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Journal articles on the topic 'Tropical extratropical interactions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 22 February 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Kang, Sarah M., Isaac M. Held, Dargan M. W. Frierson, and Ming Zhao. "The Response of the ITCZ to Extratropical Thermal Forcing: Idealized Slab-Ocean Experiments with a GCM." Journal of Climate 21, no. 14 (2008): 3521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli2146.1.

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Abstract Using a comprehensive atmospheric GCM coupled to a slab mixed layer ocean, experiments are performed to study the mechanism by which displacements of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) are forced from the extratropics. The northern extratropics are cooled and the southern extratropics are warmed by an imposed cross-equatorial flux beneath the mixed layer, forcing a southward shift in the ITCZ. The ITCZ displacement can be understood in terms of the degree of compensation between the imposed oceanic flux and the resulting response in the atmospheric energy transport in the tropi

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Schubert, Siegfried D., and Chung-Kyu Park. "Low-Frequency Intraseasonal Tropical-Extratropical Interactions." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 48, no. 4 (1991): 629–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<0629:lfitei>2.0.co;2.

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Frederiksen, Jorgen S., and Hai Lin. "Tropical–Extratropical Interactions of Intraseasonal Oscillations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 10 (2013): 3180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0302.1.

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Abstract Tropical–extratropical interactions of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs), based on 30 years (1979–2009) of northern winter observations and theory, are compared. The phase relationships between the tropical signal of the leading theoretical ISO for a January 1979 basic state and the development of Pacific–North America (PNA)-like and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) teleconnection patterns are found to compare closely with those for the observed Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). For both observations and theory positive NAO occurs 5–15 days after MJO convection [negative outgoing longw

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4

Tseng, Kai-Chih, Nathaniel C. Johnson, Eric D. Maloney, Elizabeth A. Barnes, and Sarah B. Kapnick. "Mapping Large-Scale Climate Variability to Hydrological Extremes: An Application of the Linear Inverse Model to Subseasonal Prediction." Journal of Climate 34, no. 11 (2021): 4207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0502.1.

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AbstractThe excitation of the Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern by the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) has been considered one of the most important predictability sources on subseasonal time scales over the extratropical Pacific and North America. However, until recently, the interactions between tropical heating and other extratropical modes and their relationships to subseasonal prediction have received comparatively little attention. In this study, a linear inverse model (LIM) is applied to examine the tropical–extratropical interactions. The LIM provides a means of calcu

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Ritchie, Elizabeth A., and Russell L. Elsberry. "Simulations of the Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones: Phasing between the Upper-Level Trough and Tropical Cyclones." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 3 (2007): 862–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3303.1.

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Abstract Whether the tropical cyclone remnants will become a significant extratropical cyclone during the reintensification stage of extratropical transition is a complex problem because of the uncertainty in the tropical cyclone, the midlatitude circulation, the subtropical anticyclone, and the nonlinear interactions among these systems. In a previous study, the authors simulated the impact of the strength of the midlatitude circulation trough without changing its phasing with the tropical cyclone. In this study, the impact of phasing is simulated by fixing the initial position and amplitude

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6

Aiyyer, Anantha, and Terrell Wade. "Acceleration of tropical cyclones as a proxy for extratropical interactions: synoptic-scale patterns and long-term trends." Weather and Climate Dynamics 2, no. 4 (2021): 1051–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1051-2021.

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Abstract. It is well known that rapid changes in tropical-cyclone motion occur during interaction with extratropical waves. While the translation speed has received much attention in the published literature, acceleration has not. Using a large data sample of Atlantic tropical cyclones, we formally examine the composite synoptic-scale patterns associated with tangential and curvature components of their acceleration. During periods of rapid tangential acceleration, the composite tropical cyclone moves poleward between an upstream trough and downstream ridge of a developing extratropical wave p

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7

Zhong, Yafang, Zhengyu Liu, and R. Jacob. "Origin of Pacific Multidecadal Variability in Community Climate System Model, Version 3 (CCSM3): A Combined Statistical and Dynamical Assessment." Journal of Climate 21, no. 1 (2008): 114–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1730.1.

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Abstract Observations indicate that Pacific multidecadal variability (PMV) is a basinwide phenomenon with robust tropical–extratropical linkage, though its genesis remains the topic of much debate. In this study, the PMV in the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) is investigated with a combined statistical and dynamical approach. In agreement with observations, the modeled North Pacific climate system undergoes coherent multidecadal atmospheric and oceanic variability of a characteristic quasi-50-yr time scale, with apparent connections to the tropical Indo-Pacific. The statistic

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Archambault, Heather M., Daniel Keyser, Lance F. Bosart, Christopher A. Davis, and Jason M. Cordeira. "A Composite Perspective of the Extratropical Flow Response to Recurving Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones." Monthly Weather Review 143, no. 4 (2015): 1122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00270.1.

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Abstract This study investigates the composite extratropical flow response to recurving western North Pacific tropical cyclones (WNP TCs), and the dependence of this response on the strength of the TC–extratropical flow interaction as defined by the negative potential vorticity advection (PV) by the irrotational wind associated with the TC. The 2.5° NCEP–NCAR reanalysis is used to construct composite analyses of all 1979–2009 recurving WNP TCs and of subsets that undergo strong and weak TC–extratropical flow interactions. Findings indicate that recurving WNP TCs are associated with the amplifi

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Lin, Hai, Gilbert Brunet, and Jacques Derome. "Intraseasonal Variability in a Dry Atmospheric Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 7 (2007): 2422–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3955.1.

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Abstract A long integration of a primitive equation dry atmospheric model with time-independent forcing under boreal winter conditions is analyzed. A variety of techniques such as time filtering, space–time spectral analysis, and lag regressions are used to identify tropical waves. It is evident that oscillations with intraseasonal time scales and a Kelvin wave structure exist in the model tropical atmosphere. Coherent eastward propagations in the 250-hPa velocity potential and zonal wind are found, with a speed of about 15 m s−1. The oscillation is stronger in the Eastern Hemisphere than in t

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10

Farneti, Riccardo, Franco Molteni, and Fred Kucharski. "Pacific interdecadal variability driven by tropical–extratropical interactions." Climate Dynamics 42, no. 11-12 (2013): 3337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1906-6.

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11

Li, Long, and Terrence R. Nathan. "Effects of Low-Frequency Tropical Forcing on Intraseasonal Tropical–Extratropical Interactions." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 54, no. 2 (1997): 332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0332:eolftf>2.0.co;2.

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Chen, Shengqian, Andrew J. Majda, and Samuel N. Stechmann. "Tropical–Extratropical Interactions with the MJO Skeleton and Climatological Mean Flow." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 10 (2016): 4101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0041.1.

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Abstract Simplified asymptotic models are developed to investigate tropical–extratropical interactions. Two kinds of interactions are illustrated in the model: (i) MJO initiation through extraction of energy from barotropic Rossby waves and (ii) MJO termination via energy transfer to extratropical Rossby waves. A new feature, in comparison to previous simplified models, is that here these waves interact directly in the presence of a climatological mean flow given by the Walker circulation. The simplified models are systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for the amplitudes of barotro

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Hart, Neil C. G., Chris J. C. Reason, and Nicolas Fauchereau. "Building a Tropical–Extratropical Cloud Band Metbot." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 12 (2012): 4005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00127.1.

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Abstract An automated cloud band identification procedure is developed that captures the meteorology of such events over southern Africa. This “metbot” is built upon a connected component labeling method that enables blob detection in various atmospheric fields. Outgoing longwave radiation is used to flag candidate cloud band days by thresholding the data and requiring detected blobs to have sufficient latitudinal extent and exhibit positive tilt. The Laplacian operator is used on gridded reanalysis variables to highlight other features of meteorological interest. The ability of this methodolo

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14

Wu, Lixin, Feng He, Zhengyu Liu, and Chun Li. "Atmospheric Teleconnections of Tropical Atlantic Variability: Interhemispheric, Tropical–Extratropical, and Cross-Basin Interactions." Journal of Climate 20, no. 5 (2007): 856–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4019.1.

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Abstract In this paper, the atmospheric teleconnections of the tropical Atlantic SST variability are investigated in a series of coupled ocean–atmosphere modeling experiments. It is found that the tropical Atlantic climate not only displays an apparent interhemispheric link, but also significantly influences the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In spring, the tropical Atlantic SST exhibits an interhemispheric seesaw controlled by the wind–evaporation–SST (WES) feedback that subsequently decays through the mediation of the seasonal migration of the I

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15

Knippertz, Peter. "Tropical–Extratropical Interactions Associated with an Atlantic Tropical Plume and Subtropical Jet Streak." Monthly Weather Review 133, no. 9 (2005): 2759–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr2999.1.

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Abstract Tropical plumes (TPs) are elongated bands of upper- and midlevel clouds stretching from the Tropics poleward and eastward into the subtropics, typically accompanied by a subtropical jet (STJ) streak and a trough on their poleward side. This study uses ECMWF analyses and high-resolution University of Wisconsin–Nonhydrostatic Modeling System trajectories to analyze the multiscale complex tropical–extratropical interactions involved in the genesis of a pronounced TP and STJ over the NH Atlantic Ocean in late March 2002 that was associated with extreme precipitation in arid northwest Afri

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16

Kofron, David E., Elizabeth A. Ritchie, and J. Scott Tyo. "Determination of a Consistent Time for the Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones. Part II: Potential Vorticity Metrics." Monthly Weather Review 138, no. 12 (2010): 4344–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010mwr3181.1.

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Abstract As a tropical cyclone moves poleward and interacts with the midlatitude circulation, the question of whether it will undergo extratropical transition (ET) and, if it does, whether it will reintensify or dissipate, is a complex problem. Uncertainties include the tropical cyclone, the midlatitude circulation, the subtropical anticyclone, and the nonlinear interactions among these systems. A large part of the uncertainty is due to a lack of an understanding of when extratropical transition begins and how it progresses. In this study, absolute potential vorticity and isentropic, or Ertel’

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17

Henley, Benjamin J. "Pacific decadal climate variability: Indices, patterns and tropical-extratropical interactions." Global and Planetary Change 155 (August 2017): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.06.004.

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18

Ray, Pallav, and Tim Li. "Relative Roles of Circumnavigating Waves and Extratropics on the MJO and Its Relationship with the Mean State*." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 3 (2013): 876–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0153.1.

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Abstract A set of atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) experiments is designed to explore the relative roles of the circumnavigating waves and the extratropics on the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). In a “control” simulation, the model is forced by the climatological monthly sea surface temperature for 20 yr. In the first sensitivity experiment, model prognostic variables are relaxed in the tropical Atlantic region (20°S–20°N, 80°W–0°) toward the “controlled” climatological annual cycle to suppress the influences from the circumnavigating waves. In the second sensitivity experiment, mo

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Smirnov, Dimitry, and Daniel J. Vimont. "Extratropical Forcing of Tropical Atlantic Variability during Boreal Summer and Fall." Journal of Climate 25, no. 6 (2012): 2056–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00104.1.

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Abstract The connection between midlatitude Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and tropical SST variations during boreal summer and fall are investigated using a coupled general circulation model (GCM). This research follows on an observational study that finds that, using linear inverse modeling (LIM), predictions of boreal summer tropical Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) variations can be made with skill exceeding persistence with lead times of about one year. The LIM framework identified extratropical Atlantic SST anomalies as important precursors to the AMM variations. The auth

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Huang, Bohua, and J. Shukla. "Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic Ocean." Journal of Climate 18, no. 11 (2005): 1652–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3368.1.

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Abstract A 110-yr simulation is conducted using a specially designed coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model that only allows air–sea interaction over the Atlantic Ocean within 30°S–60°N. Since the influence from the Pacific El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) over the Atlantic is removed in this run, it provides a better view of the extratropical influences on the tropical air–sea interaction within the Atlantic sector. The model results are compared with the observations that also have their ENSO components subtracted. The model reproduces the two major anomalous patterns of the s

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SAHA, KSHUDIRAM, and SURANJANA SAHA. "On the monsoons of South America Part 2 : Interaction with extratropical disturbances and formation of tropical depressions and upper-tropospheric cyclonic vortices." MAUSAM 55, no. 2 (2022): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v55i2.1080.

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The paper reveals a stationary wave structure of the heat low circulation over South America during the southern summer and discusses how the stationary wave may interact with eastward-propagating extratropical disturbances of the two hemispheres. The interactions appear to explain several observed features of the continent’s weather and climate. In particular, they appear to lead to formation of westward-propagating tropical disturbances, such as monsoon lows and depressions and upper-tropospheric cyclonic vortices. The origin, structure, development and movement of these disturbances are dis

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Liu, Maofeng, and James A. Smith. "Extreme Rainfall from Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in the Eastern United States: Hurricane Irene (2011)." Journal of Hydrometeorology 17, no. 11 (2016): 2883–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0072.1.

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Abstract Hurricane Irene produced catastrophic rainfall and flooding in portions of the eastern United States from 27 to 29 August 2011. Like a number of tropical cyclones that have produced extreme flooding in the northeastern United States, Hurricane Irene was undergoing extratropical transition during the period of most intense rainfall. In this study the rainfall distribution of landfalling tropical cyclones is examined, principally through analyses of radar rainfall fields and high-resolution simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. In addition to extratropical

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Knippertz, Peter. "Tropical–extratropical interactions related to upper-level troughs at low latitudes." Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 43, no. 1-2 (2007): 36–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2006.06.003.

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Griffin, Kyle S., and Lance F. Bosart. "The Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclone Edisoana (1990)." Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 8 (2014): 2772–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00282.1.

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Abstract Documentation of southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) tropical cyclones (TCs) and extratropical transition (ET) events is sparse in the refereed literature. The authors present a climatology of SWIO TC and ET events for 1989–2013. The SWIO averages ~9 tropical cyclones (TCs) per year in this modern era. Of these TCs, ~44% undergo extratropical transition (ET), or ~four per year. A case study of TC Edisoana (1990), the most rapidly intensifying SWIO post-ET TC between 1989 and 2013, shows that extratropical interactions began when an approaching trough embedded in the subtropical jet stream (

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Volonté, Ambrogio, Andrew G. Turner, Reinhard Schiemann, Pier Luigi Vidale, and Nicholas P. Klingaman. "Characterising the interaction of tropical and extratropical air masses controlling East Asian summer monsoon progression using a novel frontal detection approach." Weather and Climate Dynamics 3, no. 2 (2022): 575–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-575-2022.

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Abstract. The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is a complex phenomenon, influenced by both tropical and mid-latitude dynamics and by the presence of the Tibetan Plateau. The EASM front (EASMF) separates tropical and extratropical air masses as the monsoon marches northwards. Although the different factors behind EASM progression are illustrated in a number of studies, their interactions, in particular between tropical and extratropical air masses, still need to be clarified. In this study we apply Eulerian and Lagrangian methods to the ERA5 reanalysis dataset to provide a comprehensive study o

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Trzaska, Sylwia, Andrew W. Robertson, John D. Farrara, and Carlos R. Mechoso. "South Atlantic Variability Arising from Air–Sea Coupling: Local Mechanisms and Tropical–Subtropical Interactions." Journal of Climate 20, no. 14 (2007): 3345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4114.1.

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Abstract Interannual variability in the southern and equatorial Atlantic is investigated using an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) coupled to a slab ocean model (SOM) in the Atlantic in order to isolate features of air–sea interactions particular to this basin. Simulated covariability between sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and atmosphere is very similar to the observed non-ENSO-related covariations in both spatial structures and time scales. The leading simulated empirical coupled mode resembles the zonal mode in the tropical Atlantic, despite the lack of ocean dynamics, and is as

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O'Brien, Enda, Douglas A. Stewart, and Lee E. Branscome. "Tropical–Extratropical Interactions on Intraseasonal Time Scales in a Global Spectral Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 51, no. 10 (1994): 1244–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<1244:tioits>2.0.co;2.

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Grimm, Alice M., and Pedro L. Silva Dias. "Analysis of Tropical–Extratropical Interactions with Influence Functions of a Barotropic Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 52, no. 20 (1995): 3538–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3538:aotiwi>2.0.co;2.

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Newman, Matthew, and Prashant D. Sardeshmukh. "Tropical and Stratospheric Influences on Extratropical Short-Term Climate Variability." Journal of Climate 21, no. 17 (2008): 4326–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2118.1.

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Abstract The relative impacts of tropical diabatic heating and stratospheric circulation anomalies on wintertime extratropical tropospheric variability are investigated in a linear inverse model (LIM) derived from the observed zero lag and 5-day lag covariances of 7-day running mean departures from the annual cycle. The model predicts the covariances at all other lags. The predicted and observed lag covariances are generally found to be in excellent agreement, even at the much longer lag of 21 days. This validates the LIM’s basic premise that the dynamics of weekly averages are effectively lin

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Abdillah, Muhammad Rais, Yuki Kanno, and Toshiki Iwasaki. "Tropical–Extratropical Interactions Associated with East Asian Cold Air Outbreaks. Part I: Interannual Variability." Journal of Climate 30, no. 8 (2017): 2989–3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0152.1.

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Interannual variability of winter-mean East Asian cold air outbreaks (CAOs) and its relationship with the tropical climate system during 56 boreal winters (DJF) are investigated. The magnitude of CAO is quantified as winter-mean equatorward cold airmass (CAM) flux below 280-K potential temperature across the 45°N latitude. EOF analysis shows that the interannual variation of East Asian CAOs is attributed mainly to the contributions from western and eastern CAOs. In particular, the western and eastern CAOs tend to be remotely forced by La Niña and El Niño events, respectively. The western and e

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Hart, N. C. G., C. J. C. Reason, and N. Fauchereau. "Tropical–Extratropical Interactions over Southern Africa: Three Cases of Heavy Summer Season Rainfall." Monthly Weather Review 138, no. 7 (2010): 2608–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010mwr3070.1.

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Abstract The synoptic evolution of three tropical–extratropical (TE) interactions, each responsible for extreme rainfall events over southern Africa, is discussed in detail. Along with the consideration of previously studied events, common features of these heavy rainfall producing tropical temperate troughs (TTTs) over southern Africa are discussed. It is found that 2 days prior to an event, northeasterly moisture transports across Botswana, set up by the Angola low, are diverted farther south into the semiarid region of subtropical southern Africa. The TTTs reach full maturity as a TE cloud

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Knippertz, Peter. "Tropical–Extratropical Interactions Causing Precipitation in Northwest Africa: Statistical Analysis and Seasonal Variations." Monthly Weather Review 131, no. 12 (2003): 3069–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<3069:ticpin>2.0.co;2.

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Bladé, Ileana. "The Influence of Midlatitude Ocean–Atmosphere Coupling on the Low-Frequency Variability of a GCM. Part II: Interannual Variability Induced by Tropical SST Forcing*." Journal of Climate 12, no. 1 (1999): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442-12.1.21.

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Abstract This study extends the investigation of the impact of midlatitude ocean–atmosphere interactions on the atmospheric circulation to the interannual timescale by incorporating SST variability in the tropical Pacific representative of observed conditions. Two perpetual January GCM simulations are performed to examine the changes in the low-frequency atmospheric variability brought about by the inclusion of an interactive slab mixed layer in midlatitudes, in particular the changes in the extratropical response to ENSO-like tropical 90-day mean SST anomalies. It is found that midlatitude co

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Abdillah, Muhammad Rais, Yuki Kanno, and Toshiki Iwasaki. "Tropical–Extratropical Interactions Associated with East Asian Cold Air Outbreaks. Part II: Intraseasonal Variation." Journal of Climate 31, no. 2 (2018): 473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0147.1.

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Intraseasonal variations of East Asian cold air outbreaks (CAOs) in relation to the tropical atmosphere during 34 winters (DJF) are investigated. This study is a continuation of Part I, which discussed the interannual variability of East Asian CAOs. Two types of quantitative East Asian CAOs, western and eastern CAOs, are examined. Their variations are identified by the zonal integration of equatorward flux of cold air mass (CAM) below 280 K at 45°N over 90°–135°E and 135°E–180°. A day-lagged regression analysis reveals that peaks of intraseasonal western and eastern CAO events are precondition

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Jin, Rui, Hui Yu, Zhiwei Wu, Johnny C. L. Chan, Ming Ying, and Peng Zhang. "Impact of Extratropical Circulation in East Asia on Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Frequency and Intensity." Journal of Climate 37, no. 6 (2024): 2103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-23-0436.1.

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Abstract This study examines the East Asia and western North Pacific (WNP) monsoon circulation patterns for strong and weak WNP tropical cyclone (TC) numbers in summer. It suggested that years with more intense TCs are coupled with the tropical monsoon circulations, including the northward cross-equatorial airflow and the extending tropical monsoon trough toward the central-eastern WNP. However, a higher frequency of weak TCs can be largely attributed to the mutual interactions among the tropical monsoon trough west of 140°E, the westward South Asia high, and the high pressure anomaly in North

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Fröhlich, Luise, Peter Knippertz, Andreas H. Fink, and Esther Hohberger. "An Objective Climatology of Tropical Plumes." Journal of Climate 26, no. 14 (2013): 5044–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00351.1.

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Abstract The first global objective climatology of tropical plumes (TPs), obtained from a novel algorithm based on gridded 10.8-μm brightness temperatures Tb, is presented for 1983–2006. TPs are defined as continuous cloud bands (&gt;2000 km) crossing 15°N or 15°S with Tb anomalies of less than −20 K and a lifetime of at least 3 h. A minimum length-to-width ratio of 3 filters out elongated features. Numbers of identified TPs are sensitive to the chosen thresholds but not their geographical distribution and seasonal cycle. TPs are an important indicator of tropical–extratropical interaction

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Zhou, Shuntai, and Alvin J. Miller. "The Interaction of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation." Journal of Climate 18, no. 1 (2005): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3251.1.

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Abstract Tropical and extratropical interactions on the intraseasonal time scale are studied in the context of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). To simplify the discussion, a high (low) MJO phase is defined as strong (suppressed) convective activity over the Indian Ocean. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter season, a high (low) AO phase is found more likely coupled with a high (low) MJO phase. Based on the regressed patterns and composites of various dynamical fields and quantities, possible mechanisms linking the AO and the MJO are examined. The analysis

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Henderson, Stephanie A., Daniel J. Vimont, and Matthew Newman. "The Critical Role of Non-Normality in Partitioning Tropical and Extratropical Contributions to PNA Growth." Journal of Climate 33, no. 14 (2020): 6273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0555.1.

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AbstractThe Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern has been linked both to tropical phenomena, including the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and to internal extratropical processes, including interactions with the zonally varying basic state and synoptic eddies. Many questions remain, however, concerning how these various relationships act, both separately and together, to yield observed PNA variability. Using linear inverse modeling (LIM), this study finds that the development and amplification of PNA anomalies largely results from the int

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González-Alemán, Juan Jesús, Jenni L. Evans, and Alex M. Kowaleski. "Use of Ensemble Forecasts to Investigate Synoptic Influences on the Structural Evolution and Predictability of Hurricane Alex (2016) in the Midlatitudes." Monthly Weather Review 146, no. 10 (2018): 3143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0015.1.

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Abstract Hurricane Alex was an extremely rare hurricane event, the first North Atlantic hurricane to form in January since 1938. Alex developed from an extratropical low pressure system that formed over the western North Atlantic basin, and then underwent tropical transition after moving to the eastern basin. It subsequently underwent anomalous extratropical transition (ET) just north of the Azores Islands. We examine the factors affecting Alex’s structural evolution and the predictability of that evolution. Potential scenarios of structural development are identified from a 51-member forecast

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Peng, Shiling, Walter A. Robinson, Shuanglin Li, and Michael A. Alexander. "Effects of Ekman Transport on the NAO Response to a Tropical Atlantic SST Anomaly." Journal of Climate 19, no. 19 (2006): 4803–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3910.1.

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Abstract A recent study showed that a tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly induces a significant coupled response in late winter [February–April (FMA)] in a coupled model, in which an atmospheric general circulation model is coupled to a slab mixed layer ocean model (AGCM_ML). The coupled response comprises a dipole in the geopotential height, like the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and a North Atlantic tripole in the SST. The simulated NAO response developed 1 or 2 months later in the model than in observations. To determine the possible effects of Ekman heat transport o

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McTaggart-Cowan, R., J. R. Gyakum, and M. K. Yau. "The Influence of the Downstream State on Extratropical Transition: Hurricane Earl (1998) Case Study." Monthly Weather Review 131, no. 8 (2003): 1910–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175//2589.1.

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Abstract The multitude of tropical–extratropical interactions that occur during an extratropical transition (ET) complicate the prediction and diagnosis of these extreme events. This study focuses on the analysis of a double ET and reintensification event that took place between 5 and 7 September 1998. Ex-Hurricanes Earl and Danielle reintensified rapidly over the western and eastern North Atlantic, respectively. A set of simulations designed to test the sensitivity of Earl's ET to features in the downstream state was run using a set of idealizations for a numerical model's initial and boundar

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Roundy, Paul E. "Quasi‐biennial oscillation impacts on Madden–Julian oscillation‐associated tropical–extratropical interactions and Kelvin waves." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 148, no. 743 (2022): 907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.4238.

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Knippertz, Peter, Andreas H. Fink, Andreas Reiner, and Peter Speth. "Three Late Summer/Early Autumn Cases of Tropical–Extratropical Interactions Causing Precipitation in Northwest Africa." Monthly Weather Review 131, no. 1 (2003): 116–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0116:tlseac>2.0.co;2.

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Lewis, James K., and S. A. Hsu. "Mesoscale air-sea interactions related to tropical and extratropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, no. C2 (1992): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jc01447.

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Qin, Jianhuang, Ruiqiang Ding, Lei Zhou, Heng Liu, Shang-min Long, and Lijun Tao. "Cross-Seasonal Effect on Tropical Pacific Precipitation: Implication of South Pacific Quadrupole Simulation in CMIP6." Journal of Climate 37, no. 23 (2024): 6127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-23-0660.1.

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Abstract The tropical Pacific convergence zone plays a crucial role in the global climate system. Previous research studies emphasized the cross-seasonal influence of the South Pacific quadrupole (SPQ) mode on the tropical Pacific climate. This study assesses the relationship between austral summer SPQ and austral winter tropical precipitation in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) models. The analysis emphasizes the historical experiments conducted within this time frame, spanning from 1979 to 2014. Our findings reveal that the SPQ is accurately represented in all CMI

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Harr, Patrick A., and Jonathan M. Dea. "Downstream Development Associated with the Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 4 (2009): 1295–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2558.1.

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Abstract The movement of a tropical cyclone into the midlatitudes involves interactions among many complex physical processes over a variety of space and time scales. Furthermore, the extratropical transition (ET) of a tropical cyclone may also result in a high-amplitude Rossby wave response that can extend to near-hemispheric scales. After an ET event occurs over the western portion of a Northern Hemisphere ocean basin, the high-amplitude downstream response often forces anomalous midlatitude circulations for periods of days to a week. These circulations may then be related to high-impact wea

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Maloney, Eric D., and Chidong Zhang. "Dr. Yanai’s Contributions to the Discovery and Science of the MJO." Meteorological Monographs 56 (April 1, 2016): 4.1–4.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-15-0003.1.

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Abstract This chapter reviews Professor Michio Yanai’s contributions to the discovery and science of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Professor Yanai’s work on equatorial waves played an inspirational role in the MJO discovery by Roland Madden and Paul Julian. Professor Yanai also made direct and important contributions to MJO research. These research contributions include work on the vertically integrated moist static energy budget, cumulus momentum transport, eddy available potential energy and eddy kinetic energy budgets, and tropical–extratropical interactions. Finally, Professor Yanai

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Ralph, F. Martin, Paul J. Neiman, George N. Kiladis, Klaus Weickmann, and David W. Reynolds. "A Multiscale Observational Case Study of a Pacific Atmospheric River Exhibiting Tropical–Extratropical Connections and a Mesoscale Frontal Wave." Monthly Weather Review 139, no. 4 (2011): 1169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010mwr3596.1.

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A case study is presented of an atmospheric river (AR) that produced heavy precipitation in the U.S. Pacific Northwest during March 2005. The study documents several key ingredients from the planetary scale to the mesoscale that contributed to the extreme nature of this event. The multiscale analysis uses unique experimental data collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) P-3 aircraft operated from Hawaii, coastal wind profiler and global positioning system (GPS) meteorological stations in Oregon, and satellite and global reanalysis data. Moving from larger scales

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Wei, Yuntao, Mu Mu, Tao Lian, et al. "The March 2023 MJO and Its Impacts on the Subsequent Coastal El Niño." Journal of Climate 38, no. 4 (2025): 1155–73. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-24-0198.1.

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Abstract The year 2023 has witnessed sequential geneses of a record-breaking Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and an unprecedented coastal El Niño in March–April, thus offering another opportunity to further understand the dynamics of MJO–El Niño interactions. Here, we show that the March 2023 MJO is quite unusual as it starts from the South China Sea due to the dry intrusion of extratropical cold northerly winds and moist preconditioning effects of equatorial Rossby waves, propagates eastward fast as a double Kelvin wave system, and expands over the entire tropical Pacific largely as a Kelvin

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Chen, Guiwan, Jian Ling, Zhaohui Lin, Ziniu Xiao, and Chongyin Li. "Role of tropical-extratropical interactions in the unprecedented 2022 extreme rainfall in Pakistan: A historical perspective." Atmospheric Research 291 (August 2023): 106817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106817.

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