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Journal articles on the topic 'Trifolium'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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1

Josic, Dragana, Bogic Milicic, Snezana Mladenovic-Drinic, and Mirjana Jarak. "Genodiversity of dominant Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii isolated from 11 types of soil in Serbia." Genetika 40, no. 2 (2008): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0802179j.

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Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii is microsymbiont Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens, which are very important legumes in Serbia. The natural nodulating population of those bacteria was collected and estimated biodiversity distribution by monitoring dominant genotypes of these bacteria. The population of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii were collected from 50 marked locations of 11 types of soil in Serbia. 437 natural isolates, rescued from nodules of Trifolium repens or Trifolium pratense, were analyzed by phenotypic approach. We obtained 156 different isolates on the basis of differences in their IAR - intrinsic antibiotic resistance (five antibiotics) and HMT- heavy methal tolerance (five heavy metals). We investigated 56 dominant isolates with more than three differences in IAR-HMT patterns by REP-PCR and RAPD fingerprinting (AP10 and SPH 1 primers). The results showed genodiversity of dominant Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii field isolates and offered the possibility to assess their changes on marked locations during time and under different environmental conditions and geographical distribution.

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2

Thompson, J. D., R. Turkington, and F. B. Holl. "The influence of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. trifolii on the growth and neighbour relationships of Trifolium repens and three grasses." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-040.

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Trifolium repens was sampled from 10 areas dominated by each of Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, and Lolium perenne in each of three different-aged pastures. Cell extracts of nodule isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. trifolii were compared using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Each pasture contained a range of Rhizobium strains as defined by the protein profiles. No single strain was common to Trifolium sampled from the same grass species neighbourhood. The diversity of Rhizobium strains encountered was negatively correlated (r = −0.67; n = 9) with pasture age; old pastures showed a decrease in strain diversity. In addition, in the oldest pasture (45-year-old), tillers of the associated grasses were also sampled. In a glasshouse, ramets from each Trifolium clone and each of the three grass species were grown in all possible combinations with each of the three Rhizobium strains, plus Trifolium monocultures and an uninoculated control. All Trifolium clones gave increased yield in mixture with Lolium compared with yields with Dactylis and Holcus. Trifolium from the Holcus patches, in most cases, had higher yield than Trifolium from other grass patches. Rhizobium inoculation did not consistently increase Trifolium yield; it actually caused a decrease in yield when in mixture with Lolium. A significant Rhizobium × Trifolium interaction indicated a variable performance of each Trifolium genotype with different Rhizobium strains. The identity of the Trifolium clone had a significant effect on the yield of Holcus and Lolium, but not Dactylis. Total mixture yields were highest when Trifolium from a Lolium patch was part of the mixture. These results are discussed in the context of the hypothesis that Trifolium–grass coexistence is significantly influenced by Rhizobium strain differences.

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3

Chanway, C. P., F. B. Holl, and R. Turkington. "Specificity of association between Bacillus isolates and genotypes of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens from a grass – legume pasture." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 1126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-142.

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Specificity between plants and associated rhizosphere bacteria was investigated using species and genotypic mixtures of Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) and Trifolium repens L. (white clover) inoculated with Bacillus strains isolated from rhizosphere soil of the pasture plants. The genotypic identity of plants was controlled by using stolon tips (Trifolium) and tillers (Lolium) of three genotypes of each species collected from a 45-year-old permanent pasture. Inoculation of plants in the greenhouse with Bacillus isolates that had coexisted in the field with the Lolium component of a Lolium–Trifolium mixture increased Lolium root and shoot weight. Root and nodule weight of Trifolium in mixture regardless of its genotype was also higher when coexistent Bacillus–Lolium combinations were present. The presence of other coexistent Bacillus–plant or plant–plant combinations did not enhance performance of either pasture species. The identity of the Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strains that formed Trifolium root nodules was unaffected by inoculation with Bacillus. Key words: Trifolium repens, Lolium perenne, Bacillus, specificity, rhizosphere, yield.

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4

Raabe, Uwe. "Der Winkel-Klee (Trifolium angulatum) in Österreich, nebst Notizen zum Vorkommen des Kleinblüten-Klees (Trifolium retusum) und des Streifen-Klees (Trifolium striatum) im nordöstlichen Burgenland." Neilreichia 7 (December 21, 2015): 103–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.293061.

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2014 wurde im nordöstlichen Burgenland zwischen Apetlon und Wallern <em>Trifolium angulatum</em> aufgefunden. In den Florenwerken des 20. Jahrhunderts und bis heute wird es für Österreich nicht angegeben. Literaturrecherchen ergaben jedoch, dass eine erste Angabe zum Vorkommen der Art im heutigen Österreich, bei Andau, bereits aus dem 19. Jahrhundert vorliegt. Sie geht zurück auf die unveröffentlicht gebliebene Flora Mosoniensis von Peter Wierzbicki. Anfang Juni 2015 konnten drei weitere Vorkommen von <em>Trifolium angulatum</em> festgestellt werden, alle in Salzsteppenrasen auf Solonetz. Ergänzend werden Notizen zum Vorkommen von <em>Trifolium retusum</em> und <em>Trifolium striatum</em> im nordöstlichen Burgenland mitgeteilt.

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5

Muñoz Rodríguez, Adolfo. "Trifolium Sect. Trifolium. II. Estudio cariológico." Acta Botanica Malacitana 18 (December 1, 1993): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v18i.8982.

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Se estudian desde el punto de vista cariológico las especies peninsulares del género Trifolium pertenecientes a la sect. Trifolium. Se aporta el número cromosómico y la morfología de los cromosomas, tamaño y asimetría, para 25 especies, y se discuten los resultado en base a la sistemática, ciclo de vida y distribución, teniendo en cuenta la bibliografía consultada. Para las especies estudiadas se comparan los índices de asimetría de Stebbins y Romero.

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6

MERKER, ARNULF. "Hybrids between Trifolium medium and Trifolium pratense." Hereditas 101, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1984.tb00927.x.

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7

MERKER, ARNULF. "Amphidiploids between Trifolium alpestre and Trifolium pratense." Hereditas 108, no. 2 (February 14, 2008): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1988.tb00312.x.

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8

YOUSEFI, SOMAYEH, HOJJATOLLAH SAEIDI, HOSEIN MAROOFI, MOSTAFA ASSADI, and HIVA GHADERI. "Trifolium kurdistanicum (Trifolieae, Fabaceae), a new species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium from Iran." Phytotaxa 297, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.297.2.10.

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Trifolium kurdistanicum, a new species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium from Kurdistan Province, west of Iran is described. It grows at high altitude on subalpine regions with steep slopes and shallow soil. The new species is morphologically close to T. longidentatum and can be considered as a member of the subsect. Ochroleuca. Trifolium kurdistanicum is characterized by large, multiple and branched stems, less than half of the stipule length adnate to the petiole, inflorescences without bracts, calyx with 3-nerved lower and 1-nerved upper teeth and all slightly longer than the tube, calyx nearly half the length of corolla, flowers violet or rarely white and seeds reniform.

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9

Yousefi, Somayeh, Hojjatollah Saeidi, Hosein Maroofi, Mostafa Assadi, and Hiva Ghaderi. "Trifolium kurdistanicum (Trifolieae, Fabaceae), a new species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium from Iran." Phytotaxa 297, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 216–20. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.297.2.10.

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Yousefi, Somayeh, Saeidi, Hojjatollah, Maroofi, Hosein, Assadi, Mostafa, Ghaderi, Hiva (2017): Trifolium kurdistanicum (Trifolieae, Fabaceae), a new species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium from Iran. Phytotaxa 297 (2): 216-220, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.297.2.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.297.2.10

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10

Nichols, S. N., R. W. Hofmann, and W. M. Williams. "Drought resistance of Trifolium repens×Trifolium uniflorum interspecific hybrids." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 9 (2014): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14067.

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White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a widely used and highly valued temperate legume; however, its productivity and survival are restricted under dryland and drought conditions. This study investigated whether drought resistance of white clover could be improved by interspecific hybridisation with Trifolium uniflorum L. After almost 4 months without irrigation in a rain-shelter facility, shoot dry weight (DW) decreased significantly less in first-generation backcross (BC1) hybrids (–47%) than second-generation backcross (BC2) hybrids (–68%) and white clover (–69%). Stolon morphological parameters such as internode length and leaf lamina area also decreased less under water stress in the BC1 hybrids than in BC2 and white clover. There was also lower senescence in BC1 under water stress than in the other clover types. Genotypes with smaller changes in leaf lamina area, internode length, senescence and lateral spread had smaller changes in shoot DW, and there were significant correlations between constitutive levels of some characteristics and the effect of water stress on shoot DW. Under water stress, the growth form of the BC1 hybrids was compact, dense and prostrate, whereas white clover was more spreading and open. Increased allocation of dry matter to roots under drought, and greater root diameter, may also have influenced the ability of BC1 hybrids to maintain water uptake and key physiological processes. Overall, the data confirm that the drought resistance of white clover can be improved through hybridisation with T. uniflorum.

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11

NOVIKOVA, T. I. "INFLUENCE OF NATURAL PHENOLS ON TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE-RHIZOBIUM TRIFOLII SYMBIOSIS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 381 (December 1994): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.381.55.

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12

Boyle, Paige E., Michelle M. Wisdom, and Michael D. Richardson. "Testing Flowering Perennial Plants in a Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) Lawn." HortScience 55, no. 10 (October 2020): 1642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15197-20.

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Most pollinating insects require a season-long succession of floral resources to fulfill life-cycle requirements. Incorporating forbs into turfgrass sites may create a season-long sequence of flowers to support foraging pollinators. However, persistence of forbs in warm-season turfgrasses such as bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) may be affected by the competitive nature of the turfgrass and routine management practices such as mowing. A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate seven forbs (Bellis perennis L., Lotus corniculatus L., Prunella vulgaris L., Trifolium fragiferum L. ‘Fresa’, Trifolium repens L. ‘Durana’ and ‘Resolute’, Trifolium subterraneum L.) for persistence and ability to produce floral resources for pollinating insects in a low maintenance bermudagrass lawn. Plugs of each species were incorporated into ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass in Apr. 2016. Vegetative cover, flower production, flowering period and pollinator foraging were assessed. Prunella vulgaris bloomed July through August and achieved 100% cover (0% bermudagrass) by 2017. Trifolium repens achieved a more balanced competitive density with the bermudagrass and produced flowers from June through August in both years. Trifolium fragiferum persisted over two growing seasons but only bloomed in 2017. Bellis perennis, Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium subterraneum did not persist. Pollinators were observed foraging on all persistent, flowering forbs, including Trifolium repens, Prunella vulgaris, and Trifolium fragiferum. Trifolium repens and Prunella vulgaris produced the most flowers and attracted the most pollinators.

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13

Barneby, Rupert C., Michael Zohary, and David Heller. "The Genus Trifolium." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 112, no. 1 (January 1985): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996113.

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14

S., F. A., M. Zohary, and D. Heller. "The Genus Trifolium." Taxon 34, no. 2 (May 1985): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1221838.

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15

Gillett, J. B., Michael Zohary, and David Heller. "The Genus Trifolium." Kew Bulletin 42, no. 1 (1987): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4109925.

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16

Larsen, Kai. "The Genus Trifolium." Nordic Journal of Botany 5, no. 5 (March 25, 2008): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1985.tb01677.x.

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17

Beale, PE, M. Bounejmate, A. Lahlou, DB Marx, and S. Christiansen. "Distribution of annual Trifolium species in Morocco." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 6 (1993): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931303.

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An ecogeographic survey was conducted in six key agricultural zones in Morocco to study the abundance and the relationship between the natural distribution of annual Trifolium species and environmental factors. Sixteen species of annual Trifolium species were identified. Most prolific was T. scabrum and the least were T. striatum and T. bocconei. Fifty-five percent of the sites had no Trifolium and the average number of species per site was 2.2. An average seed yield of 4.8 kg ha-1 was obtained. Both soil and climatic factors affected the occurrence of Trifolium species. Rainfall, pH and phosphorus content were the most determinant factors affecting the distribution of Trifolium species in Morocco.

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18

Krupko, S. "Megasporogenesis and development of the embryo sac in the Palestine variety of Trifolium alexandrinum L." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 42, no. 4 (2015): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1973.048.

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The structure and development of the embryo sac in <i>Trifolium alexandrinum</i> (Palestine variety), are very similar to that in <i>Trifolium pratense</i>. The embryo sac of <i>Trifolium alexandrinum</i> is monosporal, has eight nuclei and is of the <i>Polygonum</i> type. The Palestine variety of <i>Trifolium alexandrinum</i> can be autogamous.

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19

Valverde, Angel, Encarna Velázquez, Félix Fernández-Santos, Nieves Vizcaíno, Raúl Rivas, Pedro F. Mateos, Eustoquio Martínez-Molina, José Mariano Igual, and Anne Willems. "Phyllobacterium trifolii sp. nov., nodulating Trifolium and Lupinus in Spanish soils." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 1985–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63551-0.

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Bacterial strain PETP02T was isolated from nodules of Trifolium pratense growing in a Spanish soil. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that this strain represents a member of the genus Phyllobacterium. However, divergence found with the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the single recognized species of this genus, Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum, indicated that strain PETP02T belongs to a different species. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization, phenotypic tests and fatty acid analyses confirmed that this strain represents a novel species of the genus Phyllobacterium, for which the name Phyllobacterium trifolii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PETP02T (=LMG 22712T=CECT 7015T). This strain was strictly aerobic and used several carbohydrates as carbon source. It was not able to reduce nitrate. Aesculin hydrolysis was negative. It did not produce urease, arginine dihydrolase, gelatinase or β-galactosidase. The DNA G+C content was 56·4 mol%. The nodD gene of this strain showed a sequence closely related to those of strains able to nodulate Lupinus. Infectivity tests showed that this strain is able to produce nodules in both Trifolium repens and Lupinus albus.

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20

Kazimierski, T., and E. M. Kazimierska. "Badania mieszańców w rodzaju Trifolium L. I. Sterylny mieszaniec Trifolium repens L. × T. xerocephalum Frenzl. [Investigations of hybrids of the genus Trifolium L. I. Sterile hybrid Trifolium repens L. × Trifolium xerocephalum Frenzl.]." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 37, no. 4 (2015): 549–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1968.047.

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21

Lukjanová, Eliška, and Jana Řepková. "Chromosome and Genome Diversity in the Genus Trifolium (Fabaceae)." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112518.

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Trifolium L. is an economically important genus that is characterized by variable karyotypes relating to its ploidy level and basic chromosome numbers. The advent of genomic resources combined with molecular cytogenetics provides an opportunity to develop our understanding of plant genomes in general. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge on Trifolium genomes and chromosomes and review methodologies using molecular markers that have contributed to Trifolium research. We discuss possible future applications of cytogenetic methods in research on the Trifolium genome and chromosomes.

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22

Xiong, Yanli, Yi Xiong, Jun He, Qingqing Yu, Junming Zhao, Xiong Lei, Zhixiao Dong, et al. "The Complete Chloroplast Genome of Two Important Annual Clover Species, Trifolium alexandrinum and T. resupinatum: Genome Structure, Comparative Analyses and Phylogenetic Relationships with Relatives in Leguminosae." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040478.

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Trifolium L., which belongs to the IR lacking clade (IRLC), is one of the largest genera in the Leguminosae and contains several economically important fodder species. Here, we present whole chloroplast (cp) genome sequencing and annotation of two important annual grasses, Trifolium alexandrinum (Egyptian clover) and T. resupinatum (Persian clover). Abundant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (In/Dels) were discovered between those two species. Global alignment of T. alexandrinum and T. resupinatum to a further thirteen Trifolium species revealed a large amount of rearrangement and repetitive events in these fifteen species. As hypothetical cp open reading frame (ORF) and RNA polymerase subunits, ycf1 and rpoC2 in the cp genomes both contain vast repetitive sequences and observed high Pi values (0.7008, 0.3982) between T. alexandrinum and T. resupinatum. Thus they could be considered as the candidate genes for phylogenetic analysis of Trifolium species. In addition, the divergence time of those IR lacking Trifolium species ranged from 84.8505 Mya to 4.7720 Mya. This study will provide insight into the evolution of Trifolium species.

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23

Choi, In-Su, Tracey A. Ruhlman, and Robert K. Jansen. "Comparative Mitogenome Analysis of the Genus Trifolium Reveals Independent Gene Fission of ccmFn and Intracellular Gene Transfers in Fabaceae." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21061959.

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The genus Trifolium is the largest of the tribe Trifolieae in the subfamily Papilionoideae (Fabaceae). The paucity of mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences has hindered comparative analyses among the three genomic compartments of the plant cell (nucleus, mitochondrion and plastid). We assembled four mitogenomes from the two subgenera (Chronosemium and Trifolium) of the genus. The four Trifolium mitogenomes were compact (294,911–348,724 bp in length) and contained limited repetitive (6.6–8.6%) DNA. Comparison of organelle repeat content highlighted the distinct evolutionary trajectory of plastid genomes in a subset of Trifolium species. Intracellular gene transfer (IGT) was analyzed among the three genomic compartments revealing functional transfer of mitochondrial rps1 to nuclear genome along with other IGT events. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial and nuclear rps1 sequences revealed that the functional transfer in Trifolieae was independent from the event that occurred in robinioid clade that includes genus Lotus. A novel, independent fission event of ccmFn in Trifolium was identified, caused by a 59 bp deletion. Fissions of this gene reported previously in land plants were reassessed and compared with Trifolium.

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24

Hilligardt, Matthias. "Durchsetzungs- und Reproduktionsstrategien bei Trifolium pallescens Schreb. und Trifolium thalii Vill." Flora 188 (1993): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-2530(17)32263-6.

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25

Irwin, JAG, and RD Davis. "Taxonomy of Some Leptosphaerulina Spp. On Legumes in Eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 2 (1985): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850233.

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Leptosphaerulina argentinensis was identified from Stylosanthes guianensis, L. arachidicola from Arachis hypogea and L. trifolii from Medicago sativa, M. polymorpha var. vulgaris and Trifolium repens in eastern Australia. Characters of the ascospores which were expressed consistently in pure culture and allowed species separation were shape, size and the number of transverse septa. Ascospores of L. argentinensis are predominantly 5-septate while those of L. trifolii and L. arachidicola are predominantly 3-4-septate. While L. argentinensis and L. trifolii always produce elliptical ascospores, those of L. arachidicola are dimorphic, being both cylindrical and elliptical. Two other species, L. Australis and L. briosiana:, are considered to be synonyms of L. trifolii. L. argentinensis was pathogenic to S. gulanensis only whereas L. trifolii was pathogenic to M. sativa, M. polymorpha and T. repens.

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26

Trąba, Czesława, and Paweł Wolański. "Niektóre elementy wartości paszowej roślin motylkowatych występujących w runi półnaturalnych łąk i pastwisk." Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin, no. 225 (March 31, 2003): 73–79. https://doi.org/10.37317/biul-2003-0193.

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Porównywano zawartość P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn i Mn oraz stosunki pomiędzy Ca a pozostałymi składnikami w ośmiu gatunkach roślin motylkowatych (Trifolium pratense, T. repens, T. hybridum, T. dubium, Lotus corniculatus, Vicia cracca, Medicago lupulina, Lathyrus pratensis) i wielogatunkowej runi ze znacznym ich udziałem na tle niektórych czynników siedliskowych. Przed zbiorem I pokosu pobrano próbki wielogatunkowej runi z półnaturalnych łąk i pastwisk Pogórza Dynowskiego (południowo-wschodnia Polska) z dużym udziałem motylkowatych, fitomasę gatunków roślin motylkowatych oraz próbki gleby. Wyniki analiz chemicznych opracowano statystycznie. Zbiorowiska roślinne z dużym udziałem motylkowatych występowały na glebach mineralnych, optymalnie uwilgotnionych lub okresowo nadmiernie, o odczynie kwaśnym lub obojętnym, niskiej zawartości próchnicy, przyswajalnego P i K, a wysokiej Mg i ogólnych form Cu, Zn i Mn. Najbardziej kwaśne i ubogie pod względem troficznym siedliska zajmowały fitocenozy z Lotus corniculatus i Trifolium dubium. Średnio najwięcej wapnia i fosforu zawierała fitomasa Trifolium repens, magnezu — Trifolium hybridum, miedzi — Trifolium pratense, a manganu — Vicia cracca i Trifolium hybridum. Proporcje pomiędzy Ca i innymi pierwiastkami były przeważnie za szerokie. Wielogatunkowa ruń była uboższa niż gatunki motylkowatych w Ca, Mg i Cu, a zasobniejsza w Mn.

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27

Kahurananga, J. "Intercropping Ethiopian Trifolium Species with Wheat." Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 4 (October 1991): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700019359.

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SUMMARYTrials were conducted in 1987 and 1988 to test methods of intercropping annual Ethiopian clovers, Trifolium spp, with wheat. Several different clover varieties, sowing methods, plant spacings, planting dates and rates of phosphorus application were compared. Planting in single or double alternative rows 20 cm apart did not affect wheat grain and straw yield but broadcast sowing of Trifolium in wheat rows 20 cm apart reduced wheat yield. The Trifolium species used significantly affected legume yield. Phosphorus fertilizer increased yield significantly, especially that of the legume component. The trials indicated that the intercropping of Ethiopian clovers in wheat has potential under African highland conditions.Siembra simultanea de trigo/ Trifolium en Etiopía

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28

Arnold, GW, and GW Anderson. "The influence of nitrogen level, rainfall, seed pools, and pasture biomass on the botanical composition of annual pastures." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 2 (1987): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870339.

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The influence of nitrogen level, rainfall, seed pools and pasture biomass on the botanical composition of annual pastures was examined over five years at two sites at Baker's Hill in the south-west of Western Australia. At the first site a pasture that had declined in content of Trifolium subterraneum to 5% remained at this level over five years when receiving 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer. On plots not receiving nitrogen fertilizer, but grazed to the same level, Trifolium seedling numbers in autumn increased from 5 dm-2 to a maximum of 60 dm-2, but Trifolium content of the pastures in October only increased to 15%. At the second site, established pasture was resown to different annual pasture species. Plots resown to Trifolium had 30% of Trifolium in October of the reseeding year, but only 5% three years later. Trifolium seedling numbers in autumn were >70 dm-2 in three of four years. The Trifolium was replaced by Arctotheca calendula. Plots sown to Arctotheca maintained c. 50% of this species, whilst plots sown to Erodium botrys also maintained a high level of this species but had very little Arctotheca. Plots sown to the grass Lasiochloa echinata developed a progressively higher content of Arctotheca. Annual grasses (Bromus diandrus, Vulpia myuros, Hordeum leporinum and Lolium rigidum) occurred in all plots, but their contents showed no specific trend with time. The major species were found to have different adaptive characteristics. Whilst seedling number in autumn was a major determinant of the content of a species in the pastures in August, Trifolium content was enhanced by high autumn rainfall and low winter biomass. The contribution of each Trifolium seedling to clover content in August was much less than that of each Arctotheca seedling to the capeweed content at that time. The pasture composition in October was mainly determined by cornposirim in August, although heavy rain in October favoured Arctotheca and light rain favoured the grass species.

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29

Abdullah, Mohammed Barakat, Idham Ali Abed, and Jamal Salih Alkobaisy. "Effect of Different Substrates and Supplement with Three Types of Spawn on Letinula Edodes Parameters for First Production in Iraq." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1060, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1060/1/012060.

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Abstract Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) can have an important role specially in agriculture where land is limited. This study was the first step to improve mushroom cultivation in Iraq by using locally available lignocellulosic materials as substrates, supplements and types of spawn. Effect of substrates, supplements and spawn on mycelium and browning period, time of three flush, weight of three flush, biological efficiency (BE), total yield, diameter of cap and length of stalk. Used substrates were sawdust and Phragmites australis, supplements were Sesbania sesban, Trifolium and molasses factories residuals. The treatment were T1( sawdust 73%, Sesbania sesban20%), T2(Sawdust73%, Trifolium20%), T3(Phragmites australis vegetative73%, Sesbania sesban20%), T4 (Phragmites australis vegetative73%, Trifolium20%), T5 (Phragmites australis fruiting), T6 (Phragmites australis vegetative73%, Trifolium20%), T6(73%, Sesbania sesban20%) and 2% CaCO3, 5% molasses factories residuals for all treatment. Spawn used were wheat grains C1, date seeds C2, white corn grains C3. Results show that faster mycelium covering substrate was at T1 (23.167 days), T6 gave the first complete browning (55.417 days), the days of three flushes were (68.91, 88.42 and 107.83 days) for T5, T6 and T6 respectively. T6 was superior by showing highest values of weight of three flush (73.93, 76.13 and 49.06 g for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectively), total yield and BE (199.14 g and 49.784 % respectively), and diameter of cap and length of stalk (6.7 and 6.0 cm respectively). Hence, T6 which content of Phragmites australis in fruiting stage, Trifolium and molasses was the best substrate used in this study, while C2 (date grains) was best type of spawn.

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30

Keskin, Mustafa, Veysel Sonay, and Hasan Akan. "Karakoçan (Elazığ) Trifolium Florası Üzerine Floristik Çalışmalar ve Elazığ Özelinde Trifolium Taksonlarının Değerlendirilmesi." Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 15, no. 2 (May 24, 2025): 412–26. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1574615.

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Son yıllarda Elazığ ili çeşitli floristik çalışmalara konu olmakla beraber Karakoçan ilçesi bunlardan biri değildir. Bu çalışmada Karakoçan yonca florası, arazi çalışmalarına göre ortaya konulmaktadır. Ayrıca Elazığ genelinde yapılan çalışmalar, gerek yurt içi gerekse yurt dışı herbaryumlardaki kayıtlar incelenerek Elazığ’ın Trifolium florasına da yer verilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar ışığında Elazığ özelinde 35 Trifolium taksonunun yetiştiği saptanmıştır. Karakoçan florasında ise 30 Trifolium taksonu olduğu yapılan arazi çalışmaları sonucunda ortaya konulmuştur. Bu araştırma sonucunda T. aintabense, T. cherleri, T. michelianum, T. pallidum, T. leucanthum, T. repens var. macrorrhizum, T. repens var. biasolettii ve T. retusum taksonları Elazığ florasına ek olarak rapor edilmektedir. Böylelikle Elazığ florasında yapılan literatür taramasına ve Karakoçan ilçesindeki arazi çalışmalarının sonuçlarına göre 43 Trifolium taksonunun yetiştiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

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31

"Aphanomyces trifolii. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October (August 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20193460905.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Aphanomyces trifolii. Oomycetes: Saprolegniales: Saprolegniaceae. Hosts: subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Oceania (Australia, Victoria, Western Australia).

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32

Torres-Cruz, Terry J., and Catherine Aime. "First report of Uromyces trifolii-repentis on Trifolium repens from Iceland." Plant Health Progress, August 29, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-05-24-0054-br.

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Trifolium repens, commonly known as white clover, is an herbaceous perennial plant within Fabaceae that is a pasture legume in temperate regions. In September 2023, a rust was observed on T. repens in Iceland. Morphological characteristics and sequencing analysis identified the rust species as Uromyces trifolii-repentis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of U. trifolii-repentis in Iceland.

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33

VASILEVA, VILIANA, and ANNA ILIEVA. "Contribution of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) to changes in morphological and physiological parameters raised alone and with birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 87, no. 3 (March 17, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v87i3.68785.

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Changes in some morphological and physiological parameters (leaves/stems ratio, total plastid pigments content, fixed amount nitrogen) of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) (cv. Targovishte 1) and three subterranean clover subspecies, i.e. Trifolium subterraneum ssp. brachycalicinum (cv. Antas), Trifolium subterraneum ssp. yaninicum (cv. Trikkala) and Trifolium subterraneum ssp. subterraneum (cv. Denmark) were studied in a field trial in the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria (2012-15). Crops were grown alone (100%) and in mixtures as follows: birdsfoot trefoil + Trifolium subterraneum ssp. brachycalicinum (50:50%); birdsfoot trefoil + Trifolium subterraneum ssp. yaninicum (50:50%); birdsfoot trefoil + Trifolium subterraneum ssp. subterraneum (50:50%). Leaves/stems ratio for alone grown crops was found: birdsfoot trefoil (1.33), Trifolium subterraneum ssp. brachycalicinum (1.02), Trifolium subterraneum ssp. yaninicum (0.93) and Trifolium subterraneum ssp. subterraneum (0.93). Leaves/stems ratio for birdsfoot trefoil in all mixtures was found be higher as compared to alone grown birdsfoot trefoil - by 13.0% for the mixture with Trifolium subterraneum ssp. yaninicum, by 16.3% for that with Trifolium subterraneum ssp. brachycalicinum and by 20.1% for the mixture with Trifolium subterraneum ssp. subterraneum. Total plastid pigments in birdsfoot trefoil increased in all mixtures: with Trifolium subterraneum ssp. brachycalicinum by 7.4%, with Trifolium subterraneum ssp. subterraneum by 8.1% and with Trifolium subterraneum ssp. yaninicum by 15.6%. From mixtures of birdsfoot trefoil were obtained more fixed amount of nitrogen - from 1.71 kg N/da (with Trifolium subterraneum ssp. subterraneum) to 4.84 kg N/da (with Trifolium subterraneum ssp. brachycalicinum) as compared to alone grown birdsfoot trefoil. Birdsfoot trefoil and subterranean clover in mixtures showed good tolerance, morphological and physiological status.

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34

"Trifolium lappaceum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.117614.

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35

"Trifolium tomentosum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.107802.

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36

"Trifolium arvense." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.107800.

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37

"Trifolium ambiguum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.110343.

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38

"Trifolium medium." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.117617.

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39

"Trifolium pannonicum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.117624.

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40

"Trifolium phleoides." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.117626.

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41

"Trifolium argutum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.117605.

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42

"Trifolium ligusticum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.117615.

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43

"Trifolium (clovers)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.96876.

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44

"Trifolium stellatum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.117636.

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45

"Trifolium ornithopodioides." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.117622.

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46

"Trifolium rueppellianum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.121389.

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47

"Trifolium angulatum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.117603.

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48

"Trifolium purpureum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.117627.

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49

"Trifolium retusum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.117628.

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50

"Trifolium mutabile." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.117620.

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