Journal articles: 'Tropical disease; Africa'

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Herrmann, Mathias, Salim Abdullah, Abraham Alabi, Pedro Alonso, Alexander W. Friedrich, Günther Fuhr, Anja Germann, et al. "Staphylococcal disease in Africa: another neglected ‘tropical’ disease." Future Microbiology 8, no. 1 (January 2013): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.126.

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Coton, T. "Letter: coeliac disease in inter-tropical Africa." Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 38, no. 10 (October 18, 2013): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apt.12525.

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Aula, Oyime Poise, Donald P. McManus, Malcolm K. Jones, and Catherine A. Gordon. "Schistosomiasis with a Focus on Africa." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 3 (June 22, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030109.

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Schistosomiasis is a common neglected tropical disease of impoverished people and livestock in many developing countries in tropical Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. Substantial progress has been made in controlling schistosomiasis in some African countries, but the disease still prevails in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated 800 million people at risk of infection. Current control strategies rely primarily on treatment with praziquantel, as no vaccine is available; however, treatment alone does not prevent reinfection. There has been emphasis on the use of integrated approaches in the control and elimination of the disease in recent years with the development of health infrastructure and health education. However, there is a need to evaluate the present status of African schistosomiasis, primarily caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, and the factors affecting the disease as the basis for developing more effective control and elimination strategies in the future. This review provides an historical perspective of schistosomiasis in Africa and discusses the current status of control efforts in those countries where the disease is endemic.

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Adebajo, AO. "Low frequency of autoimmune disease in tropical Africa." Lancet 349, no. 9048 (February 1997): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)62867-x.

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Parry, E. H. O. "Book Review: Health and Disease in Tropical Africa." Tropical Doctor 18, no. 2 (April 1988): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558801800221.

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Wandiga, Shem O. "Use and distribution of organochlorine pesticides. The future in Africa." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 1147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173071147.

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Pesticides have been used in the continent for about eight decades. Major use has been in agriculture, livestock development, and disease vectors control. Recent international conventions have been made with little scientific data and information on the tropical situation. Rapid development of resistance to pesticides demands better scientific understanding of pest management. Tropical research data on organochlorine pesticides show rapid degradation pattern, low residue levels, and widespread distribution. Given the above, there is a need to factor into consideration tropical climatological calamities in any future pesticide policy. Continued use of pesticides is anticipated in the tropics.

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Beckley, Carl S., Salisu Shaban, Guy H. Palmer, Andrew T. Hudak, Susan M. Noh, and James E. Futse. "Disaggregating Tropical Disease Prevalence by Climatic and Vegetative Zones within Tropical West Africa." PLOS ONE 11, no. 3 (March 29, 2016): e0152560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152560.

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Troncoso, Alcides. "Ebola outbreak in West Africa: a neglected tropical disease." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 5, no. 4 (April 2015): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691(15)30340-3.

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Kalaria, Raj. "WHO TO SUPPORT TROPICAL DISEASE RESEARCH PROGRAMMES IN AFRICA." NeuroReport 11, no. 18 (December 2000): A15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200012180-00004.

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STURROCK, R. F. "Health and Disease in Tropical Africa: geographical and medical viewpoints." African Affairs 87, no. 349 (October 1988): 624–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098099.

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Parry, E. H. O. "Health and disease in tropical Africa: Geographical and medical viewpoints." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, no. 2 (March 1988): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(88)90403-8.

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Bennett, F. J. "Health and disease in tropical Africa—Geographical and medical viewpoints." Social Science & Medicine 30, no. 5 (January 1990): 641–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(90)90164-n.

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Okuni, Julius Boniface, Sören Hansen, Kamal H. Eltom, ElSagad Eltayeb, Ahmad Amanzada, Joseph Amesa Omega, Claus Peter Czerny, Ahmed Abd El Wahed, and Lonzy Ojok. "Paratuberculosis: A Potential Zoonosis and a Neglected Disease in Africa." Microorganisms 8, no. 7 (July 5, 2020): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071007.

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The Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis, which is an economically important disease of ruminants. The zoonotic role of MAP in Crohn’s disease and, to a lesser extent, in ulcerative colitis, the two major forms of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IIBD), has been debated for decades and evidence continues to mount in support of that hypothesis. The aim of this paper is to present a review of the current information on paratuberculosis in animals and the two major forms of IIBD in Africa. The occurrence, epidemiology, economic significance and “control of MAP and its involvement IIBD in Africa” are discussed. Although the occurrence of MAP is worldwide and has been documented in several African countries, the epidemiology and socioeconomic impacts remain undetermined and limited research information is available from the continent. At present, there are still significant knowledge gaps in all these areas as far as Africa is concerned. Due to the limited research on paratuberculosis in Africa, in spite of growing global concerns, it may rightfully be considered a neglected tropical disease with a potentially zoonotic role.

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BARRETT, MICHAEL P., and FEDERICA GIORDANI. "Inside Doctor Livingstone: a Scottish icon's encounter with tropical disease." Parasitology 144, no. 12 (December 8, 2016): 1652–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201600202x.

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SUMMARYDr David Livingstone died on May 1st 1873. He was 60 years old and had spent much of the previous 30 years walking across large stretches of Southern Africa, exploring the terrain he hoped could provide new environments in which Europeans and Africans could cohabit on equal terms and bring prosperity to a part of the world he saw ravaged by the slave trade. Just days before he died, he wrote in his journal about the permanent stream of blood that he was emitting related to haemorrhoids and the acute intestinal pain that had left him incapable of walking. What actually killed Livingstone is unknown, yet the years spent exploring sub-Saharan Africa undoubtedly exposed him to a gamut of parasitic and other infectious diseases. Some of these we can be certain of. He wrote prolifically and described his encounters with malaria, relapsing fevers, parasitic helminths and more. His graphic writing allows us to explore his own encounters with tropical diseases and how European visitors to Africa considered them at this time. This paper outlines Livingstone's life and his contributions to understanding parasitic diseases.

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Feasey, Nicholas A., Gordon Dougan, Robert A. Kingsley, Robert S. Heyderman, and Melita A. Gordon. "Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa." Lancet 379, no. 9835 (June 2012): 2489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61752-2.

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Duker, Alfred Allan, and Efiba Vidda Senkyire Kwarteng. "Lymphatic filariasis: a snap shot of a neglected tropical disease." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 3611. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20212625.

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Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a leading cause of disability worldwide and one of the most crippling and stigmatizing tropical diseases. LF transmission is widespread throughout regions of West Africa, coastal and south-eastern Africa, East and South-east Asia, South western India, Western Pacific and parts of South and Central America. The disease manifests as disfiguring pathology caused by microfilariae larvae damage to lymph vessels and nodes. LF is spread by mosquitoes that have been infected with filarial nematode larvae and about a billion people in 52 countries are thought to be at risk of contracting the disease on a global scale. Complex immune responses to filaria and their endosymbionts cause the pathologies associated with lymphatic filariasis. Several studies show that non-climatic factors that may be responsible for LF transmission at the micro level include environmental, social, economic, and demographic factors. Currently, the infection is controlled by mass drug administration regimens, vector control strategies and management of morbidities. This review discusses the ecological drivers of lymphatic filariasis transmissions in endemic hotspots.

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Mezue, Kenechukwu, Paul Edwards, Ifeanyi Nsofor, Ahmed Goha, Ike Anya, Kristofer Madu, Dainia Baugh, Felix Nunura, Glen Gaulton, and Ernest Madu. "Sub-Saharan Africa Tackles COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities." Ethnicity & Disease 30, no. 4 (September 24, 2020): 693–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.30.4.693.

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As of May 2020, the global COVID-19 pandemic had reached 187 countries with more than 3.7 million confirmed cases and 263,000 deaths. While sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has not been spared, the extent of disease is currently far less than in Europe or North America leading some to posit that climatic, genetic or other conditions will self-limit disease in this location. Nonetheless, infections in tropical Africa continue to rise at an alarming pace with the potential to soon exceed health resource availability and to exhaust a health care workforce that is already grossly under supported and ill-equipped. This perspective outlines the context of COVID-19 disease in Africa with a focus on the distinctive challenges faced by African nations and a potential best path forward. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(4):693-694; doi:10.18865/ed.30.4.693

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Madeja, Ulrich-Dietmar, and Ulrike Schroeder. "From Colonial Research Spirit to Global Commitment: Bayer and African Sleeping Sickness in the Mirror of History." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010042.

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In the early 20th century, a series of epidemics across equatorial Africa brought African sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis, HAT) to the attention of the European colonial administrations. This disease presented an exciting challenge for microbiologists across Europe to study the disease, discover the pathogen and search for an effective treatment. In 1923, the first “remedy for tropical diseases”—Suramin—manufactured by Bayer AG came onto the market under the brand name “Germanin.” The development and life cycle of this product—which today is still the medicine of choice for Trypanosoma brucei (T.b), hodesiense infections—reflect medical progress as well as the successes and failures in fighting the disease in the context of historic political changes over the last 100 years.

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Adesina, M. A., I. I. Olufadewa, Y. I. OgaH, and N. Nwachukwu. "Incidence and Mortality from a Neglected Tropical Disease (Rabies) in 28 African Countries." Folia Veterinaria 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2020-0016.

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AbstractRabies, a zoonotic disease, is one of the deadliest and most serious threats to public health as it has an almost 100 % case fatality rate. The global estimated mortality of the virus is between 40,000 to 70,000 deaths annually with most of the death occurring in the developing countries of Africa and Asia. The objective of this study was to present the incidence and mortality rates from rabies in 28 African countries from 2005 to 2018. Secondary data were obtained from the World Organization for Animal Health Database. The data from 2005 to 2018 were used, as this was the period with available data in the database. The data were analysed using SPSS version 25 and other descriptive statistical tools. The highest combined rabies incidence and mortality in the time range (2005—2018) was 1601 in 2006, while the lowest was 157 in 2005. Just five countries (Angola, Central African Republic, Kenya, Mozambique and Senegal) had 65 % of the rabies cases and mortality. Notably, the data on the incidence and mortality were 100 % similar, as all of the cases of rabies in the 28 African countries within 2005—2018 resulted in death. Therefore, more work should be devoted to research on rabies prevention and cure. Toward that goal, practices and policies should be implemented to enable the acquisition of accurate and consistent rabies data.

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Webb Jr., James. "Historical epidemiology and global health history." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 27, suppl 1 (September 2020): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702020000300002.

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Abstract The subdiscipline of historical epidemiology holds the promise of creating a more robust and more nuanced foundation for global public health decision-making by deepening the empirical record from which we draw lessons about past interventions. This essay draws upon historical epidemiological research on three global public health campaigns to illustrate this promise: the Rockefeller Foundation’s efforts to control hookworm disease (1909-c.1930), the World Health Organization’s pilot projects for malaria eradication in tropical Africa (1950s-1960s), and the international efforts to shut down the transmission of Ebola virus disease during outbreaks in tropical Africa (1974-2019).

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Hotez, Peter J., and Aruna Kamath. "Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3, no. 8 (August 25, 2009): e412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000412.

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Pendle, Stella, and Leonard V. Sacks. "Primary HIV infection diagnosed in South Africa masquerading as another tropical disease." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92, no. 4 (July 1998): 425–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(98)91078-1.

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Dickinson, Garth. "African hemorrhagic fever: Welcome to Marburg country." CJEM 1, no. 02 (July 1999): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500003936.

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African hemorrhagic fevers are lethal, incurable viral infections with a notorious propensity to afflict health care workers. Lassa and Ebola are the best-known culprits, and these killers spread fear well beyond their geographic range. Chances are your hospital has a plan to deal with febrile travellers returning from endemic regions of Africa. Such plans involve isolation, space suit technology and desperate calls to public health and tropical disease experts.

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Afolabi, C. G., P. S. Ojiambo, E. J. A. Ekpo, A. Menkir, and R. Bandyopadhyay. "Novel Sources of Resistance to Fusarium Stalk Rot of Maize in Tropical Africa." Plant Disease 92, no. 5 (May 2008): 772–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-5-0772.

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Fusarium stalk rot is one of the most widespread and destructive diseases of maize, and deployment of resistant genotypes is one of the most effective strategies for controlling the disease. Fifty inbred lines and four checks from the breeding program of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were evaluated in field trials at Ikenne and Ibadan, Nigeria in 2003 and 2004 to identify new sources of resistance to stalk rot caused by Fusarium verticillioides. Evaluations were conducted under artificial inoculation and natural infection at Ibadan and Ikenne, respectively. Disease severity was recorded using a severity scale (SS) and direct estimation of stalk discoloration (SD). The two methods of disease assessment were compared and combined to classify genotypes into resistance groups using results from rank-sum analysis. In 2003, disease severity ranged from SS = 1 to 5 and SD = 1.3 to 33.8% at both locations. Both SS and SD were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in 2003 than in 2004 at the two locations. In both years, inbred lines significantly differed in SS (P < 0.02) and SD (P < 0.04) at Ibadan. Similarly, inbred lines significantly differed in SS (P < 0.04) and SD (P < 0.04) when genotypes were evaluated at Ikenne. Disease assessments based on SS and SD were significantly correlated (0.68 < r < 0.95, P < 0.01) in both years. Based on the results from rank-sum analysis, inbred lines were separated into highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible, and highly susceptible groups. At Ibadan, 6 (11.1%) and 8 (14.8%) were identified as highly resistant and resistant, respectively, whereas 11 (20.4%) were identified as resistant at Ikenne. Inbred lines 02C14609, 02C14643, 02C14654, and 02C14678 were consistently classified as either highly resistant or resistant to stalk rot across locations and years while the check genotypes were classified either as susceptible or moderately susceptible to stalk rot. These four inbred lines identified to have high levels of disease resistance may be used for breeding maize with resistance to Fusarium stalk rot.

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Kyere-Davies, Gertrude, Christian Agyare, Yaw Duah Boakye, Brian M. Suzuki, and Conor R. Caffrey. "Effect of Phenotypic Screening of Extracts and Fractions of Erythrophleum ivorense Leaf and Stem Bark on Immature and Adult Stages of Schistosoma mansoni." Journal of Parasitology Research 2018 (June 7, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9431467.

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Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by a flatworm parasite that infects people in tropical and subtropical regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, South America, China, and Southeast Asia. The reliance on just one drug for current treatment emphasizes the need for new chemotherapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic effects of extracts and fractions of leaf and stem bark of Erythrophleum ivorense (family Euphorbiaceae), a tree that grows in tropical parts of Africa, on two developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni, namely, postinfective larvae (schistosomula or somules) and adults. Methanol leaf and stem bark extracts of E. ivorense were successively fractionated with acetone, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol. These fractions were then incubated with somules at 0.3125 to 100 μg/mL and with adults at 1.25 μg/mL. The acetone fractions of both the methanol leaf and bark of E. ivorense were most active against the somules whereas the petroleum ether fractions showed least activity. For adult parasites, the acetone fraction of methanol bark extract also elicited phenotypic changes. The data arising provide the first step in the discovery of new treatments for an endemic infectious disease using locally sourced African medicinal plants.

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FENWICK, A., J. P. WEBSTER, E. BOSQUE-OLIVA, L. BLAIR, F. M. FLEMING, Y. ZHANG, A. GARBA, et al. "The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI): rationale, development and implementation from 2002–2008." Parasitology 136, no. 13 (July 27, 2009): 1719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009990400.

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SUMMARYSchistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in developing countries. After malaria, schistosomiasis is the most important tropical disease in terms of human morbidity with significant economic and public health consequences. Although schistosomiasis has recently attracted increased focus and funding for control, it has been estimated that less than 20% of the funding needed to control the disease in Africa is currently available. In this article the following issues are discussed: the rationale, development and objectives of the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI)-supported programmes; the management approaches followed to achieve implementation by each country; mapping, monitoring and evaluation activities with quantifiable impact of control programmes; monitoring for any potential drug resistance; and finally exit strategies within each country. The results have demonstrated that morbidity due to schistosomiasis has been reduced by the control programmes. While challenges remain, the case for the control of schistosomiasis has been strengthened by research by SCI teams and the principle that a national programme using ‘preventive chemotherapy’ can be successfully implemented in sub-Saharan Africa, whenever the resources are available. SCI and partners are now actively striving to raise further funds to expand the coverage of integrated control of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Garchitorena, Andrés, Calistus N. Ngonghala, Jean-Francois Guegan, Gaëtan Texier, Martine Bellanger, Matthew Bonds, and Benjamin Roche. "Economic inequality caused by feedbacks between poverty and the dynamics of a rare tropical disease: the case of Buruli ulcer in sub-Saharan Africa." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1818 (November 7, 2015): 20151426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1426.

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Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have received increasing attention in recent years by the global heath community, as they cumulatively constitute substantial burdens of disease as well as barriers for economic development. A number of common tropical diseases such as malaria, hookworm or schistosomiasis have well-documented economic impacts. However, much less is known about the population-level impacts of diseases that are rare but associated with high disability burden, which represent a great number of tropical diseases. Using an individual-based model of Buruli ulcer (BU), we demonstrate that, through feedbacks between health and economic status, such NTDs can have a significant impact on the economic structure of human populations even at low incidence levels. While average wealth is only marginally affected by BU, the economic conditions of certain subpopulations are impacted sufficiently to create changes in measurable population-level inequality. A reduction of the disability burden caused by BU can thus maximize the economic growth of the poorest subpopulations and reduce significantly the economic inequalities introduced by the disease in endemic regions.

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Boniface, Pone Kamdem, and Ferreira Igne Elizabeth. "Flavonoid-derived Privileged Scaffolds in anti-Trypanosoma brucei Drug Discovery." Current Drug Targets 20, no. 12 (August 22, 2019): 1295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450120666190618114857.

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Objective: Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness is one of the 20 neglected tropical diseases listed by the World Health Organization, which lead to death if left untreated. This disease is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is the chronic form of the disease present in western and central Africa, and by T. brucei rhodesiense, which is the acute form of the disease located in eastern and southern Africa. Many reports have highlighted the effectiveness of flavonoid-based compounds against T. brucei. Methods: A literature search was conducted for naturally occurring and synthetic anti-T brucei flavonoids by referencing textbooks and scientific databases (SciFinder, PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, ACS, SciELO, Google Scholar, Springer, among others) from their inception until February 2019. Results: The present review summarizes the current standings and perspectives for the use of flavonoids as lead compounds for the potential treatment of HAT. Conclusion: Flavonoids isolated from different parts of plants and species were reported to exhibit moderate to high in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against T. brucei. In addition, synthetic flavonoids revealed anti-T. brucei activity. Molecular interactions of bioactive flavonoids with T. brucei protein targets showed promising results.

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Nji, Emmanuel, Daouda A. K. Traore, Mama Ndi, Carolyn A. Joko, and Declan A. Doyle. "BioStruct-Africa: empowering Africa-based scientists through structural biology knowledge transfer and mentoring – recent advances and future perspectives." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 5 (August 28, 2019): 1843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519008981.

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Being able to visualize biology at the molecular level is essential for our understanding of the world. A structural biology approach reveals the molecular basis of disease processes and can guide the design of new drugs as well as aid in the optimization of existing medicines. However, due to the lack of a synchrotron light source, adequate infrastructure, skilled persons and incentives for scientists in addition to limited financial support, the majority of countries across the African continent do not conduct structural biology research. Nevertheless, with technological advances such as robotic protein crystallization and remote data collection capabilities offered by many synchrotron light sources, X-ray crystallography is now potentially accessible to Africa-based scientists. This leap in technology led to the establishment in 2017 of BioStruct-Africa, a non-profit organization (Swedish corporate ID: 802509-6689) whose core aim is capacity building for African students and researchers in the field of structural biology with a focus on prevalent diseases in the African continent. The team is mainly composed of, but not limited to, a group of structural biologists from the African diaspora. The members of BioStruct-Africa have taken up the mantle to serve as a catalyst in order to facilitate the information and technology transfer to those with the greatest desire and need within Africa. BioStruct-Africa achieves this by organizing workshops onsite at our partner universities and institutions based in Africa, followed by post-hoc online mentoring of participants to ensure sustainable capacity building. The workshops provide a theoretical background on protein crystallography, hands-on practical experience in protein crystallization, crystal harvesting and cryo-cooling, live remote data collection on a synchrotron beamline, but most importantly the links to drive further collaboration through research. Capacity building for Africa-based researchers in structural biology is crucial to win the fight against the neglected tropical diseases, e.g. ascariasis, hookworm, trichuriasis, lymphatic filariasis, active trachoma, loiasis, yellow fever, leprosy, rabies, sleeping sickness, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, etc., that constitute significant health, social and economic burdens to the continent. BioStruct-Africa aims to build local and national expertise that will have direct benefits for healthcare within the continent.

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Zwolska, Zofia, and Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć. "Leprosy – one of the many forgotten tropical diseases." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 71, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3791.

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Leprosy or Hansen disease is caused by an infection of Mycobacterium leprae. The large number of undetected cases (2000-2012 years 4 mln people) remains a threat to the elimination of leprosy. Leprosy is an unheard in Poland and generally is considered a condition so “exotic” that it is not worth to spend more attention to it. Forgotten disease in developed countries still thrives in an environment of poor and uneducated. Regardless of the conclusion that in the 21st century none infectious disease should not be treated as a disease on the designated regions of the world, other than our own, it should be recalled that the M. leprae was discovered in Europe, where for many years there were leprosaria and still infectious hospitals in Great Brittan, France or Spain get patients suspected of leprosy. The mobility of the inhabitants of the globe caused by wars, ethnic conflicts or a simple tourism causes that any infectious disease can not be treated as solely limited to distant us regions. The best proof of this were the viral diseases, formerly found in only in Asia or Africa, and currently transmitted to Europe [1]. At any moment, we can stand up against the problem of diagnostics of humans toward leprosy. Many medical reports indicate that leprosy as a disease with many symptoms encountered difficulties in its diagnosis. Only the experience of medical professionals and good microbiological diagnosis may speed up the diagnosis of leprosy.

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Rebollo, Maria P., Adiele Nkasiobi Onyeze, Alexandre Tiendrebeogo, Mutale Nsakashalo Senkwe, Benido Impouma, Kisito Ogoussan, Honorat G. M. Zouré, et al. "Baseline Mapping of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Africa: The Accelerated WHO/AFRO Mapping Project." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 2298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1538.

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Abstract.Mapping is a prerequisite for effective implementation of interventions against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Before the accelerated World Health Organization (WHO)/Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) NTD Mapping Project was initiated in 2014, mapping efforts in many countries were frequently carried out in an ad hoc and nonstandardized fashion. In 2013, there were at least 2,200 different districts (of the 4,851 districts in the WHO African region) that still required mapping, and in many of these districts, more than one disease needed to be mapped. During its 3-year duration from January 2014 through the end of 2016, the project carried out mapping surveys for one or more NTDs in at least 2,500 districts in 37 African countries. At the end of 2016, most (90%) of the 4,851 districts had completed the WHO-required mapping surveys for the five targeted Preventive Chemotherapy (PC)-NTDs, and the impact of this accelerated WHO/AFRO NTD Mapping Project proved to be much greater than just the detailed mapping results themselves. Indeed, the AFRO Mapping Project dramatically energized and empowered national NTD programs, attracted donor support for expanding these programs, and developed both a robust NTD mapping database and data portal. By clarifying the prevalence and burden of NTDs, the project provided not only the metrics and technical framework for guiding and tracking program implementation and success but also the research opportunities for developing improved diagnostic and epidemiologic sampling tools for all 5 PC-NTDs—lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis, and trachoma.

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Mehariya*, Bhagwati K. Gauni, and Krunal R. Mehariya. "Distinct blue print to restraint neglected tropical diseases." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 09 (August 31, 2016): 4829. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.09.008.

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Since few decades many developing countries are bearing the strain of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and they are the most common infections of the World’s poorest people living in Africa, Asia and Americas. Till date, neglected tropical diseases imitate a group of conditions whose cluster level is obtained from deficiency of efforts directed to their declination. Global efforts have been done to control thirteen parasitic and bacterial infections that affect more than 1.4 billion people. The global usage of drug therapies for reducing the severity of NTDs was introduced few years ago. This singular approach should be elaborate to more extensive set of tools like coordinated community-based programs, vector control, local training, education and environmental change. In more, accelerated schedule is crucially needed to establish adequate diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic interventions to stay one step ahead of the evolutionary adaptation system of disease-causing microorganisms and parasites [1] [2].

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Hardy, Andy, Gregory Oakes, and Georgina Ettritch. "Tropical Wetland (TropWet) Mapping Tool: The Automatic Detection of Open and Vegetated Waterbodies in Google Earth Engine for Tropical Wetlands." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071182.

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Knowledge of the location and extent of surface water and inundated vegetation is vital for a range of applications including flood risk management, biodiversity monitoring, quantifying greenhouse gas emissions, and mapping water-borne disease risk. Here, we present a new tool, TropWet, which enables users of all abilities to map wetlands in herbaceous dominated regions based on simple unmixing of optical Landsat satellite imagery in the Google Earth Engine. The results demonstrate transferability throughout the African continent with a high degree of accuracy (mean 91% accuracy, st. dev 2.6%, n = 10,800). TropWet demonstrated considerable improvements over existing globally available surface water datasets for mapping the extent of important wetlands like the Okavango, Botswana. TropWet was able to provide frequency inundation maps as an indicator of malarial mosquito aquatic habitat extent and persistence in Barotseland, Zambia. TropWet was able to map flood extent comparable to operational flood risk mapping products in the Zambezi Region, Namibia. Finally, TropWet was able to quantify the effects of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on the extent of photosynthetic vegetation and wetland extent across Southern Africa. These examples demonstrate the potential for TropWet to provide policy makers with crucial information to help make national, regional, or continental scale decisions regarding wetland conservation, flood/disease hazard mapping, or mitigation against the impacts of ENSO.

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STOTHARD, J. RUSSELL, NARCIS B. KABATEREINE, JOHN ARCHER, HAJRI AL-SHEHRI, LOUIS ALBERT TCHUEM-TCHUENTÉ, MARGARET GYAPONG, and AMAYA L. BUSTINDUY. "A centenary of Robert T. Leiper's lasting legacy on schistosomiasis and a COUNTDOWN on control of neglected tropical diseases." Parasitology 144, no. 12 (July 1, 2016): 1602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016000998.

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SUMMARYPart of Robert T. Leiper's (1881–1969) lasting legacy in medical helminthology is grounded on his pioneering work on schistosomiasis (Bilharzia). Having undertaken many expeditions to the tropics, his fascination with parasite life cycles typically allowed him to devise simple preventive measures that curtailed transmission. Building on his formative work with others in Africa and Asia, and again in Egypt in 1915, he elucidated the life cycles of African schistosomes. His mandate, then commissioned by the British War Office, was to prevent and break transmission of this disease in British troops. This he did by raising standing orders based on simple water hygiene measures. Whilst feasible in military camp settings, today their routine implementation is sadly out of reach for millions of Africans living in poverty. Whilst we celebrate the centenary of Leiper's research we draw attention to some of his lesser known colleagues, then focus on schistosomiasis in Uganda discussing why expanded access to treatment with praziquantel is needed now. Looking to WHO 2020 targets for neglected tropical diseases, we introduce COUNTDOWN, an implementation research consortium funded by DFID, UK, which fosters the scale-up of interventions and confirm the current relevance of Leiper's original research.

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Clark, Amy, Becks Hill, Ron Bannerman, Leah Wohlgemuth, Jennifer Burrill, David Agyemang, and Chantelle Genovezos. "Adapting an integrated neglected tropical disease programme in response to COVID-19." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115, no. 5 (February 11, 2021): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa180.

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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic hit at a time when the Ascend West and Central Africa programme was nearing the end of its first year of a 3-y programme. This article reflects on key lessons learnt from the rapid adaptation of an integrated neglected tropical disease (NTD) programme to support COVID-19 responses in 11 countries. It shares the experiences of adopting a flexible and directive approach, leveraging the NTD network and relationships, and working in collaboration with multiple ministry departments, commercial sector partners and the UK Foreign Commonwealth Development Office to repurpose over £6 million of budget.

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Deribe, Kebede, Didier K. Bakajika, Honorat Marie-Gustave Zoure, John O. Gyapong, David H. Molyneux, and Maria P. Rebollo. "African regional progress and status of the programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: 2000–2020." International Health 13, Supplement_1 (December 22, 2020): S22—S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa058.

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Abstract To eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) by 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a campaign against the disease. Since the launch in 2000, significant progress has been made to achieve this ambitious goal. In this article we review the progress and status of the LF programme in Africa through the WHO neglected tropical diseases preventive chemotherapy databank, the Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ESPEN) portal and other publications. In the African Region there are 35 countries endemic for LF. The Gambia was reclassified as not requiring preventive chemotherapy in 2015, while Togo and Malawi eliminated LF as a public health problem in 2017 and 2020, respectively. Cameroon discontinued mass drug administration (MDA) and transitioned to post-MDA surveillance to validate elimination. The trajectory of coverage continues to accelerate; treatment coverage increased from 0.1% in 2000 to 62.1% in 2018. Geographical coverage has also significantly increased, from 62.7% in 2015 to 78.5% in 2018. In 2019, 23 of 31 countries requiring MDA achieved 100% geographic coverage. Although much remains to be done, morbidity management and disability prevention services have steadily increased in recent years. Vector control interventions conducted by other programmes, particularly malaria vector control, have had a profound effect in stopping transmission in some endemic countries in the region. In conclusion, significant progress has been made in the LF programme in the region while we identify the key remaining challenges in achieving an Africa free of LF.

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Cortes, Sofia, André Pereira, Jocelyne Vasconcelos, Joana P. Paixão, Joltim Quivinja, Joana De Morais Afonso, José M. Cristóvão, and Lenea Campino. "PO 8505 LEISHMANIASIS IN ANGOLA – AN EMERGING DISEASE?" BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A47.3—A48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.125.

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BackgroundPoverty, lack of resources, inadequate treatments and control programmes exacerbate the impact of infectious diseases in the developing world. Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease that is among the ten major neglected tropical diseases. Although endemic in more than 90 countries, the ones most affected, representing over 90% of new cases, are Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nepal, and Sudan. In Africa south of the equator, the impact of leishmaniasis is much lower. In several countries, like Angola, little is known about this infectious neglected disease. In the 1970s, a group of Portuguese researchers described three cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in children from Huambo district and in the 1990s visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in an African patient. More recently a canine survey in Luanda revealed two Leishmania-infected dogs.After some suspected cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Huambo region in 2017, the Angola health authorities and the Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisbon, Portugal, established a collaboration to analyse samples from some suspected cases.MethodsThree paraffin-embedded human skin samples from dermatological lesions were sent to IHMT for molecular analysis. After DNA extraction, PCR was performed by using four protocols with different molecular markers.ResultsOne PCR protocol using a nested approach was positive in two of the samples. Sequencing analysis confirmed Leishmania sp. DNA.ConclusionThis was the first time that suspected human cutaneous samples were screened for leishmaniasis by molecular methods with detection of Leishmania sp. DNA. These preliminary studies highlight the need for higher awareness of health professionals for leishmaniasis clinical forms, to recognise risk factors and the epidemiological features of leishmaniasis in the Huambo province. It would be relevant to perform further epidemiological studies to confirm if this vector-borne disease could be emergent in this country.

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Tilley, Helen. "Ecologies of Complexity: Tropical Environments, African Trypanosomiasis, and the Science of Disease Control in British Colonial Africa, 1900-1940." Osiris 19 (January 2004): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649392.

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Heath, R. N., M. Gryzenhout, J. Roux, and M. J. Wingfield. "Discovery of the Canker Pathogen Chrysoporthe austroafricana on Native Syzygium spp. in South Africa." Plant Disease 90, no. 4 (April 2006): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0433.

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Chrysoporthe canker is one of the most important diseases of plantation-grown Eucalyptus spp. in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. For many years, the disease was reported to be caused by the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria cubensis. Recent DNA-based studies have shown that the fungus in South Africa is not conspecific with Chr. cubensis and it was recently described in the new genus Chrysoporthe as Chrysoporthe austroafricana. Chr. austroafricana is known only from South Africa, where it causes severe cankers on Eucalyptus spp. and on ornamental Tibouchina trees, both of which have been introduced into South Africa. The origin of Chr. austroafricana is unknown, but it is possible that it expanded its host range from native trees related to Eucalyptus and Tibouchina spp. to these exotic hosts. Subsequent surveys of some indigenous South African Myrtales led to the discovery of fruiting structures resembling those of Chr. austroafricana on native Syzygium cordatum and S. guineense. The fungus from these Syzygium spp. was identified as Chr. austroafricana based on morphological characteristics and β-tubulin gene sequences. Pathogenicity trials showed that Chr. austroafricana is more virulent on exotic Eucalyptus spp. than on native S. cordatum. This study represents the first report of Chr. austroafricana from native hosts in South Africa and adds credence to the view that the fungus could be native to this country.

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Rabone, Muriel, Joris Wiethase, Paul F. Clark, David Rollinson, Neil Cumberlidge, and Aidan M. Emery. "Endemicity of Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and mapping reveals stability of transmission in endemic foci for a multi-host parasite system." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): e0009120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009120.

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Paragonimiasis is caused by zoonotic trematodes of Paragonimus spp., found in Asia, the Americas and Africa, particularly in tropical regions. These parasites have a complex, multi-host life cycle, with mammalian definitive hosts and larval stages cycling through two intermediate hosts (snails and freshwater decapod crustaceans). In Africa, paragonimiasis is particularly neglected, and remains the only human parasitic disease without a fully characterised life cycle. However paragonimiasis has potentially significant impacts on public health in Africa, and prevalence has likely been underestimated through under-reporting and misdiagnosis as tuberculosis due to a similar clinical presentation. We identified the need to synthesise current knowledge and map endemic foci for African Paragonimus spp. together with Poikilorchis congolensis, a rare, taxonomically distant trematode with a similar distribution and morphology. We present the first systematic review of the literature relating to African paragonimiasis, combined with mapping of all reported occurrences of Paragonimus spp. throughout Africa, from the 1910s to the present. In human surveys, numerous reports of significant recent transmission in Southeast Nigeria were uncovered, with high prevalence and intensity of infection. Overall prevalence was significantly higher for P. uterobilateralis compared to P. africanus across studies. The potential endemicity of P. africanus in Côte d’Ivoire is also reported. In freshwater crab intermediate hosts, differences in prevalence and intensity of either P. uterobilateralis or P. africanus were evident across genera and species, suggesting differences in susceptibility. Mapping showed temporal stability of endemic foci, with the majority of known occurrences of Paragonimus found in the rainforest zone of West and Central Africa, but with several outliers elsewhere on the continent. This suggests substantial under sampling and localised infection where potential host distributions overlap. Our review highlights the urgent need for increased sampling in active disease foci in Africa, particularly using molecular analysis to fully characterise Paragonimus species and their hosts.

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Offei, S. K., M. Owuna-Kwakye, and G. Thottappilly. "First Report of East African Cassava Mosaic Begomovirus in Ghana." Plant Disease 83, no. 9 (September 1999): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.877c.

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Virus species causing cassava mosaic disease have been categorized into three classes based on their reaction with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and their distribution (2). These viruses have different, scarcely overlapping distribution: African cassava mosaic begomovirus (ACMV) occurs in Africa west of the Rift Valley and in South Africa; East African cassava mosaic (EACMV) occurs in Africa east of the Rift Valley and in Madagascar; and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) occurs in India and Sri Lanka (2). During 1998, surveys were conducted in farmers' fields in Ghana to assess the incidence and reaction of local cassava cultivars to cassava mosaic disease. Leaf samples from symptomatic plants were indexed by triple antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with crude extracts and monoclonal antibodies obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Each sample was assayed with monoclonal antibody SCR 23, which detects ACMV and EACMV, SCR 33, which detects ACMV, and SCR 58, which detects ICMV. None of the samples reacted with SCR 58. Two of the samples collected from the western region of Ghana produced strong reactions with MAb SCR23 but did not react with ACMV-specific MAb SCR 33. This result was consistent in three separate experiments conducted on the samples, confirming that the virus was EACMV and not ACMV. The results extend the work by Ogbe et al. (1) and provide further evidence of the occurrence of EACMV in west Africa. References: (1) F. O. Ogbe et al. Plant Dis 83:398, 1999. (2) M. M. Swanson and B. D. Harrison. Trop. Sci. 34:15, 1994.

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Eric Benbow, M., Ryan Kimbirauskas, Mollie D. McIntosh, Heather Williamson, Charles Quaye, Daniel Boakye, Pamela L. C. Small, and Richard W. Merritt. "Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages of Ghana, West Africa: Understanding the Ecology of a Neglected Tropical Disease." EcoHealth 11, no. 2 (December 4, 2013): 168–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-013-0886-7.

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Mado, SM, U. Abubakar, SO Onazi, and GO Adeoye. "Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in children at Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Zamfara state, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics 40, no. 2 (April 8, 2013): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njp.v40i2.12.

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Epidemic meningococcal meningitis is a major public health problem still affecting tropical countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, which lieswithin African meningitis belt. Repeated large scale epidemics of CSM have been reported in northern Nigeria for the past four decades. It is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in these regions. Mortality from the CSM remains high despite advances in treatment modalities. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A have been the major cause of large scale epidemics in tropical countries, while serogroups B, C, Y and W-135 are responsible for most of invasive disease in America and other developed countries.Objective: To determine the pattern of epidemic CSM in children atFederal Medical Centre, Gusau.Method: The study was a retrospective one carried out in children agedsix months to 12 years admitted into Emergency Paediatrics Unit (EPU) with a diagnosis of CSM within the period January to May, 2009.Results: Seventy- seven children with epidemic CSM were admittedand managed in EPU from January-May 2009.Conclusion: Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A CSM is becoming thedisease of young infants, and stresses the need for inclusion ofCSM vaccine in early infancy in routine immunization policy, in areas within the meningitis belt in Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Deka, Mark A. "Mapping the Geographic Distribution of Tungiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3 (July 24, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030122.

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The geographic distribution of tungiasis is poorly understood, despite the frequent occurrence of the disease in marginalized populations of low socioeconomic status. To date, little work is available to define the geography of this neglected tropical disease (NTD). This exploratory study incorporated geostatistical modeling to map the suitability for tungiasis transmission in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In SSA, environmental suitability is predicted in 44 countries, including Angola, Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Cote de Ivoire, Mali, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Gabon, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, and South Africa. In total, an estimated 668 million people live in suitable areas, 46% (304 million) of which reside in East Africa. These evidence-based maps provide vital evidence of the potential geographic extent in SSA. They will help to guide disease control programs, inform policymakers, and raise awareness at the global level. Likewise, these results will hopefully provide decisionmakers with the pertinent information necessary to lessen morbidity and mortality in communities located in environmentally suitable areas.

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Akinsolu, Folahanmi T., Priscilla O. Nemieboka, Diana W. Njuguna, Makafui N. Ahadji, Dora Dezso, and Orsolya Varga. "Emerging Resistance of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Scoping Review of the Literature." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111925.

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Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat with the potential to cause millions of deaths. There has been a tremendous increase in the use of antimicrobials, stemming from preventive chemotherapy elimination and control programs addressing neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). This study aims to identify the frequency of drug resistance for 11 major NTDs and 20 treatment drugs within a specific period by systematically analyzing the study design, socio-demographic factors, resistance, and countries of relevant studies. Methods: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we performed systematic reviews of the major 11 NTDs to identify publications on drug resistance between 2000 and 2016. A quality assessment tool adapted for evaluating observational and experimental studies was applied to assess the quality of eligible studies. Results: One of the major findings is that six NTDs have information on drug resistance, namely human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and trachoma. Many studies recorded resistance due to diagnostic tests, and few studies indicated clinical resistance. Although most studies were performed in Africa where there is the occurrence of several NTDs, there was no link between disease burden and locations of study. Conclusions: Based on this study we deduce that monitoring and surveillance systems need to be strengthened to enable the early detection of AMR and the mitigation of its global spread.

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Zaman, Michele, Shannon Willmott, Chandandeep Bal, Shaun Morris, and Shaun Morris. "778. Travel-Acquired Tropical Illness in Children Under the Age of 5: A Scoping Review." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S433—S434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.968.

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Abstract Background International travel, including by children, is increasing. Due to both biologic and behavioral factors, children face different risks for and disease outcomes in travel acquired illness compared to adults. This systematic literature review aims to identify gaps in knowledge about health outcomes in children under the age of 5 related to international travel. Methods We used MEDLINE and Embase databases and followed PRISMA guidelines to conduct a systematic literature review of publications that included extractable information on children under the age of 5 who acquired infectious diseases or other morbidities during international travel. Studies were excluded if they were published prior to 1990, reported on fewer than 5 cases in children under the age of 5, or were letters to the editor. Two independent reviewers completed the abstract screen, full text review and data extraction. In this study, we present results for specific important tropical infections (including malaria and typhoid fever), as well as gastrointestinal, respiratory, and dermatologic illnesses Systematic Review Flow Diagram Results Our literature search (completed on July 17th 2019) identified 8664 citations. 35 citations met our inclusion criteria. Information related to tropical diseases, gastrointestinal, dermatological and respiratory conditions were extracted. Young children, especially those visiting friends and relatives in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are at a higher risk for acquiring tropical infections. Additionally, children in this age group appear to have worse outcomes for conditions such as diarrhea and malaria in comparison to other pediatric age groups. Tropical Disease Outcomes part 1 Tropical Disease Outcomes part 2 Conclusion In spite of unique biologic and behavioral traits that may affect risk, outcomes in children under the age of 5 years are rarely presented in the literature distinctly from the overall pediatric population. Future pediatric travel-health research should make efforts to report and analyze data by age in order to better understand the risk for tropical diseases infants face while travelling internationally. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Muhoho, Ng’ethe. "Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Kenya." East and Central Africa Medical Journal  3, no. 1 (August 2, 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/ecamj.v3i1.67.

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In the commentary section of this issue, The Autism Society of Kenya (ASK) describes its role and objectives to sensitize and promote levels of awareness on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and to advocate for policies that would enhance the existing disease interventions. The syndrome is widely spread in Kenya but in the write up this is a neglected none communicable disease that is not well understood neither by the public health authority nor by the general community. Unlike malaria and other tropical infectious diseases, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a worldwide health burden which is well understood and addressed in the developed world but there is no clear data in Africa

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Adeyefa, C. A. O., M. L. James, and J. W. McCauley. "Antigenic and genetic analysis of equine influenza viruses from tropical Africa in 1991." Epidemiology and Infection 117, no. 2 (October 1996): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800001552.

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SummaryA detailed analysis of equine (H3N8) influenza viruses isolated in Nigeria during early 1991 has been undertaken. Antigenic analysis and the complete nucleotide sequence of the HA gene of three Nigerian equine influenza viruses A/eq/Ibadan/4/91, A/eq/Ibadan/6/91 and A/eq/Ibadan/9/91 are presented and limited sequence analysis of each of the genes encoding the internal polypeptides of the virus has been carried out. These results establish that, despite the geographical location from which these viruses were isolated, two were similar to the viruses which were concurrently causing disease in Europe in 1989 and 1991 and were related to viruses that have been predominating in horses since 1985. The third was more closely related to viruses isolated from 1991 onward in Europe but also in other parts of the globe. A comparison of the nucleotide sequence of two of the viruses isolated in Nigeria (A/eq/Ibadan/4/91 and A/eq/Ibadan/6/91) with a European strain (A/eq/Suffolk/89) showed limited variation in the haemagglutinin gene which caused amino acid substitutions in one of the antigenic sites: this mutation resulted in the potential production of a new glycosylation site in antigenic site A. The other Nigerian virus (A/eq/Ibadan/9/91) showed only a single one amino acid change from another European strain (A/eq/Arundel/12369/91). The two distinct Nigerian viruses had several amino acid substitutions in the antigenic sites of the haemagglutinin glycoprotein.

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Laouali, Salissou, Koudoukpo Christiane, Zaki Harouna, Brah M. Souleymane, and Nouhou Hassan. "A Case Of Intermediate Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (Lyell Syndrome) Induced By Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate: A Report." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 12 (April 28, 2016): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n12p90.

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Malaria is a parasite disease that is endemic in tropical country as Niger (West Africa). Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ) is a synthetic antimalarial drug that is very often used to treat connective tissue diseases such as, scleroderma, systemic or discoid lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis. This drug may induce numerous cutaneous adverse reactions as well as the other anti-malarial drugs. We report on a case of intermediate Lyell syndrome that occurred in the first week of treatment of malaria attack with a young woman, aged 19, following the administration of hydroxychloroquine sulfate.

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Ido, Eiji, Takashi Suzuki, William K. Ampofo, Irene Ayi, Shoji Yamaoka, Kwadwo A. Koram, and Nobuo Ohta. "Joint Research Project on Infectious Diseases in West-African Subregion." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0813.

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A research collaboration project in Ghana has joined the MEXT program supported by the Japanese government since 2008. The Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), the University of Ghana, and Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) are core parties in the project, and researchers from other institutions also participate temporarily. Two TMDU faculty members are sent to Ghana to manage and implement joint research projects for virology and parasitology, which cover HIV, African trypanosomes, malaria parasites, and vector insects. Along with joint research, mutual exchange activities for young researchers and students have been promoted to develop human resources in tropical infectious disease research. Subjects in our project are all public health concerns both in Ghana and West-Africa and in other parts of the world. Our joint projects have strengthened and promoted global information networks on infectious diseases and the health and welfare of the residents of Ghana and Japan.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tropical disease; Africa'

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