Journal articles: 'Tropical medicine; Africa'

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Bedu-Addo, G. "Massive splenomegaly in tropical West Africa." Postgraduate Medical Journal 76, no. 892 (February 1, 2000): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pmj.76.892.107.

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Loefler, I. "Principles of Medicine in Africa Third edition; Textbook of Tropical Surgery." JRSM 97, no. 9 (August 31, 2004): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.97.9.451.

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Weinke, Th, G. Weber, U. Schultes, W. Hopfenmüller, and K. Janitschke. "Malaria prophylaxis in travellers to tropical Africa." Klinische Wochenschrift 68, no. 5 (March 1990): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02116057.

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Brocklesby, Helen. "David William Brocklesby." Veterinary Record 185, no. 15 (October 18, 2019): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.l6078.

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Fleming, Alan F. "Tropical obstetrics and gynaecology. 1. Anaemia in pregnancy in tropical Africa." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, no. 4 (July 1989): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(89)90241-1.

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Wiland-Szymańska, Justyna. "The genus Hypoxis L. (Hypoxidaceae) in the East Tropical." Biodiversity: Research and Conservation 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 1–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10119-009-0011-5.

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The genusHypoxisL. (Hypoxidaceae) in the East TropicalA complete key with full descriptions and distributions of all knownHypoxistaxa found in the East Tropical Africa is presented in the monograph. The morphology of all species, subspecies and varieties is described, including such important taxonomic characters for this genus like tuber flesh color, tunic type, indumentum and seed testa sculpture. A succulent leaf structure is described forH. kilimanjaricavar.prostrata.The anatomical studies were conducted as a part of taxonomical analysis. They have positively evaluated a taxonomic significance of leaf anatomy characters, such as succulent structure, occurrence of bulliform cells in epidermis outside the keel zone, type and distribution of trichomes. The studies of theHypoxisleaf anatomy added new data concerning anatomical differentiation of the cataphylls and the inner leaves. Also differentiated mesophyll and simultaneous presence of different types of stomata on one leaf are reported. It has been shown that in some species mucilage canals are present in the inner leaves and that this character is not constant. The number of vascular bundles, which can be determined only on the basis of a leaf section, is useful only in species with a small number of veins, not increasing with a plant age. Because of lack of constancy in distribution, number of stomata accessory cells cannot be used as a diversifying character for the East African species ofHypoxis.The wax crystals are revealed to exist in many species ofHypoxis.The anatomical characters of scapes were also studied in a taxonomic context. A sclerenchyma distribution, as well as number of vascular bundles can be used for a species determination. The presence of sclerenchyma prevents the scapes from bending down after anthesis. The studies of phenology revealed that there are two groups of taxa, one with a resting period and the other without it. It is connected with a climate in which the species occurs. The study of distribution maps of the species occurring in the East Africa are provided for this area, as well as for their entire range. This new knowledge, along with a revision of literature data, led to a new conclusion as to a number of allHypoxisspecies in Africa, which is now estimated to be 55. The revision demonstrates that distribution of many of theHypoxisspecies is connected with White's phytochoria. It proves that not only South Africa, but also the Zambesian Region is a very important center of diversity of this genus. The number of endemic taxa ofHypoxisfor the East Tropical Africa is very low, including only one species and one subspecies. Additionally, a study of vertical ranges ofHypoxisis presented. It reveals that most of the species in East Africa grow in the mountains and they show preferences of dispersal in particular altitudinal levels. The analysis of the vertical distribution within the entire ranges of different taxa has showed differences in the altitudinal position depending on the geographic location. The human influence onHypoxisis studied in terms of their use in folk medicine and believes. Most of the species ofHypoxissurvive quite well in East Africa, being a visible component of various types of grasslands. Some species however are under threat of extinction. This is due to their incapability of surviving in changed habitats, especially in shade of cultivated plants. Another threat is a large-scale collection of species believed to cure the HIV, or sold as a substitute of similar taxa, assumed to possess such qualities. The IUCN categories are proposed for the East African taxa ofHypoxis.

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Merdin, Alparslan, Ozer Birge, and Fatma Avci Merdin. "Approach to Fever in Sub-Saharan Tropical Africa." Turkish Journal of Parasitology 39, no. 4 (January 26, 2016): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/tpd.2015.4427.

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GESSAIN, A. "HTLV-I AND TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS IN AFRICA." Lancet 328, no. 8508 (September 1986): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90218-7.

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Adebajo, AO. "Low frequency of autoimmune disease in tropical Africa." Lancet 349, no. 9048 (February 1997): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)62867-x.

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Gewurtz, Margo S. "Transnationalism in Missionary Medicine." Social Sciences and Missions 30, no. 1-2 (2017): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-03001001.

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Kala-azar is a parasitic disease that was endemic in India, parts of Africa and China. During the first half of the twentieth century, developing means of treatment and identification of the host and transmission vectors for this deadly disease would be the subject of transnational research and controversy. In the formative period for this research, two Canadian Medical missionaries, Drs. Jean Dow and Ernest Struthers, pioneered work on Kala-azar in the North Henan Mission. The great international prestige of the London School of Tropical Medicine and the Indian Medical Service would stand against recognition of the clinical discoveries of missionary doctors in remote North Henan. It was only after Struthers forged personal relations with Dr. Lionel. E. Napier and his colleagues at the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine that there was a meeting of minds to promote the hypothesis that the sand fly was the transmission vector.

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Haran, Julien, Raphael François Xavier Ndzana Abanda, Laure Benoit, Claude Bakoumé, and Laurence Beaudoin-Ollivier. "Multilocus phylogeography of the world populations of Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), pollinator of the palm Elaeis guineensis." Bulletin of Entomological Research 110, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 654–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485320000218.

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AbstractElaeidobius kamerunicus Faust (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) is one of the specific pollinators on inflorescences of the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacquin. This derelomine weevil is native to tropical Africa. During the late 20th century, it was introduced into all tropical regions where E. guineensis is grown, in order to improve its pollination and fruit set. Despite an overall success, a decline in pollination efficiency has been documented in several regions. In this study, we reconstructed a multilocus phylogeography of the world populations of E. kamerunicus, in order to explore its genetic diversity in its native and introduced ranges. Our results showed that African populations of E. kamerunicus are forming two differentiated mitochondrial clusters in West and central Africa, forming a contact zone along the Cameroon Volcanic Line. The existence of this sharp contact zone along this weak altitudinal barrier suggests that other parameters, such as climate, may be driving the distribution of populations. A differential genetic structure between mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and the strong level of genetic structure of the mitochondrial gene, also suggest sex-biased dispersal in this species, with males dispersing more than females. The genetic structure inferred from Asian and South American populations suggests that they originate from populations of both western and central tropical Africa and that a bottleneck has probably been experienced by these populations.

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Abu-Aisha, Hasan, and Sarra Elamin. "Peritoneal Dialysis in Africa." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 30, no. 1 (January 2010): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2008.00226.

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BackgroundAfrica is the world's second-largest and second most populous continent. It is also the poorest and most underdeveloped continent. Struggling to provide the essential health interventions for its occupants, the majority of African countries cannot regard renal replacement therapy a health priority.ReviewIn 2007, Africa's dialysis population constituted only 4.5% of the world's dialysis population, with a prevalence of 74 per million population (pmp), compared to a global average of 250 pmp. In almost half the African countries, no dialysis patients are reported. The prevalence of peritoneal dialysis (PD) was 2.2 pmp, compared to a global prevalence of 27 pmp, with the bulk of African PD patients (85%) residing in South Africa. In North African countries, which serve 93% of the African dialysis population, the contribution of PD to dialysis is only 0% – 3%. Cost is a major factor affecting the provision of dialysis treatment and many countries are forced to ration dialysis therapy. Rural setting, difficult transportation, low electrification rates, limited access to improved sanitation and improved water sources, unsuitable living circumstances, and the limited number of nephrologists are obstacles to the provision of PD in many countries.ConclusionThe potential for successful regular PD programs in tropical countries has now been well established. Cost is a major prohibitive factor but the role of domestic manufacture in facilitating widespread use of PD is evidenced by the South African example. Education and training are direly needed and these are areas where international societies can be of great help.

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13

Wulf, Stefan, and Heinz-Peter Schmiedebach. "Wahnsinn und Malaria – Schnittpunkte und Grenzverwischungen zwischen Psychiatrie und Tropen medizin in Hamburg (1900–1925)." Gesnerus 71, no. 1 (November 11, 2014): 98–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07101004.

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The object of this article is to point out and to discuss the significant intersections and boundary blurring between psychiatry and tropical medicine while treating malaria in the German «colonial metropolis» Hamburg. The focus of this study is the Hamburg asylum at Friedrichsberg and the Institute for Maritime and Tropical Diseases (Hamburg Tropical Institute). Under analysis are two groups of patients as well as the means with which their doctors treated them: 1. patients who have been sent back from the German colonies in Africa after mental disorders had been diagnosed, and 2. patients suffering from general paralysis and treated in Friedrichsberg after 1919 using the then newly developed malaria fever therapy (according to Wagner-Jauregg). The implementation of this latter led to an intensification of the cooperation between psychiatry and tropical medicine in Hamburg which prior to this had been only very sporadic.

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Pires, Mark. "Study-Abroad and Cultural Exchange Programs to Africa: America’s Image of a Continent." African Issues 28, no. 1-2 (2000): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500006831.

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America’s understanding, or perhaps more appropriately its misunderstanding, of Africa is based on a long history of explorer, traveler, and missionary experience recounted in travelogue and the popular press. For the most part, images of Africa expressed in these accounts portray a world of barbarous, uncivilized peoples living in the unbearable climes of torrid deserts and tropical swelter. Today, there is little evidence to suggest any fundamental change in these earlier perceptions. As Michael McCarthy comments, “[the] ‘dark continent’ image of Africa as a mixture of desert and jungle, savage beasts and beastly savages, has persisted to such an extent that it has become over time the essential way in which most Americans have come to understand African realities.”

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15

Bockarie, M. J. "Integrated control of neglected tropical diseases in Africa." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 (March 2010): e174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.1872.

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McLarty, D. G., A. Yusafali, and A. B. M. Swai. "Seasonal Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in Tropical Africa." Diabetic Medicine 6, no. 9 (December 1989): 762–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1989.tb01275.x.

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17

Maroyi, Alfred. "DICOMA ANOMALA SOND.: A REVIEW OF ITS BOTANY, ETHNOMEDICINE, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.25538.

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Dicoma anomala is used as herbal medicine to treat and manage fever, coughs, colds, sore throats, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, intestinal worms, and sexually transmitted infections in tropical Africa. The aim of this study was to summarize the research that has been done on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of D. anomala in tropical Africa. The literature search for information on ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of D. anomala was undertaken using databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, BioMed Central, PubMed, and Springer link. Other relevant literature sources included books, book chapters, websites, theses, conference papers, and other scientific publications. This study showed that D. anomala is used as herbal medicine in 57.1% of the countries in tropical Africa where it is indigenous. The species is used to treat 66 and five human and animal diseases, respectively. Several classes of secondary metabolites including acetylenic compounds, diterpene, flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, saponins, sesquiterpenes, tannins and triterpenes have been isolated from D. anomala. Different aqueous and organic extracts of D. anomala exhibited anthelmintic, anticancer, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, and hepatoprotective activities. The documented information on the botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of D. anomala provide baseline data required for further ethnopharmacological studies on the species.

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Webb, James LA. "The long shadow of malaria interventions in tropical Africa." Lancet 374, no. 9705 (December 2009): 1883–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)62081-x.

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Bates, I., T. Rutherford, D. H. Bevan, and G. Bedu-Addo. "Splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes in tropical West Africa." Lancet 340, no. 8819 (September 1992): 575–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)92108-r.

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Beckley, Carl S., Salisu Shaban, Guy H. Palmer, Andrew T. Hudak, Susan M. Noh, and James E. Futse. "Disaggregating Tropical Disease Prevalence by Climatic and Vegetative Zones within Tropical West Africa." PLOS ONE 11, no. 3 (March 29, 2016): e0152560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152560.

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Hopkins, Adrian D. "Neglected tropical diseases in Africa: a new paradigm." International Health 8, suppl 1 (March 2016): i28—i33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihv077.

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Galley, Chloé, Benny Bytebier, Dirk U. Bellstedt, and H. Peter Linder. "The Cape element in the Afrotemperate flora: from Cape to Cairo?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1609 (November 29, 2006): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0046.

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The build-up of biodiversity is the result of immigration and in situ speciation. We investigate these two processes for four lineages ( Disa , Irideae p.p., the Pentaschistis clade and Restionaceae) that are widespread in the Afrotemperate flora. These four lineages may be representative of the numerous clades which are species rich in the Cape and also occur in the highlands of tropical Africa. It is as yet unclear in which direction the lineages spread. Three hypotheses have been proposed: (i) a tropical origin with a southward migration towards the Cape, (ii) a Cape origin with a northward migration into tropical Africa, and (iii) vicariance. None of these hypotheses has been thoroughly tested. We reconstruct the historical biogeography of the four lineages using likelihood optimization onto molecular phylogenies. We find that tropical taxa are nested within a predominantly Cape clade. There is unidirectional migration from the Cape into the Drakensberg and from there northwards into tropical Africa. The amount of in situ diversification differs between areas and clades. Dating estimates show that the migration into tropical East Africa has occurred in the last 17 Myr, consistent with the Mio-Pliocene formation of the mountains in this area.

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Mezue, Kenechukwu, Paul Edwards, Ifeanyi Nsofor, Ahmed Goha, Ike Anya, Kristofer Madu, Dainia Baugh, Felix Nunura, Glen Gaulton, and Ernest Madu. "Sub-Saharan Africa Tackles COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities." Ethnicity & Disease 30, no. 4 (September 24, 2020): 693–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.30.4.693.

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As of May 2020, the global COVID-19 pandemic had reached 187 countries with more than 3.7 million confirmed cases and 263,000 deaths. While sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has not been spared, the extent of disease is currently far less than in Europe or North America leading some to posit that climatic, genetic or other conditions will self-limit disease in this location. Nonetheless, infections in tropical Africa continue to rise at an alarming pace with the potential to soon exceed health resource availability and to exhaust a health care workforce that is already grossly under supported and ill-equipped. This perspective outlines the context of COVID-19 disease in Africa with a focus on the distinctive challenges faced by African nations and a potential best path forward. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(4):693-694; doi:10.18865/ed.30.4.693

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Dickinson, Garth. "African hemorrhagic fever: Welcome to Marburg country." CJEM 1, no. 02 (July 1999): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500003936.

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African hemorrhagic fevers are lethal, incurable viral infections with a notorious propensity to afflict health care workers. Lassa and Ebola are the best-known culprits, and these killers spread fear well beyond their geographic range. Chances are your hospital has a plan to deal with febrile travellers returning from endemic regions of Africa. Such plans involve isolation, space suit technology and desperate calls to public health and tropical disease experts.

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Williams, D. J. "The identity and distribution of the genus Maconellicoccus Ezzat (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in africa." Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, no. 2 (June 1986): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300014814.

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AbstractSince Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), a pest of many plants including Hibiscus, was introduced into Egypt in 1908, probably from the Oriental Region, it has spread to much of tropical Africa. There is little information available on its control, but the encyrtid Anagyrus kamali Moursi is known to give good control in Egypt. The ladybird Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant is a voracious feeder on M. hirsutus in Egypt, but it does not survive the Egyptian winter, although it may be useful in the tropical areas. M. perforatus (De Lotto) is synonymized with M. hirsutus, and the distribution and host-plants of this species in Africa are discussed. A lectotype is designated for M. ugandae (Laing), a species now known to occur throughout tropical Africa, especially on coffee and cocoa. It is illustrated and redescribed and compared with M. hirsutus. M. bardus De Lotto, known from South Africa only, is excluded from the study because it probably belongs to the genus Chorizococcus.

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Knippers, Ronja Hermiene Maria, Sandrine Gallois, and Tinde van Andel. "Commercialization of Aframomum spp. in Africa: a Systematic Review of Literature and Supporting Botanical Vouchers." Economic Botany 75, no. 1 (March 2021): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12231-021-09517-4.

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AbstractAframomum (Zingiberaceae) is a genus of plants native to tropical Africa that are sold on African markets as spices and traditional medicine. Not all species of Aframomum are equally abundant or widespread, and no overview exists of the specific species traded or the quality of the species identifications in publications referencing the sale of Aframomum. Through a systematic literature review, we show that 14 species of Aframomum are sold in 15 African countries. The majority of the studies were done in Nigeria and Cameroon and A. melegueta was the most frequently reported species in trade. A. kayserianum was the only commercialized species with confirmed conservation issues. Our literature review shows extensive knowledge gaps regarding the commercialization of Aframomum in Africa. Most studies did not include herbarium vouchers, or only used market-sourced plant material, which impedes the possibilities for species verifications. Additionally, most East African countries were devoid of relevant research. These gaps can be bridged by future research in East Africa and voucher collection from living material. Information on the conservation status of traded Aframomum species can be obtained by population studies on wild resources and documenting local domestication efforts, as the cultivation of marketed species tends to relieve the pressure from wild resources.

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Ghehi, Nasrin Gharahi. "Estimation of N20 and NO emission from a tropical highland forest in Rwanda." Afrika Focus 26, no. 2 (February 26, 2013): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02602008.

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The research of this work fits within the broad subject of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. More specifically, this work focuses on the contribution of tropical forest soils to the atmospheric N20 and NO budgets. Nitrous oxide has a global warming potential of 310 relative to CO2 and is one of the main greenhouse gases covered by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Nitrous oxide also plays a key role in modulating the stratospheric ozone layer. Tropical forest soils are considered to be the largest natural source of N20. Additionally, they can produce considerable amounts of NO. Estimates of the contribution of tropical rainforest ecosystems, which cover u50 x ro6 ha of the global land surface, to atmospheric N20 and NO have a high uncertainty. Despite the fact that tropical forest soils are considered to be a key source of N20 and NO2 only a relatively small number of detailed studies investigating the temporal and spatial variability of the N20 and NO soil-atmosphere exchange are available, particularly for Africa. Therefore the general objective of this research was to improve N20 and NO emission predictions from tropical forest. The research has been carried out in the Nyungwe forest in Rwanda for which a large number of legacy data are available. The results of this thesis led to (i) a better understanding of the N20 and NO source strength of a central African tropical forest soil, (ii) improved NO and N2O emission estimates from a central African tropical highland forest and more insight into the importance of soil properties controlling N20 and NO emissions and (iii) a better insight in those parameters that preferentially should be monitored to allow better global simulations of N20 and NO emissions from tropical forests.

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Che, Chun-Tao, Ming Zhao, Brian Guo, and Michael M. Onakpa. "Icacina trichantha, A Tropical Medicinal Plant." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 7 (July 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100740.

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This is a review on the pharmacological properties and chemical composition of Icacina trichantha (Icacinaceae), a food and medicinal plant native to West Africa. The tuber is a good source of nutrients such as starch; it also exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities in animal models. Chemical analysis has revealed the presence of a series of unusual pimarane-type diterpenes.

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PROTHERO, R. MANSELL. "Forced Movements of Population and Health Hazards in Tropical Africa." International Journal of Epidemiology 23, no. 4 (1994): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/23.4.657.

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Madeja, Ulrich-Dietmar, and Ulrike Schroeder. "From Colonial Research Spirit to Global Commitment: Bayer and African Sleeping Sickness in the Mirror of History." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010042.

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In the early 20th century, a series of epidemics across equatorial Africa brought African sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis, HAT) to the attention of the European colonial administrations. This disease presented an exciting challenge for microbiologists across Europe to study the disease, discover the pathogen and search for an effective treatment. In 1923, the first “remedy for tropical diseases”—Suramin—manufactured by Bayer AG came onto the market under the brand name “Germanin.” The development and life cycle of this product—which today is still the medicine of choice for Trypanosoma brucei (T.b), hodesiense infections—reflect medical progress as well as the successes and failures in fighting the disease in the context of historic political changes over the last 100 years.

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Kissoon, Niranjan. "Preventing Intensive Care Admissions for Sepsis in Tropical Africa." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 14, no. 6 (July 2013): 644–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pcc.0b013e3182917b97.

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Nganou, Blaise K., Jubie Selvaraj, Pierre Tane, Alex Nchiozem, Ingrid Simo, Chaitanya MVNL, and Dhanabal Palanisamy. "A Review on Adenocarpus mannii; a Main Species of the Genus Adenocarpus." Current Traditional Medicine 6, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215083805666190708153634.

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: The fabaceae are rooted in rosaceae pods known as "vegetables" by the early botanists. They are the third family of angiosperms which includes 642 genus divided into about 18,000 species. The fabaceae family is known as the most important family of the ecosystem as it is indispensable in medicine, agriculture, industry and livestock. The Adenocarpus genus has about 50 species that are frequently found in tropical regions of Northern Africa, the southern part of West Europe and in the central and southern Italy. They are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases: such as microbial infections, leprosy, scabies, acne, malaria and other plants species are used in agriculture as insecticidal properties. Mainly Adenocarpus mannii species is well represented in the tropical regions of North Africa. It occurs in Angola, Mozambique, Malawi, Guinea, South Africa, Tanzania, and Burundi. In Cameroon, it is encountered in South West Region and West Region. Previous phytochemical studies led to the isolation of several classes of compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenes. Several studies report the phytochemical studies on genus Adenocarpus and chemotaxonomic markers of species of this genus. Herein, we outline all the botanical, pharmacological and phytochemical aspects of Adenocarpus mannii. A brief introduction about fabaceae and the genus Adenocarpus has also been included.

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Hul, Sovanmoly, Chhavarath Dary, Frédéric Jacques, Evelyne Ollivier, Sok-Siya Bun, and Florian Jabbour. "Lecto- and epitypification of Stephania rotunda (Menispermaceae)." Phytotaxa 172, no. 2 (June 13, 2014): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.172.2.10.

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The plant genus Stephania Loureiro (1790: 608–609) (Menispermaceae) comprises about 60 species distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, tropical Africa, and Oceania (Lo et al. 2008). Species of this genus are commonly used in folk medicine for the treatment of asthma, tuberculosis, dysentery, hyperglycemia, cancer, fever, and malaria (Semwal et al. 2010). Currently, active pharmacological research is being conducted on S. rotunda Loureiro (1790: 608), and particularly on its tubers. This species shows in addition to antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, a significant antiplasmodial activity (Bun et al. 2009, Baghdikian et al. 2013).

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Rai, K. N., D. S. Murty, D. J. Andrews, and P. J. Bramel-Cox. "Genetic enhancement of pearl millet and sorghum for the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa." Genome 42, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-040.

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Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), ranking fifth and sixth in global cereal hectarage, respectively, are the most important coarse-grain cereals in the semi-arid tropical regions of Asia and Africa. Pearl millet displays better adaptation to and is grown in relatively more marginal environments than sorghum. Under subsistence farming conditions, both crops have low grain yields (0.5-0.7 t·ha-1 for pearl millet and 0.7-0.9 t·ha-1 for sorghum), although improved hybrid cultivars give 3-4 t·ha-1 of realizable grain yields in better-endowed environments. African germplasm, especially Zera Zera sorghums from the Sudan-Ethiopian border in eastern Africa and Iniari pearl millets from the Togo - Ghana - Benin - Burkina Faso region of western Africa, has proved most useful for the genetic improvement of these crops. The greatest impact of improved cultivars (mostly hybrids) has occurred in India, where the area under high-yielding varieties (HYVs) increased from 6% for pearl millet and 3% for sorghum in the triennium 1968-1970 to 53% for pearl millet and 54% for sorghum in the triennium 1992-1994. During the same period, productivity of both crops increased by 59%, which is attributable to both genetic improvement and management factors. HYVs have now started to be adopted in some of the African countries as well (e.g., Chad, Cameroon, Botswana, and Zimbabwe for sorghum; Chad, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe for pearl millet). The availability of vast untapped genetic resources and continuing yield gains indicate that there are good prospects for future genetic improvement in the productivity of these crops, which can be accelerated with the application of biotechnological tools. Sorghum and pearl millet will continue to be important food crops in their traditional semi-arid tropical areas. Sorghum is already an important feed crop in the developed world and pearl millet has the potential to become an even better feed crop, as it has higher protein content and a better amino acid profile than sorghum. The nutritional value of both crops for food and feed use can be further improved by breeding. Also, through genetic enhancement, there exist opportunities for the development of sorghum and pearl millet cultivars suitable for alternative uses in the bakery and beverage industries.Key words: sorghum, Sorghum bicolor, pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum, genetic enhancement, semi-arid tropics, Asia, Africa, cultivars, impact.

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Ichinose, Yoshio. "Kenya Research Station and its Research Activities." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0807.

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The Institute of Tropical Medicine Kenya Research Station of Nagasaki University (NUITM) was established in 2005 with Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) funds. The station involves clinical and epidemiological research programs focusing on tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases based on education and research exchanges between Africa and Japan. This project is supported by about 22 Japanese staff members, including short-termers, in addition to 85 Kenyan staff members. It has at least 12 research groups studying the prevention of tropical and emerging diseases in collaboration with stakeholder institutions. The station also implements a JICA grassroots technical cooperation project since 2012. In April 2010, the Nagasaki University Africa Research Station was incorporated into the Kenya Research Station, enabling other faculties to conduct research in Kenya. The Nagasaki University School of Dentistry then started an oral health survey in Mbita and the Schools of Fisheries, Engineering, and Health Sciences have started joint research projects conserving and managing Lake Victoria basin water and fishery resources. Our aim is to develop a foundation enabling researchers from all different fields to conduct research for improving local community health and living standards. The NUITM was invited to become an associate member of the Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases (J-GRID) in 2011.

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Gtari, Maher, and Jeffrey O. Dawson. "An overview of actinorhizal plants in Africa." Functional Plant Biology 38, no. 9 (2011): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11009.

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A compilation and synthesis of information derived from plant databases and other sources on the occurrence, diversity and geographic distribution of actinorhizal plants in Africa is presented in this review. Actinorhizal plants are a specific group of non-leguminous, woody dicots having symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing root nodules that are induced on roots of actinorhizal plant species by soil actinomycetes of the genus Frankia. There is a lack of basic information on actinorhizal plants in Africa compared with other major land masses in the world. Results indicate that most, if not all, African countries and climatic regions have native or introduced actinorhizal species. A synthesis of available information indicates that there are six families, nine genera and 38 reported species of actinorhizal plants in Africa. Of these, 21 species are native and 17 are exotic. The families and corresponding number of species in each genus are: Betulaceae (native Alnus glutinosa (1), exotic Alnus (2)); Casuarinaceae (exotic Casuarina (5), exotic Allocasuarina (3), exotic Gymnostoma deplancheana (1)); Coriariaceae (native Coriaria myrtifolia (1)); Myricaceae (native Morella (19), exotic Morella cerifera (1)); Rhamnaceae (exotic Ceanothus caeruleus (1), exotic Colletia paradoxa (1)); and Elaeagnaceae (exotic Eleaegnus angustifolia (1)). Four reports of native, actinorhizal Ceanothus species in Africa found in the database were determined to be false, instead, being non-actinorhizal species. Widespread plantings of exotic Casuarinaceae have been introduced into tropical and arid zones of Africa as multipurpose trees, especially in arid regions where native species do not occur. There is a diverse assemblage of native species of Morella in Africa, mostly shrubs or small trees, which provide medicine, other useful chemicals and wildlife habitat. Many native Morella species are isolated in montane islands, apparently leading to greater speciation than in Eurasia from where the genus migrated into Africa. The current status and knowledge of African actinorhizal plants indicates a need to focus research on their biogeography, biology, ecology, genetics and use.

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Webb Jr., James. "Historical epidemiology and global health history." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 27, suppl 1 (September 2020): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702020000300002.

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Abstract The subdiscipline of historical epidemiology holds the promise of creating a more robust and more nuanced foundation for global public health decision-making by deepening the empirical record from which we draw lessons about past interventions. This essay draws upon historical epidemiological research on three global public health campaigns to illustrate this promise: the Rockefeller Foundation’s efforts to control hookworm disease (1909-c.1930), the World Health Organization’s pilot projects for malaria eradication in tropical Africa (1950s-1960s), and the international efforts to shut down the transmission of Ebola virus disease during outbreaks in tropical Africa (1974-2019).

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Pollach, Gregor, and Felix Namboya. "Preventing Intensive Care Admissions for Sepsis in Tropical Africa (PICASTA)." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 14, no. 6 (July 2013): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pcc.0b013e318291774b.

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Parry, E. H. O. "Health and disease in tropical Africa: Geographical and medical viewpoints." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, no. 2 (March 1988): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(88)90403-8.

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Louis, F., and L. Kohagne Tongue. "Neglected Tropical Diseases: An Example of Encouraging Control in Central Africa." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 12 (December 2008): e197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.490.

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Alfred Maroyi. "Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn. (Rubiaceae): Review of medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (September 29, 2020): 5876–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3238.

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Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn. is a shrub or small tree widely used as a traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in tropical Africa. Gardenia ternifolia is widespread in tropical Africa, extending from Senegal eastwards to Ethiopia and Kenya, through the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) southwards to Namibia, South Africa and Mozambique. This study was aimed at providing a critical review of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of G. ternifolia. Documented information on the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of G. ternifolia was collected from several online sources which included Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct. Additional information was gathered from pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles and scientific publications obtained from the university library. This study showed that the species is widely used as an aphrodisiac and protective charm, and traditional medicine for headache, migraine, respiratory infections, sore eyes, hypertension, diabetes, gastro-intestinal problems, erectile dysfunction, malaria, convulsions and epilepsy. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include alkaloids, anthocyanins, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, stereoisomeric neolignans, tannins and terpenoids. Pharmacological research revealed that G. ternifolia extracts and compounds isolated from the species have antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antileishmanial, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, antisickling, antitheilerial, hepatotoxicity, larvicidal and cytotoxicity activities. Future research on G. ternifolia should focus on detailed phytochemical evaluations, including toxicological, in vivo and clinical studies to corroborate the traditional medical applications of the species.

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Chi, Sensen, Gaimei She, Dan Han, Weihua Wang, Zhao Liu, and Bin Liu. "GenusTinospora: Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9232593.

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The genusTinosporaincludes 34 species, in which several herbs were used as traditional medicines by indigenous groups throughout the tropical and subtropical parts of Asia, Africa, and Australia. The extensive literature survey revealedTinosporaspecies to be a group of important medicinal plants used for the ethnomedical treatment of colds, headaches, pharyngitis, fever, diarrhea, oral ulcer, diabetes, digestive disorder, and rheumatoid arthritis. Indian ethnopharmacological data points to the therapeutic potential of theT.cordifoliafor the treatment of diabetic conditions. WhileTinosporaspecies are confusing in individual ingredients and their mechanisms of action, the ethnopharmacological history of those plants indicated that they exhibit antidiabetic, antioxidation, antitumor, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, antiosteoporosis, and immunostimulation activities. While the clinical applications in modern medicine are lacking convincing evidence and support, this review is aimed at summarizing the current knowledge of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicities of the genusTinosporato reveal its therapeutic potentials and gaps, offering opportunities for future researches.

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Brown, Karen. "Tropical Medicine and Animal Diseases: Onderstepoort and the Development of Veterinary Science in South Africa 1908–1950 *." Journal of Southern African Studies 31, no. 3 (November 2005): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070500202139.

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Molyneux, David H., Agatha Aboe, Sunday Isiyaku, and Simon Bush. "COVID-19 and neglected tropical diseases in Africa: impacts, interactions, consequences." International Health 12, no. 5 (July 29, 2020): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa040.

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Villacorta Linaza, Rocio, Timothy Garner, and Chantelle Genovezos. "Building supply chain capacity for neglected tropical diseases: experience from the Ascend West and Central Africa programme." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115, no. 8 (May 15, 2021): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trab068.

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Abstract The Ascend West and Central Africa programme, funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) is supporting integrated preventative chemotherapy for up to five neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), including intestinal worms, lymphatic filariasis, river blindness, trachoma and schistosomiasis. The programme is implemented across 13 countries by a consortium of four leading international development partners: Sightsavers, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Schistosomiasis Control Initiative Foundation and Mott Macdonald. This paper presents messages learnt from country assessments that took place prior to the global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These messages remain relevant post-COVID-19, with greater priority being given to the challenges for national NTD programmes in continuing to deliver mass drug administration (MDA) during the pandemic. Stakeholder coordination from the earliest stages of the pandemic has occurred at two levels: in the first mile with global partners of the NTD Supply Chain Forum and in the last mile with implementing partners in each country. This has been instrumental to manage delayed MDA, including the impact delays have on the shipment of NTD donated drugs and the distribution of stock held in country. The Ascend West and Central Africa programme is supporting countries with the resumption of MDA through a risk assessment and mitigation action (RAMA) process.

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Weitzel, Thomas. "Profile and complexity of travel medicine consultations in Chile: unicentric cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e037903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037903.

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ObjectiveTo analyse the spectrum, vaccination needs and pretravel advice complexity of travellers presenting at a travel medicine clinic in Santiago, Chile.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingPretravel consultations in a private healthcare centre in Chile, an ‘emerging market’ country in South America.ParticipantsTravellers (n=1341) seeking pretravel advice at the Travel Medicine Program of Clínica Alemana, Santiago, from April 2016 to March 2018.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDemographical and travel characteristics, indications for travel vaccines and malaria prophylaxis, and complexity of travel consultations.ResultsOf 1341 travellers, 51% were female; the median age was 33 years. Most frequent travel reasons were tourism (67%) and business (20%). Median travel duration and time to departure were 21 days and 28 days, respectively. Most destinations were located in America (41%), followed by Asia (36%) and Africa (26%); 96% visited less developed countries, mostly in tropical regions, with risk of arboviral infections (94%) and malaria (69%). The indicated vaccine indications comprised hepatitis A (84%), yellow fever (58%), typhoid fever (51%), rabies (29%), polio (8%), Japanese encephalitis (6%) and meningococcal meningitis (5%). More than 60% of consultations were classified as complex.ConclusionThe studied population mostly visited less developed tropical regions, resulting in a high requirement of yellow fever and other travel-related vaccinations. Most consultations were complex and required a comprehensive knowledge and training in travel medicine.

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Beard, John A. S. "What motivated Dr David Livingstone (1813–73) in his work in Africa?" Journal of Medical Biography 17, no. 2 (April 28, 2009): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2008.008011.

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Born of humble beginnings in a Scottish mill-town, David Livingstone would become one of the great explorers of the 19th century, traversing 30,000 miles of unknown Africa. His pioneering spirit and inquisitive mind brought knowledge and discoveries in the fields of tropical medicine, linguistics, botany, zoology, anthropology and geology. While it can be argued that Livingstone exhibited contradictions and shortcomings as a man, he nonetheless grasped the imagination of Victorian Britain and helped to change European attitudes towards Africa forever. His numerous endeavours were undertaken under the banner of divinely inspired missionary work – ‘If God has accepted my service, then my life is charmed till my work is done’ (Livingstone D. Livingstone's Private Journals, 1851–53. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960:108). Yet whether it was indeed religion that truly motivated Livingstone, or rather that he used it as a vehicle for his other passions, is less certain.

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AULARD, SYLVIE, JEAN R. DAVID, and FRANÇOISE LEMEUNIER. "Chromosomal inversion polymorphism in Afrotropical populations of Drosophila melanogaster." Genetical Research 79, no. 1 (February 2002): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672301005407.

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When 41 populations from Africa (south of the Sahara) and Indian Ocean islands were analysed for their chromosomal inversion polymorphism, 34 rearrangements were found, including the four common cosmopolitans (In(2L)t, In(2R)NS, In(3L)P and In(3R)P), four rare cosmopolitans (In(2L)NS, In(3R)C, In(3R)Mo and In(3R)K) and six African polymorphic (‘recurrent’) endemics. Mean inversion frequencies per major autosome arm were positively and, generally, highly correlated to each other. There was no altitudinal nor latitudinal cline of inversion frequency, except for one African polymorphic endemic. Significant longitudinal clines were detected for In(2L)t, In(3L)P and In(3R)K; in all cases, inversion frequencies decreased eastward. Principal components analysis and ANOVA made it possible to distinguish three groups of populations. A high level of polymorphism was found in populations from west tropical Africa. The other low altitude populations from the mainland were moderately polymorphic, whereas the lowest levels of polymorphism were those of high altitude populations and of Indian Ocean islands. Moreover, some regional and local differentiation was also found. The frequency of unique autosomal inversions was not different from those found in Asia, Australia and America, but was significantly higher than that in Europe and North Africa. A West–East differentiation was also observed for the African polymorphic endemics. The present geographic pattern suggests a long, patchy evolution with restricted gene flow, followed by the modern period with numerous recent migrations linked to human transportation.

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McLarty, D. G., L. Kinabo, and A. B. Swai. "Diabetes in tropical Africa: a prospective study, 1981-7. II. Course and prognosis." BMJ 300, no. 6732 (April 28, 1990): 1107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.300.6732.1107.

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Feasey, Nicholas A., Gordon Dougan, Robert A. Kingsley, Robert S. Heyderman, and Melita A. Gordon. "Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa." Lancet 379, no. 9835 (June 2012): 2489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61752-2.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tropical medicine; Africa'

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