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Journal articles on the topic 'Triple cation perovskites'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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1

Olanrewaju, Yusuf A., Richard K. Koech, Omolara V. Oyelade, et al. "Thermally induced failure mechanisms in double and triple cations perovskite solar cells." AIP Advances 12, no. 8 (2022): 085014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0100183.

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The control of the cation composition of formamidinium (FA), methylammonium (MA), and cesium (Cs) has been used to engineer significant improvements in organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells. However, the thermal stability of mixed-cation perovskite solar cells is not fully understood. In this work, we present the results of an experimental study of the stability of double-cation perovskites [(FAPbI3)0.97(MAPbBr3)0.03] [(FAMA)-perovskite solar cells (PSCs)] and triple-cation based-perovskites [Cs0.05(FA0.95MA0.05)0.95Pb(I0.95Br0.05)3] [(CsFAMA)-PSCs] operated between 40 and 60°C. The thermally induced changes in the film microstructure are elucidated via scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analyses, and these are related to changes in optoelectronic properties, charge transport, and current–voltage characteristics of (FAMA)-PSCs and (CsFAMA)-PSCs. The implications of the observed degradation mechanisms are also discussed for the future development of efficient and stable PSCs.

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2

Ašmontas, Steponas, Aurimas Čerškus, Jonas Gradauskas, et al. "Cesium-Containing Triple Cation Perovskite Solar Cells." Coatings 11, no. 3 (2021): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030279.

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Cesium-containing triple cation perovskites are attracting significant attention as suitable tandem partners for silicon solar cells. The perovskite layer of a solar cell must strongly absorb the visible light and be transparent to the infrared light. Optical transmittance measurements of perovskite layers containing different cesium concentrations (0–15%) were carried out on purpose to evaluate the utility of the layers for the fabrication of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. The transmittance of the layers weakly depended on cesium concentration in the infrared spectral range, and it was more than 0.55 at 997 nm wavelength. It was found that perovskite solar cells containing 10% of cesium concentration show maximum power conversion efficiency.

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3

Pavlovetc, Ilia M., Michael C. Brennan, Sergiu Draguta, et al. "Suppressing Cation Migration in Triple-Cation Lead Halide Perovskites." ACS Energy Letters 5, no. 9 (2020): 2802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01207.

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4

Zheng, Likai, Mingyang Wei, Felix T. Eickemeyer, et al. "Strain-induced rubidium incorporation into wide-bandgap perovskites reduces photovoltage loss." Science 388, no. 6742 (2025): 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adt3417.

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A-site cation mixing can enhance the photovoltaic performance of a wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite, but rubidium (Rb) cation mixing generally forms a nonperovskite phase. We report that lattice strain locks Rb ions into the α-phase of the lattice of a triple-halide WBG perovskite, preventing phase segregation into a nonperovskite Rb-cesium–rich phase. This process cooperates with chloride accommodation and promotes halide homogenization across the entire film volume. The resulting 1.67–electron volt WBG perovskite exhibits photoluminescence quantum yields exceeding 14% under 1-sun-equivalent irradiation, corresponding to a quasi–Fermi level splitting of ~1.34 electron volts. A WBG perovskite solar cell with an open-circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 1.30 volts was prepared, corresponding to 93.5% of the radiative V OC limit and representing the lowest photovoltage loss relative to the theoretical limit observed in WBG perovskites.

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5

Lang, Felix, Marko Jošt, Jürgen Bundesmann, et al. "Efficient minority carrier detrapping mediating the radiation hardness of triple-cation perovskite solar cells under proton irradiation." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 5 (2019): 1634–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee00077a.

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6

Beisenbayev, Almaz R., Igor Ivanov-Prianichnikov, Anatoly Peshkov, Tangsulu Adil, Davit Hayrapetyan, and Chang-Keun Lim. "Triple-Band Warm White-Light Emission from Type II Band-Aligned Aggregation-Induced Enhanced Emission Organic Cation-Incorporated Two-Dimensional Lead Iodide Perovskite." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 11 (2025): 5054. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115054.

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Single-phase white-light-emitting materials, particularly 2D hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskites, have garnered significant attention due to their strong electron–phonon interactions, which lead to broad luminescence and a notable Stokes shift resulting from self-trapped exciton recombination. However, 2D lead iodide perovskites typically display these characteristics poorly, restricting their efficiency as white-light emitters. This study presents a 2D lead iodide perovskite that incorporates a fluorinated π-conjugated aggregation-induced enhanced emission luminophore, FPCSA, as a bulky organic cation to create a quasi-2D perovskite. The FPCSA cation establishes a Type II energy level alignment with the lead iodide layer in the 2D perovskite, and a significant energy offset effectively suppresses charge transfer, enabling independent emission from both the organic and inorganic layers while facilitating self-trapped exciton formation. Under 315 nm UV excitation, this material demonstrates warm white-light emission with RGB triple-band photoluminescence stemming from the electronically decoupled FPCSA and perovskite layers. These findings provide a promising new method for designing efficient single-phase white-light-emitting materials for optoelectronic applications.

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7

Brenner, Philipp, Tim Glöckler, Diana Rueda-Delgado, et al. "Triple cation mixed-halide perovskites for tunable lasers." Optical Materials Express 7, no. 11 (2017): 4082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.7.004082.

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8

Dipta, Shahriyar Safat, Ashraful Hossain Howlader, Walia Binte Tarique, and Ashraf Uddin. "Comparative Analysis of the Stability and Performance of Double-, Triple-, and Quadruple-Cation Perovskite Solar Cells for Rooftop and Indoor Applications." Molecules 29, no. 12 (2024): 2758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29122758.

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The solar energy market is predicted to be shared between Si solar cells and third-generation photovoltaics in the future. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show the greatest potential to capture a share there as a single junction or in tandem with silicon. Researchers worldwide are looking to optimize the composition of the perovskite film to achieve an optimal bandgap, performance, and stability. Traditional perovskites have a mixture of formamidinium and methyl ammonium as the A-site cation in their ABX3 structure. However, in recent times, the use of cesium and rubidium has become popular for making highly efficient PSCs. A thorough analysis of the performance and stability of double-, triple-, and quadruple-cation PSCs under different environmental conditions was performed in this study. The performance of the device and the films was analyzed by electrical measurements (J–V, dark J–V, EQE), scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence, and X-ray diffraction. The quadruple-cation device with the formula Cs0.07Rb0.03FA0.77MA0.13PbI2.8Br0.2 showed the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.7%. However, this device had the least stability under all conditions. The triple-cation device with the formula Cs0.1FA0.6MA0.3PbI2.8Br0.2, with a slightly lower PCE (21.2%), was considerably more stable, resulting in about 30% more energy harvested than that using the other two devices during their life cycle.

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9

Huang, He, Pengfei Jiang, Wenliang Gao, Rihong Cong, and Tao Yang. "Site-selective doping effect, phase separation, and structure evolution in 1:1:1 triple-cation B-site ordered perovskites Ca4−xSrxGaNbO8." RSC Advances 10, no. 4 (2020): 1883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09970k.

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10

Baranowski, M., J. M. Urban, N. Zhang, et al. "Static and Dynamic Disorder in Triple-Cation Hybrid Perovskites." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 30 (2018): 17473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05222.

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11

Zhang, Fei, So Yeon Park, Canglang Yao, et al. "Metastable Dion-Jacobson 2D structure enables efficient and stable perovskite solar cells." Science 375, no. 6576 (2022): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj2637.

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Directing efficient hole transport Surface defects in three-dimensional perovskites can decrease performance but can be healed with coatings based on two-dimensional (2D) perovskite such as Ruddlesden-Popper phases. However, the bulky organic groups of these 2D phases can lead to low and anisotropic charge transport. F. Zhang et al . show that a metastable polymorph of a Dion-Jacobson 2D structure based on asymmetric organic molecules reduced the energy barrier for hole transport and their transport through the layer. When used as a top layer for a triple-cation mixed-halide perovskite, a solar cell retained 90% of its initial power conversion efficiency of 24.7% after 1000 hours of operation at approximately 40°C in nitrogen. —PDS

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12

Ašmontas, Steponas, Aurimas Čerškus, Jonas Gradauskas, et al. "Impact of Cesium Concentration on Optoelectronic Properties of Metal Halide Perovskites." Materials 15, no. 5 (2022): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051936.

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Performance of a perovskite solar cell is largely influenced by the optoelectronic properties of metal halide perovskite films. Here we study the influence of cesium concentration on morphology, crystal structure, photoluminescence and optical properties of the triple cation perovskite film. Incorporation of small amount (x = 0.1) of cesium cations into Csx(MA0.17FA0.83)1−x Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 leads to enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cell resulting mainly from significant rise of the short-current density and the fill factor value. Further increase of Cs concentration (x > 0.1) decreases the film’s phase purity, carrier lifetime and correspondingly reduces PCE of the solar cell. Higher concentration of Cs (x ≥ 0.2) causes phase segregation of the perovskite alongside with formation of Cs-rich regions impeding light absorption.

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13

Kumar, Abhishek, Anish Priyadarshi, Sudhanshu Shukla, et al. "Ultrafast THz photophysics of solvent engineered triple-cation halide perovskites." Journal of Applied Physics 124, no. 21 (2018): 215106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5051561.

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14

Loncle, A., M. Kim, B. Geffroy, et al. "White light-induced halide segregation in triple-cation mixed halide perovskites studied by in-situ fast scanning nano-XRF at the NANOSCOPIUM beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2380, no. 1 (2022): 012127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012127.

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Abstract In-situ study of the variation of the chemical composition of triple-cation mixed halide perovskites Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 under visible light illumination performed by Fast Scanning Nano Hard X-ray Fluorescence Imaging revealed the migration and irreversible phase separation of halide ions into micro-meter sized clusters.

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15

Taurisano, Nicola, Gianluca Bravetti, Sonia Carallo, et al. "Inclusion of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides in Perovskite Inks and Their Influence on Solar Cell Performance." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (2021): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071706.

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Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have raised great interest in recent years due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, which promise stunning improvements in photovoltaic technologies. Moreover, two-dimensional layered materials such as graphene, its derivatives, and transition metal dichalcogenides have been extensively investigated for a wide range of electronic and optoelectronic applications and have recently shown a synergistic effect in combination with hybrid perovskite materials. Here, we report on the inclusion of liquid-phase exfoliated molybdenum disulfide nanosheets into different perovskite precursor solutions, exploring their influence on final device performance. We compared the effect of such additives upon the growth of diverse perovskites, namely CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) and triple-cation with mixed halides Csx (MA0.17FA0.83)(1−x)Pb (I0.83Br0.17)3 perovskite. We show how for the referential MAPbI3 materials the addition of the MoS2 additive leads to the formation of larger, highly crystalline grains, which result in a remarkable 15% relative improvement in power conversion efficiency. On the other hand, for the mixed cation–halide perovskite no improvements were observed, confirming that the nucleation process for the two materials is differently influenced by the presence of MoS2.

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16

Nishida, Jun, Amani H. Alfaifi, Thomas P. Gray, Sean E. Shaheen, and Markus B. Raschke. "Heterogeneous Cation–Lattice Interaction and Dynamics in Triple-Cation Perovskites Revealed by Infrared Vibrational Nanoscopy." ACS Energy Letters 5, no. 5 (2020): 1636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00522.

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17

Wu, Wei, Yang Liu, Jianxi Yao, and Xiaoping Ouyang. "Mixed-Cation Halide Perovskite Doped with Rb+ for Highly Efficient Photodetector." Materials 16, no. 10 (2023): 3796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16103796.

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Photodetectors are widely employed as fundamental devices in optical communication, automatic control, image sensors, night vision, missile guidance, and many other industrial or military fields. Mixed-cation perovskites have emerged as promising optoelectronic materials for application in photodetectors due to their superior compositional flexibility and photovoltaic performance. However, their application involves obstacles such as phase segregation and poor-quality crystallization, which introduce defects in perovskite films and adversely affect devices’ optoelectronic performance. The application prospects of mixed-cation perovskite technology are significantly constrained by these challenges. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate strategies that combine crystallinity control and defect passivation to obtain high-quality thin films. In this study, we incorporated different Rb+ ratios in triple-cation (CsMAFA) perovskite precursor solutions and studied their effects on crystal growth. Our results show that a small amount of Rb+ was enough to induce the crystallization of the α-FAPbI3 phase and suppress the formation of the yellow non-photoactive phase; the grain size increased, and the product of the carrier mobility and the lifetime (μτ) improved. As a result, the fabricated photodetector exhibited a broad photo-response region, from ultraviolet to near-infrared, with maximum responsivity (R) up to 11.8 mA W−1 and excellent detectivity (D*) values up to 5.33 × 1011 Jones. This work provides a feasible strategy to improve photodetectors’ performance via additive engineering.

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18

Ji, Long, Xiangzhao Zhang, Ting Zhang, et al. "Band alignment of Pb–Sn mixed triple cation perovskites for inverted solar cells with negligible hysteresis." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 15 (2019): 9154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11891d.

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19

Szemjonov, Alexandra, Krzysztof Galkowski, Miguel Anaya, et al. "Impact of Oxygen on the Electronic Structure of Triple-Cation Halide Perovskites." ACS Materials Letters 1, no. 5 (2019): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.9b00294.

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20

Larciprete, Rosanna, Antonio Agresti, Sara Pescetelli, et al. "Mixed Cation Halide Perovskite under Environmental and Physical Stress." Materials 14, no. 14 (2021): 3954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143954.

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Despite the ideal performance demonstrated by mixed perovskite materials when used as active layers in photovoltaic devices, the factor which still hampers their use in real life remains the poor stability of their physico-chemical and functional properties when submitted to prolonged permanence in atmosphere, exposure to light and/or to moderately high temperature. We used high resolution photoelectron spectroscopy to compare the chemical state of triple cation, double halide Csx(FA0.83MA0.17)(1−x)Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 perovskite thin films being freshly deposited or kept for one month in the dark or in the light in environmental conditions. Important deviations from the nominal composition were found in the samples aged in the dark, which, however, did not show evident signs of oxidation and basically preserved their own electronic structures. Ageing in the light determined a dramatic material deterioration with heavily perturbed chemical composition also due to reactions of the perovskite components with surface contaminants, promoted by the exposure to visible radiation. We also investigated the implications that 2D MXene flakes, recently identified as effective perovskite additive to improve solar cell efficiency, might have on the labile resilience of the material to external agents. Our results exclude any deleterious MXene influence on the perovskite stability and, actually, might evidence a mild stabilizing effect for the fresh samples, which, if doped, exhibited a lower deviation from the expected stoichiometry with respect to the undoped sample. The evolution of the undoped perovskites under thermal stress was studied by heating the samples in UHV while monitoring in real time, simultaneously, the behaviour of four representative material elements. Moreover, we could reveal the occurrence of fast changes induced in the fresh material by the photon beam as well as the enhanced decomposition triggered by the concurrent X-ray irradiation and thermal heating.

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21

Reo, Youjin, and Yong-Young Noh. "(Invited) Development of High-Performance Sn Based Halide Perovskite Transistors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 35 (2024): 2441. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02352441mtgabs.

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Developing high-mobility p-type semiconductors that can be grown using cost-effective scalable methods at low temperatures, has remained challenging in the electronics community for the integration of complementary electronics with the well-developed n-type metal oxide counterparts. Tin (Sn2+) halide perovskites emerge as promising p-type candidates but suffer from low crystallisation controllability and high film defect density, which result in uncompetitive device performance. In this talk, I would like to introduce a general overview and recent progress of our group of p-type Sn-based metal halide perovskites for the application of field-effect transistors (FETs). In the first part of the talk, I will mainly address inorganic perovskite thin-film transistors with exceptional performance using high-crystallinity and uniform cesium-tin-triiodide-based semiconducting layers with moderate hole concentrations and superior Hall mobilities, which are enabled by the judicious engineering of film composition and crystallization. The optimized devices exhibit high field-effect hole mobilities of over 50 cm2 V− 1 s− 1, large current modulation greater than 108, and high operational stability and reproducibility [1,2]. In the second part of the talk, I will introduce A-site cation engineering method to achieve high-performance pure-Sn perovskite thin-film transistors (TFTs). We explore triple A-cations of caesium-formamidinium-phenethylammonium to create high-quality cascaded Sn perovskite channel films, especially with low-defect phase-pure perovskite/dielectric interface. As such, the optimized TFTs show record hole mobilities of over 70 cm2 V− 1 s− 1 and on/off current ratios of over 108, comparable to the commercial low-temperature polysilicon technique level [3]. The p-channel perovskite TFTs also show high processability and compatibility with the n-type metal oxides, enabling the integration of high-gain complementary inverters and rail-to-rail logic gates. References Liu, Y.-Y. Noh et al, Nature Electronics 5, 78-83 (2022). Liu Y.-Y. Noh et al, Nature Electronics 6, 559-571 (2023). H. Zhu, Y.-Y. Noh et al, Nature Electronics 6, 650-657 (2023).

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22

Jin, Congcong, Miriding Mutailipu, Wenqi Jin, Shujuan Han, Zhihua Yang, and Shilie Pan. "Cation Substitution of Hexagonal Triple Perovskites: A Case in Trimetallic Tellurates A2A′BTe2O9." Inorganic Chemistry 60, no. 8 (2021): 6099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00623.

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23

O'Kane, Mary E., Joel A. Smith, Tarek I. Alanazi, et al. "Perovskites on Ice: An Additive‐Free Approach to Increase the Shelf‐Life of Triple‐Cation Perovskite Precursor Solutions." ChemSusChem 14, no. 12 (2021): 2537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202100332.

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O'Kane, Mary E., Joel A. Smith, Tarek I. Alanazi, et al. "Perovskites on Ice: An Additive‐Free Approach to Increase the Shelf‐Life of Triple‐Cation Perovskite Precursor Solutions." ChemSusChem 14, no. 12 (2021): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202100987.

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25

Kim, Dohyung, Rama K. Vasudevan, Kate Higgins, et al. "Exploring Responses of Contact Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy in Triple-Cation Double-Halide Perovskites." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 125, no. 22 (2021): 12355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c02474.

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26

Ramos-Terrón, Susana, José Francisco Illanes, Diego Bohoyo-Gil, Luis Camacho, and Gustavo de Miguel. "Insight into the Role of Guanidinium and Cesium in Triple Cation Lead Halide Perovskites." Solar RRL 5, no. 12 (2021): 2100586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202100586.

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27

Huang, Yimin, Li Zhao, Jin Li, Fang Lu, and Shimin Wang. "Effects of methylamine doping on the stability of triple cation (FA0.95−xMAxCs0.05)PbI3 single crystal perovskites." Nanoscale Advances 2, no. 1 (2020): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9na00682f.

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28

Weber, Stefan, Thomas Rath, Birgit Kunert, Roland Resel, Theodoros Dimopoulos, and Gregor Trimmel. "Dependence of material properties and photovoltaic performance of triple cation tin perovskites on the iodide to bromide ratio." Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly 150, no. 11 (2019): 1921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00706-019-02503-6.

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Abstract In this work, the influence of a partial introduction of bromide (x = 0–0.33) into MA0.75FA0.15PEA0.1Sn(BrxI1−x)3 (MA: methylammonium, FA: formamidinium, PEA: phenylethylammonium) triple cation tin perovskite on the material properties and photovoltaic performance is investigated and characterized. The introduction of bromide shifts the optical band gap of the perovskite films from 1.29 eV for the iodide-based perovskite to 1.50 eV for the perovskite with a bromide content of x = 0.33. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal that the size of the unit cell is also gradually reduced based on the incorporation of bromide. Regarding the photovoltaic performance of the perovskite films, it is shown that already small amounts of bromide (x = 0.08) in the perovskite system increase the open circuit voltage, short circuit current density and fill factor. The maximum power conversion efficiency of 4.63% was obtained with a bromide content of x = 0.25, which can be ascribed to the formation of homogeneous thin films in combination with higher values of the open circuit voltage. Upon introduction of a higher amount of bromide (x = 0.33), the perovskite absorber layers form pinholes, thus reducing the overall device performance. Graphic abstract

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29

Yang, Tao, John B. Claridge, and Matthew J. Rosseinsky. "1:1:1 Triple-Cation B-Site-Ordered and Oxygen-Deficient Perovskite Ca4GaNbO8: A Member of a Family of Anion-Vacancy-Based Cation-Ordered Complex Perovskites." Inorganic Chemistry 52, no. 7 (2013): 3795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic302414u.

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30

Tosado, Gabriella A., Yi-Yu Lin, Erjin Zheng, and Qiuming Yu. "Impact of cesium on the phase and device stability of triple cation Pb–Sn double halide perovskite films and solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 36 (2018): 17426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta06391e.

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Cs<sub>x</sub>(MA<sub>0.17</sub>FA<sub>0.83</sub>)<sub>1−x</sub>Pb<sub>1−y</sub>Sn<sub>y</sub>(I<sub>0.83</sub>Br<sub>0.17</sub>)<sub>3</sub> perovskites with cubic-phase morphologies were deployed in solar cells, achieving high efficiencies and improved stability for high Sn-containing devices.

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31

Cacovich, Stefania, Davina Messou, Adrien Bercegol, et al. "Light-Induced Passivation in Triple Cation Mixed Halide Perovskites: Interplay between Transport Properties and Surface Chemistry." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 31 (2020): 34784–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c06844.

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32

Shukla, Shashwat, Sudhanshu Shukla, Lew Jia Haur, et al. "Effect of Formamidinium/Cesium Substitution and PbI2 on the Long-Term Stability of Triple-Cation Perovskites." ChemSusChem 10, no. 19 (2017): 3804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201701203.

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33

Yerramilli, Aditya S., Yuanqing Chen, and T. L. Alford. "Passivation of triple cation perovskites using guanidinium iodide in inverted solar cells for improved open-circuit voltage and stability." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 9 (2021): 2486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se00156f.

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34

Yang, Tao, John B. Claridge, and Matthew J. Rosseinsky. "ChemInform Abstract: 1:1:1 Triple-Cation B-Site-Ordered and Oxygen-Deficient Perovskite Ca4GaNbO8: A Member of a Family of Anion-Vacancy-Based Cation-Ordered Complex Perovskites." ChemInform 44, no. 23 (2013): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201323003.

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35

Gogoi, Banashree, Aditya Yerramilli, Kato M. Luboowa, Samuel M. Shin, and T. L. Alford. "Understanding the crystallization of triple-cation perovskites assisted by mixed antisolvents for improved solar cell device performance." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 33, no. 7 (2022): 4415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07633-4.

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36

Manekkathodi, Afsal, Asma Marzouk, Janarthanan Ponraj, Abdelhak Belaidi, and Sahel Ashhab. "Observation of Structural Phase Transitions and PbI2 Formation During the Degradation of Triple-Cation Double-Halide Perovskites." ACS Applied Energy Materials 3, no. 7 (2020): 6302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c00515.

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37

O'Kane, Mary E., Joel A. Smith, Tarek I. Alanazi, et al. "Front Cover: Perovskites on Ice: An Additive‐Free Approach to Increase the Shelf‐Life of Triple‐Cation Perovskite Precursor Solutions (12/2021)." ChemSusChem 14, no. 12 (2021): 2481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202100988.

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38

Zheng, Daming, Tao Zhu, and Thierry Pauporté. "Correction to From Mono- to Triple-Cation Hybrid Perovskites for High-Efficiency Solar Cells: Electrical Response, Impedance, and Stability." ACS Applied Energy Materials 4, no. 3 (2021): 2960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c00346.

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Bakhshayesh, A. M., H. Abdizadeh, M. Mirhosseini, and N. Taghavinia. "Designing highly stable yet efficient solar cells based on a new triple-cation quasi-2D/3D hybrid perovskites family." Ceramics International 45, no. 16 (2019): 20788–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.065.

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Khan, Nasir, Du Hyeon Ryu, Jong-Goo Park, et al. "Bromide Incorporation Enhances Vertical Orientation of Triple Organic Cation Tin‐Halide Perovskites for High‐Performance Lead‐Free Solar Cells." Solar RRL 6, no. 11 (2022): 2270111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202270111.

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41

Howard, John M., Kevin J. Palm, Qiong Wang, et al. "Water‐Induced and Wavelength‐Dependent Light Absorption and Emission Dynamics in Triple‐Cation Halide Perovskites (Advanced Optical Materials 18/2021)." Advanced Optical Materials 9, no. 18 (2021): 2170069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adom.202170069.

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van Geel, Wietse Fransiscus Michel, and René A. J. Janssen. "Probing the Density of States of Organic and Perovskite Semiconductors By Energy-Resolved Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 31 (2022): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01311332mtgabs.

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The performance of thin-film photovoltaic cells is closely related to the energy alignment of the absorber layers and charge collection layers used for constructing the device and is further influenced by the presence of energetic disorder and defects in the photoactive material. This especially holds for novel organic and perovskite semiconductors, where film processing conditions, such as solvents used, thermal or solvent vapor annealing, and aging of the active materials are known to have an influence on the device performance. Knowledge about the energy of the relevant frontier orbitals such as HOMO and LUMO for organic semiconductors,[1]and valence (VB) and conduction (CB) bands for perovskites is key to designing more efficient materials. In addition, the energetic disorder, such as broadening of the band edges and states that appear in the bandgap are strongly affecting solar cell efficiencies. Knowledge about the density of states close to and inside the bandgap is very relevant in this respect. In this work energy-resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ER-EIS) as advanced by Nádazdyet al.[2]is applied on various organic bulk-heterojunction and lead-halide perovskite semiconductors to map their energy landscape around and in the band gap. ER-EIS provides a direct electrochemical measurement of the HOMO/VB and LUMO/CB energies, but also resolves band tails and sub-bandgap states with a resolution of up to six orders of magnitude. This enables detection of subtle but important effects that are the consequence of layer processing conditions such as spin coat parameters, solvent combinations, thermal annealing time and temperature, and atmospheric exposure (vacuum, inert, air). We will present experiments that aim to quantify relative changes in the energy landscape due to varying processing conditions and assign physical meaning to these changes (e.g. morphology and (un)intentional doping). The systems under investigation are well-known donor-acceptor bulk-heterojunction (e.g., P3HT:PCBM and PM6:Y6) and triple-cation mixed-halide perovskites (CsFAMA). The results shed new light on largely unknown defect states in the bandgap of solution-processed semiconductors. [1] R. E. M. Willems, C. H. L. Weijtens, X. de Vries, R. Coehoorn, and R. A. J. Janssen, Relating frontier orbital energies from voltammetry and photoelectron spectroscopy to the open-circuit voltage of organic solar cells, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1803677. [2] V. Nádazdy, F. Schauer, and K. Gmucová, Energy resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for electronic structure mapping in organic semiconductors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 105, 142109.

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Lee, Jae-Ho, Kyungeun Jung, and Man-Jong Lee. "Influence of spin-coating methods on the properties of planar solar cells based on ambient-air-processed triple-cation mixed-halide perovskites." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 879 (October 2021): 160373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160373.

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Wu Jiayao, 吴嘉瑶, 韩锐鹏 Han Ruipeng, 冯艳琴 Feng Yanqin, 童荣景 Tong Rongjing, 赵明琳 Zhao Minglin та 戴俊 Dai Jun. "三元混合阳离子钙钛矿薄膜光学性质的椭偏研究". Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 59, № 11 (2022): 1131001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202259.1131001.

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Jacopo, Sala Maryamsadat Heydarian Stijn Lammar Yaser Abdulraheem Tom Aernouts Afshin Hadipour and Jef Poortmans. "Compositional Investigation for Bandgap Engineering of Wide Bandgap Triple Cation Perovskite." ACS Appl. Energy Mater., July 9, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c00810.

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Perovskite solar cells have shown their potential for multijunction applications due to their tunable bandgap. This research focuses on triple cation (3C) wide bandgap perovskites ranging from 1.6 to 1.76 eV, an ideal bandgap choice for 2-terminal tandems. The bandgap is changed via the X-site substitution of iodine (I) with bromine (Br) and via cation substitution, with various concentrations of cesium (Cs), methylammonium (MA), and formamidinium (FA). As a result, it is seen that cation engineering is a viable solution to fine-tune the bandgap and prevent a photoinduced segregation. Moreover, a champion efficiency of 18.3% is reported with a 1.67 eV bandgap.

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Khan, Mohd Taukeer, Naveen Harindu Hemasiri, Samrana Kazim, and Shahzada Ahmad. "Decoding the charge carrier dynamics in triple cation based perovskites solar cells." October 15, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5572552.

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Deciphering charge carrier dynamics in perovskites solar cells (PSCs) and electrical merits are essential to further improve the performance and operational stability. We investigated the charge carrier dynamics in triple cation-based PSCs through temperature dependence electrochemical impedance spectra, thermal admittance spectroscopy,  and space charge limited current (SCLC). The measured temperature dependence capacitance versus frequency (<em>C-f</em>) spectra reveal two kinds of activation process: (i) low-frequency at higher temperature (>260 K), and (ii) high-frequency at a lower temperature (< 260 K). The evaluated activation energy (E<sub>A</sub>) at a high temperature from all three experiments was found to be in the range of 0.255  – 0.266 eV, which corresponds to activate the migration of halide anion, whereas the low-temperature activation process stems from the trapping/de-trapping of electronic charges from shallow traps. The trap density of states in triple cation (10<sup>15 </sup>eV<sup>-1</sup>cm<sup>-3</sup>) was evaluated to be over two to six orders of magnitude lower than typically used single cation-based perovskites, while charge carrier mobility (5.76 × 10<sup>-3</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/V.s) evaluated from the SCLC technique was nearly an order of magnitude higher than single cation perovskites.

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McAndrews, Gabriel R., Boyu Guo, Daniel A. Morales, Aram Amassian, and Michael D. McGehee. "How the dynamics of attachment to the substrate influence stress in metal halide perovskites." APL Energy 1, no. 3 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0177697.

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Metal halide perovskites have the potential to contribute to renewable energy needs as a high efficiency, low-cost alternative for photovoltaics. Initial power conversion efficiencies are superb, but improvements to the operational stability of perovskites are needed to enable extensive deployment. Mechanical stress is an important, but often misunderstood factor impacting chemical degradation and reliability during thermal cycling of perovskites. In this manuscript, we find that a commonly used equation based on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between perovskite and substrate fails to accurately predict residual stress following solution-based film formation. For example, despite similar CTEs there is a 60 MPa stress difference between narrow bandgap “SnPb perovskite” Cs0.25FA0.75Sn0.5Pb0.5I3 and “triple cation perovskite” Cs0.05MA0.16FA0.79Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3. A combination of in situ absorbance and substrate curvature measurements are used to demonstrate that partial attachment prior to the anneal can reduce residual stress and explain wide stress variations in perovskites.

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Francesca, Fiorentino, D. Albaqami Munirah, Poli Isabella, and Petrozza Annamaria. "Thermal- and Light-Induced Evolution of the 2D/3D Interface in Lead-Halide Perovskite Films." September 29, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5594412.

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The instability of halide perovskites toward moisture is one of the main challenges in the field that needs to be overcome to successfully integrate these materials in commercially viable technologies. One of the most popular ways to ensure device stability is to form 2D/3D interfaces by using bulky organic molecules on top of the 3D perovskite thin film. Despite its promise, it is unclear whether this approach is able to avoid 3D bulk degradation under accelerated aging conditions, i.e., thermal stress and light soaking. In this regard, it is crucial to know whether the interface is structurally and electronically stable or not. In this work, we use the bulky phenethylammonium cation (PEA+) to form 2D layers on top of 3D single- and triple-cation halide perovskite films. The dynamical change of the 2D/3D interface is monitored under thermal stress and light soaking by in situ photoluminescence. We find that under pristine conditions the large organic cation diffuses only in 3D perovskite thin films of poor structural stability, i.e., single-cation MAPbI3. The same diffusion and a dynamical change of the crystalline structure of the 2D/3D interface are observed even on high-quality 3D films, i.e., triple-cation MAFACsPbI3, upon thermal stress at 85 °C and light soaking. Importantly,

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Nishida, Jun, Peter T. S. Chang, Jiselle Y. Ye, et al. "Nanoscale heterogeneity of ultrafast many-body carrier dynamics in triple cation perovskites." Nature Communications 13, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33935-0.

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AbstractIn high fluence applications of lead halide perovskites for light-emitting diodes and lasers, multi-polaron interactions and associated Auger recombination limit the device performance. However, the relationship of the ultrafast and strongly lattice coupled carrier dynamics to nanoscale heterogeneities has remained elusive. Here, in ultrafast visible-pump infrared-probe nano-imaging of the photoinduced carrier dynamics in triple cation perovskite films, a ~20 % variation in sub-ns relaxation dynamics with spatial disorder on tens to hundreds of nanometer is resolved. We attribute the non-uniform relaxation dynamics to the heterogeneous evolution of polaron delocalization and increasing scattering time. The initial high-density excitation results in faster relaxation due to strong many-body interactions, followed by extended carrier lifetimes at lower densities. These results point towards the missing link between the optoelectronic heterogeneity and associated carrier dynamics to guide synthesis and device engineering for improved perovskites device performance.

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Tien, Ching-Ho, Hong-Ye Lai, and Lung-Chien Chen. "Methylammonium halide salt interfacial modification of perovskite quantum dots/triple-cation perovskites enable efficient solar cells." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32697-z.

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AbstractPerovskite solar cells (PeSCs) have been introduced as a new photovoltaic device due to their excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low cost. However, due to the limitations of the perovskite film itself, the existence of defects was inevitable, which seriously affects the number and mobility of carriers in perovskite solar cells, thus restricting PeSCs improved efficiency and stability. Interface passivation to improve the stability of perovskite solar cells is an important and effective strategy. Here, we use methylammonium halide salts (MAX, X = Cl, Br, I) to effectively passivate defects at or near the interface of perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs)/triple-cation perovskite films. The MAI passivation layer increased the open circuit voltage of PeQDs/triple-cation PeSC by 63 mV up to 1.04 V, with a high short-circuit current density of 24.6 mA cm−2 and a PCE of 20.4%, which demonstrated a significant suppression of interfacial recombination.

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