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1

Karner, Markus, Dragica Fuks, and Gerhard J. Herndl. "Bacterial activity along a trophic gradient." Microbial Ecology 24, no. 3 (1992): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00167784.

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Nimet, Jardel, Rosilene Luciana Delariva, Luciano Lazzarini Wolff, and Jislaine Cristina da Silva. "Trophic structure of fish fauna along the longitudinal gradient of a first-order rural stream." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 27, no. 4 (2015): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2915.

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Abstract Aim: This study evaluated the trophic structure of the fish assemblage along the longitudinal gradient of a first-order rural stream. Methods Fish were sampled by electrofishing technique in December 2007, September 2008 and March 2009, at three stretch of the Itiz stream (headwater, middle and mouth). We sampled 1,255 individuals relating to 18 species. The categorization of trophic guilds was based on stomach content data of 1,096 individuals, analyzed according to the volumetric method, except for four species, which were classified according to the literature. To test the hypothes
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Gliwicz, Z. Maciej, and Winfried Lampert. "Body-size related survival of cladocerans in a trophic gradient: an enclosure study." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 129, no. 1 (1993): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/129/1993/1.

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4

Park, Sang-Kyu, and C. R. Goldman. "Prediction of Daphnia Production along a Trophic Gradient." Journal of Ecology and Environment 31, no. 2 (2008): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5141/jefb.2008.31.2.125.

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5

Seip, K. L., and C. S. Reynolds. "Phytoplankton functional attributes along trophic gradient and season." Limnology and Oceanography 40, no. 3 (1995): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.3.0589.

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6

Tessier, Alan J., and Pamela Woodruff. "CRYPTIC TROPHIC CASCADE ALONG A GRADIENT OF LAKE SIZE." Ecology 83, no. 5 (2002): 1263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1263:ctcaag]2.0.co;2.

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7

Chase, Jonathan M. "Strong and weak trophic cascades along a productivity gradient." Oikos 101, no. 1 (2003): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12062.x.

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8

SHAH, HUMAIRA BASHIR, A. R. YOUSUF, M. Z. CHISHTI, and FAYAZ AHMAD. "Helminth communities of fish as ecological indicators of lake health." Parasitology 140, no. 3 (2012): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012001679.

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SUMMARYThis paper deals largely with the dynamics and changes in the helminth parasite communities of fish along the trophic gradient of lakes. The use of parasitological community data as a bioindicator of environmental health underlines the need to study parasite communities at comparable localities with known pollution levels. The comparison of the conditions in different habitats might be helpful to differentiate between normal fluctuations in ambient conditions and pollution-mediated effects. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the community structure of parasites in snow
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Grady, John M., Brian S. Maitner, Ara S. Winter, et al. "Metabolic asymmetry and the global diversity of marine predators." Science 363, no. 6425 (2019): eaat4220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4220.

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Species richness of marine mammals and birds is highest in cold, temperate seas—a conspicuous exception to the general latitudinal gradient of decreasing diversity from the tropics to the poles. We compiled a comprehensive dataset for 998 species of sharks, fish, reptiles, mammals, and birds to identify and quantify inverse latitudinal gradients in diversity, and derived a theory to explain these patterns. We found that richness, phylogenetic diversity, and abundance of marine predators diverge systematically with thermoregulatory strategy and water temperature, reflecting metabolic difference
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Zervas, Dimitrios, Vasiliki Tsiaoussi, Athanasios S. Kallimanis, Panayotis Dimopoulos, Erwin Bergmeier, and Ioannis Tsiripidis. "Multiple-Facet Diversity Patterns of Aquatic Vegetation in Lakes along a Trophic Gradient." Water 13, no. 16 (2021): 2281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162281.

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The EU Water Framework Directive foresees the ecological assessment of surface waters against identified pressures. Nutrient loading is the main pressure impairing the ecological quality of lake ecosystems, and aquatic macrophytes are considered good indicators of ecological response. In this study, we statistically assessed different aspects of aquatic plant (macrophyte) diversity in response to different trophic levels in Mediterranean lakes. We used 5690 relevés of aquatic vegetation, distributed over 305 transects, sampled in 18 freshwater lake ecosystems during 2013–2016. Our results show
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11

Siqueira, Alexandre C., Renato A. Morais, David R. Bellwood, and Peter F. Cowman. "Planktivores as trophic drivers of global coral reef fish diversity patterns." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 9 (2021): e2019404118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019404118.

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One of the most prominent features of life on Earth is the uneven number of species across large spatial scales. Despite being inherently linked to energetic constraints, these gradients in species richness distribution have rarely been examined from a trophic perspective. Here we dissect the global diversity of over 3,600 coral reef fishes to reveal patterns across major trophic groups. By analyzing multiple nested spatial scales, we show that planktivores contribute disproportionally to the formation of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) marine biodiversity hotspot. Besides being “hotter”
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Medeiros, Andrew S., and Roberto Quinlan. "The distribution of the Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) along multiple environmental gradients in lakes and ponds of the eastern Canadian Arctic." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 9 (2011): 1511–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-076.

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An examination of the Chironomidae, the dominant aquatic invertebrate taxa found in Arctic lakes and ponds, was conducted to determine the environmental gradients that may limit their geographical distribution in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Subfossil chironomid head capsules, comprising 86 taxa, were sampled from surficial sediments of 63 lakes that spanned from tree line (northern Manitoba) across multiple regions within the eastern Canadian Arctic. Water chemistry and environmental data were then compared with chironomid assemblages using multivariate analysis. The distribution of chironomi
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13

Huang, Ching-Yu, Katherine L. Tully, Deborah A. Clark, Steven F. Oberbauer та Terrence P. McGlynn. "The δ15N signature of the detrital food web tracks a landscape-scale soil phosphorus gradient in a Costa Rican lowland tropical rain forest". Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, № 4 (2012): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467412000284.

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Abstract:In this study, we investigated whether landscape-scale variation of soil P accounts for 13C and 15N composition of detrital invertebrates in a lowland tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. The top 10-cm soil, leaf-litter samples and plant foliage were collected among 18 plots representing a three-fold soil P gradient during 2007–2009. Body tissue of litter invertebrates (extracted from leaf-litter samples) along with soil, leaf litter and green foliage were analysed for total C, total N, δ13C and δ15N values. Differences in δ13C and δ15N signatures across plots and relative trophic dist
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14

de Kluijver, A., P. L. Schoon, J. A. Downing, S. Schouten, and J. J. Middelburg. "Stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry of lakes along a trophic gradient." Biogeosciences 11, no. 22 (2014): 6265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6265-2014.

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Abstract. The stable carbon (C) isotope variability of dissolved inorganic and organic C (DIC and DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), glucose and polar-lipid derived fatty acids (PLFAs) was studied in a survey of 22 North American oligotrophic to eutrophic lakes. The δ13C of different PLFAs were used as proxy for phytoplankton producers and bacterial consumers. Lake pCO2 was primarily determined by autochthonous production (phytoplankton biomass), especially in eutrophic lakes, and governed the δ13C of DIC. All organic-carbon pools showed overall higher isotopic variability in eutrophic la
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15

Moen, Jon, and Scott L. Collins. "Trophic Interactions and Plant Species Richness along a Productivity Gradient." Oikos 76, no. 3 (1996): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546357.

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16

de Kluijver, A., P. L. Schoon, J. A. Downing, S. Schouten, and J. J. Middelburg. "Stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry of lakes along a trophic gradient." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 5 (2014): 6615–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-6615-2014.

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Abstract. The stable carbon (C) isotope variability of dissolved inorganic and organic C (DIC and DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), glucose and polar-lipid derived fatty acids (PLFA) were studied in a survey of 22 North American oligotrophic to eutrophic lakes. The δ13C of different PLFA were used as proxy for phytoplankton producers and bacterial consumers. Lake pCO2 was primarily determined by autochthonous production (phytoplankton biomass), especially in eutrophic lakes, and governed the δ13C of DIC. All organic-carbon pools showed larger isotopic variability in eutrophic lakes compa
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17

Lennon, Jay T., Val H. Smith, and Andrew R. Dzialowski. "Invasibility of plankton food webs along a trophic state gradient." Oikos 103, no. 1 (2003): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12260.x.

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18

Zunino, L., and M. Diaz. "Autotrophic picoplankton along a trophic gradient in Andean—Patagonian lakes." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 27, no. 4 (2000): 1895–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11901571.

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19

Wolff, Luciano Lazzarini, Natalia Carniatto, and Norma Segatti Hahn. "Longitudinal use of feeding resources and distribution of fish trophic guilds in a coastal Atlantic stream, southern Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 11, no. 2 (2013): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252013005000005.

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This study described the use of food resources and the distribution of fish trophic guilds along the longitudinal gradient of a coastal Atlantic stream, southern Brazil. Allochthonous resources (terrestrial insects) predominated in the headwaters, whereas autochthonous food items (algae, fish) and detritus predominated in the mouth section. Detritivorous, aquaticinvertivorous, and terrestrial- and aquatic-insectivorous species occurred throughout the gradient, while omnivorous and piscivorous in the headwaters and middle stretches, respectively, and herbivorous in the middle and mouth. Detriti
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20

BISTONI, M. A., and A. C. HUED. "Patterns of fish species richness in rivers of the central region of Argentina." Brazilian Journal of Biology 62, no. 4b (2002): 753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842002000500004.

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We analyzed the variation of fish species richness and trophic structure along an upstream-downstream gradient and identified the factors associated with the pattern observed. The fish community composition varied along a headwater-downstream gradient. Species richness and trophic structure decreased significantly with increasing altitude and increased with stream order and distance from source. Headwater communities showed a simple structure. Oncorhynchus mykiss was the only fish captured or noticeably dominant at high altitudes. Thus, headwater can be classified as "trout zones". From these
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21

Bonin, Michaël, Christian Dussault, and Steeve D. Côté. "Increased trophic position of black bear (Ursus americanus) at the northern fringe of its distribution range." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 2 (2020): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0062.

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Studies describing the diet of omnivorous species are abundant, but the drivers affecting the balance between animal and plant resources remain unclear. Among those drivers, latitude has been reported to positively correlate with the trophic position of consumers. Using stable isotope analysis, we tested the hypothesis that trophic position of black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) is positively correlated with latitude in eastern North America. We sampled 57 bears over a 15° latitudinal gradient in Quebec, Canada, and used stable isotope analysis to assess individual trophic position and
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22

Le Bourg, B., P. Kuklinski, P. Balazy, G. Lepoint, and LN Michel. "Interactive effects of body size and environmental gradient on the trophic ecology of sea stars in an Antarctic fjord." Marine Ecology Progress Series 674 (September 16, 2021): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13821.

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Antarctic sea stars can occupy different trophic niches and display different trophic levels, but, while the impacts of their body size and environmental features on their trophic niches are potentially important, they are presently understudied. Here we assessed the trophic ecology in relation to the size and habitat of sea stars in a fjord on King George Island (South Shetland Islands) using stable isotope values of carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), and sulphur (δ34S). The disc radius influenced δ13C and δ15N values, whereas more limited changes in δ13C or δ34S values were related to arm lengt
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23

Povero, Paolo, Michela Castellano, Nicoletta Ruggieri, et al. "Water column features and their relationship with sediments and benthic communities along the Victoria Land coast, Ross Sea, summer 2004." Antarctic Science 18, no. 4 (2006): 603–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102006000642.

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The northern Victoria Land coastal marine environment was investigated during the late summer 2004, within the framework of the Latitudinal Gradient Project (LGP), to describe the physical, chemical and biological patterns of the water column and their relationship with the pelagic and benthic compartments, and to determine to what extent they change with latitude. A latitudinal gradient from Cape Adare to the Terra Nova Bay–Cape Russell area was determined on the basis of abiotic and trophic factors. Cape Adare had lower values of organic matter (particulate organic carbon < 150 μg l−1) av
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24

Lakeman-Fraser, Poppy, and Robert M. Ewers. "Untangling interactions: do temperature and habitat fragmentation gradients simultaneously impact biotic relationships?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1787 (2014): 20140687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0687.

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Gaining insight into the impact of anthropogenic change on ecosystems requires investigation into interdependencies between multiple drivers of ecological change and multiple biotic responses. Global environmental change drivers can act simultaneously to impact the abundance and diversity of biota, but few studies have also measured the impact across trophic levels. We firstly investigated whether climate (using temperature differences across a latitudinal gradient as a surrogate) interacts with habitat fragmentation (measured according to fragment area and distance to habitat edges) to impact
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25

Oelbermann, K., and S. Scheu. "Trophic guilds of generalist feeders in soil animal communities as indicated by stable isotope analysis (15N/14N)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 5 (2010): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309990587.

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AbstractWe investigated if the commonly used aggregation of organisms into trophic guilds, such as detritivores and predators, in fact represent distinct trophic levels. Soil arthropods of a forest-meadow transect were ascribed a priori to trophic guilds (herbivores, detritivores, predators and necrovores), which are often used as an equivalent to trophic levels. We analysed natural variations in 15N/14N ratios of the animals in order to investigate the trophic similarity of organisms within (a priori defined) trophic guilds. Using trophic guilds as an equivalent to trophic level, the assumed
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26

Uriarte, Maria, and Oswald J. Schmitz. "Trophic Control across a Natural Productivity Gradient with Sap-Feeding Herbivores." Oikos 82, no. 3 (1998): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546375.

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Rozmarynowycz, Mark J., Benjamin F. N. Beall, George S. Bullerjahn, et al. "Transitions in microbial communities along a 1600 km freshwater trophic gradient." Journal of Great Lakes Research 45, no. 2 (2019): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2019.01.004.

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Giani, A., D. F. Bird, Y. T. Prairie, and J. F. Lawrence. "Empirical study of cyanobacterial toxicity along a trophic gradient of lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 9 (2005): 2100–2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-124.

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A series of 22 lakes in southern Quebec spanning a wide trophic range were sampled to develop models of changes in cyanobacterial abundance and toxicity. All lakes contained toxic cyanobacteria, and epilimnetic toxin content, expressed as microcystin equivalents, was best predicted by total nitrogen concentration and total phosphorus concentration (TP). Although phytoplankton biomass increased linearly with increases in TP among lakes, toxigenic biomass increased as greater than the squared power of TP. The only potentially toxigenic genera whose biomass was correlated with microcystin concent
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Wang, Bingchen, Fanghua Liu, Shiling Zheng, and Qinqin Hao. "Trophic strategy of diverse methanogens across a river-to-sea gradient." Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 6 (2019): 470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8482-3.

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30

Revilla, M., A. Ansotegui, A. Iriarte, et al. "Microplankton metabolism along a trophic gradient in a shallow-temperate estuary." Estuaries 25, no. 1 (2002): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02696045.

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31

Krstulović, N., M. Šolić, and I. Marasović. "Relationship between bacteria, phytoplankton and heterotrophic nanoflagellates along the trophic gradient." Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 51, no. 4 (1998): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02908725.

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32

Costas, Noemi, and Isabel Pardo. "Isotopic variability in a stream longitudinal gradient: implications for trophic ecology." Aquatic Sciences 77, no. 2 (2014): 231–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-014-0383-2.

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33

Bongiorni, Lucia, Mirko Magagnini, Monica Armeni, Rachel Noble, and Roberto Danovaro. "Viral Production, Decay Rates, and Life Strategies along a Trophic Gradient in the North Adriatic Sea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 11 (2005): 6644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.11.6644-6650.2005.

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ABSTRACT Although the relationships between trophic conditions and viral dynamics have been widely explored in different pelagic environments, there have been few attempts at independent estimates of both viral production and decay. In this study, we investigated factors controlling the balance between viral production and decay along a trophic gradient in the north Adriatic basin, providing independent estimates of these variables and determining the relative importance of nanoflagellate grazing and viral life strategies. Increasing trophic conditions induced an increase of bacterioplankton g
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34

Ferguson, Steven H. "Changes in trophic abundance of soil arthropods along a grass-shrub-forest gradient." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 3 (2001): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-002.

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Ecological theory suggests that along productivity gradients, abundances of organisms within trophic levels will increase in a stepwise pattern from producers to consumers. To test this theory I investigated changes in abundance of soil arthropods at three trophic levels: microphytophages, represented by Collembola, predacious mites (Acari) that feed on Collembola, and three groups of macroarthropods (spiders, ants, and centipedes) that were observed to feed on mites. Changes in abundance were monitored along a gradient in vegetation structure from grass to shrub to forest in the Canadian prai
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35

Mokross, Karl, Thomas B. Ryder, Marina Corrêa Côrtes, Jared D. Wolfe, and Philip C. Stouffer. "Decay of interspecific avian flock networks along a disturbance gradient in Amazonia." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1776 (2014): 20132599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2599.

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Our understanding of how anthropogenic habitat change shapes species interactions is in its infancy. This is in large part because analytical approaches such as network theory have only recently been applied to characterize complex community dynamics. Network models are a powerful tool for quantifying how ecological interactions are affected by habitat modification because they provide metrics that quantify community structure and function. Here, we examine how large-scale habitat alteration has affected ecological interactions among mixed-species flocking birds in Amazonian rainforest. These
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36

Kubelka, Vojtěch, Miroslav Šálek, Pavel Tomkovich, Zsolt Végvári, Robert P. Freckleton, and Tamás Székely. "Global pattern of nest predation is disrupted by climate change in shorebirds." Science 362, no. 6415 (2018): 680–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat8695.

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Ongoing climate change is thought to disrupt trophic relationships, with consequences for complex interspecific interactions, yet the effects of climate change on species interactions are poorly understood, and such effects have not been documented at a global scale. Using a single database of 38,191 nests from 237 populations, we found that shorebirds have experienced a worldwide increase in nest predation over the past 70 years. Historically, there existed a latitudinal gradient in nest predation, with the highest rates in the tropics; however, this pattern has been recently reversed in the
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Ruber, Joachim, Franziska R. Bauer, Andrew D. Millard, Uta Raeder, Juergen Geist, and Katrin Zwirglmaier. "Synechococcus diversity along a trophic gradient in the Osterseen Lake District, Bavaria." Microbiology 162, no. 12 (2016): 2053–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000389.

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Raffard, Allan, Frédéric Santoul, Simon Blanchet, and Julien Cucherousset. "Linking intraspecific variability in trophic and functional niches along an environmental gradient." Freshwater Biology 65, no. 8 (2020): 1401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13508.

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39

Gray, Sarah M., Timothée Poisot, Eric Harvey, Nicolas Mouquet, Thomas E. Miller, and Dominique Gravel. "Temperature and trophic structure are driving microbial productivity along a biogeographical gradient." Ecography 39, no. 10 (2015): 981–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01748.

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Ward, Colette L., Kevin S. McCann, and Neil Rooney. "HSS revisited: multi-channel processes mediate trophic control across a productivity gradient." Ecology Letters 18, no. 11 (2015): 1190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12498.

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Bergmann, Melanie, Jennifer Dannheim, Eduard Bauerfeind, and Michael Klages. "Trophic relationships along a bathymetric gradient at the deep-sea observatory HAUSGARTEN." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 56, no. 3 (2009): 408–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.10.004.

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42

Klemmer, Amanda J., and John S. Richardson. "Quantitative gradient of subsidies reveals a threshold in community-level trophic cascades." Ecology 94, no. 9 (2013): 1920–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-1444.1.

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Pupier, Chloé Alexandra, Miguel Mies, Maoz Fine, et al. "Lipid biomarkers reveal the trophic plasticity of octocorals along a depth gradient." Limnology and Oceanography 66, no. 5 (2021): 2078–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lno.11746.

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Urbanič, Gorazd, Barbara Debeljak, Urška Kuhar, Mateja Germ, and Alenka Gaberščik. "Responses of Freshwater Diatoms and Macrophytes Rely on the Stressor Gradient Length across the River Systems." Water 13, no. 13 (2021): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131814.

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Phytobenthic diatoms and macrophyte communities respond differently to stressors in aquatic environments. For the assessment of the ecological status of rivers in Slovenia, we use several indices, including the River Macrophyte Index (RMI) and Trophic index (TI) based on macrophyte and phytobenthic diatoms communities, respectively. In the present study, we examined the relationships between nutrient variables and values of RMI and TI using varied stressor gradient lengths. We also aimed to explain the variability of macrophyte and diatom communities with different stressors, namely nutrients
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45

Rochera, Carlos, Manuel Toro, Eugenio Rico, et al. "Structure of planktonic microbial communities along a trophic gradient in lakes of Byers Peninsula, South Shetland Islands." Antarctic Science 25, no. 2 (2013): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102012000971.

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AbstractA systematic limnological survey of water bodies of Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands) was carried out during the summer of 2001/02. Abundances of microbial plankton were determined which allowed a delineation of the pelagic food web structure. We also report the nutrient status of these lakes. We demonstrate the occurrence of a trophic gradient that extended from upland lakes (oligotrophic) to the coastal ones (eutrophic). The study shows that a lake's morphology regulates the relative importance of the pelagic and benthic habitats, whereas nutrient loads main
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SIOKOU, I., C. FRANGOULIS, Μ. GRIGORATOU, and M. PANTAZI. "Zooplankton community dynamics in the N. Aegean front (E. Mediterranean) in the winter spring period." Mediterranean Marine Science 15, no. 4 (2014): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.915.

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Zooplankton community composition was studied in the North Aegean frontal area in the winter-spring period along a trophic gradient going from the less saline and cold modified Black Sea water to the high salinity and temperature waters of Levantine origin. Samples were collected at the upper 100 m of three stations positioned along this gradient by using three nets with different mesh sizes (45 μm, 200 μm and 500 μm). Τhe community composition (all sizes) was differentiated along the gradient with smoother seasonal succession and higher diversity with increasing oligotrophy and salinity. The
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Figueira, J. E. C., F. A. Mourão, and A. S. Coelho. "Habitat heterogeneity and climatic seasonality structure the avifauna trophic guilds in the Brazilian Pantanal wetland." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 12 (2011): 1206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-099.

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Landscape heterogeneity and annual flood pulses characterize the Brazilian Pantanal, the largest floodplain in South America. The objective of this work was to explain spatial and temporal variations in the trophic structure of a bird assemblage consisting of 316 species of terrestrial and aquatic birds, out of which 88 are visitors. The food items potentially consumed by these species were combined into 12 trophic guilds and were compared based on habitats (terrestrial or aquatic), periods of the year, and visitor or resident species. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling was used to determine w
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Sager, Paul E., and Sumner Richman. "Functional Interaction of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton along the Trophic Gradient in Green Bay, Lake Michigan." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 1 (1991): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-016.

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The functional interaction of phytoplankton and zooplankton, expressed in terms of the numerical difference between phytoplankton growth rates per day (in situ,14C method) and zooplankton grazing rates per day (in situ feeding experiments), was studied along the trophic gradient in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Growth–grazing differences increased with trophic conditions, averaging 0.08 for the water column in the meso-oligotrophic northern bay and 0.56 in the eutrophic southern bay for the summers of 1986, 1987, and 1988. Eutrophic conditions produced dominance of growth by large-size cyanobacter
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49

Bondi, C. A., C. M. Beier, M. K. Fierke, and P. K. Ducey. "The role of feeding strategy in the tolerance of a terrestrial salamander (Plethodon cinereus) to biogeochemical changes in northern hardwood forests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 4 (2019): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0302.

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We investigated whether the trophic ecology of an apex predator is influenced by ecosystem-level nutrient depletion. The feeding behavior and nutrient assimilation of a terrestrial salamander, Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818)), was surveyed along a gradient of forest biogeochemistry. Recent studies have documented populations of these salamanders in forests with low-pH soils that were long thought to be fatal. One mechanism that may enable P. cinereus to tolerate acid-impaired habitats is its generalist life history. We sampled diet, invertebrate prey abundance,
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Rath, J., C. Schiller, and GJ Herndl. "Ectoenzymatic activity and bacterial dynamics along a trophic gradient in the Caribbean Sea." Marine Ecology Progress Series 102 (1993): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps102089.

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