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Journal articles on the topic 'Tropical tropopause (TTL)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Gettelman, A., T. Birner, V. Eyring, et al. "The Tropical Tropopause Layer 1960–2100." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (2008): 1367–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-1367-2008.

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Abstract. The representation of the Tropical Tropopause Layer in 13 different Chemistry Climate Models designed to represent the stratosphere is analyzed. Simulations for 1960–present and 1980–2100 are analyzed and compared to reanalysis model output. Results indicate that the models are able to reproduce the basic structure of the TTL. There is a large spread in cold point tropopause temperatures that may be linked to variation in TTL ozone values. The models are generally able to reproduce historical trends in tropopause pressure obtained from reanalysis products. Simulated historical trends

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2

Lei, Siliang, Xijuan Zhu, Yuxiang Ling, Shiwen Teng, and Bin Yao. "Tropical Tropopause Layer Cloud Properties from Spaceborne Active Observations." Remote Sensing 15, no. 5 (2023): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051223.

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A significant part of clouds in the tropics appears over the tropopause due to intense convections and in situ condensation activity. These tropical tropopause layer (TTL) clouds not only play an important role in the radiation budget over the tropics, but also in water vapor and other chemical material transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere. This study quantifies and analyzes the properties of TTL clouds based on spaceborne active observations, which provide one of the most reliable sources of information on cloud vertical distributions. We use four years (2007–2010) of observatio

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3

Dzambo, Andrew M., Matthew H. Hitchman, and Kai-Wei Chang. "The Influence of Gravity Waves on Ice Saturation in the Tropical Tropopause Layer over Darwin, Australia." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (2019): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120778.

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Gravity waves (GWs) in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) can help dehydrate the lower stratosphere through rapid cooling events, but observational studies of GWs in the TTL are limited. Using a long-term, high-resolution radiosonde temperature dataset, an atmospheric state classification technique, and wavelet analysis, we characterize temperature perturbations generated by GWs in the TTL over Darwin, Australia across eight atmospheric states. We find a peak in GW power just above the tropical tropopause and a climatological maximum during peak monsoon season. While accounting for a chronic

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4

Tegtmeier, Susann, James Anstey, Sean Davis, et al. "Temperature and tropopause characteristics from reanalyses data in the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 2 (2020): 753–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-753-2020.

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Abstract. The tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is the transition region between the well-mixed convective troposphere and the radiatively controlled stratosphere with air masses showing chemical and dynamical properties of both regions. The representation of the TTL in meteorological reanalysis data sets is important for studying the complex interactions of circulation, convection, trace gases, clouds, and radiation. In this paper, we present the evaluation of climatological and long-term TTL temperature and tropopause characteristics in the reanalysis data sets ERA-Interim, ERA5, JRA-25, JRA-5

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5

Gettelman, A., T. Birner, V. Eyring, et al. "The Tropical Tropopause Layer 1960–2100." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 5 (2009): 1621–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1621-2009.

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Abstract. The representation of the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) in 13 different Chemistry Climate Models (CCMs) designed to represent the stratosphere is analyzed. Simulations for 1960–2005 and 1980–2100 are analyzed. Simulations for 1960–2005 are compared to reanalysis model output. CCMs are able to reproduce the basic structure of the TTL. There is a large (10 K) spread in annual mean tropical cold point tropopause temperatures. CCMs are able to reproduce historical trends in tropopause pressure obtained from reanalysis products. Simulated historical trends in cold point tropopause tempe

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6

Schiller, C., J. U. Grooß, P. Konopka, F. Plöger, F. H. Silva dos Santos, and N. Spelten. "Hydration and dehydration at the tropical tropopause." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 4 (2009): 17495–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-17495-2009.

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Abstract. High-resolution water measurements from three tropical airborne missions in Northern Australia, Southern Brazil and West Africa in different seasons are analysed to study the transport and transformation of water in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and its impact on the stratosphere. The mean profiles are quite different according to the season and location of the campaigns, with lowest mixing ratios below 2 ppmv at the cold point tropopause during the Australian mission in November/December and high TTL mixing ratios during the African measurements in August. We present backward

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7

Schiller, C., J. U. Grooß, P. Konopka, F. Plöger, F. H. Silva dos Santos, and N. Spelten. "Hydration and dehydration at the tropical tropopause." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 24 (2009): 9647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9647-2009.

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Abstract. High-resolution water measurements from three tropical airborne missions in Northern Australia, Southern Brazil and West Africa in different seasons are analysed to study the transport and transformation of water in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and its impact on the stratosphere. The mean profiles are quite different according to the season and location of the campaigns, with lowest mixing ratios below 2 ppmv at the cold point tropopause during the Australian mission in November/December and high TTL mixing ratios during the African measurements in August. We present backward

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8

Ryu, Jung-Hee, and Sukyoung Lee. "Effect of Tropical Waves on the Tropical Tropopause Transition Layer Upwelling." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 10 (2010): 3130–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3434.1.

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Abstract An initial-value problem is employed with a GCM to investigate the role of the convectively driven Rossby and Kelvin waves for tropopause transition layer (TTL) upwelling in the tropics. The convective heating is mimicked with a prescribed heating field, and the Lagrangian upwelling is identified by examining the evolution of passive tracer fields whose initial distribution is identical to the initial heating field. This study shows that an overturning circulation, induced by the tropical Rossby waves, is capable of generating the TTL upwelling. Even when the heating is placed in the

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9

Lin, Pu, David Paynter, Yi Ming, and V. Ramaswamy. "Changes of the Tropical Tropopause Layer under Global Warming." Journal of Climate 30, no. 4 (2017): 1245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0457.1.

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Abstract This paper investigates changes in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) in response to carbon dioxide increase and surface warming separately in an atmospheric general circulation model, finding that both effects lead to a warmer tropical tropopause. Surface warming also results in an upward shift of the tropopause. A detailed heat budget analysis is performed to quantify the contributions from different radiative and dynamic processes to changes in the TTL temperature. When carbon dioxide increases with fixed surface temperature, a warmer TTL mainly results from the direct radiative e

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10

Froyd, K. D., D. M. Murphy, T. J. Sanford, et al. "Aerosol composition of the tropical upper troposphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 2 (2009): 9399–456. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-9399-2009.

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Abstract. Aerosol composition was measured by the NOAA single particle mass spectrometer (PALMS) aboard the NASA WB-57 high altitude aircraft platform during two Aura Validation Experiment (AVE) campaigns based in Costa Rica in 2004 and 2006. These studies yielded the most complete set of aerosol composition measurements to date throughout the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and tropical lower stratosphere. We describe the aerosol properties of the tropical atmosphere and use composition tracers to examine particle sources, the role of recent convection, and cirrus-forming potential in the TTL

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11

Froyd, K. D., D. M. Murphy, T. J. Sanford, et al. "Aerosol composition of the tropical upper troposphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 13 (2009): 4363–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4363-2009.

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Abstract. Aerosol composition was measured by the NOAA single-particle mass spectrometer (PALMS) aboard the NASA WB-57 high altitude aircraft platform during two Aura Validation Experiment (AVE) campaigns based in Costa Rica in 2004 and 2006. These studies yielded the most complete set of aerosol composition measurements to date throughout the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and tropical lower stratosphere. We describe the aerosol properties of the tropical atmosphere and use composition tracers to examine particle sources, the role of recent convection, and cirrus-forming potential in the TTL

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12

Dessler, A. E., and S. C. Sherwood. "A model of HDO in the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, no. 4 (2003): 4489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-4489-2003.

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Abstract. Any theory of water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) must explain both the abundance and isotopic composition of water there. In a previous paper, we presented a model of the TTL that simulated the abundance of water vapor as well as the details of the vertical profile. That model included the effects of "overshooting" convection, which injects dry air directly into the TTL. Here, we present results for the model after modifying it to include water's stable isotopologue HDO (where D represents deuterium, 2H). We find that the model predicts a nearly uniform HDO depletion

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13

Dessler, A. E., and S. C. Sherwood. "A model of HDO in the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 6 (2003): 2173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-2173-2003.

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Abstract. Any theory of water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) must explain both the abundance and isotopic composition of water there. In previous papers, we presented a model of the TTL that simulated the abundance of water vapor as well as the details of the vertical profile. That model included the effects of "overshooting" convection, which injects dry air directly into the TTL. Here, we present results for the model after modifying it to include water's stable isotopologue HDO (where D represents deuterium, 2H). We find that the model predicts a nearly uniform HDO depletion t

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14

Ravindra Babu, S., M. Venkat Ratnam, Ghouse Basha, B. V. Krishnamurthy, and B. Venkateswara Rao. "Effect of tropical cyclones on the tropical tropopause parameters observed using COSMIC GPS RO data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 9 (2015): 13043–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-13043-2015.

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Abstract. Tropical cyclones (TCs) are deep convective synoptic scale systems and play an important role in modifying the thermal structure, tropical tropopause parameters and hence stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) processes. In the present study, high vertical resolution and high accuracy measurements from COSMIC Global Positioning System (GPS) Radio Occultation (RO) measurements are used to investigate and quantify the effect of tropical cyclones that occurred over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in last decade on the tropical tropopause parameters. The tropopause parameters include cold

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15

Jensen, Eric J., Leonhard Pfister, David E. Jordan, et al. "The NASA Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment: High-Altitude Aircraft Measurements in the Tropical Western Pacific." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 1 (2017): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00263.1.

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Abstract The February–March 2014 deployment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (ATTREX) provided unique in situ measurements in the western Pacific tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Six flights were conducted from Guam with the long-range, high-altitude, unmanned Global Hawk aircraft. The ATTREX Global Hawk payload provided measurements of water vapor, meteorological conditions, cloud properties, tracer and chemical radical concentrations, and radiative fluxes. The campaign was partially coincident with the Convective Transport of

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16

Ravindra Babu, S., M. Venkat Ratnam, G. Basha, B. V. Krishnamurthy, and B. Venkateswararao. "Effect of tropical cyclones on the tropical tropopause parameters observed using COSMIC GPS RO data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 18 (2015): 10239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10239-2015.

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Abstract. Tropical cyclones (TCs) are deep convective synoptic-scale systems that play an important role in modifying the thermal structure, tropical tropopause parameters and hence also modify stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) processes. In the present study, high vertical resolution and high accuracy measurements from COSMIC Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) measurements are used to investigate and quantify the effect of tropical cyclones that occurred over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in the last decade on the tropical tropopause parameters. The tropopause parame

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17

Kuang, Zhiming, and Christopher S. Bretherton. "Convective Influence on the Heat Balance of the Tropical Tropopause Layer: A Cloud-Resolving Model Study." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 61, no. 23 (2004): 2919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-3306.1.

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Abstract The tropical tropopause layer (TTL), and in particular the cold point tropopause, has been previously suggested as a feature decoupled from convection. Using a cloud-resolving model, the authors demonstrate that convection, in fact, has a cooling effect in the TTL that significantly affects its thermal structure. In particular, the cold point is found to be strongly tied to the convective cooling maximum. The authors interpret these as natural features of an entrainment layer such as the TTL. The recognition that the cold point tropopause is strongly tied to, rather than decoupled fro

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18

Voigt, C., H. Schlager, A. Roiger, et al. "Detection of reactive nitrogen containing particles in the tropopause region – evidence for a tropical nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) belt." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 4 (2008): 14145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-14145-2008.

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Abstract. The detection of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT, HNO3×3H2O) particles in the tropical transition layer (TTL) harmonizes our understanding of polar stratospheric cloud formation. Large reactive nitrogen (NOy) containing particles were observed on 8 August 2006 by instruments onboard the high altitude research aircraft M55-Geophysica near and below the tropical tropopause. The particles, most likely NAT, have diameters less than 6 μm and concentrations below 10−4 cm−3. The NAT particle layer was repeatedly detected at altitudes between 15.1 and 17.5 km over extended areas of 9.5 to 17.2°

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19

Voigt, C., H. Schlager, A. Roiger, et al. "Detection of reactive nitrogen containing particles in the tropopause region – evidence for a tropical nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) belt." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 24 (2008): 7421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7421-2008.

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Abstract. The detection of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT, HNO3×3H2O) particles in the tropical transition layer (TTL) harmonizes our understanding of polar stratospheric cloud formation. Large reactive nitrogen (NOy) containing particles were observed on 8 August 2006 by instruments onboard the high altitude research aircraft M55-Geophysica near and below the tropical tropopause. The particles, most likely NAT, have diameters less than 6 μm and concentrations below 10-4 cm−3. The NAT particle layer was repeatedly detected at altitudes between 15.1 and 17.5 km over extended areas of 9.5 to 17.2°

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20

Ashfold, M. J., N. R. P. Harris, E. L. Atlas, A. J. Manning, and J. A. Pyle. "Transport of short-lived species into the Tropical Tropopause Layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 14 (2012): 6309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6309-2012.

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Abstract. We use NAME, a trajectory model, to investigate the routes and timescales over which air parcels reach the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Our aim is to assist the planning of aircraft campaigns focussed on improving knowledge of such transport. We focus on Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific which appears to be a particularly important source of air that enters the TTL. We first study the TTL above Borneo in November 2008, under neutral El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions. Air parcels (trajectories) arriving in the lower TTL (below ~15 km) are most likely to have trav

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21

Ashfold, M. J., N. R. P. Harris, E. L. Atlas, A. J. Manning, and J. A. Pyle. "Transport of short-lived species into the Tropical Tropopause Layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 1 (2012): 441–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-441-2012.

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Abstract. We use NAME, a trajectory model, to investigate the routes and timescales over which air parcels reach the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Our aim is to assist the planning of aircraft campaigns focussed on improving knowledge of such transport. We investigate the conditions which might occur during one such campaign, SHIVA, which takes place in Borneo during November 2011. We first study the TTL above Borneo in November 2008, under neutral El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions. Air parcels (trajectories) arriving in the lower TTL (below ~15 km) are most likely to have trav

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Duncan, B. N., S. E. Strahan, and Y. Yoshida. "Model study of the cross-tropopause transport of biomass burning pollution." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 1 (2007): 2197–248. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-2197-2007.

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Abstract. We present a modeling study of the troposphere-to-stratosphere transport (TST) of pollution from major biomass burning regions to the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and lower stratosphere (LS). We show that biomass burning pollution regularly and significantly impacts the composition of the TTL/LS. TST occurs through 1) slow ascent in the TTL and 2) quasi-horizontal exchange in the regions of the subtropical jets; we find both pathways to be important. The seasonal oscillation in CO in the TTL/LS (i.e., the CO "tape recorder") is caused largely by seasonal changes in biomass burning

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23

Levine, J. G., P. Braesicke, N. R. P. Harris, and J. A. Pyle. "Seasonal and inter-annual variations in troposphere-to-stratosphere transport from the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 13 (2008): 3689–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3689-2008.

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Abstract. In an earlier study of troposphere-to-stratosphere transport (TST) via the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), we found that the vast majority of air parcels undergoing TST from the base of the TTL enter the extratropical lowermost stratosphere quasi-horizontally and show little or no regional preference with regards to origin in the TTL or entry into the stratosphere. We have since repeated the trajectory calculations – originally limited to a single Northern Hemisphere winter period – in a variety of months and years to assess how robust our earlier findings are to change of timing. T

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24

Fu, Qiang, Maxwell Smith, and Qiong Yang. "The Impact of Cloud Radiative Effects on the Tropical Tropopause Layer Temperatures." Atmosphere 9, no. 10 (2018): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9100377.

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A single-column radiative-convective model (RCM) is a useful tool to investigate the physical processes that determine the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) temperature structures. Previous studies on the TTL using the RCMs, however, omitted the cloud radiative effects. In this study, we examine the impact of cloud radiative effects on the simulated TTL temperatures using an RCM. We derive the cloud radiative effects based on satellite observations, which show heating rates in the troposphere but cooling rates in the stratosphere. We find that the cloud radiative effect warms the TTL by as much

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25

Virts, Katrina S., and John M. Wallace. "Annual, Interannual, and Intraseasonal Variability of Tropical Tropopause Transition Layer Cirrus." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 10 (2010): 3097–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3413.1.

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Abstract Cloud fields based on the first three years of data from the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission are used to investigate the relationship between cirrus within the tropical tropopause transition layer (TTL) and the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the annual cycle, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The TTL cirrus signature observed in association with the MJO resembles convectively induced, mixed Kelvin–Rossby wave solutions above the Pacific warm pool region. This signature is centered to the east of the peak convection and prop

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Immler, F., K. Krüger, M. Fujiwara, G. Verver, M. Rex, and O. Schrems. "Correlation between equatorial Kelvin waves and the occurrence of extremely thin ice clouds at the tropical tropopause." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (2008): 2849–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-2849-2008.

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Abstract. A number of field-campaigns in the tropics have been conducted in the recent years with two different LIDAR systems at Paramaribo in Suriname (5.8° N, 55.2° W). The lidars detect particles in the atmosphere with high vertical and temporal resolution and are capable of detecting extremely thin cloud layers which frequently occur in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Radiosonde as well as operational ECMWF analysis show that temperature anomalies caused by equatorial Kelvin waves propagate downward, well below the cold point tropopause (CPT). We find a clear correlation between the t

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27

Hosking, J. S., M. R. Russo, P. Braesicke, and J. A. Pyle. "Modelling deep convection and its impacts on the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 8 (2010): 20267–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-20267-2010.

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Abstract. The UK Met Office's Unified Model is used at a high global resolution (N216, ~0.83° × ~0.56°, ~60 km) to assess the impact of deep tropical convection on the structure of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). We focus on the potential for rapid transport of short-lived ozone depleting species to the stratosphere by rapid convective uplift. The modelled horizontal structure of organised convection is shown to match closely with signatures found in the OLR satellite data. In the model, deep convective elevators rapidly lift air from 4–5 km up to 12–14 km. The influx of tropospheric air

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Hosking, J. S., M. R. Russo, P. Braesicke, and J. A. Pyle. "Modelling deep convection and its impacts on the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 22 (2010): 11175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11175-2010.

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Abstract. The UK Met Office's Unified Model is used at a climate resolution (N216, ~0.83°×~0.56°, ~60 km) to assess the impact of deep tropical convection on the structure of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). We focus on the potential for rapid transport of short-lived ozone depleting species to the stratosphere by rapid convective uplift. The modelled horizontal structure of organised convection is shown to match closely with signatures found in the OLR satellite data. In the model, deep convective elevators rapidly lift air from 4–5 km up to 12–14 km. The influx of tropospheric air enteri

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29

Palazzi, E., F. Fierli, F. Cairo, et al. "Diagnostics of the Tropical Tropopause Layer from in-situ observations and CCM data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 3 (2009): 11659–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-11659-2009.

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Abstract. A suite of diagnostics is applied to in-situ aircraft measurements and one Chemistry-Climate Model (CCM) data to characterize the vertical structure of the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). The diagnostics are based on the vertical tracers profiles, relative vertical tracers gradients, and tracer-tracer relationships in the tropical Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere (UT/LS), using tropopause coordinates. Observations come from the four tropical campaigns performed from 1998 to 2006 with the research aircraft Geophysica and have been directly compared to the output of the ECHAM5/MES

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Grise, Kevin M., and David W. J. Thompson. "On the Signatures of Equatorial and Extratropical Wave Forcing in Tropical Tropopause Layer Temperatures." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 4 (2013): 1084–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0163.1.

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Abstract Temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) play an important role in stratosphere–troposphere exchange and in the formation and maintenance of thin cirrus clouds. Many previous studies have examined the contributions of extratropical and equatorial waves to the TTL using coarse-vertical-resolution satellite and reanalysis data. In this study, the authors provide new insight into the role of extratropical and equatorial waves in the TTL using high-vertical-resolution GPS radio occultation data. The results examine the influence of four different wave forcings on the TTL: extra

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Rivoire, Louis, Thomas Birner, John A. Knaff, and Natalie Tourville. "Quantifying the Radiative Impact of Clouds on Tropopause Layer Cooling in Tropical Cyclones." Journal of Climate 33, no. 15 (2020): 5527–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0813.1.

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AbstractA ubiquitous cold signal near the tropopause, here called “tropopause layer cooling” (TLC), has been documented in deep convective regions such as tropical cyclones (TCs). Temperature retrievals from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) reveal cooling of order 0.1–1 K day−1 on spatial scales of order 1000 km above TCs. Data from the Cloud Profiling Radar (onboard CloudSat) and from the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization [onboard the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO)] are used to ana

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Evan, Stephanie, Jerome Brioude, Karen Rosenlof, et al. "Effect of deep convection on the tropical tropopause layer composition over the southwest Indian Ocean during austral summer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 17 (2020): 10565–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10565-2020.

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Abstract. Balloon-borne measurements of cryogenic frost-point hygrometer (CFH) water vapor, ozone and temperature and water vapor lidar measurements from the Maïdo Observatory on Réunion Island in the southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) were used to study tropical cyclones' influence on tropical tropopause layer (TTL) composition. The balloon launches were specifically planned using a Lagrangian model and Meteosat-7 infrared images to sample the convective outflow from tropical storm (TS) Corentin on 25 January 2016 and tropical cyclone (TC) Enawo on 3 March 2017. Comparing the CFH profile to Aura's

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Bourguet, Stephen, and Marianna Linz. "Weakening of the tropical tropopause layer cold trap with global warming." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, no. 13 (2023): 7447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7447-2023.

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Abstract. Lagrangian trajectories have previously been used to reconstruct water vapor variability in the lower stratosphere, where the sensitivity of surface radiation to changes in the water vapor concentration is strongest, by obtaining temperature histories of air parcels that ascend from the troposphere to the stratosphere through the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Models and theory predict an acceleration of the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) and deceleration of the Walker circulation with surface warming, and both of these will drive future changes to transport across the TTL. Here,

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Paulik, L. C., and T. Birner. "Quantifying the deep convective temperature signal within the tropical tropopause layer (TTL)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 8 (2012): 19617–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-19617-2012.

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Abstract. Dynamics on a vast range of spatial and temporal scales, from individual convective plumes to planetary-scale circulations, play a role in driving the temperature variability in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Here, we aim to better quantify the deep convective temperature signal within the TTL using multiple datasets. First, we investigate the link between ozone and temperature in the TTL using the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) dataset. Low ozone concentrations in the TTL are indicative of deep convective transport from the boundary layer. We confirm the u

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35

Wang, W., K. Matthes, and T. Schmidt. "Quantifying contributions to the recent temperature variability in the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 10 (2015): 5815–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5815-2015.

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Abstract. The recently observed variability in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), which features a warming of 0.9 K over the past decade (2001–2011), is investigated with a number of sensitivity experiments from simulations with NCAR's CESM-WACCM chemistry–climate model. The experiments have been designed to specifically quantify the contributions from natural as well as anthropogenic factors, such as solar variability (Solar), sea surface temperatures (SSTs), the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), stratospheric aerosols (Aerosol), greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the dependence on the vertical re

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36

Paulik, L. C., and T. Birner. "Quantifying the deep convective temperature signal within the tropical tropopause layer (TTL)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 24 (2012): 12183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-12183-2012.

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Abstract. Dynamics on a vast range of spatial and temporal scales, from individual convective plumes to planetary-scale circulations, play a role in driving the temperature variability in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Here, we aim to better quantify the deep convective temperature signal within the TTL using multiple datasets. First, we investigate the link between ozone and temperature in the TTL using the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) dataset. Low ozone concentrations in the TTL are indicative of deep convective transport from the boundary layer. We confirm the u

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37

Chen, Jiong, Zhe Li, Zhanshan Ma, Yong Su, and Qijun Liu. "Sensitivity of Tropical Tropopause Layer Cirrus Prediction in GRAPES Global Forecast System." Monthly Weather Review 149, no. 11 (2021): 3609–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-21-0025.1.

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Abstract A warm bias with a maximum value of over 4 K in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is detected in day-5 operational forecasts of the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES) for global medium-range numerical weather prediction (GRAPES_GFS). In this study, the predicted temperature changes caused by different processes are examined, and the predicted cloud fractions are compared with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA5 reanalysis data. It is found that the overprediction of the TTL cirrus fraction contributes to the warm bias due to cloud-rad

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38

Immler, F., K. Krüger, M. Fujiwara, G. Verver, M. Rex, and O. Schrems. "Correlation between equatorial Kelvin waves and the occurrence of extremely thin ice clouds at the tropical tropopause." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 14 (2008): 4019–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4019-2008.

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Abstract. A number of field-campaigns in the tropics have been conducted in recent years with two different LIDAR systems at Paramaribo (5.8° N, 55.2° W), Suriname. The lidars detect particles in the atmosphere with high vertical and temporal resolution and are capable of detecting extremely thin cloud layers which frequently occur in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Radiosonde as well as operational ECMWF analysis showed that equatorial Kelvin waves propagated in the TTL and greatly modulated its temperature structure. We found a clear correlation between the temperature anomalies introdu

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Jensen, E. J., L. Pfister, T. P. Bui, P. Lawson, and D. Baumgardner. "Ice nucleation and cloud microphysical properties in tropical tropopause layer cirrus." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 5 (2009): 20631–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-20631-2009.

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Abstract. In past modeling studies, it has generally been assumed that the predominant mechanism for nucleation of ice in the uppermost troposphere is homogeneous freezing of aqueous aerosols. However, recent in situ and remote-sensing measurements of the properties of cirrus clouds at very low temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) are broadly inconsistent with theoretial predictions based on the homogeneous freezing assumption. The nearly ubiquitous occurence of gravity waves in the TTL makes the predictions from homogeneous nucleation theory particularly difficult to reconcile

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Virts, Katrina S., John M. Wallace, Qiang Fu, and Thomas P. Ackerman. "Tropical Tropopause Transition Layer Cirrus as Represented by CALIPSO Lidar Observations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 10 (2010): 3113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3412.1.

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Abstract The spatial and temporal variability of cirrus cloud fraction within the tropical tropopause transition layer (TTL) is investigated based on three years of data from the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission, analyzed in conjunction with fields from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA)-Interim and temperature profiles from radiosondes launched at Manus Island, Papua New Guinea (2°S, 147°E). TTL cirrus is found to be mainly confined to the rising branch of the Hadley cell within ∼15° of the equator, with

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Emanuel, Kerry, Susan Solomon, Doris Folini, Sean Davis, and Chiara Cagnazzo. "Influence of Tropical Tropopause Layer Cooling on Atlantic Hurricane Activity." Journal of Climate 26, no. 7 (2013): 2288–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00242.1.

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Abstract Virtually all metrics of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity show substantial increases over the past two decades. It is argued here that cooling near the tropical tropopause and the associated decrease in tropical cyclone outflow temperature contributed to the observed increase in tropical cyclone potential intensity over this period. Quantitative uncertainties in the magnitude of the cooling are important, but a broad range of observations supports some cooling. Downscalings of the output of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) that are driven by observed sea surface temper

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Carminati, F., P. Ricaud, J. P. Pommereau, et al. "Impact of tropical land convection on the water vapour budget in the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 12 (2014): 6195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6195-2014.

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Abstract. The tropical deep overshooting convection is known to be most intense above continental areas such as South America, Africa, and the maritime continent. However, its impact on the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) at global scale remains debated. In our analysis, we use the 8-year Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) water vapour (H2O), cloud ice-water content (IWC), and temperature data sets from 2005 to date, to highlight the interplays between these parameters and their role in the water vapour variability in the TTL, and separately in the northern and southern tropics. In the tropical uppe

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43

Jucker, M., and E. P. Gerber. "Untangling the Annual Cycle of the Tropical Tropopause Layer with an Idealized Moist Model." Journal of Climate 30, no. 18 (2017): 7339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0127.1.

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Abstract The processes regulating the climatology and annual cycle of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and cold point are not fully understood. Three main drivers have been identified: planetary-scale equatorial waves excited by tropical convection, planetary-scale extratropical waves associated with the deep Brewer–Dobson circulation, and synoptic-scale waves associated with the midlatitude storm tracks. In both observations and comprehensive atmospheric models, all three coexist, making it difficult to separate their contributions. Here, a new intermediate-complexity atmospheric model is

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Levine, J. G., P. Braesicke, N. R. P. Harris, and J. A. Pyle. "Seasonal and inter-annual variations in Troposphere-to-Stratosphere Transport from the Tropical Tropopause Layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (2008): 489–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-489-2008.

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Abstract. In an earlier study of troposphere-to-stratosphere transport (TST) via the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), we found that the vast majority of air parcels undergoing TST from the base of the TTL enter the extratropical lowermost stratosphere quasi-horizontally and show little or no regional preference with regards to origin in the TTL or entry into the stratosphere. We have since repeated the trajectory calculations - originally limited to a single northern hemisphere winter period - in a variety of months and years to assess how robust our earlier findings are to change of timing. T

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Jensen, E. J., L. Pfister, T. P. Bui, P. Lawson, and D. Baumgardner. "Ice nucleation and cloud microphysical properties in tropical tropopause layer cirrus." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 3 (2010): 1369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1369-2010.

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Abstract. In past modeling studies, it has generally been assumed that the predominant mechanism for nucleation of ice in the uppermost troposphere is homogeneous freezing of aqueous aerosols. However, recent in situ and remote-sensing measurements of the properties of cirrus clouds at very low temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) are broadly inconsistent with theoretial predictions based on the homogeneous freezing assumption. The nearly ubiquitous occurence of gravity waves in the TTL makes the predictions from homogeneous nucleation theory particularly difficult to reconcile

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46

Fernandez, R. P., R. J. Salawitch, D. E. Kinnison, J. F. Lamarque, and A. Saiz-Lopez. "Bromine partitioning in the tropical tropopause layer: implications for stratospheric injection." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 12 (2014): 17857–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-17857-2014.

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Abstract. Very short-lived (VSL) bromocarbons are produced at a prodigious rate by ocean biology and these source compounds (SGVSL), together with their degradation inorganic products (PGVSL), are lofted by vigorous convection to the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Using a state-of-the-art photochemical mechanism within a global model, we calculate annual average stratospheric injection of total bromine due to VSL sources to be 5 pptv, with ~3 pptv entering the stratosphere as PGVSL and ~2 pptv as SGVSL. The geographic distribution and partitioning of VSL bromine within the TTL, and its conse

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Fernandez, R. P., R. J. Salawitch, D. E. Kinnison, J. F. Lamarque, and A. Saiz-Lopez. "Bromine partitioning in the tropical tropopause layer: implications for stratospheric injection." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 24 (2014): 13391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13391-2014.

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Abstract. Very short-lived (VSL) bromocarbons are produced at a prodigious rate by ocean biology and these source compounds (SGVSL), together with their inorganic degradation products (PGVSL), are lofted by vigorous convection to the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Using a state-of-the-art photochemical mechanism within a global model, we calculate annual average stratospheric injection of total bromine due to VSL sources to be 5 pptv (parts per trillion by volume), with ~ 3 pptv entering the stratosphere as PGVSL and ~ 2 pptv as SGVSL. The geographic distribution and partitioning of VSL brom

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48

Carminati, F., P. Ricaud, J. P. Pommereau, et al. "Impact of tropical land convection on the water vapour budget in the Tropical Tropopause Layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 12 (2013): 33055–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-33055-2013.

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Abstract. The tropical deep overshooting convection is known to be most intense above continental areas such as South America, Africa and the maritime continent. However, its impact on the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) at global scale remains debated. In our analysis, we use the 8 yr Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) water vapour (H2O), cloud ice water content (IWC) and temperature datasets from 2005 to date, to highlight the interplays between these parameters and their role in the water vapour variability in the TTL, separately in the northern and southern tropics. The water vapour concentratio

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49

Ye, Hao, Andrew E. Dessler, and Wandi Yu. "Effects of convective ice evaporation on interannual variability of tropical tropopause layer water vapor." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 7 (2018): 4425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4425-2018.

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Abstract. Water vapor interannual variability in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is investigated using satellite observations and model simulations. We break down the influences of the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC), the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), and the tropospheric temperature (ΔT) on TTL water vapor as a function of latitude and longitude using a two-dimensional multivariate linear regression. This allows us to examine the spatial distribution of the impact of each process on TTL water vapor. In agreement with expectations, we find that the impacts from the BDC and QBO act on T

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50

Wang, W., K. Matthes, and T. Schmidt. "Quantifying contributions to the recent temperature variability in the tropical tropopause layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 15 (2014): 22117–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-22117-2014.

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Abstract. The recently observed variability in the tropical tropopause layer, which features an unexpected warming of 1.1 K over the past decade (2001–2011), is investigated with a number of sensitivity experiments from simulations with NCAR's CESM-WACCM chemistry climate model. The experiments have been designed to specifically quantify the contributions from natural as well as anthropogenic factors, such as solar variability (Solar), sea surface temperatures (SSTs), the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), stratospheric aerosols (Aerosol), greenhouse gases (GHGs), as well as the dependence on t

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