Journal articles: 'Trisyllabic'

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Benadon, Fernando. "Metrical perception of trisyllabic speech rhythms." Psychological Research 78, no. 1 (February 16, 2013): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-013-0480-1.

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Lahiri, Aditi, and Paula Fikkert. "Trisyllabic shortening in English: past and present." English Language and Linguistics 3, no. 2 (November 1999): 229–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674399000234.

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Trisyllabic shortening or TSS is one of the most controversial processes in the history of English. Time after time, claims have been made about quantity variations, attributing them either to trisyllabic shortening, closed syllable shortening, or other mechanisms. Our examination of the nature of TSS in the history of English leads us to conclude that it differs from closed syllable shortening, which is syllable based, and that the preference for a maximal foot has remained the underlying incentive for maintaining vowel quantity variations throughout the centuries. However, the prosodic system has undergone dramatic changes and many features of TSS in the older and modern stages are not the same. Older TSS affected mostly inflected native words, while in Modern English, TSS causes alternations in derivationally related words with Romance suffixes. Interacting with open syllable lengthening, older TSS led to quantity alternations in inflectional paradigms which were later levelled out. Romance loans, both suffixed and nonsuffixed forms, were borrowed in their entirety and constrained by the prosodic structure of the language. Only later, when these words came to be derivationally related, were quantity alternations observable with TSS operating as a constraint dictated by the prosodic structure of the modern language. Thus, throughout the history of English, TSS has served the same purpose: it led to the preferred prosodic structure of the word.

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Young-Kook Kwon and Ge-Soon Moon. "Notes on Trisyllabic Shortening in Early English." Korean Journal of Linguistics 39, no. 4 (December 2014): 701–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18855/lisoko.2014.39.4.001.

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Martínez-Paricio, Violeta, and Francesc Torres-Tamarit. "Trisyllabic hypocoristics in Spanish and layered feet." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 37, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 659–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-018-9413-4.

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Wang, Xiaomei, and Yen-Hwei Lin. "A unified approach to Tianjin trisyllabic tone sandhi: Metrical conditions and tonal complexity." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4063.

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Tianjin (Chinese) exhibits complex interactions among its disyllabic tone sandhi rules, leading to both left-to-right and right-to-left rule applications in trisyllabic sequences (cf. Chen 1986, X. Wang 2003). Which directionality to adopt for each particular trisyllabic sequence is arbitrary and cannot be accounted for by any known principles. Based on data from a recent acoustic study, our phonological analysis demonstrates that the seemingly ungoverned directionality is only apparent and that Tianjin tone sandhi rules apply only from left to right when both metrical and tonal complexity conditions are satisfied, thereby providing a unified account.

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Murray, Robert W. "The Shortening of Stressed Long Vowels in old English." Diachronica 5, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 73–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.5.1-2.05mur.

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SUMMARY Although it is generally assumed that shortening of stressed vowels in Old English occurred in two environments (viz. preceding two consonants in trisyllabic words, e.g., samcucu and preceding three consonants in disyllabic words, e.g., broemblas, godspell ), it is argued in this paper that the weight of the two environments cannot be considered equal in terms of a syllabic phonology since the postulation of syllable structures is required which cannot be justified for pre-Old English; e.g., Vmb$lV and Vds$pV. It turns out that a re-examination of exemplary cases leaves the claim that shortening occurred in disyllabics preceding three consonants unsupported for two reasons. Firstly, a variety of evidence indicates the appropriateness of a trisyllabic reconstruction for sequences of the type VmblV (i.e., as Vm$bl$(1)V), thus allowing their inclusion with the other trisyllabic structures. Secondly, shortening in godspell can be viewed as a special case resulting from lexical contamination of original god with god. The phonological shortening of the trisyllablcs is seen as the first round in a series where shortening generalized from heavier to lighter environments. RÉSUMÉ Même s'il est généralement accepté que l'abrègement des voyelles toniques en ancien anglais se produit dans deux environnements différents (avant deux consonnes dans les trisyllabes, par exemple samcucu, et avant trois consonnes dans les disyllabes, par exemple broemblas, godspell), le présent exposé démontre que le poids de ces deux environnements ne peut être considéré égal en termes de phonologie syllabique puisqu'il présuppose la présence d'une structure syllabique qui ne peut être justifiée en ancien anglais (par exemple, Vmb$lV et Vds$pV). Une re-examination de ces cas démontre que l'abrègement des voyelles tonales dans les dissyllabes lorsqu'elles précèdent trois consonnes est une hypothèse sans fondement. Un nombre de phénomènes suggèrent que la reconstruction trisyllabique pour les séquences du genre VmblV (i.e., Vm$bl $(1)V) est appropriée et nous permet de les inclure parmis les autres structures trissyllabiques, alors que l'abrègement de godspell peut être perçu comme un cas spécial résultant de la contamination lexicale entre god et god. L'abrègement dans les formes trisyllabiques est donc perçu comme étant la première étape d'une série de développements, où les abrègements se sont généralisés à partir des environnements syllabiques 'lourds', jusqu'aux environnements syllabiques 'légers'. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Es wird gewöhnlich angenommen, daß die Verkürzung der betonten Vokale im Altenglischen in zwei Umgebungen stattfand; nämlich in drei-silbigen Wôrtern vor zwei Konsonanten (z.B. samcucu) und in zweisilbigen Wörtern vor drei Konsonanten (z.B. broemblas, godspell ). In diesem Aufsatz wird gezeigt, daB das Gewicht dieser zwei Umgebungen in einer Silbenphonologie nicht gleichgestellt werden können, da Silbenstrukturen (z.B. Vmb$lV und Vds$pV) erforderlich wären, die für das Altenglische nicht gerechtfertigt werden können. Tatsächlich liefert eine Nachprüfung der Muster-beispiele keine Unterstützung für die Annahme einer frühen Verkürzung der Vokallänge in zweisilbigen Wörtern vor drei Konsonanten. Im Fall einer Folge VmblV hingegen rechtfertigt eine Reihe von Tatsachen eine dreisilbige Rekonstruktion, d.h. Vm$bl $(1)V; folglich können diese Strukturen den anderen dreisilbigen zugeordnet werden. AuBerdem muß die Verkürzung in godspell als eine Art lexikalische Kontamination von god mit god betrachtet werden. Die Verkürzung dieser dreisilbigen Wôrter wird als Anfang eines Ent-wicklungsgangs betrachtet, wobei die Verkürzung zuerst schwere Umgebungen und dann immer leichtere Umgebungen betrifft.

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Potisuk, Siripong, Jack Gandour, and Mary P. Harper. "Contextual Variations in Trisyllabic Sequences of Thai Tones." Phonetica 54, no. 1 (1997): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000262208.

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Chung, Chin-Wan. "A Foot-Based Approach to Trisyllabic Shortening in English." Journal of Mirae English Language and Literature 24, no. 4 (November 30, 2019): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.46449/mjell.2019.11.24.4.99.

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Wee, Lian Hee. "Casual speech elision and tone sandhi in Tianjin trisyllabic sequences." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1, no. 1 (September 5, 2014): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.1.1.03wee.

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In the Tianjin dialect, casual utterance of familiar trisyllabic sequences often induces deletion of phonological segments so that for a trisyllabic string, the non-final syllables would merge into a single syllable. This elide-and-merge process interacts with the rich Tianjin tone sandhi system to produce rather complicated patterns. In this paper, casual speech elision is shown to fall out straightforwardly from a model that recognizes morae as associated with segments and also as tone-bearing units. Thus, elision of morae also removes tonal features. While this understanding provides a clear description of the patterns, it also reveals an ordering paradox: sandhi applies before elision in some cases, but after elision in others. The paradox is resolved by favoring the order that produces a contour tone for the merged syllable. An explanation for this can be found if one recognizes that Tianjin is prosodically iambic.

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ARCIULI, Joanne, Lucia COLOMBO, and Luca SURIAN. "Lexical stress contrastivity in Italian children with autism spectrum disorders: an exploratory acoustic study." Journal of Child Language 47, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 870–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000795.

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AbstractWe investigated production of lexical stress in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD), all monolingual Italian speakers. The mean age of the 16 autistic children was 5.73 years and the mean age of the 16 typically developing children was 4.65 years. Picture-naming targets were five trisyllabic words that began with a weak–strong pattern of lexical stress across the initial two syllables (WS: matita) and five trisyllabic words beginning with a strong–weak pattern (SW: gomito). Acoustic measures of the duration, fundamental frequency, and intensity of the first two vowels for correct word productions were used to calculate a normalised Pairwise Variability Index (PVI) for WS and SW words. Results of acoustic analyses indicated no statistically significant group differences in PVIs. Results should be interpreted in line with the exploratory nature of this study. We hope this study will encourage additional cross-linguistic studies of prosody in children's speech production.

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Xu, Dawei, Hiroki Mori, and Hideki Kasuya. "Generative model of F0 change field for Mandarin trisyllabic words." Acoustical Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (2004): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1250/ast.25.210.

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Houston, Derek, Lynn Santelmann, and Peter Jusczyk. "English-learning infants’ segmentation of trisyllabic words from fluent speech." Language and Cognitive Processes 19, no. 1 (February 2004): 97–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690960344000143.

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Aslin, Richard N., Jenny R. Saffran, and Elissa L. Newport. "Computation of Conditional Probability Statistics by 8-Month-Old Infants." Psychological Science 9, no. 4 (July 1998): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00063.

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A recent report demonstrated that 8-month-olds can segment a continuous stream of speech syllables, containing no acoustic or prosodic cues to word boundaries, into wordlike units after only 2 min of listening experience (Saffran, Aslin, & Newport, 1996). Thus, a powerful learning mechanism capable of extracting statistical information from fluent speech is available early in development. The present study extends these results by documenting the particular type of statistical computation—transitional (conditional) probability—used by infants to solve this word-segmentation task. An artificial language corpus, consisting of a continuous stream of trisyllabic nonsense words, was presented to 8-month-olds for 3 min. A postfamiliarization test compared the infants' responses to words versus part-words (trisyllabic sequences spanning word boundaries). The corpus was constructed so that test words and part-words were matched in frequency, but differed in their transitional probabilities. Infants showed reliable discrimination of words from part-words, thereby demonstrating rapid segmentation of continuous speech into words on the basis of transitional probabilities of syllable pairs.

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Celikgun, Bahtiyar, and M. Tayyar Kalcioglu. "Assessment of Discrimination Ability in Ipsilateral and Contralateral Ears with a Unilateral Bone-Anchored Hearing System." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 96, no. 8 (August 2017): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556131709600816.

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This study aimed to determine the speech discriminatory ability of the contralateral ear of users of a unilateral bone-anchored hearing system (BAHS). The Oticon Medical Ponto Pro/Ponto Pro Power device brand was used for all patients. Five BAHS users (3 men, 2 women) participated in the study. Pure-tone air-conduction thresholds at 250 to 6,000 Hz, masked and unmasked bone-conduction thresholds at 250 to 4,000 Hz, and participants’ speech discrimination scores in both ears were determined. Speech discrimination tests were carried out in a silent environment with monosyllabic and trisyllabic word lists. After this, the ipsilateral ear (the BAHS side) was masked with wide-band noise using an insert earphone, and the word tests were repeated. A mild decrease was observed in monosyllabic words in ipsilateral masking; however, this was not found to be statistically significant. Conversely, a decrease was not observed in the repetition of trisyllabic words in any participants, even under high-level ipsilateral masking. These results suggested that unilateral BAHS application could prevent or reduce the neural deprivation of the contralateral ear.

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ZULPIYE, Aman, Hamdulla ASKAR, and Tursu DILMURAT. "Acoustic analysis of prosodic features of trisyllabic words in Uyghur language." Journal of Computer Applications 29, no. 7 (July 30, 2009): 2032–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2009.02032.

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Nissen, Shawn L., Richard W. Harris, Lara-Jill Jennings, Dennis L. Eggett, and Holly Buck. "Psychometrically equivalent trisyllabic words for speech reception threshold testing in Mandarin." International Journal of Audiology 44, no. 7 (January 2005): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14992020500147672.

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Yu, Caili. "The Combinatorial Order and Word Structure in Trisyllabic Sino-Korean Color Terms." Korean Linguistics 72 (August 31, 2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20405/kl.2016.08.72.121.

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Lee, Jeong-Hwa, and Seok-Chae Rhee. "Acoustic analysis of Korean trisyllabic words produced by English and Korean speakers." Phonetics and Speech Sciences 10, no. 2 (June 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/ksss.2018.10.2.001.

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Lee, Jeong-Hwa, and Seok-Chae Rhee. "Acoustic analysis of Korean trisyllabic words produced by English and Korean speakers." Phonetics and Speech Sciences 10, no. 2 (June 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/ksss.2018.10.2.1.

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황보영식. "An analysis of stress patterns of trisyllabic proper nouns from the English Bible." Studies in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology 24, no. 3 (December 2018): 425–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17959/sppm.2018.24.3.425.

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Cho, Taehong, Jiseung Kim, and Sahyang Kim. "Preboundary lengthening and preaccentual shortening across syllables in a trisyllabic word in English." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (May 2013): EL384—EL390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4800179.

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Cabré, Teresa, Francesc Torres-Tamarit, and Maria del Mar Vanrell. "Hypocoristic truncation in Sardinian." Linguistics 59, no. 3 (April 30, 2021): 683–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2021-0061.

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Abstract This article focuses on hypocoristic truncation in Sardinian. Besides disyllabic truncation, hypocoristic truncation in Sardinian also yields trisyllabic truncated forms by means of a process of reduplicative prefixation (e.g., Totore ← Servatore) and, more interestingly, a process of copy of what is analyzed as an internally layered ternary foot (e.g., (Va(tore)) ← Servatore). In this paper we develop an OT analysis of hypocoristic truncation based on output-output correspondence relations between bases and truncated morphemes that gives further support to internally layered ternary feet in the domain of the phonology–morphology interface.

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T., Opoola Bolanle, and Olaide Oladimeji. "Vowel Elision in Ikhin, an Edoid Language in South-south Nigeria." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1203.04.

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In this paper, attention is on the basic factors that come into force in determining whether or not vowel will elide and which of the V1 and V2 in a sequence should disappear in any environment. This paper also examines the phonological, morphological and syntactic reasons behind vowel elision as a syllable structure process in Ikhin language. As in the case of related African languages that have been previously described by various scholars, this paper presents how vowel elision works in Ikhin and the problems arising from its analysis. In this study, the focus is on the explanation and analysis of factors such as boundary, morpheme structure and vowel quality which actually determine whether or not elision should take place in Ikhin. Apart from factors such as vowel quality and boundary, one other factor with respect to elision or glide formation is the syllable structure of the verbs and nouns in Ikhin. Ikhin nouns are either disyllabic i.e. V(C)V or trisyllabic, etc. It is argued that the operation of vowel elision is blocked in disyllabic nouns as /i/, /o/ and /u/ form glides when either of them occurs as V1 whereas vowel elision rather than glide formation takes place in trisyllabic nouns. The study concludes based on data not previously discussed in the language that elision is driven by syllable-based and syntactic-based analyses and that a major strategy of discouraging vowel cluster in Ikhin is vowel elision because the syllable structure of the language prohibits cluster of vowels within word or across word boundary.

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Mora-Marín, David F. "The regularizing, analogical effect of metathesis in Modern Ch'ol (Mayan): The cases of 7ejk'ach ‘fingernail, claw’ and 7ik'oty ‘with, and’." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 66, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2021.20.

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AbstractThis article examines two instances of metathesis that have occurred in Ch'ol (Mayan) since the late 18th century. While at first, they may seem to be cases of irregular, sporadic change, a closer look at constraints involving ejective consonants within disyllabic and trisyllabic roots or stems suggests that these cases conform to a regular pattern within Ch'ol, and more generally, Mayan languages, in which reflexes of *q’ or *k’ are preferred in medial position in disyllabic roots with a medial glottalized consonant. The data support Hume's (2004) attestation assumption for metathesis, as well as Hock's (1985) structural motivation.

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Burusphat, Somsonge, and Qin Xiaohang. "Syntactic Patterns of Zhuang Idioms." MANUSYA 12, no. 3 (2009): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01203004.

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This paper describes idioms of the northern Zhuang language. Zhuang idioms are analyzed into two major types, based on syntactic structure: trisyllabic idioms and polysyllabic idioms. Tri-syllabic idioms are short, fixed common expressions consisting of a single predicate. The polysyllabic idioms comprise tetrasyllabic idioms, pentasyllabic idioms, hexasyllabic idioms, and heptasyllabic idioms. The polysyllabic idioms display four syntactic patterns, i.e., serial pattern, causative pattern, topicalized pattern, and condensed pattern. Semantically, the meanings of Zhuang idioms are not the sum of their component part but must be metaphorically interpreted as a whole. The function of Zhuang idioms is to increase effectiveness and rhetorical force in oral and literary communication.

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최금단. "A Comparative Study of the Trisyllabic Words with same form-morpheme and same meaning in Modern Chinese and the Trisyllabic Korean Words Written in Chinese Characters with same form-morpheme and same meaning." Cross-Cultural Studies 25, no. ll (December 2011): 743–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21049/ccs.2011.25..743.

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Xie, Pengxuan. "Learning Mandarin tones through pitch-time diagrams: A computer-assisted visual approach." Global Chinese 6, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glochi-2020-0015.

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Abstract A notable feature of spoken Mandarin by many non-tonal language learners of Mandarin is incorrect or inaccurate tones. This contributes to significant impediments to effective communication by creating confusion, due to the fact that tones in Mandarin serve a lexical purpose. The problem is exacerbated by the relatively small number of Mandarin syllables. Traditionally, tones are taught by the classical aural process of “listen and repeat” in the classroom with the help of a language instructor and supplemented by out-of-classroom practice using model audio recordings. Both modes require learners to aurally detect the differences between tones and to imitate what they hear. With the wide availability of personal computers, computer-aided tone acquisition is an alternative to the “listen and repeat” method. The aim is to display and correlate the phonetic counterpart of tones, namely their pitch-time diagrams (also known as Fo diagrams). This provides visual feedback to guide learners to produce the correct tones through imitation of the correct pitch-time diagrams. While the pitch range of the Mandarin tones is well defined by Chao’s 5-level tone value scale for the four full tones, their corresponding pitch-time diagrams are not exactly the same as Chao’s tone diagrams. With disyllabic and trisyllabic Mandarin words, the pitch-time diagrams of the constituent syllables deviates even more from their tone diagram counterparts due to various coarticulation effects. This paper reports on a quantitative study of the tone values of single syllable, disyllabic and trisyllabic Mandarin words extracted from their pitch-time diagrams. The understanding of the results based on previous phonological studies is also provided. The results point to the effectiveness of pitch-time diagrams as a visual feedback tool for tone acquisition.

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Carlo, Mitzarie A., Richard H. Wilson, and Albert Villanueva-Reyes. "Psychometric Characteristics of Spanish Monosyllabic, Bisyllabic, and Trisyllabic Words for Use in Word-Recognition Protocols." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 31, no. 07 (June 2, 2020): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709446.

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Abstract Background English materials for speech audiometry are well established. In Spanish, speech-recognition materials are not standardized with monosyllables, bisyllables, and trisyllables used in word-recognition protocols. Purpose This study aimed to establish the psychometric characteristics of common Spanish monosyllabic, bisyllabic, and trisyllabic words for potential use in word-recognition procedures. Research Design Prospective descriptive study. Study Sample Eighteen adult Puerto Ricans (M = 25.6 years) with normal hearing [M = 7.8-dB hearing level (HL) pure-tone average] were recruited for two experiments. Data Collection and Analyses A digital recording of 575 Spanish words was created (139 monosyllables, 359 bisyllables, and 77 trisyllables), incorporating materials from a variety of Spanish word-recognition lists. Experiment 1 (n = 6) used 25 randomly selected words from each of the three syllabic categories to estimate the presentation level ranges needed to obtain recognition performances over the 10 to 90% range. In Experiment 2 (n = 12) the 575 words were presented over five 1-hour sessions using presentation levels from 0- to 30-dB HL in 5-dB steps (monosyllables), 0- to 25-dB HL in 5-dB steps (bisyllables), and −3- to 17-dB HL in 4-dB steps (trisyllables). The presentation order of both the words and the presentation levels were randomized for each listener. The functions for each listener and each word were fit with polynomial equations from which the 50% points and slopes at the 50% point were calculated. Results The mean 50% points and slopes at 50% were 8.9-dB HL, 4.0%/dB (monosyllables), 6.9-dB HL, 5.1%/dB (bisyllables), and 1.4-dB HL, 6.3%/dB (trisyllables). The Kruskal–Wallis test with Mann–Whitney U post-hoc analysis indicated that the mean 50% points and slopes at the 50% points of the individual word functions were significantly different among the syllabic categories. Although significant differences were observed among the syllabic categories, substantial overlap was noted in the individual word functions, indicating that the psychometric characteristics of the words were not dictated exclusively by the syllabic number. Influences associated with word difficulty, word familiarity, singular and plural form words, phonetic stress patterns, and gender word patterns also were evaluated. Conclusion The main finding was the direct relation between the number of syllables in a word and word-recognition performance. In general, words with more syllables were more easily recognized; there were, however, exceptions. The current data from young adults with normal hearing established the psychometric characteristics of the 575 Spanish words on which the formulation of word lists for both threshold and suprathreshold measures of word-recognition abilities in quiet and in noise and other word-recognition protocols can be based.

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DEMUTH, KATHERINE, and ANNIE TREMBLAY. "Prosodically-conditioned variability in children's production of French determiners." Journal of Child Language 35, no. 1 (January 3, 2008): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000907008276.

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ABSTRACTResearchers have long noted that children's grammatical morphemes are variably produced, raising questions about when and how grammatical competence is acquired. This study examined the spontaneous production of determiners by two French-speaking children aged 1 ; 5–2 ; 5. It found that determiners were produced earlier with monosyllabic words, and later with disyllabic and trisyllabic words. This suggests that French-speaking children's early determiners are prosodically licensed as part of a binary foot, with determiners appearing more consistently only once prosodic representations become more complex. This study therefore provides support for the notion that grammatical morphemes first appear in prosodically licensed contexts, suggesting that some of the early variability in morphological production is systematic and predictable.

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Treiman, R., C. A. Fowler, J. Gross, D. Berch, and S. Weatherston. "Syllable Structure or Word Structure? Evidence for Onset and Rime Units with Disyllabic and Trisyllabic Stimuli." Journal of Memory and Language 34, no. 1 (February 1995): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1995.1007.

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Kim, Sung Yeon, and Eunjin Oh. "Knowledge of word stress patterns in English in Korean Learners: The case of English trisyllabic nouns." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146, no. 4 (October 2019): 2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5136854.

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ZAHNER, KATHARINA, MUNA SCHÖNHUBER, and BETTINA BRAUN. "The limits of metrical segmentation: intonation modulates infants' extraction of embedded trochees." Journal of Child Language 43, no. 6 (December 18, 2015): 1338–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000915000744.

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AbstractWe tested German nine-month-olds’ reliance on pitch and metrical stress for segmentation. In a headturn-preference paradigm, infants were familiarized with trisyllabic words (weak–strong–weak (WSW) stress pattern) in sentence-contexts. The words were presented in one of three naturally occurring intonation conditions: one in which high pitch was aligned with the stressed syllable and two misalignment conditions (with high pitch preceding vs. following the stressed syllable). Infants were tested on the SW unit of the WSW carriers. Experiment 1 showed recognition only when the stressed syllable was high-pitched. Intonation of test items (similar vs. dissimilar to familiarization) had no influence (Experiment 2). Thus, German nine-month-olds perceive stressed syllables as word onsets only when high-pitched, although they already generalize over different pitch contours. Different mechanisms underlying this pattern of results are discussed.

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Zirnask, Tatiana. "Rõhk ja kestus mokša keele Kesk-Vadi murdes." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2010): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2010.1.1.06.

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In Moksha, methods of experimental phonetics have not been systematically used to study prosody. Fragmentary data available on stress, which were based on durational measurements in Mid-Vad, show that duration might be an important stress correlate. This article treats the relationship between stress and duration in Mid-Vad by using sets of measurement data. It focuses on vowel durations measured in mono-, di-, and trisyllabic words of different structure, which were read in a frame sentence by two speakers. Vowel durations were found to depend on stress – vowels in stressed syllables were longer than in unstressed syllables. Variation was related to word structure – e.g. high vowels (having lower intrinsic duration than low and mid vowels) under stress were as long as unstressed low and mid vowels. The results are useful for the development of prosody research in Moksha

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Marie, Céline, Cyrille Magne, and Mireille Besson. "Musicians and the Metric Structure of Words." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 2 (February 2011): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21413.

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The present study aimed to examine the influence of musical expertise on the metric and semantic aspects of speech processing. In two attentional conditions (metric and semantic tasks), musicians listened to short sentences ending in trisyllabic words that were semantically and/or metrically congruous or incongruous. Both ERPs and behavioral data were analyzed and the results were compared to previous nonmusicians' data. Regarding the processing of meter, results showed that musical expertise influenced the automatic detection of the syllable temporal structure (P200 effect), the integration of metric structure and its influence on word comprehension (N400 effect), as well as the reanalysis of metric violations (P600 and late positivities effects). By contrast, results showed that musical expertise did not influence the semantic level of processing. These results are discussed in terms of transfer of training effects from music to speech processing.

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Franco, Ana, Julia Eberlen, Arnaud Destrebecqz, Axel Cleeremans, and Julie Bertels. "Rapid Serial Auditory Presentation." Experimental Psychology 62, no. 5 (November 2015): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000295.

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Abstract. The Rapid Serial Visual Presentation procedure is a method widely used in visual perception research. In this paper we propose an adaptation of this method which can be used with auditory material and enables assessment of statistical learning in speech segmentation. Adult participants were exposed to an artificial speech stream composed of statistically defined trisyllabic nonsense words. They were subsequently instructed to perform a detection task in a Rapid Serial Auditory Presentation (RSAP) stream in which they had to detect a syllable in a short speech stream. Results showed that reaction times varied as a function of the statistical predictability of the syllable: second and third syllables of each word were responded to faster than first syllables. This result suggests that the RSAP procedure provides a reliable and sensitive indirect measure of auditory statistical learning.

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Tremblay, Annie, and Nathan Owens. "The role of acoustic cues in the development of (non-)target-like second-language prosodic representations." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 55, no. 1 (March 2010): 85–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100001389.

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AbstractThis study investigates the acquisition of English (primary) word stress by native speakers of Canadian French, with focus on the trochaic foot and the alignment of its head with heavy syllables. L2 learners and native English speakers produced disyllabic and trisyllabic nonsense nouns. The participants with consistent stress patterns were grouped according to their prosodic grammar, and their productions were analyzed acoustically. The results indicate that the L2 learners who failed to align the head of the trochaic foot with the heavy syllable realized stress with higher pitch. Conversely, the L2 learners who aligned the head of the trochaic foot with the heavy syllable realized non-initial stress by lengthening the syllable. Surprisingly, the native speakers produced higher pitch on the initial syllable irrespective of stress, and they used length to realize stress oh the heavy syllable. These findings suggest that L2 learners may have reached different prosodic grammars as a result of attending to distinct acoustic cues to English stress.

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Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo. "Prosodic optimization: the Middle English length adjustment." English Language and Linguistics 2, no. 2 (November 1998): 169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000848.

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During late Old and Middle English, the distribution of short and long vowels in stressed syllables was profoundly altered. The changes involved have traditionally been understood as conspiring to optimize syllable quantity according to the position of the syllable in the word. However, Minkova's reformulation of so-called Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL) as a purely compensatory process appears difficult to reconcile with the traditional approach, which has recently been further compromised by suggestions that Trisyllabic Shortening was not a genuine historical sound change. In this article, Minkova's analysis is supported with new evidence of phonological conditioning behind the irregular lengthening of unapocopated disyllabic stems (e.g. raven vs heaven, body, gannet). I propose solutions to Riad's ‘data problem’ and ‘analytical problem’. Optimality Theory allows Minkova's revised statement of MEOSL to be integrated into a broader, non-teleological account of late Old and Middle English quantitative developments, including coverage of processes of lexical change such as borrowing and diffusion.

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Cason, Nia, Muriel Marmursztejn, Mariapaola D’Imperio, and Daniele Schön. "Rhythmic Abilities Correlate with L2 Prosody Imitation Abilities in Typologically Different Languages." Language and Speech 63, no. 1 (February 13, 2019): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830919826334.

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While many studies have demonstrated the relationship between musical rhythm and speech prosody, this has been rarely addressed in the context of second language (L2) acquisition. Here, we investigated whether musical rhythmic skills and the production of L2 speech prosody are predictive of one another. We tested both musical and linguistic rhythmic competences of 23 native French speakers of L2 English. Participants completed perception and production music and language tests. In the prosody production test, sentences containing trisyllabic words with either a prominence on the first or on the second syllable were heard and had to be reproduced. Participants were less accurate in reproducing penultimate accent placement. Moreover, the accuracy in reproducing phonologically disfavored stress patterns was best predicted by rhythm production abilities. Our results show, for the first time, that better reproduction of musical rhythmic sequences is predictive of a more successful realization of unfamiliar L2 prosody, specifically in terms of stress-accent placement.

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Tang, Ping, Ivan Yuen, Nan Xu Rattanasone, Liqun Gao, and Katherine Demuth. "The acquisition of phonological alternations: The case of the Mandarin tone sandhi process." Applied Psycholinguistics 40, no. 6 (September 16, 2019): 1495–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716419000353.

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AbstractPhonological processes can pose a learning challenge for children, where the surface form for an underlying contrast may vary as a function of the phonological environment. Mandarin tone sandhi is a complex phonological process that requires knowledge about both the tonal and the prosodic context in which it applies. The present study explored the productive knowledge of tone sandhi processes by 108 3- to 5-year-old Mandarin-speaking children and 33 adults. Participants were asked to produce novel tone sandhi compounds in different tonal contexts and prosodic structures. Acoustic analysis showed that 3-year-olds have abstracted the tone sandhi process and can productively apply it to novel disyllabic words across tonal contexts. However, even 5-year-olds still differed from adults in applying tone sandhi in response to the trisyllabic prosodic structure. The results are discussed in terms of the factors that influence how tone sandhi processes, and phonological alternations more generally, are acquired.

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Borea, Marco. "Longueur du mot et déficit accentuel: le cas de la clausule du trimètre et du choliambe." Rhythmica. Revista Española de Métrica Comparada, no. 16 (February 20, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rhythmica.23921.

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Les mots longs sont rares à la clausule dutrimètre iambique grec. Leur longueur compense en quelquesorte le déficit accentuel qu’ils entraînent. Le choliambe,quant à lui, s’écarte de cette tendance et affectionne untype prosodique précis, le trisyllabe, en le dotant d’unepolymorphie accentuelle remarquable.Longs words seldom occur in the clausula ofthe iambic trimeter. Word length is offset by the accentualdeficiency they bring about. The choliambus, though, quitediverges from this tendency and show a preference for aspecific prosodic type, the trisyllable, which it provides witha relevant accentual polymorphism.

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Piazzalunga, Silvia, Lisa Previtali, Raffaella Pozzoli, Letizia Scarponi, and Antonio Schindler. "An articulatory-based disyllabic and trisyllabic Non-Word Repetition test: reliability and validity in Italian 3- to 7-year-old children." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 33, no. 5 (November 2, 2018): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2018.1542542.

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ALQAHTANI, MUFLEH, and Rebecca Musa. "Vowel Epenthesis in Arabic Loanwords in Hausa." International Journal of Linguistics 7, no. 2 (April 24, 2015): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v7i2.6442.

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Vowel epenthesis is discussed in this paper as a phonological process utilized to avoid codas in Arabic loanwords in Hausa language in light of Optimality Theory (OT), as an analytical framework, even though this language permits codas in heavy syllables of the form CVC (Caron, 2011). This process results in having disyllabic, trisyllabic, or qadri-syllabic words (words with four syllables) depending on the forms of Arabic loanwords as well as mono-syllabic words with final bi-consonant clusters. This study primarily relies on extant literature including theses, books, articles. Furthermore, the authors’ intuition is crucially deemed the judge on the facts of the data . This paper concludes that codas in Arabic loanwords in Hausa motivate vowel epenthesis either once or twice, depending on the forms of words; i.e. disyllabic or monosyllabic. Also, the number of vowel insertion depends on the number of consonants in the coda postion, i.e. /CVCC/→ vowel epenthesis→ [CVC.CV] or [CV.CV.CV].

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IWATA, Ray. "Dialect Contact and the Production of Contaminated Forms — A Reconstruction of the History of Chinese Words for “Knee”." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 1, no. 2 (January 24, 2007): 117–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-90000021.

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This paper attempts to reconstruct the history of Chinese words for “knee” by using the methodology of linguistic geography. Word forms are classified into five major types according to morphological features, and then their geographical distributions are observed. Observation suggests that dialect contact produces various types of “contaminated” forms (linguistic blends) in Chinese dialects. Three types of blend formations are discernible: prefixed, infixed and suffixed types. As a rule, the dialects accept part of the new form, which is transmitted from the adjacent areas, as conforming to the morphology of the original form. The suffixed-type blending is currently distributed along the Changjiang basin. The infixed-type is typical of the Wu dialects, which is assumed to have accepted the northern form [kʰɑ] as the second component of a trisyllabic structure. The prefixed-type is currently observable in some northern dialects, and it is assumed that the same process might have once occurred in the northern area, where the unaspirated prefix [kɑk] changed to the aspirated one, i.e., [kʰɑk], due to contamination by the form [kʰɑ]. The etymology and historical formation of the newest type, “p-l-k” > “k-l-p”, is also discussed. Finally, historical changes of the “knee” forms are reconstructed.

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Wijnen, Frank. "Woordvormanalyse Door Kinderen." Lexicon en taalverwerving 34 (January 1, 1989): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.34.12wij.

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Early word form representations are assumed to be unanalyzed 'routines'. Around age 2 1/2, when the first 50 to 100 words have been acquired, the organization of the mental lexicon starts to change. Word form representations are segmented into their constituent linguistic substructures: syllable and phonemes. Gradually the network-like structure which is thought to capture the mature mental lexicon emerges. Peters (1983, 1985) has proposed two heuristics that may be employed by children for segmenting words, both during this 'reorganization' and afterwards, when new words are acquired and inserted into the rapidly expanding lexicon. The first employs word stress, the second is based on matches between a new form and lexical items that have already been acquired. This study investigates in an experimental fashion whether children use stress and formal similarities in segmentation. Children (4, 5 and 6 yrs. old) were asked to alter syllable onsets in trisyllabic words with stress on either of the three syllables, and in trisyllabic complex words in which at least one morpheme could be expected to be known by the subjects. It appeared that word-internal onsets of stressed syllables were more often altered than onsets of unstressed syllables. These results are supportive of the 'stress' heuristic. Also, syllable onsets which coincided with word-internal lexical morpheme boundaries (i.e., boundaries between known and unknown parts which can also occur independently) were more often altered than non-boundary onsets. However, syllable onsets at root-suffix boundaries were not altered more frequently than non-boundary onsets. This difference between lexical morpheme boundaries and suffix boundaries is not predicted by a segmenting heuristic based on formal match. It is therefore suggested that in fact prosodic characteristics of the final morphemes in the complex words factors could be responsible for the difference: all first (or only) syllables of the right-hand lexical morphemes were stressable, whereas the suffixes were not. This conjecture was tested in a second experiment in which 7 and 8 year old children were asked to alter syllable onsets in derivations consisting of a bisyllabic root and a monosyllabic suffix. Some suffixes were stressed, others were unstressed and still others caused stress in the stem morphemes to be shifted to the second syllabe. It was found that stressed suffixes yielded more alterations than unstressed suffixes. Second, stressed syllables, in general, yielded more onset alterations than unstressed syllables, regardless of whether stress was assigned by the stem morpheme or by derivation with a stress-shifting suffix. Finally, syllables which had 'lost' stress as a result of dervational stress shift produced more alterations than unstressed syllables that were not stressed, in the stem morpheme either. These results support the conjecture that the apparent effects of formal match on segmentation behavior in the first experiment can be explained by reference to stress. Consequently, it is concluded that stress is the primary cue in word segmentation. This conclusion is in accordance with 'prosodic bootstrapping' theory, which claims that children are 'programmed' to use prosodic features as clues to linguistic structure.

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Ross, Jaan, and Ilse Lehiste. "Timing in Estonian Folk Songs as Interaction between Speech Prosody, Meter, and Musical Rhythm." Music Perception 15, no. 4 (1998): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40300861.

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Durations of acoustical segments were measured in four Estonian folk songs sung by a single performer, consisting of 152 verse lines, eight syllables each, with one note in the melody normally corresponding to one syllable in the text. The results were analyzed with regard to three aspects: notation, meter, and speech prosody. Three songs out of four are notated as isochronous sequences of 8 eighth notes per each verse line; in one song, certain pairs of eighth notes are replaced by a dotted eighth note plus a sixteenth note. The results revealed a complex interaction between meter, musical rhythm, and speech prosody. Variations in durations of sound events reflect the Kalevala meter on which the songs are based, with average rises in a foot being acoustically longer than falls. The duration differences between rises and falls are reduced in the socalled broken lines, which contain monosyllabic and trisyllabic words and allow for accommodation of short stressed syllables at a fall of a foot as required by the meter. Semantically relevant oppositions of wordinitial short-long and long-short disyllabic units in speech are not kept completely intact in folk songs. Short-long disyllables are treated in a different manner by the performer, depending on whether their initial syllable occurs at a rise or at a fall in a foot.

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Martínez García, María Teresa. "Language bias and proficiency effects on cross-language activation." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 10, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 873–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.17023.mar.

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Abstract Recent research proposes that language bias and proficiency modulate cross-language activation in comprehension and production, but it is unclear how they operate and whether they interact. This study investigates whether stress differences between Spanish-English cognates (material, final-syllable stress in Spanish) affect how native-English second-language-Spanish bilinguals recognize Spanish words (materia “subject/matter,” second-syllable stress in Spanish). In a Spanish-English eye-tracking experiment (and parallel production task), participants heard/produced trisyllabic Spanish targets with second-syllable stress (materia) and saw four orthographic words, including the target and a Spanish-English cognate competitor. Cross-language activation was examined by manipulating the stress of the cognate in English. In comprehension, English cognates with the same stress as the Spanish target (materia vs material) were predicted to cause more cross-language interference than English cognates with a different stress (litera “bunk bed,” vs literal), but the reverse pattern was expected in production. Participants were assigned to a Spanish-bias condition (20% of English (filler) items), or an English-bias condition (65% of English (filler) items). Results indicate that English cognates with the same stress as the Spanish target interfered with the recognition of the Spanish target only in the English-bias condition (but facilitated its production), while increasing Spanish proficiency helped reduce this cross-linguistic interference.

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Sandstedt, Jade J. "Vowel harmony decay in Old Norwegian." Papers in Historical Phonology 5 (June 4, 2020): 11–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/pihph.5.2020.4417.

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Vowel harmony involves the systematic correspondence between vowels in some domain for some phonological feature. Though harmony represents one of the most natural and diachronically robust phonological phenomena that occurs in human language, how and why harmony systems emerge and decay over time remains unclear. Specifically, what motivates harmony decay and the pathways by which harmony languages lose harmony remains poorly understood since no consistent historical record in any single language has yet been identified which displays the full progression of this rare sound change (McCollum 2015, 2020; Kavitskaya 2013, Bobaljik 2018). In this paper, I explore the progression and causation of vowel harmony decay in Old Norwegian (c 1100–1350). Using a grapho‐phonologically tagged database of a sample of 13th‐ to 14th‐century manuscripts, I present novel corpus methods for tracking and visualising changes to vowel co‐occurrence patterns in historical records, demonstrating that the Old Norwegian corpus provides a consistent and coherent record of harmony decay. The corpus distinguishes categorical pre‐decay harmony, probabilistic intermediate stages, and post‐decay non‐harmony. Across the Old Norwegian manuscripts, we observe a variety of pathways of harmony decay, including increasing harmony variability via the collapse of harmony classes introduced by vowel mergers, the lexicalisation of historically harmonising morphemes, and trisyllabic vowel reductions which limit harmony iterativity. This paper provides the first detailed corpus study of the full spectrum and causation of this rare sound change in progress and provides valuable empirical diagnostics for identifying and analysing harmony change in contemporary languages.

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Carthery-Goulart, Maria Teresa, and Mirna Lie Hosogi Senaha. "Diagnosis and rehabilitation attempt of a patient with acquired dyslexia." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 1, no. 1 (March 2007): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642008dn10100014.

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Abstract Although dyslexia is a common consequence of brain damage there are few studies about the rehabilitation of this disorder. Cognitive Neuropsychology models of reading have been used to describe several syndromes of acquired dyslexia. Phonological dyslexia is a reading disorder characterized by a dysfunctional grapheme-to-phoneme conversion procedure, which affects the ability to read low frequency words and nonwords. Lexical reading is preserved and patients can read frequent words (regular and irregular). Objective: Verify the application of the cognitive model in the characterization of the reading disorder of a patient with acquired dyslexia and in the devising and implementation of a rehabilitation plan. Methods: This study presents OCS, a 57-year-old patient who suffered from acquired phonological dyslexia after a left temporo-parietooccipital ischemic stroke. A rehabilitation program based on the principles of Cognitive Neuropsychology was devised non-words and low frequency words with controlled lengths were used and the patient was stimulated to read them aloud in a 22-session treatment. Results: The post-test evaluation showed quantitative and qualitative improvements Significant improvements were verified in the total number of correct responses including self-correction attempts (p<0.01) and in the reading of trisyllabic and polysyllabic non-words of simple syllabic structure (p=0.0007 and p=0.02 respectively). Conclusions: The use of the cognitive model to devise a rehabilitation program was successful and we observed significant improvement of reading skills in a short period of treatment. The achievements over this period provided the patient with functional reading performance.

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Kazlauskienė, Asta, and Jurgita Cvilikaitė-Mačiulskienė. "The structural patterns of Lithuanian affixes." Studies About Languages, no. 34 (June 3, 2019): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.34.21003.

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The aim of this research is to identify the main structural patterns of affixes of Lithuanian inflective words, their productivity and frequency. We present a survey of the structural diversity and productivity of these morphemes rendered in The Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian and in The Grammar of Modern Lithuanian. The frequency data was collected from The Database of the Morphemics of the Lithuanian Language. The morpheme analysis has revealed the following tendencies: 1) while prefixes are always monosyllabic, suffixes and flexions can vary from non-syllabic to trisyllabic, 2) within these morphemes, consonant clusters are not frequent. Prefixes in Lithuanian can have C0-2VC0-2 structure. The most productive and frequent pattern is C1V. Suffixes have structures C1-2, C0-2V(W)C0-3 and C0-1VC1-2VC0-2. The most productive are VC1 of nominal words and C1, VC0-1 verbal suffixes. In usage, VC1 suffixes of nominal words and V, C1 as well as VC1 verb patterns dominate. Flexions can have the following structures: C1, VC0-2, VC1VC0-1 or VC1VC1VC0-1. The most productive patterns are simple VC0-1, which also dominate the usage. The analysis has revealed the influence of a root on the structure of other morphemes. The most typical root structure C1-2VC1-2 entails a C1V structure prefix on the one side, while on the other - a suffix or a flexion with VC0-1 structure. The result of such combination is quite a consistent a consonant + a vowel + a consonant (+ a consonant) + a vowel + a consonant (+ a consonant) + a vowel (+ a consonant) chain: C1V + C1-2VC1-2 + VC0-1.

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van Haaften, Leenke, Sanne Diepeveen, Lenie van den Engel-Hoek, Marianne Jonker, Bert de Swart, and Ben Maassen. "The Psychometric Evaluation of a Speech Production Test Battery for Children: The Reliability and Validity of the Computer Articulation Instrument." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 2141–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-18-0274.

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Purpose The aims of this study were to assess the reliability and validity of the Computer Articulation Instrument (CAI), a speech production test battery assessing phonological and speech motor skills in 4 tasks: (1) picture naming, (2) nonword imitation, (3) word and nonword repetition, and (4) maximum repetition rate (MRR). Method Normative data were collected in 1,524 typically developing Dutch-speaking children (aged between 2;0 and 7;0 [years;months]). Parameters were extracted on segmental and syllabic accuracy (Tasks 1 and 2), consistency (Task 3), and syllables per second (Task 4). Interrater reliability and test–retest reliability were analyzed using subgroups of the normative sample and studied by estimating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Construct validity was investigated by determining age-related changes of test results and factor analyses of the extracted speech measures. Results ICCs for interrater reliability ranged from sufficient to good, except for percentage of vowels correct of picture naming and nonword imitation and for the MRRs for bisyllabic and trisyllabic items. The ICCs for test–retest reliability were sufficient (picture naming, nonword imitation) to insufficient (word and nonword repetition, MRR) due to larger-than-expected normal development and learning effects. Continuous norms showed developmental patterns for all CAI parameters. The factor analyses revealed 5 meaningful factors: all picture-naming parameters, the segmental parameters of nonword imitation, the syllabic structure parameters of nonword imitation, (non)word repetition consistency, and all MRR parameters. Conclusion Its overall sufficient to good psychometric properties indicate that the CAI is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of typical and delayed speech development in Dutch children in the ages of 2–7 years.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Trisyllabic'

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