Relevant bibliographies by topics / TRIPS Agreement/WTO

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'TRIPS Agreement/WTO'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "TRIPS Agreement/WTO"

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Cortés Martín, José Manuel. "The Wto Trips Agreement." Journal of World Intellectual Property 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2005): 287–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00210.x.

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Swaak-Goldman, Olivia Q. "Who Defines Members' Security Interest in the WTO?" Leiden Journal of International Law 9, no. 2 (June 1996): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156596000246.

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The European Community (EC) has recently announced its decision to begin dispute-resolution procedures in the World Trade Organization (WTO) against the United States (US) because of the latter's passage of the so-called ‘Helms-Burton’ law, which tightens the sanctions against Cuba by means of extraterritorial application. This will, in all probability, offer the WTO an ideal opportunity to define the limits of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade's (GATT) security exception. The security exception, contained in GATT Article XXI, is also included in other agreements annexed to the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement), such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). It provides an exception from all GATT (as well as GATS and TRIPs) obligations, including the all-important ‘most-favoured-nation’ non-discrimination rule. The security interests at issue must be those of a political, rather than an economic, nature. It should be noted that because there is no human rights and democracy exception to the GATT or other agreements annexed to the WTO Agreement, trade restrictions that are based either in whole or in part on these concerns, such as the measures against Cuba, are usually justified on the basis of the security exception.
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Sudjana, Sudjana. "PENEGAKAN HUKUM MEREK DALAM HUKUM INDONESIA TERHADAP PEMENUHAN KETENTUAN TRIPS- WTO." Res Nullius Law Journal 3, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/rnlj.v3i2.4659.

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Indonesia needs to apply the TRIPs-WTO Agreement in its national law because it has ratified the International Agreement through Law No. 7 of 1994. Therefore, this study raises issues regarding the application of the provisions of the WTO TRIPs Agreement on Trademarks in Indonesian Positive Law, and the Obstacles to the Indonesian Trademark Law in fulfilling the requirements in law enforcement as stipulated in the TRIPs-WTO agreement. The approach method used is juridical normative or doctrinal through a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The research was conducted through literature studies to examine primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials as well as data analysis methods carried out through qualitative normative. The results of the study show that the provisions of the TRIPs-WTO Agreement on Trademarks have been applied in Indonesian Positive Law and even exceed the minimum standards required by the International Agreement. The obstacles to the Indonesian Trademark Law to meet the requirements in law enforcement as stipulated in the TRIPs-WTO Agreement include legal substantiations, legal structures and legal culture of society.
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Geuze, M. "WTO dispute settlement practice relating to the trips agreement." Journal of International Economic Law 2, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 347–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/2.2.347.

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Abbott, Frederick M. "The WTO Medicines Decision: World Pharmaceutical Trade and the Protection of Public Health." American Journal of International Law 99, no. 2 (April 2005): 317–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1562501.

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On November 14,2001, the Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, adopted the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (Doha Declaration). The declaration affirms that the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights “can and should be interpreted and implemented in a manner supportive of WTO Members’ right to protect public health and, in particular, to promote access to medicines for all,” and it reaffirms that the Agreement “provide[s] flexibility for this purpose.” The Doha Declaration mandated further negotiations on one important subject, providing in its paragraph 6: “We recognize that WTO Members with insufficient or no manufacturing capacities in the pharmaceutical sector could face difficulties in making effective use of compulsory licensing under the TRIPS Agreement. We instruct the Council for TRIPS to find an expeditious solution to this problem … .“
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Kamiike, Atsuko. "The TRIPS Agreement and the Pharmaceutical Industry in India." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 32, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260107919875573.

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The World Trade Organization’s (WTO’s) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) calls for the harmonization of intellectual property rights (IPRs) regulations across all WTO member countries. The TRIPS Agreement requires all WTO member countries to adopt and enforce minimum standards of intellectual property. It was assumed that the introduction of pharmaceutical product patents would hamper the Indian pharmaceutical industry’s growth. Contrary to expectations, however, the Indian pharmaceutical industry has been growing in the post-TRIPS period. The TRIPS Agreement changed the research and development (R&D) orientation of Indian pharmaceutical companies, which have increased their R&D investments. Since the TRIPS Agreement was signed, the pharmaceutical global value chain (GVC) has been re-structured and has now expanded to emerging countries like India. Indian pharmaceutical firms have thus been participating in the pharmaceutical GVC in the post-TRIPS period. This participation is conducive to technological upgrading and technology transfers. While operating in the GVC, Indian pharmaceutical firms are upgrading by adopting state-of-the-art technologies. This study explores how the TRIPS Agreement is influencing the Indian pharmaceutical industry and discusses the industry’s growth factors in the post-TRIPS period within the GVC framework. JEL: L21, L24, L26, L65
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Perez, Alexia. "The Implementation of the Gatt/Wto Trips Agreement in Venezuela." Journal of World Intellectual Property 1, no. 5 (November 1, 2005): 747–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.1998.tb00033.x.

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Abbott, F. M. "ARE THE COMPETITION RULES IN THE WTO TRIPS AGREEMENT ADEQUATE?" Journal of International Economic Law 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 687–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/7.3.687.

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Sahai, Suman. "GATT/ WTO and the Trips Agreement: a South Asian Perspective." South Asia Economic Journal 1, no. 2 (September 2000): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/139156140000100203.

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Slade, Alison. "GOOD FAITH AND THE TRIPS AGREEMENT: PUTTING FLESH ON THE BONES OF THE TRIPS ‘OBJECTIVES’." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 63, no. 2 (April 2014): 353–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589314000098.

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AbstractThe WTO Panel decision inUnited States–Section 211 Omnibus Appropriations Act 1998provides an interesting, and as yet under-appreciated, explanation of the function of one of the most politically debated articles of the TRIPS Agreement—Article 7. This provision has received limited recognition from the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO. Consequently, the Panel's interpretation of Article 7 as an expression of thegood faithprinciple is noteworthy, and is one that is not disavowed by the Appellate Body. Not only does the Panel acknowledge Article 7 as an effective source of law within the international intellectual property system, but in doing so it introduces into the TRIPS Agreement legal concepts that are not explicit within the text. This has implications for the function of this provision and also for the nature of the obligations arising under the Agreement for Member States. This article analyses the potential significance of this development by defining the scope of the good faith principle within the TRIPS Agreement. Particular reference will also be made to the role Article 7, as an expression of the good faith principle, may have in the forthcoming WTO dispute against Australia and its law on plain packaging for tobacco products.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "TRIPS Agreement/WTO"

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Morais, Rafael Pinho Senra de. "Some losses brought out by the WTO agreement for TRIPs." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/176.

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The WTO established two rules concerning the international protection of the TRIPs - trade related intellectual property rights, which includes patents and copyrights. One of these rules is the non-discrimination, which has shown to be efficiency-enhancing in the context of trade tariff reductions. The other is the national-treatment commitment rule. We develop in this paper a simple framework to show that the extended version of this rule - which is nowadays being imposed to members - brings out a loss of economic efficiency and a reduction in the levels of protection of intellectual property rights worldwide. As a consequence, it tends to reduce the investments on Research and Development throughout the world. This exactly contradicts the objectives of the Agreement.
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Thomas, Kristie. "China's post-WTO intellectual property system : assessing compliance with the TRIPS agreement." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12621/.

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This thesis examines the system of intellectual property (IP) protection in contemporary China. The IP system has undergone a series of dramatic reforms in recent years, particularly as a result of China's accession to the World Trade Organisation. From December 2001, China is now committed to comply with the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). However, despite implementing TRIPS provisions into domestic legislation, infringements are still prevalent and criticism of the IP system continues. Therefore, this study aims to analyse China's compliance with the TRIPS Agreement in more detail using theories of compliance originating in international law and international relations, in order to understand this gap between implementation and compliance. Specifically, this study applies a comprehensive model of compliance previously applied to international environmental accords. This model incorporates consideration of the international IP environment and the TRIPS Agreement itself, as well as China-specific factors affecting TRIPS compliance. The model was tested using a combination of qualitative techniques, including an initial bilingual questionnaire, detailed follow-up interviews and analysis of a wide range of primary documents such as WTO papers, laws and regulations and case reports. Respondents participating in the study included legal and business professionals, both international and Chinese, with experience of the IP system in China. The qualitative data was coded and analysed using NVivo software and a model of TRIPS compliance in China created. The study concludes that previous studies of compliance with international obligations have been too narrow in scope and that a more inclusive approach to relevant factors is necessary. In terms of policy implications, this thesis will also suggest that external pressure alone will not achieve long-term changes in the IP system and that more cooperative initiatives are necessary in order to increase China's capacity, as well as intention, to fully comply with the TRIPS Agreement.
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Lundqvist, Erika. "The TRIPS Agreement and Access to HIV Medications: An ethical discussion." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21310.

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With over 30 million people infected with HIV today, it has become an epidemic. Without a cure, HIV continues to be a threat to health and development. In 1994, the TRIPS Agreement, administered by the World Trade Organization came into effect. The Agreement which aims inter-alia to increase patenting in order to promote research and development has been questioned in it's effects on affordable access to HIV medications in the least-developed and developing countries. In this thesis, the TRIPS Agreement's purposes are thus analysed according to two ethical theories and their modern versions, deontology and utilitarianism/consequentialism. This analysis is made in order to seek the ethical responsibilities that the World Trade Organization has in relation to the TRIPS Agreement. The thesis findings conclude through the careful consideration of each ethical theories, and by asking additional questions than those offered in the theories, that the WTO has the ethical responsibility to reform the TRIPS Agreement so as to, at the least, not include pharmaceutical products.
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Vašová, Dominika. "The Role of the WTO in Global Governance." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194540.

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This thesis deals with global governance and its changing structures reflected in the challenges to the functioning of post-war intergovernmental institutions. The main aim of the thesis is to find out whether the World Trade Organization is effective enough in dealing with emerging global issues, which is tested on the case study of the adoption of the TRIPS agreement with special focus on pharmaceuticals. In the first chapter, it provides a theoretical framework of the global governance theory and the means for evaluating the effectiveness of international institutions in global governance through input and output legitimacy. The second chapter deals with the role of the World Trade organization in global governance and evaluating its performance. The third chapter evaluates the role of the World Trade Organization in protection of intellectual property rights with focus on pharmaceuticals. The methods used in the thesis include analysis, synthesis, deduction while the research is supported with quantitative data, tables and case study.
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Willnegger, Eva. "Patents in the food sector a retrospective with special emphasis on the TRIPs agreement." Baden-Baden Nomos, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989829693/04.

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Mugambe, Lydia. "The exceptions to patent rights under the WTO-TRIPS Agreement : where is the right to health guaranteed?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/980.

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"The thesis of this study is that the flexibility within the exceptions to patent rights protecton under the TRIPS Agreement has not sufficiently been exploited at the national level. The study conceptualises the regimes for the protection of the right to health and IPRs not as mutually exclusive but as potentially reinforcing. The contention is therefore that the obligations in respect to the right to health limit the manner in which states can exercise the flexibilty within the patent regime of the TRIPS Agreement. Eventually the study seeks to answer the question: Where does the guarantee for the right to health lie in light of the TRIPS regime? ... The study is divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction. The introduction lays the background for te discussion. Chapter one deals with the definition of important concepts and provides the context in which the study is set. The chapter also discusses the background to the creation of the TRIPS Agreement, with an emphatic discussion on the involvement or lack thereof of Africn and other least developed and developing countries in this process. Chapter two discusses the patent rights exceptions clause under the TRIPS Agreement. Against this background, compuslory licensing, government use and parallel importing as means of making accessibility to drugs a reality under the TRIPS Agreement will be discussed. Chapter three identifies other means of making drugs more accessible and identifying places where they have worked well. In this chapter, generic substitution, establishemnt of a pricing committee, therapeutic value pricing, pooled procurement, negotiated procurement and planned donations will be discussed. Finally a conclusion will be drawn from the discussion and recommendations will be advanced." -- Chapter 1.
Prepared under the supervision of Riekie Wandrag at the Community Law Centre, University of Western Cape, South Africa
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2002.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Lilla, Paulo Eduardo de Campos. "Direitos de propriedade intelectual e o controle das práticas restritivas da concorrência à luz do acordo TRIPs/OMC." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-02122016-094148/.

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A presente tese de doutorado tem como objetivo a análise da interface entre propriedade intelectual e direito da concorrência no contexto do enquadramento jurídico oferecido pelo Acordo sobre Aspectos de Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio Acordo TRIPS da Organização Mundial do Comércio OMC. As disposições relevantes sobre concorrência foram incluídas no Artigo 8.2, que autoriza os Membros a adotarem medidas apropriadas para evitar abusos dos direitos de propriedade intelectual e práticas que restrinjam o comércio e a transferência internacional de tecnologia; no Artigo 40, que dispõe sobre o controle das práticas restritivas em acordos de licenciamento; e no Artigo 31(k), que trata do licenciamento compulsório de patentes para remediar práticas anticoncorrenciais. Essas disposições acabaram sendo incluídas no Acordo TRIPS como resultado de concessões feitas pelos países desenvolvidos aos países em desenvolvimento, em troca do fortalecimento dos padrões mínimos de proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual, podendo, portanto, ser consideradas no contexto das flexibilidades constantes no Acordo. No entanto, ainda que essas disposições representem um elemento essencial de equilíbrio, também deixaram importantes questões sem resposta. Além de serem vagas, não fornecem diretrizes adequadas para os países em desenvolvimento implementarem políticas públicas nacionais para coibir práticas restritivas da concorrência relacionadas à exploração de direitos de propriedade intelectual. Assim, enquanto os países mais industrializados possuem autoridades antitruste e tribunais com sólida experiência e recursos necessários para lidar com questões envolvendo a interface entre propriedade intelectual e direito da concorrência, os países em desenvolvimento, em sua maioria, mesmo possuindo leis antitruste nacionais, ainda não adquiriram a experiência e capacitação para tratar de tema tão complexo. Desse modo, a tese deverá abordar as circunstâncias nas quais eventuais abusos de direitos de propriedade intelectual podem restringir a livre concorrência nos mercados, com ênfase nas práticas restritivas em acordos de licenciamento, pools de patentes e licenças cruzadas, bem como nas condutas unilaterais de exclusão relacionadas à exploração desses direitos. Para tanto, propõe-se a interpretação dos dispositivos do TRIPS sobre concorrência a partir da experiência prática das autoridades antitruste e tribunais dos Estados Unidos e da União Europeia. Será também abordada a relação entre propriedade intelectual e direito da concorrência no contexto do ordenamento jurídico-constitucional brasileiro, especialmente a partir da Lei n.º 12.529/2011, nova lei antitruste que altera e define o Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência (SBDC), e de casos recentes julgados pelo Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE). Ao final, serão analisadas as possíveis abordagens que poderiam ser adotadas pelos países em desenvolvimento na implementação de políticas de concorrência nacionais, que sejam eficazes e compatíveis com o Acordo TRIPS, de modo a contribuir com eventuais discussões futuras sobre o tema em foros internacionais.
The purpose of this thesis is to assess the interface between intellectual property and competition law in light of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TRIPS Agreement of the World Trade Organization WTO. The provisions regarding competition were included in Article 8.2, which authorizes the Members to adopt appropriated measures to prevent abuses of intellectual property rights by right holders or practices which restrain trade and international transfer of technology; in the Article 40, which deals with the control of anti-competitive practices in contractual licenses; and Article 31(k), which deals with the compulsory licensing of patents to remedy a practice considered to be anti-competitive. These provisions were included in the TRIPS Agreement as a result of concessions made by the developed countries to the developed countries, in exchange for the strengthening of the minimal standards for the protection of intellectual property rights. Therefore, these provisions can be considered within the context of the flexibilities set forth in the Agreement. However, even if such provisions represent an essential element of balance, they also left important issues unanswered. Besides being vague, they do not provide adequate guidance for emerging countries to implement national public policies to prevent restrictive practices related with the exploitation of intellectual property rights. As a consequence, whereas the most industrialized countries already have antitrust authorities and courts with strong experience and the necessary resources to deal with issues related with the interface between intellectual property and competition law, most of the emerging countries, even those which have national antitrust laws, have not yet acquired experience and technical capacity to deal with such a complex matter. Thus, the thesis should tackle the circumstances in which possible abuses of intellectual property rights might restrain competition, especially with regard to restrictive practices in licensing agreements, cross-licenses and patent pools, and unilateral exclusionary abuses related with the exploitation of such rights. In this sense, it is proposed to interpret the provisions of TRIPS on competition from the practical experience of the antitrust authorities and courts of the United States and the European Union. We should also tackle the relationship between intellectual property and competition laws in the ambit of the Brazilian legal and constitutional system, especially with regard to Law No. 12.529/2011, the new Brazilian antitrust law, which alters and defines the Brazilian Defense of Competition System SBDC (Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência SBCD), as well as with regard to recent cases judged by the Administrative Counsel of Economic Defense CADE (Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica CADE). Finally, it will be examined possible approaches that could be adopted by developing countries in implementing national competition policies, effective and compatible with the TRIPS Agreement, so as to contribute to future discussions on the issue in international fora.
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Musungu, Sisule Fredrick. "The right to health in the global economy : reading human rights obligations into the patent regime of the WTO-TRIPS Agreement." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/931.

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"The implementation of the TRIPS Agreement, within the wider context of globalisation, has brought about a conflict between the obligation of states to promote and protect health and the achievement of economic goals pursued under the WTO regime. Since trade is the driving engine of globalisation, it is imperative that, at the very least, rules governing it do not violate human rights but rather promote them. The problem of IP and the right to health therefore lies in ensuring that the integration of economic rules and institutional operations in relation to IPRs coincide with states’ obligations to promote and protect public health. ... This study centres on the specific debate about health and IPRs in the context of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the WTO rules on IP protection. In terms of a human rights approach to the TRIPS Agreement, the ICESCR has been chosen for several reasons. First, the ICESCR specifically recognises both the right to health and the right to the protection of inventions in clearer terms than any other human rights instrument. Secondly, at least 111 of the state parties to the ICESCR are also members of the WTO including a large number of developing countries. Thirdly, if one sees the ICESCR as a vehicle for the fulfilment of the obligation to promote and protect human rights under the United Nations Organisation’s (UN) Charter, it can be argued that in line with article 103, the implementation and interpretation of TRIPS by all UN members states must take into account basic human rights. However, even with primary focus being on the ICESCR, most of the discussion on practical issues will focus on the experiences in Sub-Saharan Africa because the inequalities and problems of access to health care are most dramatically played out in this part of the world. The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between the obligation of states to progressively realise and guarantee the right to health, and the IP rules under the TRIPS Agreement. The specific objective is to examine the relationship between the exceptions under the TRIPS Agreement and the obligation to protect health and the identification of a consistent way of achieving a convergence between the implementation and interpretation of the rules of the two regimes in the area of health." -- Chapter 1
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2001.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Enga, Kameni Innocent. "TRIPS and the WTO August 2003 deal on medicines: is it a gift bound in a red tape to developing countries." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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Štrosová, Alžběta. "Práva k duševnímu vlastnictví v obchodních jednáních WTO." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-12294.

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The goal of this diploma thesis is to introduce the intellectual property rights protection in the member states of the World Trade Organization and the main agreement that regulates this area, i.e. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual property Rights. The only discussed topic in the current round of negotiations are geographical indications and the creation of multilateral system for notifying and registering geographical indications for wines and spirits. Moreover, the thesis deals with the work of the TRIPS Council and several disputes related to TRIPS fulfillment.
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Books on the topic "TRIPS Agreement/WTO"

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A handbook on the WTO TRIPS agreement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Taubman, Antony, Hannu Wager, and Jayashree Watal, eds. A Handbook on the WTO TRIPS Agreement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139150606.

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Korea (South). Tʻŭkhŏchʻŏng. Kukche Hyŏmnyŏk Tamdanggwansil. WTO TRIPS hyŏpchŏng chomunbyŏl haesŏl. [Seoul]: Tʻŭkhŏchʻŏng, 2004.

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Masiiwa, Medicine. WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): A users guide. Harare: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2002.

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Chouchena-Rojas, Martha. Disclosure requirements: Ensuring mutual supportiveness between the WTO TRIPS Agreement and the CBD. Edited by IUCN-The World Conservation Union. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 2005.

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WTO zheng duan jie jue ji zhi lun: Yi TRIPS xie ding wei li = On WTO Dispute settlement machenism : TRIPS agreement as example. Shanghai: Shanghai ren min chu ban she, 2008.

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Hermes, Christoph Julius. TRIPS im Gemeinschaftsrecht: Zu den innergemeinschaftlichen Wirkungen von WTO-Übereinkünften. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2002.

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Intellectual property rights, the WTO, and developing countries: The TRIPS agreement and policy options. London: Zed Books, 2000.

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Gorlin, Jacques J. An analysis of the pharmaceutical-related provisions of the WTO TRIPs (Intellectual Property) Agreement. [London?]: Intellectual Property Institute, 1999.

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Margono, Suyud. Hukum hak cipta Indonesia: Teori dan analisis harmonisasi ketentuan World Trade Organization/WTO-TRIPs Agreement. Ciawi, Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "TRIPS Agreement/WTO"

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Malhotra, Prabodh. "The WTO and the TRIPS Agreement." In Impact of TRIPS in India, 9–31. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230290747_2.

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Michalopoulos, Constantine. "The TRIPS Agreement and Developing Countries." In Developing Countries in the WTO, 129–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403907486_7.

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Michalopoulos, Constantine. "The TRIPS Agreement and Developing Countries." In Emerging Powers in the WTO, 161–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137297082_7.

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Koul, Autar Krishen. "WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement)." In Guide to the WTO and GATT, 505–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2089-7_30.

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Raith, Raimund. "The European Community, the WTO — Trips Agreement and the WIPO Conventions." In The European Union and the International Legal Order: Discord or Harmony?, 239–50. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-409-7_11.

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Frazão Leme, Letícia. "Flexibilities Under Article 39.3 of the TRIPS Agreement: Protection of Pharmaceutical Test Data and the Case of Brazil." In The WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism, 339–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03263-0_22.

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7

"Current TRIPS issues." In A Handbook on the WTO TRIPS Agreement, 216–53. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108883511.012.

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Taubman, Antony, Hannu Wager, and Jayashree Watal. "Current TRIPS issues." In A Handbook on the WTO TRIPS Agreement, 12. WTO, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/c2cb28ee-en.

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"Introduction to the TRIPS Agreement." In A Handbook on the WTO TRIPS Agreement, 1–38. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108883511.002.

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Taubman, Antony, Hannu Wager, and Jayashree Watal. "Introduction to the TRIPS Agreement." In A Handbook on the WTO TRIPS Agreement, 3. WTO, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/804ef615-en.

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