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Journal articles on the topic 'Trilobite molecule'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Booth, D., S. T. Rittenhouse, J. Yang, H. R. Sadeghpour, and J. P. Shaffer. "Production of trilobite Rydberg molecule dimers with kilo-Debye permanent electric dipole moments." Science 348, no. 6230 (April 2, 2015): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1260722.

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Permanent electric dipole moments are important for understanding symmetry breaking in molecular physics, control of chemical reactions, and realization of strongly correlated many-body quantum systems. However, large molecular permanent electric dipole moments are challenging to realize experimentally. We report the observation of ultralong-range Rydberg molecules with bond lengths of ~100 nanometers and kilo-Debye permanent electric dipole moments that form when an ultracold ground-state cesium (Cs) atom becomes bound within the electronic cloud of an extended Cs electronic orbit. The electronic character of this hybrid class of “trilobite” molecules is dominated by degenerate Rydberg manifolds, making them difficult to produce by conventional photoassociation. We used detailed coupled-channel calculations to reproduce their properties quantitatively. Our findings may lead to progress in ultracold chemistry and strongly correlated many-body physics.

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2

Zong, Ruiwen. "Coupled exuviae of the Ordovician Ovalocephalus (Pliomeridae, Trilobita) in South China and its behavioral implications." PeerJ 8 (October 8, 2020): e10166. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10166.

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Ecdysis was a vital process during the lives of trilobites. In addition to preserving the morphological changes in trilobite ontogeny, the preservation of its action often captured interesting behavioral information. Abundant exuviae of Ovalocephalus tetrasulcatus are preserved in the Ordovician strata in central Hubei, China, and some of them are arranged with two or three together end to end or superimposed. The preserved patterns and burial conditions indicate that these specimens were caused by the active behavior of trilobites. It is speculated that these exuvial clusters were formed by two or three trilobites in line to molt; that is, after one trilobite finished molting, other trilobites molted in front of, behind, or overlying the previously molted shells. This ecdysis strategy is interpreted as related to the postulated herding behavior of some trilobites, representing a behavioral response of the trilobites to choose a nearby safe zone during some risky life activities.

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3

Wang, Yifan, Jin Peng, Dezhi Wang, Hui Zhang, Xiuchun Luo, Yunbin Shao, Quanyi Sun, Chenchen Ling, and Qiujun Wang. "Ontogenetic moulting behavior of the Cambrian oryctocephalid trilobite Arthricocephalites xinzhaiheensis." PeerJ 9 (September 23, 2021): e12217. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12217.

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Moulting behaviors in trilobites are a crucial strategy during development. Previous studies have demonstrated inter-and intraspecific variability of moulting behavior in trilobites. Currently, ecdysial motifs for trilobites are considered not stable even within species and fewer detailed studies dealt with moulting behaviors in a single species of trilobite during development. Here a large sample of meraspid to holaspid exuviae of Arthricocephalites xinzhaiheensis (131 specimens) from the Cambrian Balang Formation of South China has allowed description of the reasonably complete ontogenic moulting sequence. Both ontogenetic stage and body size reveal gradual transition of configuration from Somersault configuration to Henningsmoen’s configuration during development. Somersault configuration is exclusive till meraspid degree five and exists in subsequent growth stages. This suggests that opening of the facial and rostral sutures allowing the emergence forward of the post-ecdysial trilobite was prevalent in early growth stages. In later development, Henningsmoen’s configuration (showing disarticulation of the cranidium) became more dominant. This study indicates that gradual transition of ontogenetic moulting behavior occurred in oryctocephalid trilobites in the early Cambrian.

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4

Valentine, James W. "Molecules and the Early Fossil Record." Paleobiology 16, no. 1 (1990): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300009751.

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The earliest fossil record of animals has long been an enigma. For nearly a century after the appearance of The Origin of Species, mineralized trilobites were thought to be among the first organisms to appear as fossils, and as they were considered to be complex life forms, a long previous episode of animal evolution seemed to be indicated. Discovery and description of Tommotian and Vendian faunas, with their small shelly and Ediacaran fossils respectively, provided us with an idea of the nature of organisms in strata that are progressively older than the trilobite-bearing beds. Yet in these older assemblages we do not find the sorts of organisms that might be expected to be precursors to the well-known Phanerozoic clades. The puzzle remains.

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5

Mángano, M. Gabriela, Luis A. Buatois, Beatriz G. Waisfeld, Diego F. Muñoz, N. Emilio Vaccari, and Ricardo A. Astini. "Were all trilobites fully marine? Trilobite expansion into brackish water during the early Palaeozoic." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1944 (February 3, 2021): 20202263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2263.

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Trilobites, key components of early Palaeozoic communities, are considered to have been invariably fully marine. Through the integration of ichnological, palaeobiological, and sedimentological datasets within a sequence-stratigraphical framework, we challenge this assumption. Here, we report uncontroversial trace and body fossil evidence of their presence in brackish-water settings. Our approach allows tracking of some trilobite groups foraying into tide-dominated estuaries. These trilobites were tolerant to salinity stress and able to make use of the ecological advantages offered by marginal-marine environments migrating up-estuary, following salt wedges either reflecting amphidromy or as euryhaline marine wanderers. Our data indicate two attempts of landward exploration via brackish water: phase 1 in which the outer portion of estuaries were colonized by olenids (Furongian–early late Tremadocian) and phase 2 involving exploration of the inner to middle estuarine zones by asaphids (Dapingian–Darriwilian). This study indicates that tolerance to salinity stress arose independently among different trilobite groups.

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6

Zong, Ruiwen. "Injuries and molting interference in a trilobite from the Cambrian (Furongian) of South China." PeerJ 9 (April 7, 2021): e11201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11201.

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An injured Shergoldia laevigata Zhu, Hughes & Peng, 2007 (Trilobita, Asaphida) was collected from the Furongian of Guangxi, South China. The injuries occurred in the left thoracic pleurae possessing two marked V-shaped gaps. It led to substantial transverse shortening of the left pleural segments, with barely perceptible traces of healing. This malformation is interpreted as a sub-lethal attack from an unknown predator. The morphology of injuries and the spatial and temporal distribution of predators indicated that the predatory structure might have been the spines on the ganathobase or ganathobase-like structure of a larger arthropod. There were overlapped segments located in the front of the injuries, and slightly dislocated thoracic segments on the left part of the thorax, suggesting that the trilobite had experienced difficulties during molting. The freshly molted trilobite had dragged forward the old exuvia causing the irregular arrangement of segments. This unusual trilobite specimen indicates that the injuries interfered with molting.

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7

Bicknell, Russell D. C., and Stephen Pates. "Exploring abnormal Cambrian-aged trilobites in the Smithsonian collection." PeerJ 8 (February 3, 2020): e8453. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8453.

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Biomineralised trilobite exoskeletons provide a 250 million year record of abnormalities in one of the most diverse arthropod groups in history. One type of abnormality—repaired injuries—have allowed palaeobiologists to document records of Paleozoic predation, accidental damage, and complications in moulting experienced by the group. Although Cambrian trilobite injuries are fairly well documented, the illustration of new injured specimens will produce a more complete understanding of Cambrian prey items. To align with this perspective, nine new abnormal specimens displaying healed injuries from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History collection are documented. The injury pattern conforms to the suggestion of lateralised prey defence or predator preference, but it is highlighted that the root cause for such patterns is obscured by the lumping of data across different palaeoecological and environmental conditions. Further studies of Cambrian trilobites with injuries represent a key direction for uncovering evidence for the Cambrian escalation event.

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8

Hughes, Nigel C. "Trilobites." Current Biology 18, no. 6 (March 2008): R236—R237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.01.009.

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9

Lieberman, Bruce S., and Joseph G. Meert. "Biogeography and the nature and timing of the Cambrian radiation." Paleontological Society Papers 10 (November 2004): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002357.

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Biogeographic patterns from early Cambrian trilobites are used to evaluate the nature and timing of the Cambrian radiation. Results from a phylogenetic biogeographic analysis reveal that patterns of vicariance are compatible with a vicariant distribution of trilobites across what were originally joined elements of the supercontinent Pannotia; further, there is limited evidence for coordinated range expansion or geo-dispersal by these trilobites. As Pannotia had split apart sometime between 550-600 Ma this suggests that trilobites, and by extension several other metazoan taxa, had begun to diversify by this interval. This result suggests that there may have been some period of cryptic diversification by metazoans prior to the Cambrian radiation, though the inferred length of this interval is not as long as that invoked by some molecular studies. Perhaps trilobites existed at low population densities in marginal environments before they became paleontologically emergent. Even though the results suggest some apparent gap in the fossil record, the evolutionary signature of this gap is still preserved in the paleobiological patterns from the fossil record, indicating that the fossil record is still the one best source of data on the nature of key episodes in the history of life, like the Cambrian radiation.

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10

Pérez-Ríos, Jesús, Matthew T. Eiles, and Chris H. Greene. "Mapping trilobite state signatures in atomic hydrogen." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 49, no. 14 (June 20, 2016): 14LT01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/49/14/14lt01.

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11

Eiles, Matthew T. "Trilobites, butterflies, and other exotic specimens of long-range Rydberg molecules." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 52, no. 11 (May 22, 2019): 113001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/ab19ca.

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12

Paterson, John R., Gregory D. Edgecombe, and Michael S. Y. Lee. "Trilobite evolutionary rates constrain the duration of the Cambrian explosion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 10 (February 19, 2019): 4394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819366116.

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Trilobites are often considered exemplary for understanding the Cambrian explosion of animal life, due to their unsurpassed diversity and abundance. These biomineralized arthropods appear abruptly in the fossil record with an established diversity, phylogenetic disparity, and provincialism at the beginning of Cambrian Series 2 (∼521 Ma), suggesting a protracted but cryptic earlier history that possibly extends into the Precambrian. However, recent analyses indicate elevated rates of phenotypic and genomic evolution for arthropods during the early Cambrian, thereby shortening the phylogenetic fuse. Furthermore, comparatively little research has been devoted to understanding the duration of the Cambrian explosion, after which normal Phanerozoic evolutionary rates were established. We test these hypotheses by applying Bayesian tip-dating methods to a comprehensive dataset of Cambrian trilobites. We show that trilobites have a Cambrian origin, as supported by the trace fossil record and molecular clocks. Surprisingly, they exhibit constant evolutionary rates across the entire Cambrian, for all aspects of the preserved phenotype: discrete, meristic, and continuous morphological traits. Our data therefore provide robust, quantitative evidence that by the time the typical Cambrian fossil record begins (∼521 Ma), the Cambrian explosion had already largely concluded. This suggests that a modern-style marine biosphere had rapidly emerged during the latest Ediacaran and earliest Cambrian (∼20 million years), followed by broad-scale evolutionary stasis throughout the remainder of the Cambrian.

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13

Hughes, Nigel C. "Trilobite body patterning and the evolution of arthropod tagmosis." BioEssays 25, no. 4 (March 19, 2003): 386–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.10270.

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14

She, Chao-Wen, Ying Mao, Xiang-Hui Jiang, and Chun-Ping He. "Comparative molecular cytogenetic characterization of five wild Vigna species (Fabaceae)." Comparative Cytogenetics 14, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v14i2.51154.

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To extend our knowledge on karyotype variation of the genus Vigna Savi, 1824, the chromosomal organization of rRNA genes and fluorochrome banding patterns of five wild Vigna species were studied. Sequential combined PI (propidium iodide) and DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) (CPD) staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 5S and 45S rDNA probes were used to analyze the karyotypes of V. luteola (Jacquin, 1771) Bentham, 1959, V. vexillata (Linnaeus, 1753) A. Richard, 1845, V. minima (Roxburgh, 1832) Ohwi & H. Ohashi, 1969, V. trilobata (Linnaeus, 1753) Verdcourt, 1968, and V. caracalla (Linnaeus, 1753) Verdcourt,1970. For further phylogenetic analysis, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) with the genomic DNA of V. umbellata (Thunberg, 1794) Ohwi & H.Ohashi, 1969 onto the chromosomes of five wild Vigna species was also performed. Detailed karyotypes were established for the first time using chromosome measurements, fluorochrome bands, and rDNA-FISH signals. All species had chromosome number 2n = 2x = 22, and symmetrical karyotypes that composed of only metacentric or metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. CPD staining revealed all 45S rDNA sites in the five species analyzed, (peri)centromeric GC-rich heterochromatin in V. luteola, V. trilobata and V. caracalla, interstitial GC-rich and pericentromeric AT-rich heterochromatin in V. caracalla. rDNA-FISH revealed two 5S loci in V. caracalla and one 5S locus in the other four species; one 45S locus in V. luteola and V. caracalla, two 45S loci in V. vexillata and V. trilobata, and five 45S loci in V. minima. The karyotypes of the studied species could be clearly distinguished by the karyotypic parameters, and the patterns of the fluorochrome bands and the rDNA sites, which revealed high interspecific variation among the five species. The V. umbellata genomic DNA probe produced weak signals in all proximal regions of V. luteola and all (peri)centromeric regions of V. trilobata. The combined data demonstrate that distinct genome differentiation has occurred among the five species during evolution. The phylogenetic relationships between the five wild species and related cultivated species of Vigna are discussed based on our present and previous molecular cytogenetic data.

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15

Congreve, Curtis R., and Bruce S. Lieberman. "Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Analysis of Sphaerexochine Trilobites." PLoS ONE 6, no. 6 (June 27, 2011): e21304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021304.

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16

Huimin, Li, CHEN REN, QIN-ER YANG, and QIONG YUAN. "A new natural hybrid of Sphagneticola (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) from Guangdong, China." Phytotaxa 221, no. 1 (July 28, 2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.221.1.7.

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A new natural hybrid, Sphagneticola × guangdongensis (Asteraceae, Heliantheae), is described and illustrated. Its chromosome number was revealed to be 2n = 53, lending strong support for its hybridity and parental origin (S. calendulacea with 2n = 50 and S. trilobata with 2n = 56) as previously already confirmed by evidence from morphology and molecular data.

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17

Edgecombe, Gregory D. "Arthropod Origins: Integrating Paleontological and Molecular Evidence." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 51, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-124437.

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Phylogenomics underpins a stable and mostly well-resolved hypothesis for the interrelationships of extant arthropods. Exceptionally preserved fossils are integrated into this framework by coding their morphological characters, as exemplified by total-evidence dating approaches that treat fossils as dated tips in analyses numerically dominated by molecular data. Cambrian fossils inform on the sequence of character acquisition in the arthropod stem group and in the stems of its main extant clades. The arthropod head problem incorporates unique appendage combinations and remains of the nervous system in fossils into a scheme mostly based on neuroanatomy and Hox expression domains for extant forms. Molecular estimates of arthropod origins in the Cryogenian or Ediacaran predate a coherent picture from the arthropod fossil record, which commences as trace fossils in the earliest Cambrian. Probabilistic morphological clock analysis of trilobites, which exemplify the earliest arthropod body fossils, supports a Cambrian origin, without the need to posit an unfossilized Ediacaran history.

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18

Bingham, Stephanie, Shin-ichi Higashijima, Hitoshi Okamoto, and Anand Chandrasekhar. "The Zebrafish trilobite Gene Is Essential for Tangential Migration of Branchiomotor Neurons." Developmental Biology 242, no. 2 (February 2002): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.2001.0532.

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19

Valente, Ligia M. M., A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka, David G. I. Kingston, and Angelo C. Pinto. "Norcucurbitacin Gentiobiosides from Fevillea trilobata." Journal of Natural Products 57, no. 11 (November 1994): 1560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50113a015.

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20

Zhiyi, Zhou, Yuan Wenwei, and Zhou Zhiqiang. "Evolutional trends and palaeobiogeography of the Ordovician trilobite Ovalocephalus Koroleva 1959." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1679 (April 29, 2009): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0133.

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21

Zhiyi, Zhou, Yuan Wenwei, and Zhou Zhiqiang. "Evolutional trends and palaeobiogeography of the Ordovician trilobite Ovalocephalus Koroleva, 1959." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1687 (February 3, 2010): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0095.

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22

Moysiuk, J., and J. B. Caron. "Burgess Shale fossils shed light on the agnostid problem." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1894 (January 16, 2019): 20182314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2314.

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Agnostids (agnostinids and eodiscinids) are a widespread and biostratigraphically important group of Cambro-Ordovician euarthropods whose evolutionary affinities have been highly controversial. Their dumbbell-shaped calcified tergum was traditionally suggested to unite them with trilobites, but agnostinids have alternatively been interpreted as stem-crustaceans, based on Orsten larval material from the Cambrian of Sweden. We describe exceptionally preserved soft tissues from mature individuals of the agnostinids Peronopsis and Ptychagnostus from the middle Cambrian (Wuliuan Stage) Burgess Shale (Walcott Quarry and Marble Canyon, British Columbia, Canada), facilitating the testing of alternative hypotheses. The digestive tract includes conspicuous ramifying cephalic diverticulae. The cephalon carries one pair of elongate spinous antennules projecting to the front, two pairs of appendages with distally setose, oar-like exopods, and three pairs of presumably biramous appendages with endopods sporting club-shaped exites. The trunk bears five appendage pairs, at least the first two of which are similar to the posteriormost cephalic pairs. The combined evidence supports a nektobenthic and detritivorous lifestyle for agnostinids. A head with six appendiferous segments contrasts strikingly with the four known in trilobites and five typical of mandibulates. Agnostinids are retrieved as the sister group to polymeroid trilobites in our phylogeny, implying that crustacean-like morphologies evolved homoplastically. This result highlights the variability in segmental composition of the artiopodan head. Finally, our study emphasizes the continued role of Burgess Shale-type fossils in resolving the affinities of problematic biomineralizing taxa.

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23

Cai, Minling, Xiaohua Lin, Jindi Peng, Junjie Zhang, Minghao Chen, Jundong Huang, Lihua Chen, Feng Sun, Wenqiao Ding, and Changlian Peng. "Why Is the Invasive Plant Sphagneticola trilobata More Resistant to High Temperature Than Its Native Congener?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020748.

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Climate change and invasive alien species threaten biodiversity. High temperature is a worrying ecological factor. Most responses of invasive plants aimed at coping with adversity are focused on the physiological level. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of an invasive plant (Sphagneticola trilobata L.) to high temperature, using a native species (Sphagneticola calendulacea L.) as the control, relevant indicators, including photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, the antioxidant system, and related enzyme-coding genes were measured. The results showed that the leaves of S. calendulacea turned yellow, photosynthetic pigment content (Chl a, Chl b, Car, Chl) decreased, gas exchange (Pn) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, ΦPSII) decreased under high temperature. It was also found that high temperature caused photoinhibition and a large amount of ROS accumulated, resulting in an increase in MDA and relative conductivity. Antioxidant enzymes (including SOD, POD, CAT, and APX) and antioxidants (including flavonoids, total phenols, and carotenoids) were decreased. The qPCR results further showed that the expression of the PsbP, PsbA, and RubiscoL, SOD, POD, CAT, and APX genes was downregulated, which was consistent with the results of physiological data. Otherwise, the resistance of S. trilobata to high temperature was better than that of S. calendulacea, which made it a superior plant in the invasion area. These results further indicated that the gradual warming of global temperature will greatly accelerate the invasion area of S. trilobata.

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24

Zhai, Dayou, Gregory D. Edgecombe, Andrew D. Bond, Huijuan Mai, Xianguang Hou, and Yu Liu. "Fine-scale appendage structure of the Cambrian trilobitomorph Naraoia spinosa and its ontogenetic and ecological implications." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1916 (December 4, 2019): 20192371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2371.

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Trilobitomorphs are a species-rich Palaeozoic arthropod assemblage that unites trilobites with several other lineages that share similar appendage structure. Post-embryonic development of the exoskeleton is well documented for some trilobitomorphs, especially trilobites, but little is known of the ontogeny of their soft parts, limiting understanding of their autecology. Here, we document appendage structure of the Cambrian naraoiid trilobitomorph Naraoia spinosa by computed microtomography, resulting in three-dimensional reconstructions of appendages at both juvenile and adult stages. The adult has dense, strong spines on the protopods of post-antennal appendages, implying a predatory/scavenging behaviour. The absence of such gnathobasic structures, but instead tiny protopodal bristles and a number of endopodal setae, suggests a detritus-feeding strategy for the juvenile. Our data add strong morphological evidence for ecological niche shifting by Cambrian arthropods during their life cycles. A conserved number of appendages across the sampled developmental stages demonstrates that Naraoia ceased budding off new appendages by the mid-juvenile stage.

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25

Warmers, Ute, and Wilfried A. König. "Sesquiterpene constituents of the liverwort Bazzania trilobata." Phytochemistry 52, no. 1 (September 1999): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00123-5.

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Scher, Jochen M., Josef Zapp, and Hans Becker. "Lignan derivatives from the liverwort Bazzania trilobata." Phytochemistry 62, no. 5 (March 2003): 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00626-x.

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27

McNAMARA, K. J. "THE ROLE OF HETEROCHRONY IN THE EVOLUTION OF CAMBRIAN TRILOBITES." Biological Reviews 61, no. 2 (May 1986): 121–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1986.tb00464.x.

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28

Tsymbalyuk, Zoya M., Sergei L. Mosyakin, and Lyudmila M. Nitsenko. "Taxonomic significance of pollen morphology in Succisa and Succisella." Biodiversity Research and Conservation 55, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/biorc-2019-0010.

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Abstract Pollen morphology of representatives of the genera Succisa and Succisella in the flora of Ukraine was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains in both taxa were tricolpate, prolate, rarely oblate-spheroidal or spheroidal; large-sized. Their outline in polar view was subcircular, rarely trilobate, in equatorial view elliptical or rarely circular. Colpi short, of variable width, margins irregular with distinct, narrow margo, and blunt or acute ends. Exine sculpture was echinate-microechinate. The revealed characteristics of pollen grains are taxonomically significant at the generic and specific levels, and they can be used in pollen analysis. Palynomorphological data are consistent with the results of recent molecular phylogenetic studies. Data on pollen morphology also confirm taxonomic circumscription of Succiseae V. Mayer & Ehrend. Pollen grains in Succiseae are characterized by a tricolpate aperture type, which was probably ancestral in Dipsacaceae s. str.

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Valente, Ligia M. M., A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka, Thomas E. Glass, David G. I. Kingston, and Angelo C. Pinto. "New Norcucurbitacin and Heptanorcucurbitacin Glucosides from Fevillea trilobata." Journal of Natural Products 56, no. 10 (October 1993): 1772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50100a017.

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30

Hughes, Nigel C. "Strength in numbers: High phenotypic variance in early Cambrian trilobites and its evolutionary implications." BioEssays 29, no. 11 (2007): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.20674.

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31

Peterson, Kevin J. "Molecular Paleobiology and the Cambrian Explosion: 21stCentury Answers to 19thCentury Problems." Paleontological Society Papers 14 (October 2008): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001637.

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A number of challenges face us paleontologists as we head into the 21stcentury. None is more difficult than explaining the Cambrian explosion, the dramatic differentiation of most metazoan animal phyla and classes about 545–530 million years ago. Molecular paleobiology, the experimental and theoretical integration of the geologicandthe genetic historical records of life, holds promise to help elucidate the causality of the Cambrian explosion, especially as it relates to understanding how so many animal body plans appeared in such a relatively short period of time, and why these body plans were so stable over the subsequent 500 million years. Three discoveries made over the last few years suggest that the answers to these problems might be right around the corner. First, the notion that phenotypic plasticity was higher early, as compared to later, in a clade's history has finally been confirmed and quantified for trilobites. Second, it has been shown that a recently discovered group of genes, microRNAs, regulate the precision of genic output, turning what is a fairly sloppy process (the number of transcripts derived from any genetic locus) into a precise number of protein molecules. And third, microRNAs are continuously being added to metazoan genomes, with their first major influx occurring at the base of the protostomes and deuterostomes, the very animals that so dramatically make their first appearances in the Early Cambrian. I propose that because phenotypic variation decreases through geologic time, that because miRNAs decrease genic variation in output levels, and because the number of miRNAs found within a genome increases through geologic time, miRNAs might be instrumental in the canalization of development, sacrificing phenotypic variation for developmental precision, and ultimately allowing for increases to morphological complexity. Hence, part of the solution to the Cambrian conundrum might be microRNAs, how they control development through ontogenetic time, and how they evolve through geologic time.

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Quintans, Jullyana de Souza Siqueira, Rafael dos Santos Alves, Darlisson de Alexandria Santos, Mairim Russo Serafini, Péricles Barreto Alves, Emmanoel Vilaça Costa, Gokhan Zengin, Lucindo José Quintans-Júnior, and Adriana Gibara Guimarães. "Antinociceptive effect of Aristolochia trilobata stem essential oil and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2yl acetate, its main compound, in rodents." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 72, no. 3-4 (March 1, 2017): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2016-0053.

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Abstract Aristolochia trilobata L. is an aromatic plant, popularly known as “mil-homens”, and its essential oil (EO) is generally used to treat colic, diarrhea and dysentery disorders. We evaluated the antinociceptive effect of A. trilobata stem EO and of its major compound, the (R)-(-)-6-methyl-5-hepten-2-yl acetate (sulcatyl acetate: SA), using acetic acid (0.85%)-induced writhing response and formalin-induced (20 μL of 1%) nociceptive behavior in mice. We also evaluated the EO and SA effect on motor coordination, using the rota-rod apparatus. EO (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) or SA (25 and 50 mg/kg) reduced nociceptive behavior in the writhing test (p<0.001). EO (100 mg/kg) and SA (25 and 50 mg/kg) decreased the nociception on the first phase of the formalin test (p<0.05). On the second phase, EO (25: p<0.01; 50: p<0.05 and 100 mg/kg: p<0.001) and SA (25 and 50 mg/kg; p<0.001) reduced the nociceptive response induced by formalin. EO and SA were not able to cause changes in the motor coordination of animals. Together, our results suggest that EO has an analgesic profile and SA seems to be one of the active compounds in this effect.

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Farminhão, João N. M., Tania D'haijère, Vincent Droissart, Landry Dumbo Isonga, Ling Dong, Simon Verlynde, Gregory M. Plunkett, Murielle Simo-Droissart, and Tariq Stévart. "An Elegy to Rangaeris, Including a Description of Two New Genera in the Cyrtorchis–Tridactyle Clade (Orchidaceae, Angraecinae)." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 105, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 300–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2020472.

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The phylogenetic position of Rangaeris (Schltr.) Summerh. has been one of the most problematic issues of angraecoid orchid taxonomy. A recently published phylogenetic tree with nearly comprehensive taxon sampling of African angraecoid orchids suggested that this genus was polyphyletic, as its species appear nested within different subclades of the Cyrtorchis–Tridactyle clade. However, the lack of DNA data for the generic type, R. muscicola (Rchb. f.) Summerh., and for the little-known species R. longicaudata (Rolfe) Summerh. and R. trilobata Summerh., has precluded an integrative reappraisal of the delimitation of this genus. Here we present the results of a new phylogenetic analysis of one nuclear (ITS) and five plastid markers (matK, rps16, trnC-petN intergenic spacer, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer, ycf1) for all six species of Rangaeris, including those recently transferred to Podangis Schltr. and Ypsilopus Summerh., together with a representative sampling of 14 other species of the genera Cyrtorchis Schltr., Listrostachys Rchb. f., Plectrelminthus Raf., Summerhayesia P. J. Cribb, Tridactyle Schltr., and Ypsilopus. Based on molecular and morphological evidence, R. muscicola is transferred to Podangis, where Rangaeris is reduced to the rank of section. In addition, R. longicaudata and R. trilobata are each moved to new monotypic genera, Planetangis Stévart & Farminhão and Aziza Farminhão & D’haijère, respectively. An identification key for all genera of the Cyrtorchis–Tridactyle clade is presented, together with one for the three species of recircumscribed Podangis. Finally, taxonomic accounts of the new genera are presented, including amended descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and preliminary conservation status assessments of their species.

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Wang, Deng, Jean Vannier, Isabell Schumann, Xing Wang, Xiao-Guang Yang, Tsuyoshi Komiya, Kentaro Uesugi, Jie Sun, and Jian Han. "Origin of ecdysis: fossil evidence from 535-million-year-old scalidophoran worms." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1906 (July 10, 2019): 20190791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0791.

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With millions of extant species, ecdysozoans (Scalidophora, Nematoida and Panarthropoda) constitute a major portion of present-day biodiversity. All ecdysozoans secrete an exoskeletal cuticle which must be moulted periodically and replaced by a larger one. Although moulting (ecdysis) has been recognized in early Palaeozoic panarthropods such as trilobites and basal groups such as anomalocaridids and lobopodians, the fossil record lacks clear evidence of ecdysis in early scalidophorans, largely because of difficulties in recognizing true exuviae. Here, we describe two types of exuviae in microscopic scalidophoran worms from the lowermost Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation ( ca 535 Ma) of China and reconstruct their moulting process. These basal scalidophorans moulted in a manner similar to that of extant priapulid worms, extricating themselves smoothly from their old tubular cuticle or turning their exuviae inside out like the finger of a glove. This is the oldest record of moulting in ecdysozoans. We also discuss the origin of ecdysis in the light of recent molecular analyses and the significance of moulting in the early evolution of animals.

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Hammerschmidt, M., F. Pelegri, M. C. Mullins, D. A. Kane, M. Brand, F. J. van Eeden, M. Furutani-Seiki, et al. "Mutations affecting morphogenesis during gastrulation and tail formation in the zebrafish, Danio rerio." Development 123, no. 1 (December 1, 1996): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.123.1.143.

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We have identified several genes that are required for various morphogenetic processes during gastrulation and tail formation. Two genes are required in the anterior region of the body axis: one eyed pinhead (oep) and dirty nose (dns).oep mutant embryos are defective in prechordal plate formation and the specification of anterior and ventral structures of the central nervous system. In dns mutants, cells of the prechordal plate, such as the prospective hatching gland cells, fail to specify. Two genes are required for convergence and extension movements. In mutant trilobite embryos, extension movements on the dorsal side of the embryo are affected, whereas in the formerly described spadetail mutants, for which two new alleles have been isolated, convergent movements of ventrolateral cells to the dorsal side are blocked. Two genes are required for the development of the posterior end of the body axis. In pipetail mutants, the tailbud fails to move ventrally on the yolk sac after germ ring closure, and the tip of the tail fails to detach from the yolk tube. Mutants in kugelig (kgg) do not form the yolk tube at the posterior side of the yolk sac.

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MARTÍNEZ-AMBRIZ, EMMANUEL, ITZI FRAGOSO-MARTÍNEZ, and MARTHA MARTÍNEZ-GORDILLO. "A new species of Salvia from the Fulgentes clade (Lamiaceae), from Puebla, Mexico." Phytotaxa 409, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.409.1.4.

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A new species of Salvia from the state of Puebla, Mexico, is described and illustrated: Salvia gavilanensis sp. nov., growing in oak forests and oak scrubs, located in the Biosphere Reserve of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. The new taxon is morphologically similar to S. microphylla, but differs by the herbaceous habit (vs. suffrutescent or shrubby), the strigulose pubescence of the leaves (vs. puberulent to tomentulous), bracts with the margin irregularly denticulate and persistent until the beginning of the anthesis (vs. bracts with the margin entire and deciduous before the anthesis), papillae inside the corolla tube with bidentate apex (vs. papillae with trilobate apex), and the lower lip of the corolla shorter in length compared to the upper lip (vs. lower lip of the corolla longer than the upper lip). Additionally, a phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data (nuclear ITS and the plastid regions trnL-trnF and trnH-psbA) was conducted to explore the relationships of the new species. According to the results, the new species belongs to the Fulgentes clade, which is congruent with the morphology of the species. A key to distinguish Salvia gavilanensis from other species of the clade present in the reserve of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán is included.

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Ortega-Hernández, Javier, and Carlo Brena. "Ancestral Patterning of Tergite Formation in a Centipede Suggests Derived Mode of Trunk Segmentation in Trilobites." PLoS ONE 7, no. 12 (December 28, 2012): e52623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052623.

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38

Liu, Yijiang, Zewei Wang, Shuang Liang, Zili Li, Mingyue Zhang, Huaming Li, and Zhiqun Lin. "Polar Organic Solvent-Tolerant Perovskite Nanocrystals Permanently Ligated with Polymer Hairs via Star-like Molecular Bottlebrush Trilobe Nanoreactors." Nano Letters 19, no. 12 (November 6, 2019): 9019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04047.

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Scher, Jochen M., John-Bryan Speakman, Josef Zapp, and Hans Becker. "Bioactivity guided isolation of antifungal compounds from the liverwort Bazzania trilobata (L.) S.F. Gray." Phytochemistry 65, no. 18 (September 2004): 2583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.05.013.

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40

Qi, Shan-Shan, Zhi-Cong Dai, De-Li Zhai, Si-Chong Chen, Chun-Can Si, Ping Huang, Rui-Ping Wang, Qiong-Xin Zhong, and Dao-Lin Du. "Curvilinear Effects of Invasive Plants on Plant Diversity: Plant Community Invaded by Sphagneticola trilobata." PLoS ONE 9, no. 11 (November 26, 2014): e113964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113964.

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41

Yang, Jisu, Jeong A. Yoon, Kwangmi Kim, and Young Taek Han. "The first synthesis and immunomodulatory properties of p-hydroxyphenyl caffeate derived from Wedelia trilobata." Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 22, no. 10 (November 18, 2019): 966–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2019.1680643.

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Dai, Zhi-Cong, Shan-Shan Qi, Shi-Li Miao, Yong-Tao Liu, Yuan-Fei Tian, De-Li Zhai, Ping Huang, and Dao-Lin Du. "Isolation of NBS-LRR RGAs from invasive Wedelia trilobata and the calculation of evolutionary rates to understand bioinvasion from a molecular evolution perspective." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 61 (August 2015): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2015.05.004.

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43

Dąbkowski, Mariusz, Paweł Skrzek, and Grzegorz Redlarski. "Behavior Based Complete Coverage Task of Unknown Area by an Autonomous Mobile Robot SCORPION with Static Obstacles in Environment." Solid State Phenomena 198 (March 2013): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.198.73.

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In the paper the behavior based control system of an autonomous mobile robot SCORPION is presented to execute the one of the most difficult navigation task, which is the complete coverage task of unknown area with static obstacles in the environment. The main principle assumed to design control system was that the robot should cover all area only once, if it possible, to optimize the length of path and energy consumption. All commercial robots like Roomba, Trilobite or IVO move using structured templates combined with random movement. Therefore the path of coverage is not optimal directions of movement are often chosen randomly, so robot covers the same area many times wasting time and energy. In paper the five main developed templates of movement were described to fulfill main task in ordered manner using primarily the way of the ox template of coverage [1, 2, 5, 1. The behavioral control system is implemented in a computer application written in Python [5]. In the paper the test methodology of the developed system on real mobile robot ERSP SCORPION equipped with IR sensors is presented. Graphical and quantitative results of tests of accomplishment of complete coverage task are given for 6 different configurations of obstacles in the robots environment. Conclusions are presented and discussed [5]. Ways to improve the quality indicators [1, of the task of complete coverage of a unknown area are also showed.

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Fusco, Giuseppe, Paul S. Hong, and Nigel C. Hughes. "Positional specification in the segmental growth pattern of an early arthropod." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1781 (April 22, 2014): 20133037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3037.

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In many arthropods, there is a change in relative segment size during post-embryonic development, but how segment differential growth is produced is little known. A new dataset of the highest quality specimens of the 429 Myr old trilobite Aulacopleura koninckii provides an unparalleled opportunity to investigate segment growth dynamics and its control in an early arthropod. Morphometric analysis across nine post-embryonic stages revealed a growth gradient in the trunk of A. koninckii . We contrastively tested different growth models referable to two distinct hypotheses of growth control for the developing trunk: (i) a segment-specific control, with individual segments having differential autonomous growth progression, and (ii) a regional control, with segment growth depending on their relative position along the main axis. We show that the trunk growth pattern of A. koninckii was consistent with a regional growth control producing a continuous growth gradient that was stable across all developmental stages investigated. The specific posterior-to-anterior decaying shape of the growth gradient suggests it deriving from the linear transduction of a graded signal, similar to those commonly provided by morphogens. A growth control depending on a form of positional specification, possibly realized through the linear interpretation of a graded signal, may represent the primitive condition for arthropod differential growth along the main body axis, from which the diverse and generally more complex forms of growth control in subsequent arthropods have evolved.

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Sims, Hallie J. "Measures of global biodiversity dynamics (past and present) are meaningless … or are they? Introductory comments." Paleobiology 29, no. 1 (2003): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0001:mogbdp>2.0.co;2.

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One can argue that the critical factors in evolution are competitive interaction, dispersal, and survival in that they determine the life and death of individuals and thus govern gene flow and the waxing and waning of populations; the byproduct of this cascade happens to be the origination and extinction of species and phylogenetic lineages. Perhaps evolutionary “truth” can be found only in petri dish experiments of lichens competing for space, through documentation of the wildly successful ecological invasion of purple loosestrife in ditches of northeastern North America, or by molecular phylogeographic analyses of the distribution of fruit fly lineages across the Hawaiian Islands. Nonetheless, there is something fundamentally intriguing in the fact that there are some 300,000 species of angiosperms currently distributed around the planet; an order of magnitude greater than other, far more ancient clades such as cycads, ferns, and horsetails and a discrepancy that has spurred centuries of evolutionary theorizing on the causes of their high relative diversity—Darwin's “abominable mystery.” These sorts of macroevolutionary questions necessitate research agendas that target global distributions of taxa over long intervals of geological time. Did mammals stay low to the ground until the large-bodied herbivore niches were opened up when an asteroid knocked off the last of the non-avian dinosaurids at the end of the Cretaceous? Was the transition from the dazzling variety of trilobites that dominated Cambrian and Ordovician marine ecosystems to the diverse ammonoid fauna of the later Paleozoic associated with differing intrinsic taxonomic turnover rates? Are species in tightly integrated communities such as reefs more vulnerable to extinction during intervals of climate change than species with lower levels of ecological connectivity?

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SAINI, AJAY, SREENIVASULU K. REDDY, and NARENDRA JAWALI. "Intra-individual and intra-species heterogeneity in nuclear rDNA ITS region of Vigna species from subgenus Ceratotropis." Genetics Research 90, no. 4 (August 2008): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667230800983x.

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SummaryThe extent of intra-individual and intra-species heterogeneity in the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was investigated among the ‘Asiatic Vigna’ species (subgenus Ceratotropis). High intra- and inter-individual ITS polymorphism was observed among Vigna radiata accessions, where multiple ITS length variants ranging from ~700 to ~770 bp were detected on PCR amplification. Subsequent analysis revealed that the variants are ‘heteroduplex ITS fragments’ generated during the PCR process. Analysis of ITS from wild and cultivated forms of ten Vigna species from subgenus Ceratotropis revealed substantial intra-species divergence in four species: Vigna umbellata, Vigna trilobata, V. radiata and Vigna minima. However, no other species analysed showed intra-individual ITS heterogeneity as observed in V. radiata. The results demonstrate differential evolution of ITS sequence among wild and cultivated forms of V. radiata. Evidence indicates that intra-species hybridization and a slow ‘molecular drive’ are responsible for this phenomenon. Sequence analysis of 5·8S, ITS1 and ITS2 and secondary-structure analysis of ITS regions indicate that the ITS variants do not belong to pseudogenic rDNA repeat units. Further, reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis showed that rDNA repeat units harbouring certain intra-individual ITS variants were transcriptionally inactive, indicating the regulation of these loci by epigenetic gene silencing. The V. radiata ITS variants, when analysed together, did not cause any phylogenetic errors at the species level.

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Bicknell, Russell D. C., James D. Holmes, Gregory D. Edgecombe, Sarah R. Losso, Javier Ortega-Hernández, Stephen Wroe, and John R. Paterson. "Biomechanical analyses of Cambrian euarthropod limbs reveal their effectiveness in mastication and durophagy." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1943 (January 27, 2021): 20202075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2075.

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Durophagy arose in the Cambrian and greatly influenced the diversification of biomineralized defensive structures throughout the Phanerozoic. Spinose gnathobases on protopodites of Cambrian euarthropod limbs are considered key innovations for shell-crushing, yet few studies have demonstrated their effectiveness with biomechanical models. Here we present finite-element analysis models of two Cambrian trilobites with prominent gnathobases— Redlichia rex and Olenoides serratus —and compare these to the protopodites of the Cambrian euarthropod Sidneyia inexpectans and the modern American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus . Results show that L. polyphemus , S. inexpectans and R. rex have broadly similar microstrain patterns, reflecting effective durophagous abilities. Conversely, low microstrain values across the O. serratus protopodite suggest that the elongate gnathobasic spines transferred minimal strain, implying that this species was less well-adapted to masticate hard prey. These results confirm that Cambrian euarthropods with transversely elongate protopodites bearing short, robust gnathobasic spines were likely durophages. Comparatively, taxa with shorter protopodites armed with long spines, such as O. serratus , were more likely restricted to a soft food diet. The prevalence of Cambrian gnathobase-bearing euarthropods and their various feeding specializations may have accelerated the development of complex trophic relationships within early animal ecosystems, especially the ‘arms race' between predators and biomineralized prey.

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Balekar, Neelam, Titpawan Nakpheng, Nadpi Gangadhar Katkam, and Teerapol Srichana. "Wound healing activity of ent-kaura-9(11),16-dien-19-oic acid isolated from Wedelia trilobata (L.) leaves." Phytomedicine 19, no. 13 (October 2012): 1178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.07.014.

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Hopkins, Melanie J., Feiyang Chen, Shixue Hu, and Zhifei Zhang. "The oldest known digestive system consisting of both paired digestive glands and a crop from exceptionally preserved trilobites of the Guanshan Biota (Early Cambrian, China)." PLOS ONE 12, no. 9 (September 21, 2017): e0184982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184982.

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Wu, Wei, Ren-Chao Zhou, Guang-Yan Ni, Hao Shen, and Xue-Jun Ge. "Is a new invasive herb emerging? Molecular confirmation and preliminary evaluation of natural hybridization between the invasive Sphagneticola trilobata (Asteraceae) and its native congener S. calendulacea in South China." Biological Invasions 15, no. 1 (July 4, 2012): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0269-y.

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