian relations in the second half of the 2010-s. The reasons of it are not only the specificities of president J. Bolsonaro`s foreign policy, but also the fact that transition to the declared new levels of cooperation (strategic partnership since 2008, the launch of interstate consultations format in 2015) was not supported by a corresponding increase of the volumes of practical cooperation in the field of security and defense. In this context the author focuses on relaunching German-Brazilian bilateral relations as well as the FRG attempts to make dialogue with Argentine, Chile and Mexico more active. At the same time Berlin tries to increase efforts for ensuring peace in Columbia and for settlement of the situation around Venezuela. Failures in creating its own vaccine against COVID-19 did not allow Germany to use a potential «window of opportunity» in strengthening its strategic positions in Latin America.
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Hébert, Philippe, and Paul Létourneau. "Du haut de l'Olympe : perspectives américaines sur l'arme nucléaire allemande." Études internationales 27, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703558ar.
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Few issues have created more tensions and uneasiness in international affairs than the idea of a nuclear armed Germany. The militarist and expansionist tradition of Germany has induced in its neighbors an underlying fear of a possible revival of her past hehavior. The apparition of nuclear weapons in the international System after 1945, and the subsequent accession of Great Britain and France to the status of nuclear powers, has added a further dimension to the German problem. During the Cold War, the issue of German nuclear weapons was rarely discussed favorably, particularly in Europe. The case was different in the United States where Germany's role in the nuclear strategy of NATO was approached with a detachment seldom found in British or Trench political literature. The demise of the East-West confrontation and the unification of Germany have encouraged many American scholars, often associated with the neorealist school, to push for the end of Germany's singularisation in the nuclear field. For them, a nuclear armed Germany, if not inevitable, could well become a source of military stability in the region. Although most of them base their arguments on the merits of selective nuclear proliferation, they adopt similarly an olympian perspective towards Germany which is markedly different from what is found in European literature. Their position of course does not reflect Washington's official view on the proliferation of nuclear weapons. This paper tries to circumscribe their line of thought and argues that it closely parallels, to a certain degree, the broader American attitude towards Germany seen as an equal and reliable ally in the evolving European security context.
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Kim, Sung-Ryong. "Meaning and implications of digital documentation of criminal trials in Germany." Korean Association of Criminal Procedure Law 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 69–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.34222/kdps.2023.15.3.69.
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Germany is implementing a plan to digitally video or audio record what happens in the trial court of criminal proceedings. Many German judges also have animosity or concerns about video recording of trial proceedings. However, a bill aimed mandatory recording and discretionary video recording was submitted with the goal of mandating digital video recording or recording and automatic creation of transcript records in all courts by 2030. Even in Germany, various arguments for and against this bill were presented. As Mosbacher, a judge in the criminal division of the German Federal Supreme Court, said, it is no longer a matter of wether but how, and the details have become subject to compromise.
In this article, we looked at the contents of the related German bill, the pros and cons, especially the judges' positions and counterarguments of scholars and criminal lawyers, and looked for the implications this can have on our situation.
Ignoring the basis of the legitimacy of the existence of criminal trials and advancing modern technology may ultimately lead to the collapse of criminal justice per se.
The way to become a court trusted by the public, to be evaluated as a criminal judgment acceptable to the parties, and to drastically reduce the overflow of appeal cases depends, above all, on how faithfully and transparently the first trial procedures and rulings that deal with the facts are made.
Rather than clinging to the old-fashioned slogan that video trials cannot be permitted, it is important to know where, what, and how to change in our criminal trial in order to become a functioning criminal justice system that can meet the unique challenges of criminal trials as much as possible while efficiently using the limited national budget. We have to think about it.
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Tachezy, Michael, Florian Gebauer, Emre Yekebas, and Jakob Robert Izbicki. "Failure of a Multi-Centric Clinical Trial Investigating Neoadjuvant Radio-Chemotherapy in Resectable Pancreatic Carcinoma (NEOPA-NCT01900327)—Which Lessons Are Learnt?" Cancers 15, no. 17 (August 25, 2023): 4262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15174262.
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Background: A significant number of clinical trials must be prematurely discontinued due to recruitment failure, and only a small fraction publish results and a failure analysis. Based on our experience on conducting the NEOPA trial on neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic carcinoma (NCT01900327—funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research—BMBF), we performed an analysis of potential reasons for recruitment failure and general problems in conducting clinical trials in Germany. Methods: Systematic analysis of environmental factors, trial history, conducting and funding in the background of the published literature. Results: The recruitment failure was based on various study-specific conceptional and local environmental aspects and in peculiarities of the German surgical study culture. General reservations against a neo-adjuvant study concept combined with game changing scientific progresses during the long-lasting planning and funding phase have led to a reduced interest in the trial design and recruitment. Conclusions: Trial planning and conducting should be focused, professionalized and financed on a national basis. Individual interests must be subordinated to reach the goal to perform more relevant and successful clinical trials in Germany. Bureaucratic processes must be further fastened between a trial idea and the start of a study.
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Rossi, Matteo, Elisa Giacosa, and Alberto Mazzoleni. "The financing methods for small and medium companies: comparison between Italy and Germany." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 3 (2016): 366–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i3c2p9.
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The aim of this paperis to identify the appropriate financing methods for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) - with particular reference to alternative instruments to the banking ones- by comparing Italian and German companies. Based on a sample of Italian and German SMEs and thanks to a quantitative method, the research methodology was developed by the following logical steps: i) illustration of the informative matrix used, thanks to which it’s possible to identify different types of financing instruments (also those alternative to the banking ones) the most suitable for the analyzed companies; ii) adoption of the informative matrix to the sample of Italian and German companies; iii) comparison Italy-Germany. Several differences emerged between Italian and German small and medium-sized companies, regarding the most suitable suggested financing forms. The degree of effectiveness of the financing instruments alternative to the debt appears influenced by the analysed space-time context. With reference to Italy, the effectiveness of these instruments is rather modest. With reference to Germany, it occurs the opposite scenario. The originality of the paper is linked to the current profound changes in both economic and normative terms. The research tries to lead companies to change their financial culture, also considering financial instruments alternative to the bank debt particularly suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises
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Werner, J. "The moss flora of the Bunter region north of Trier (Rhineland-Palatia), Germany." Herzogia 9, no. 1-2 (April 30, 1992): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/herzogia/9/1992/115.
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Trunov, Philipp. "The key directions of German-Dutch and German-French cooperation in defence strengthening." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 4 (2020): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2020.04.09.
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Since the former Cold War, the Federal Republic of Germany has had the closest, the most full-scale and different in the spectrum of tracks relations in the sphere of common strengthening of the defence capabilities with the continental Western European countries. First, these ones are France and the Netherlands. The article tries to explore German relations with these two countries in the military sphere during the modern period. The key research methods are event-analysis and comparative analysis. The paper covers the experience of the creation of the first bilateral and multilateral military groups of NATO member states` armed forces which consist of staffs and military forces of the mixed troop system. The article notes that first military groups of this kind were created on the territory of the united Germany and examines the reasons of this tendency. Special attention is paid to the development of German-Dutch Corpspotential. This one, the 1 st tank division and the division of rapid reaction forces (each of those divisions has one Dutch brigade) of the Bundeswehr are explored as military mechanisms of deep integration between the two countries. The article also identifies the features of military-technical German-Dutch cooperation, including their common efforts in the frames of Permanent Structured Cooperation platform. The article compares the scales and quality of German-Dutch and German-French cooperation. In this regard the paper rises the question about real military importance of German-French brigade and cooperation between two countries in military-technical field, including the creation of robotized technics. The paper shows the limits of German-French cooperation potential until the early 2020's.
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Ritscher, Christian. "COVID-19 and International Crimes Trials in Germany." Journal of International Criminal Justice 18, no. 5 (November 1, 2020): 1077–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqaa055.
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Abstract With the appearance of the COVID-19 virus, the world faces new challenges in almost every area of social life. Social distancing and protection measures provide new challenges in business relations. This also holds true for criminal trials in general, and for international criminal trials, in particular. In Germany, several trials concerning charges of crimes under international law, established by the German Code of Crimes Against International Law (Völkerstrafgesetzbuch), are currently in progress. In particular, the trial against two former Syrian intelligence officers, which is currently taking place before the Higher Regional Court in Koblenz, has received international attention and will possibly be affected by the restrictions imposed.
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Weiss, Manfred. "Modernizing the German Works Council System: A Recent Amendment." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 18, Issue 3 (September 1, 2002): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/5100073.
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The statute on the German works council system, somehow the backbone of industrial relations in Germany and a point of reference in many comparative studies on workers' participation, has been significantly amended in 2001. This amendment was supposed to improve the conditions for the application of the law in small and medium-sized companies, to adapt the traditional organizational structure to the needs of an ever changing reality, to improve the ressources available to the works councils and to increase the works council's powers in specific areas. It turned out to be highly controversial. The article describes the innovations in a sketchy way and tries to evaluate their impact on the future functioning of the works council system in Germany.
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Koerkel, Joachim. "Controlled Drinking as a Treatment Goal in Germany." Journal of Drug Issues 32, no. 2 (April 2002): 667–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260203200221.
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In Germany public health is impaired by high alcohol consumption and alcohol related damage. Yet very few people who participate in excessive forms of alcohol consumption obtain any alcohol specific treatment. The present German controversy surrounding Controlled Drinking (CD) as an appropriate treatment goal and a means to improve the range and effectiveness of the existing health care system is discussed. In this article the author provides an overview of the German CD trials. The German behavioral self-control programs (the “AkT” group program and the bibliotherapeutic “10 Steps Program”) that triggered the present debate on CD are discussed as well. It is concluded that with regard to public health, ethical, therapeutic, and effectiveness concerns, CD approaches should become adjunct to the traditional German abstinence oriented treatment system for alcohol and drug addicts.
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Märten, Angela, and Rachel Jenkins. "What could the future hold for treatment sequencing in cancer medicine? An interview with Angela Märten." Future Oncology 15, no. 25 (September 2019): 2891–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fon-2019-0176.
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Professor Angela Märten speaks to Rachel Jenkins, Commissioning Editor Angela Märten earned her PhD at Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany, in 2000, after working for several years as an oncology nurse. Upon completion of her PhD, she assumed responsibility for Phase I trials and translational research for the University Hospital of Bonn, Germany. In 2002, the University Hospital of Bonn appointed her as Assistant Professor for Experimental Haematology and Oncology. In 2003, she accepted a new position at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, heading the Immunotherapeutic Group and the Oncology Trial Department. The University of Heidelberg appointed her as Associate Professor in 2006 while she completed her Master of Sciences in Clinical Research in 2008. Professor Märten has been principal investigator of several clinical trials and has published more than 100 papers, with a particular focus on pancreatic carcinoma and lung cancer. She joined Boehringer Ingelheim in 2009, where she built up the German Medical Affairs Oncology team, before joining the Global Afatinib team in 2013. She is currently Global Senior Medical Advisor, Therapeutic Area of Oncology at Boehringer Ingelheim.
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Schwabe, Sven, Christoph Buck, Franziska A. Herbst, Tanja Schleef, Stephanie Stiel, and Nils Schneider. "Status exploration and analysis of regional hospice and palliative care networks in Germany: A protocol for a mixed-methods study." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 2, 2023): e0286583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286583.
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Background Multi-professional cooperation between healthcare providers is a key quality criterion of hospice and palliative care. While hospice and palliative care networks can support cooperation on a local level, opportunities for wider cooperation through the establishment and development of regional hospice and palliative care networks in Germany have not yet been explored systematically. Aims The HOPAN study aims at: (1) identifying regional hospice and palliative care networks in Germany, (2) analysing these networks using an adapted quality assessment tool, and (3) proposing setting-sensitive recommendations for network development and exploring the benefits of these recommendations. Methods HOPAN is a prospective, observational, mixed-methods study comprising three work packages (WPs). In WP1, the stock of regional hospice and palliative care networks in Germany will be identified via database, literature, and internet research. In WP2a, focus groups will be conducted to adapt an existing maturity model for healthcare networks to regional hospice and palliative care networks. In WP2b, a questionnaire will be sent to each identified regional hospice and palliative care network to gain insight into their structure and status of development. In WP2c, group discussions will be conducted to develop setting-sensitive recommendations for these networks. Finally, in WP3, these recommendations will be sent to all participating hospice and palliative care networks, and the benefits of the recommendations will be evaluated via a questionnaire. Discussion Empirically developed setting-sensitive recommendations should enable the systematic establishment and management of regional hospice and palliative care networks in Germany, considering the specific needs and potential of each network. The study findings are expected to improve the overall development of hospice and palliative care services. Trial registration The study was prospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien) (Registration N° DRKS00030629; date of registration: 02 November 2022). The study is searchable under the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Search Portal of the World Health Organization, under the German Clinical Trials Register number.
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Wixforth, Harald. "Schiffsfinanzierung im Wandel – Finanzintermediäre und maritime Wirtschaft am Finanzplatz Hamburg vom Kaiserreich bis zum Ende der Weimarer Republik." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 64, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 217–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2018-0019.
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AbstractFor more than 30 years bank-industry relations have been one of the most important subjects of financial research and history. Despite all research we are still lacking results on this topic for several branches of German industry, e. g. shipbuilding and shipping. Therefore, the article tries to analyze the relations between financial institutions and some of the prominent enterprises of maritime industry in Hamburg – in the 19th and 20th century the most important financial center in Northern Germany as well as place for shipping and shipbuilding. Finally, the article compares the results to those of other studies on bank-industry-relations in Germany in order to show whether there were specific characteristics in financing shipbuilding and shipping. Additionally, the article wants to stimulate further intensive research on this subject.
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Stroh, Frédéric. "Les juges et l’insoumis. Tribunal Général français de Rastatt versus Reichskriegsgericht (1946-1949)." Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande 39, no. 4 (2007): 569–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reval.2007.5979.
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Between 1946 and 1949 the Tribunal Général (the supreme military tribu nal in French occupation zone in Germany), located in Rastatt in Germany, launched proceedings against ten former judges of the Reichskriegsgericht, which was the supreme military court of justice of the Third Reich. They were in particular accused of condemning to death for desertion many Alsacians and Mosellans forcibly conscripted. However the French judges considered that the criminality of the laws could not be reproached to those who were to apply them, thus opposing the jurisprudence of the Nuremberg Trials that acknowledged the judges’responsibility in the National-Socialist system. The case was therefore closed and the judges were freed, with heavy consequences in France, where the forcibly conscripted were found suspicious, and in Germany where thoses judges practised law again. In the meantime France amnestied the forcibly conscripted who had been condemned by German justice.
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Stets, Johannes. "Buntsandstein of the Trier-Bitburg Basin (Germany) and its surrounding regions." Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 69 (August 31, 2014): 467–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/sdgg/69/2014/467.
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Aleksandrova, Olga V. "Forensic Psychological Examination of Reliability of Testimony in Cases of Sexual Abuse of Minors in Germany." Victimology 10, no. 3 (July 13, 2023): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/2411-0590-2023-10-3-385-395.
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In Germany in the 90s took place a number of sexual abuse trials with minor victims, which caused a wide public outcry and a discussion about methods for assessing credibility of testimony . The result of the analysis of the errors admitted in these trials were some measures aimed at improving the quality of forensic psychological examination of testimony . In 1999 the Federal Supreme Court of the Federal Republic of Germany adopted the decision No . BGH 1 Str 618/98, in which it formulated the basic requirements for this kind of forensic psychological examination and recognized Statement Validity Assessment (SVA) as its only methodical basis . SVA remains also today the only approach to assessment of credibility of testimony recognized by courts and psychological experts in Germany . The article discusses the Worms, Montessori and Nordhorn cases, their potential causes and the place of SVA in assessing reliability of testimony . Investigative authorities and courts in Russia also have to assess reliability of testimony given by minor victims of sexual abuse, so the study of German experience of forensic psychological examination of reliability of testimony including the bad one of cases in the 90s is of practical interest
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Graham-Dixon, Francis. "British Justice in Western Germany, 1949-55." Social and Education History 2, no. 3 (October 23, 2013): 210–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4471/hse.2013.14.
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Britain did not release its final two prisoners from the prison it administered in West Germany until July 1957, eight years after the formation of the Federal Republic and the formal ending of its military rule. By 1949, Germany, once the enemy of Europe assumed greater strategic significance in the minds of western politicians seeking its reintegration within a new European family of nations to forestall fears of Soviet hegemony, not least because it now wanted to re-arm West Germany. The continuing incarceration of German war criminals had become a lesser priority in the battleground of Cold War ideologies. The Adenauer government pressurised Britain to honour its pledge to review the sentences for the hundreds of detainees who remained in custody following the Nuremberg trials. Britain’s moral mandate to govern Germany from 1945 was underpinned by its claims to be exporting democratic liberal values but, as this article explains, was exposed in its illiberal handling of the war criminals issue which ran counter to the new moves towards reconciliation.
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Ménudier, Henri. "L’antigermanisme et la campagne française pour l’élection du Parlement européen." Études internationales 11, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 97–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701019ar.
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Anti-German sentiment in France has deep roots that extend back to the middle of the 19th century. A permanent theme of French foreign policy, it manifested itself with force during the campaign for the European elections of June 10, 1979. This explosion can be explained in terms of the fear of a part of the political forces to see themselves dragged too far into a process of European integration that would contribute to submitting France to the economic forces of a Germany very dependent on the United States. The Communists were the main standard bearers of this campaign in which the Gaullists and other politicians participated. An examinationt of the themes of their public statements shows that references to the Third Reich, to trials of former Nazis and to the role that present leaders of the FRG played under Hitler predominated. Criticism of German domestic politics was primarily concerned with the threat to freedoms in the FRG and with the rise of politicians such as Franz Josef Strauss. Comparisons of the economic, commercial and industriel statistics of the Federal Republic of Germany and France fed concerns that prompted once again speculation with respect to German reunification and the association of nuclear weapons with the FRG. In attacking social-democracy the FCP attempted to further undercut Franco-German relations and to accentuate its split with the French Socialist Party. The anti-German campaign did not, in fact, have a great impact on public opinion or government policy. Nevertheless, both the range and persistence of these themes show that xenophobia in general and anti-German sentiment in particular are not on the point of disappearing in France.
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Hubbard, Ruth. "Eugenics and Prenatal Testing." International Journal of Health Services 16, no. 2 (April 1986): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1yke-php6-h69a-yrkv.
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Prejudices against people with disabilities, pool people, and immigrants during the nineteenth century generated a science of “race improvement” called eugenics. In the United States, a number of eugenic measures were enacted early in this century, but it was in Nazi Germany that eugenics flourished under the name of racial hygiene (Rassenhygiene). In the guise of furthering the health of the German people, German scientists and physicians initially designed programs of sterilization. Next came euthanasia and finally mass extermination of “lives not worth living.” Remembering this history, many German women oppose the new technical developments in prenatal diagnosis because they see them as yet another way to specify what kinds of people are and are not fit to inhabit the world. This paper tries to place the new technologies in the context of eugenics and to point out some of the ways in which the new, supposedly liberating, choices in fact limit women's control over our lives.
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Ahmed, Raees, Theresa Möller, and Matthias Siegert. "Agreements for the financial or material support of a non-commercial clinical trial in Germany." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 10, no. 3 (September 18, 2022): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v10i3.550.
Full textAbstract:
The following article outlines the essential clauses within agreements about the funding of German Universities or German clinical trial sites in order for them to conduct a non-commercial clinical trial on their own, a so-called Investigator-Initiated-Trials or Investigator-Sponsored-Trials. The authors explain the basic legal principles and clauses for such an agreement and clarify certain German Law specialities, which any funder should be aware of, if they were to fund an Investigator-Initiated-Trial in Germany. It becomes clear, that it is very important for the funding pharmaceutical company or foundation, not to be confused with the regulatory sponsor of the given clinical trial. Unclear wording in the funding agreement could lead to the actual transfer of a sponsor’s responsibilities from the University or clinical trial site to the funding pharmaceutical company or foundation, with all legal and monetary risks. In order to avoid unwanted penalties and costs, it is imperative for the funding entity to draft the essential clauses carefully. This article aims to help with that.
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Gross, Michael L. "Response to “Dubious Premises— Evil Conclusions: Moral Reasoning at the Nuremberg Trials” by Edmund D. Pellegrino and David C. Thomasma (CQ Vol 9, No 2)." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 10, no. 1 (January 2001): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096318010100113x.
Full textAbstract:
Because we are often nagged by the thought that we might not have behaved any differently than those good citizens whose respect for the law and fear of punishment led them to support the Nazi regime, we are fascinated with the behavior of ordinary Germans. Careful to first strip away the pathological explanations of German behavior, Pellegrino and Thomasma ask simply whether ordinary Germans could have reasoned and, by implication, acted differently. Although their affirmative answer is consistent with the activism we have all come to demand of the Germans, it is not clear whether we, ourselves, can lay full claim to the moral high ground.
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Bokemeyer, B. "Clinical trials in Germany." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 129, no. 14 (April 2004): 764–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-822867.
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Nettelbeck, Dirk M., Mathias F. Leber, Jennifer Altomonte, Assia Angelova, Julia Beil, Susanne Berchtold, Maike Delic, et al. "Virotherapy in Germany—Recent Activities in Virus Engineering, Preclinical Development, and Clinical Studies." Viruses 13, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081420.
Full textAbstract:
Virotherapy research involves the development, exploration, and application of oncolytic viruses that combine direct killing of cancer cells by viral infection, replication, and spread (oncolysis) with indirect killing by induction of anti-tumor immune responses. Oncolytic viruses can also be engineered to genetically deliver therapeutic proteins for direct or indirect cancer cell killing. In this review—as part of the special edition on “State-of-the-Art Viral Vector Gene Therapy in Germany”—the German community of virotherapists provides an overview of their recent research activities that cover endeavors from screening and engineering viruses as oncolytic cancer therapeutics to their clinical translation in investigator-initiated and sponsored multi-center trials. Preclinical research explores multiple viral platforms, including new isolates, serotypes, or fitness mutants, and pursues unique approaches to engineer them towards increased safety, shielded or targeted delivery, selective or enhanced replication, improved immune activation, delivery of therapeutic proteins or RNA, and redirecting antiviral immunity for cancer cell killing. Moreover, several oncolytic virus-based combination therapies are under investigation. Clinical trials in Germany explore the safety and potency of virotherapeutics based on parvo-, vaccinia, herpes, measles, reo-, adeno-, vesicular stomatitis, and coxsackie viruses, including viruses encoding therapeutic proteins or combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These research advances represent exciting vantage points for future endeavors of the German virotherapy community collectively aimed at the implementation of effective virotherapeutics in clinical oncology.