Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Troubles du tonus musculaire'
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Ferry, Béatrice. "Stimulation électrique de l'éminence plantaire médiale : rôle et influence sur le tonus postural du muscle quadriceps." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CLF22520.
Full textDmitrieva, Liubov. "Dysfonctions neuromusculaires et cardiovasculaires dans les troubles posturaux orthostatiques induits par la microgravité." Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0058/document.
Full textPostural and orthostatic impairment are both acknowledged consequences of spaceflight. One of the factors for orthostatic and postural stability is muscle tone, which decreases within the onset of microgravity. Studies of cardiovascular, neuromuscular and postural effects of microgravity are numerous ; yet the role of neuromuscular and vascular disorders in orthostatic and postural impairment remains unclear. We aimed to investigate vascular and neuromuscular alterations induced by microgravity, as well as their relationships. We studied healthy men exposed to 6-mo spaceflight, 21-day head-down bedrest and 3-to 5-day dry immersion. These conditions differ by the level of support unloading. Cardiovascular state was assessed by orthostatic tests, neuromuscular - by myotonometry, postural stability - by stabilometry. We found that long-term spaceflight induced much deeper disorders than relatively short-term modeled microgravity. Furthermore, immersion induced more severe disorders than bedrest, despite its shorter duration. Our data, along with literature, suggest that it is the support unloading that defines the depth of disturbances. The leading role in development of postural disorders under gravitational unloading belongs to decrease in postural muscle tone. This decrease occurs mainly by a reflex mechanism (decrease in support afferentation). It might be responsible for orthostatic impairment - via decrease in the efficiency of muscle pump promoting venous return, and for postural impairment - via increase in recruitment thresholds of postural motoneurons
Lefèvre, Carole. "Posture, tonus musculaire et attention visuelle chez les nourrissons de 3 et 5 mois." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05H043.
Full textCECCALDI, JEAN. "Apport de la podometrie electronique dans l'etude du facteur podal dans les troubles du tonus de posture." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX20042.
Full textBaechler-Lourdin, Sandrine. "Etude électromyographique de la modification de l'activité musculaire après rééducation d'une déglutition atypique." Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR20068.
Full textRabischong, Emmanuel. "L'activateur musculaire sous stimulation électrique fonctionnelle : sélectivité de la commande et caractéristiques." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOMU03.
Full textMa, Ruina. "Modélisation de la fatigue musculaire dynamique et son application pour l'analyse ergonomique." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDN0012.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis focuses on the study of muscle fatigue in dynamic situations. We pay attention to the effect of this fatigue at joint level, and apply this study to the f eld of ergonomics in industry. Traditional models of muscle fatigue do not allow an efficient implementation to predict muscle disorders because they focus on the chemical and biophysical factors. These models are characteristic of an individual and difficult to generalize to a population. In addition, most of them are concentrated in static situations. The work presented here makes a signif cant and original contribution to the prediction of the muscle fatigue in dynamic situations. This new model offers features including the use of a very small number of parameters compared to existing models. Furthermore, their identif cation is performed non-invasively. We have developed an experimental procedure to characterize the properties of muscles groups associated with joints as well as a motion generator which can identify the inertial effects of the moving member. We present the experiment that validates the muscle model fatigue through the simulation of particular movements of the arm. This allows us to obtain data on muscle strength and the movement of the elbow and shoulder. This model is then applied in the f eld of ergonomics. We present a model for calculating the maximum working time (DMET) in the context of dynamic tasks and we compare it with other models of maximum working hours (MET). We study muscle fatigue during push / pull operations simulating a drilling operation. From the simulation of fatigue, we have noted that the appearance of fatigue of the elbow is faster than the shoulder. The results of our study can be used in industry to evaluate muscle fatigue and avoid the appearance of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
Lee-Gosselin, Audrey. "The implication of tone on airway responsiveness in vivo in mice and on the contractile capacity of airway smooth muscle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26334.
Full textTo understand and better define the pathophysiology of asthma is essential for the development of more effective treatments. Airway hyperresponsiveness and an elevated airway smooth muscle tone are two common features of asthma. Whether causality exists between these two characteristics is unknown. The work presented in this Master's thesis describes how a tone induced by a spasmogen affects airway responsiveness in vivo in mice to a spasmogenic challenge. The contractile capacity of excised murine tracheas was also measured to evaluate whether the obtained response in vivo involved airway smooth muscle. The results presented in this Master's thesis demonstrate that mice exposed to tone in vivo have an increased response to a high dose of a spasmogen, compared to control mice. The results also show that this response is caused, at least partly, by an increase in airway smooth muscle contractile capacity. Following these results, molecular mechanisms possibly involved in the gain in force induced by tone were investigated. It was hypothesized that signaling pathways downstream of G protein-coupled receptors were responsible for the increase in airway smooth muscle contractile capacity. Therefore, the inhibition of actin polymerization, the activation of myosin lightchain, the activation of G proteins, and the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases were evaluated to assess whether they mediate the gain in force induced by tone. The results show that none of the pathways studied were implicated in the gain in force induced by tone elicited by the continuous presence of a spasmogen. These latter results demonstrate that the mechanisms leading to a gain in airway smooth muscle force following an induced tone are complex and will require further investigation.
Hogie, Manuela. "Rôle de l'endothéline endogène dans le contrôle du tonus vasculaire dans des situations physiologiques ou physiopathologiques." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES088.
Full textMissenard, Olivier. "Fatigue, bruit moteur et précision de la motricité humaine." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON14002.
Full textRouillon, Jean-Michel. "Etude du tonus intestinal lors des réflexes viscéraux chez l'homme sain et chez trois sujets atteints de pseudo-obstruction intestinale chronique." Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON11098.
Full textLambert, Karen. "Effets de variations de régime alimentaire sur le métabolisme musculaire." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON1T007.
Full textTreffel, Loïc. "Dysfonctions vertébrales et posturales après simulations de la microgravité." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ111/document.
Full textThis work focuses on the study of back pain experienced by astronauts, who present with a greater incidence of herniated discs compared to a control population. Our research aims at understanding the physiopathology of this phenomenon and to study the clinical consequences of vertebral deconditioning which also contributes to postural disorders. This line of research has been recommended by the various international space agencies. For this reason, we had the opportunity to analyze data in two models simulating the effects of microgravity: dry immersion (n = 11) and head-down bed rest (n = 9), and a similar state, confinement (n = 4). Only the main results of dry immersion, a new method of studying our paradigm, are reported in this summary. Using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the vertebral column, it was possible to analyze the intervertebral disc in 3 dimensions and to objectify the increase in water content (+ 17%) and the increase in intervertebral disc volume (+ 9.5%). Variations in paravertebral and lower limb muscle tone were measured with the very recent, and non-invasive, MyotonPRO technology. A decrease in muscle tone (-7.3%) was found to be associated with muscular atrophy (-10.6%) as well as a loss of strength in the lower limbs. These results, attesting to muscle deconditioning, are consistent with postural impairment immediately after dry immersion. We also studied variations in dental occlusion, which is involved with the maintenance of posture and could affect balance. In summary, two elements are involved in the explanation of vertebral dysfunction: the increase in spine height, related to increased intervertebral discs volume and paravertebral muscles atrophy, which plays a major role in posture. However, we also showed a role of dental occlusion in vertebral and postural deconditioning. In conclusion: muscle tone, good vertebral mobility, and dental occlusion are elements to be preserve during and after an exposure to weightlessness to avoid the deleterious effects of deconditioning
Morin, Julie. "Examen des manifestations de la dysmorphie musculaire : intégration de différentes perspectives." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69314.
Full textMoizard, Marie-Pierre. "Dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne : recherche de corrélations entre les caractères de la mutation du gène dystrophine et les troubles cognitifs éventuellement associés à la maladie musculaire." Tours, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOUR3308.
Full textSeze, Marianne de. "Rééducation des troubles du tonus postural de l'hémiplégique vasculaire, étude contrôlée en simple aveugle : orthèse de rotation axiale du tronc versus, rééducation traditionnelle." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR23097.
Full textBizid, Riadh. "Effets de l'expertise sportive et de la fatigue musculaire localisée sur le contrôle postural." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3017.
Full textThe two main aims of this work were on the one hand, to study the effects of the sport expertise on the postural capacities under various experimental conditions and on the other hand, to also explore the effects of muscle fatigue on the postural regulation under various experimental conditions. This work was performed in four stages. The first showed that the high level sportsmen probably would possess a better internal model of verticality (a better knowledge of the body axis and verticality) than sportsmen at a lower level. The second reported that different movements practiced in a specific activity would induce specific postural adaptations. The third indicated that the fatigue of certain muscle groups would deteriorate more the postural abilities than the fatigue of other muscle groups. Finally, the fourth revealed that the nature of exercise that generated muscle fatigue (voluntary muscular contraction versus electrical stimulation simultaneously superimposed onto voluntary muscular contraction) could induce modifications in the postural strategy
Labrecque, Isabelle. "Estime de soi et personnalité : dans quelle mesure la dysmorphie musculaire s'apparente-t-elle aux troubles des conduites alimentaires?" Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25227.
Full textBisch, Cécile. "Troubles musculo-squelettiques du dos et de l'avant-bras chez la femme enceinte : approches biomécanique et ergonomique." Amiens, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AMIED003.
Full textThe 1st part of this work assessed the implied of the fatigability of the back extensors in this back pain. The results suggest a load sharing from the thoracic to the lumbar muscles. Low back pain does not seem to result of an increased fatigability of the lumbar muscles. The 2nd part of the study deals with the analysis of the biomechanical characteristics of the forearm-hand system. During pregnancy, the musculotendinous stiffness of the wrist flexors is increased. The influence of pregnancy on biomechanical risk factors of the upper-limb extremity musculoskeletal disorders was also investigated during a video display terminal task. The biomechanical strain is increased by pregnancy, either by a renforcement of the activation of the wrist and fingers flexors, or by an increase of wrist extension related to the workstation design. These results point out that physicians, physiotherapists and ergonomists should consider these approaches to take care of pregnant women
Terrier, Romain. "Adaptabilité de la coordination visuo-manuelle : effets de la répétitivité et d'une fatigue musculaire localisée." Chambéry, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CHAMS014.
Full textSeveral studies have shown the adaptability of human motor control. In one sense, motor control is specific to the execution context, in another sense, it evolves with muscular fatigue. This thesis work reinforces this viewpoint by illustrating the adaptive capacity of the temporal coordination between the gaze and the hand during goal-directed movements. Principally studied during fast discrete movements, the temporal pattern of visuo-manual coordination is usually considered to be robust and stable. Our original data show that, in the context of fast repetitive movements, coordination between the gaze and the hand is fine tuned based on target size and that it evolves with muscular fatigue when the terminal accuracy requirements are high. A complementary study highlights that neuromuscular and cognitive costs are higher for a repetitive visuo-manual pointing task when muscular fatigue is present. Finally, specialists in human motor analysis, who are capable of seeing the complexity of motor organisation and the related constraints, have a role of primordial importance when it comes to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and also re-educating those who suffer from them. Our projects in these areas, in progress and to come, are presented
Favre, Jean-François. "Participation de l'activité tonique posturale à la genèse de certaines attitudes scoliotiques : application à la compréhension de certaines contre-performances gestuelles du sportif et à leur éventuelle correction." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100061.
Full textThis thesis uses as its physiological basis of the postural muscular orthostatic activity. How do disturbances of the central nervous system modify the existing relationships between automatic involuntary tonic muscular syncinésis? The first chapter deals with the standing posture from the point of view of mechanics, the location maintenance of the center of gravity within the polygon of balance. In the first paragraph, the histological and anatomo-physiological aspects are considered as follow: 1) the skeleton from the postural functional point of view. 2) The system of muscular tone ensuring the maintenance of the center of gravity. 3) The proprioceptors infra and supra-spinal. 4) The sensori-motors pathways. 5) The centers in the central nervous system. The second paragraph in concerned with asymmetric anatomic involuntary muscle syncinesis. A detailed description of postural reflexes on decerebrated man and animal is followed by a study of these reflexes in physiology and in pathology. The second chapter deals with experiments. The first paragraph is a description of our method for testing and our measuring equipment. Statokinesimetric measures and photographs of five specific postures have been taken on a sample of scoliotic attitudes with central and peripheric postural disturbance. Two types of stimuli were introduced into the measures (permanent magnetic fields of 1500 Gauss and mechanical vibration 100 Hertz to analyze the reactions). The second paragraph is an expression, correlation and comparison of these measures with a sample. Our results demonstrate the existence of an important disturbance of lateral displacements depending on the archaic labyrinthic system. Mechanical vibrations mobilize the flexor-extensor groups whereas the magnetic fields tend to regulate the abductor-adductor groups. The results as a whole confirm a muscular etiology of some scoliotic attitudes
Chaba, Lisa. "La recherche de prise de masse musculaire et les troubles du comportement alimentaire chez les sportifs masculins : application du modèle trans-contextuel de la motivation." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4107.
Full textAlthough the drive for muscularity was related to some deviant behaviors such as eating disorders, the underlying types of motivation and socio-cognitive variables are only scarcely identified to date. The main goal of this thesis was to apply the trans-contextual model of motivation (Hagger & Chatzisarantis, 2009), integrating the theory of self-determination (Deci & Ryan, 2000) and the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen & Madden, 1986), to show the motivational sequence underlying the drive for muscularity behaviors among male bodybuilders and the eating behaviors in male athletes practicing at risk sports such as bodybuilding and running. Five studies comprise this dissertation. Study 1 presented a literature review of the drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia among bodybuilders. The purpose of the study 2 was to develop and validate a questionnaire (DMS-FR) to measure the drive for muscularity among French-speaking male athletes. Studies 3 and 4 applied the trans-contextual model of motivation in the drive for muscularity behaviors context among male bodybuilders, and in the eating behaviors context among male athletes practicing at risk sports (i.e., bodybuilding vs running). Study 5 qualitatively explored other psychosocial factors that may explain the development dynamics of eating disorders, according to the competitive level of the bodybuilders. The main results showed that different types of motivation (i.e., auto-determined and controlled) were positively related to drive for muscularity behaviors among male bodybuilders and to eating behaviors among male bodybuilders and runners, both directly and through the socio-cognitive variables of the theory of planned behavior. This thesis defends the importance of studying the psychosocial mechanisms which could explain deviant eating behaviors among male bodybuilders in the perspective of developing preventive tools
Chang, Jing. "Evaluation des risques de troubles musculo-squelettiques liés au travail basée sur OpenSim." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0042/document.
Full textWork-related musculoskeletal disorders cause physical and mental illnesses in workers, reduce their productivity and cause great losses to industries and society. This thesis focuses on the assessment of the physical risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in industry, for which four key points are identified: measuring workloads, assessing the effect of workload accumulation, quantifying individual characteristics and integrating the risk assessment into digital human modeling tools. In the state of the art, the epidemiologic studies of musculoskeletal disoders and the current methods used for its physical risk assessment are reviewed, as well as the studies concerning the four key points. The second part presents an experimental study involving 17 subjects to explore a new indicator to muscle fatigue with surface EMG. In the next part, efforts are made to integrate a muscle fatigue model into OpenSim, a digital human modeling software, with which the capacity decrease of each muscle is predictable for a given task. The predicted values could be applicable to the physical risk assessment. The fourth part introduce the work to build up a Fullchain musculoskeletal model in OpenSim in view that no current model covers muscles of the torso and all the limbs. Special attention is paid to the method used by OpenSim to adapt the model inertial properties to individuals. Errors of the method is evaluated with reference data coming from the whole-body 3D scan. In the last part, the newly built Full-chain model is applied on the posture analysis of an overhead drilling task. The muscle activition varies as a function of postures, which is suggested as the indicator of posture loads
Valls, Marjorie. "Insatisfaction corporelle masculine : relations entre estime de soi, dépression, exposition du corps, influences socioculturelles et troubles des conduites alimentaires." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20016.
Full textHistorically, the emphasis in body image and eating disorders literature has been on women and thinness. However, men are increasingly struggling with body image concerns. Despite a growing interest in male body dissatisfaction and eating disorders, there is a lack of French studies on this subject. The present research, including three separate studies, aims to investigate body dissatisfaction, muscle dissatisfaction and eating disorders in French young men.Study 1 – Objective: To validate the French version of the Body Esteem Scale (BES) in a sample of French young men. A sample of 382 young men completed the Body Esteem Scale and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale. The goodness-of-fit of the three factors model (Appearance, Weight, Attribution) was unsatisfactory. Exploratory factorial analysis yielded four factors (Appearance, Desire of change, Weight, Feelings). BES seems interesting for assessing male body esteem and taking into consideration the relationship between negative body esteem and psychopathology.Study 2 – Objective: To investigate (1) relationships between body mass index (BMI) and body esteem, (2) the relative contributions of media influence, weight-related teasing, self-esteem and depression to body esteem (3) the influence of negative body esteem on physical self-consciousness during sexual relations, (4) the rate of eating disorders and to determine possible risk factors. Questionnaires were completed by 452 young men. Results revealed that (1) BMI seemed to be only related to weight satisfaction (2) weight-related teasing, media pressure, self-esteem and depression were significant predictors of body esteem, (3) there was an association between physical self-consciousness during sexual relations and body esteem, (4) feelings about appearance and weight, self-esteem, overweight-related teasing and media information were significant predictors of eating disorders. This study emphasize the importance of taking into account different dimensions of body esteem for having a more global view of body image and eating disorders in men.Study 3 – Objective: To examine the relationships between muscle dissatisfaction, sociocultural influences, self-esteem, depression and eating disorders. A sample of 335 normal-weighted young men completed questionnaires assessing media influences, weight-related teasing, self-esteem, depression and eating disorders. Muscle dissatisfaction was reported by 84 % of participants. A negative correlation was found between body mass index and muscle dissatisfaction. Sociocultural and individual factors were weakly associated with muscle dissatisfaction, suggesting that these factors were more strongly associated with body esteem. No difference was found for muscle dissatisfaction between participants with and without eating disorders. Results suggest that body dissatisfaction and muscle dissatisfaction are distinct dimensions of body image disorders.Conclusion: The concluding results contribute to the understanding of body image and eating disorders in men, and highlight the importance of obtaining a more precise idea of the factors that play a role in their development
Paillard, Thierry. "Comparaison de différentes méthodes d'exercice musculaire dans le cadre de la prévention des effets du vieillissement chez la femme." Rennes 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN20025.
Full textElderly subjects and allow them to prevent the risk of falling. The aim of this study was to appreciate the efficiency of combining electrostimulation and stair climbing. Three groups of elderly women performed a different training programme (4 sessions a week for 6 weeks) : one group practised stair climbing (SC), one group electrostimulation (ES), and the last group combined the two activities (SC+ES). The body composition (lean and fat mass and bone mineral density (BMD), the muscular strengh of the knee extensor, and the postural kinetic capacities (static and dynamic equilibrium and spatio-temporal characteristics of walking) were measured before and after the training period. As for the results, at the end of the progfamme, none of the groups showed any difference in the body composition. However, the SC+ES group showed a more significant increase of its BMD of the femoral neck and of the legs than the other groups. The maximal strengh of the knee extensor increased in the same proportion in the three groups. However the SC+ES group seems to have increased more than the others its capacity in maintaining for a longer time a dynamic muscular contraction at low speed. The postural kinetic activities were only slightly altered. Only the strategy of equilibration did improve in the three groups (the part of the head acting as a shock absorber more significantly). Whatever the technique used a muscular strenghening programme on a short period could induce positive neuro-muscular adaptations in ederly women. However, it would not result in any significant modification of the body compositions or of the postural-kinetic activities
Ferland, Chantale. "Associations entre la force, les capacités locomotrices et la participation dans les déplacements chez des enfants et des adolescents ayant une déficience motrice cérébrale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28584/28584.pdf.
Full textSavin, Jonathan. "Simulation de la variabilité du mouvement induite par la fatigue musculaire pour la conception ergonomique de postes de travail." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS349.
Full textEvery human movement presents an inter- and intra-individual variability. This variability of movement (MV) affects trajectories, coordinations, motor forces as well as muscular activations. However, to date, MV is almost ignored in the workstations design and there is no means to simulate it. The objective of this work was therefore to develop a virtual human (VH) to simulate the effects of one source of VM (muscle fatigue) on a reference task (a repetitive pointing task). A VH controller has been developed. Based on Xia and Frey-Law muscle fatigue model by, it implements controls designed to simulate some effects of muscle fatigue (exertion limitation, transfer of motor activity, reduction of trajectory tracking performance). The actuation of the VH is calculated by quadratic optimization using a dynamic simulation physics engine. Movement data was analyzed to identify fatigue-induced MV during the pointing activity, and to validate the proposed VH controls. An laboratory experiment has been carried out. Principal component analysis (PCA) of kinematic data identified the degrees of freedom involved in the VM and detected transitions of movement patterns with fatigue. This VH demonstrator simulates some characteristics of the MV observed. Improvements of the HV are proposed, however it can already be used to make designers more aware of effects of the VM in occupational risks prevention from the first steps of workstations design
Osseni, Alexis. "Un lien entre les triades et les microtubules dans la cellule musculaire : Rôle de la triadine et de CLIMP-63." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV066/document.
Full textMuscle contraction is achieved when an efficient excitation signal at the plasma membrane triggers intracellular calcium release. This process called “excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling” relies on a macromolecular protein complex, spanning the plasma membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), containing the calcium channel of the SR, the ryanodine receptor (RyR1). This calcium release complex is present exclusively in highly organized membrane structures called triads. A triad is composed of two SR terminal cisternae surrounding a plasma membrane transverse-tubule.This architecture is essential to sustain the activity of the calcium channel RyR1, which is located in the membrane of SR terminal cisternae. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms allowing the formation and maintenance of SR terminal cisternae. Triadin is a member of this complex, present in the SR membrane and interacting with RyR1. Deletion of the triadin gene leads to partial disorganisation of SR membranes in skeletal muscles, with abnormal orientation of part of the triads. Triadin could play a role in the structure of sarcoplasmic reticulum to allow efficient E-C coupling. We have shown that triadin could indirectly interact with the microtubules, and therefore anchor the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the microtubule network (Fourest-Lieuvin, J Cell Science, 2012). Using mass spectrometry analysis of proteins co-immunoprecipitated with triadin, we have identified a new partner of triadin, CLIMP-63 which could be involved in this function. CLIMP-63 is a shaping protein able to mediate the anchoring of the reticulum to microtubules and to maintain the shape of endoplasmic reticulum. We have dissected the interacting domains between CLIMP-63 and triadin, and study the consequences of this association for muscle function, and triad formation or maintenance
Jamal, Karim. "Effets des stimulations sensorielles par vibrations des muscles du cou sur les perturbations posturales secondaires aux troubles de la représentation spatiale." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1B003.
Full textOne of the causes of disability in stroke patients is postural disturbances which increases the risk of falls. To date, even though a spatial representation disorder appears to be involved in these mechanisms of action, they are yet not fully understood. The objective of this thesis is to study the involvement of spatial representation in postural disorders following a stroke and more specifically in supporting asymmetry and then to evaluate the effect of proprioceptive stimuli by vibration of the neck muscles on both supporting asymmetry and spatial representation in order to better understand the mechanisms of action of this sensory stimulation. Our work confirms the presence of support asymmetry in the acute phase, but also persistent in the chronic phase with a slightly more pronounced deficit for patients with a right brain stroke. Disorders of spatial representation seem to be more involved in the mechanisms of action of this postural behavior rather than motor and/or sensory deficits. Our work supports the role of the right hemisphere in spatial representation; and these results could explain the more pronounced asymmetry of support in the group of patients with a lesion in the right hemisphere due to a spatial representation disorder. Sensory stimulation by muscle vibration is an interesting tool in the field of rehabilitation because of its action on both posture and spatial representation. The repeated application of sensory stimuli reduces the support asymmetry in the group of chronic right brain damage stroke patients at the end of the 10-sessions program, with a slight distance maintenance, which suggests the value of applying these stimuli in rehabilitation and particularly in the management of patients with a secondary balance disorder in a spatial representation disorder
Gagnon, Marie-Ève. "Faisabilité, tolérabilité et efficacité psychocognitive préliminaire d’un entrainement cardiovasculaire et d’un entrainement musculaire chez des personnes âgées présentant un trouble cognitif léger avec des symptômes neuropsychiatriques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69489.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a major public health issue. The key to reducing the burden ofdementia in the coming decades lies in large part in primary and secondary prevention.Prevention interventions target lifestyle habits and modifiable risk factors for AD, includingphysical inactivity. Interventions in physical activity (PA) have been studied in the last fewyears in older aduts with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). For a high proportion of MCIcases, MCI is a prodromal phase of AD and could represent a favorable window of action toprevent AD. PA interventions in MCI are promising, but research on the subject is limited,presents challenges in terms of participants' adherence to the intervention, pays little attentionto the psychological effects of these interventions and generally excludes people withdepressive symptoms. Yet, depressive symptoms are frequent in MCI cases and they increasethe risk of progressing to AD. This thesis aims to study a 12-week PA intervention in olderadults with MCI and concomitant neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS, including depressivesymptoms). The first objective of this thesis is to investigate the feasibility and tolerance ofthis intervention. The attrition rate and adhesion rate are documented for this purpose. Focusgroup interviews explore how the implementation of the PA program contributes toadherence of seniors with MCI and NPS. These data are the subject of a thematic analysis.The second objective is to make a preliminary comparison of the effects of two PA programs(cardiovascular, resistance). The effects of PA are objectively measured on cognition,psychological state, and quality of life. The outcome variables are subjected to principalcomponent analysis (PCA) in order to derive composite scores. A repeated measures Anova(Treatment x Time) is performed for each composite score. Effect sizes (partial eta-square)are calculated for each Anovas’result. The results of this thesis suggest that a PA programpresents a challenge in terms of recruitment, but that the program is feasible and tolerable interms of adherence to the intervention. The thematic analysis helps identify several factorsthat may contribute to participant adherence. The factors facilitating participation include thefollowing sub-themes: (a) social relationships with the group and the instructors, (b) theservices offered or sought regarding evaluation and intervention (c) the effects of the trainingprogram on physical and psychocognitive states, (d) favorable attitudes and realisticexpectations towards the study and (e) a fixed PA schedule that fits easily into the weeklyschedule. The dissatisfaction factors group together the following sub-themes: (a) vinsufficient communication of information, (b) difficult request upon their memory and (c)imposed quantity and type of PA. Regarding the preliminary psychocognitive effects of thetwo PA programs, it should be noted that the present study focuses primarily on effect sizesand not on the significance level. The effect sizes suggest that the cardiovascular trainingprogram leads to greater improvements than the resistance training program regarding: (a)the two composite scores of executive functions (Component 1, significant effect, large effectsize; Component 2, moderate effect size) and (b) the composite score of episodic memory(small effect size). The resistance training program leads to greater improvements than thecardiovascular training program regarding the two composite scores of NPS and quality oflife (Component 1, moderate effect size; Component 2, large effect size). Conclusions aboutthe programs’effects on attention are limited and discussed in more details in this thesis. Insum, these results will allow adjustment of the PA interventions for a further large scale studywith the aim of demonstrating the benefits of PA in secondary prevention of AD.
Blanchet, Emilie. "Rôle de E2F1 dans la sécrétion d'insuline, le métabolisme oxydatif, la néoglucogenèse et la lipogenèse. Implication dans le diabète, la dystrophie musculaire et le cancer." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON13506.
Full textE2F1, a crucial regulator of metabolism in normal and cancer cells. Abstract: E2F1 is a key transcription factor involved in the control of the cell cycle. We and others have previously demonstrated a a major role for E2F1 in the control of glucose and lipid homeostasis. In this thesis, we showed bu using E2F1 null mice, that E2F1 plays a major role in the control of insulin secretion, oxidative metabolism, lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. E2F1 controls insulin secretion through the modulation of Kir6.2 expression. Moreover, we demonstrated that E2F1 controls the expression of oxidative genes in BAT and muscle. In addition, we observed that E2F1 is involved in the control of lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. E2F1regulates the expression of key lipogenic genes, such as Fas, and G6Pase, a gene involved in hepatic glucose production, through cooperation with foxo-1. Finally, we observed that the inhibition of gluconeogenesis upon E2f1 genetic ablation impaired the formation of lung metastases. These different results show that E2F1 is a key regulator of metabolism, and that modulating its activity could have High outcomes on diseases such as diabetes, obesity, muscular distrophies or cancers.Key words: E2F1, insulin secretion, oxidative metabolism, lipogenesis, gluocneogenesis, cancer
Kachenoura, Amar. "Traitement Aveugle de Signaux Biomédicaux." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00359155.
Full textHussain, Ghulam. "Rôle de la stéaroyl-CoA désaturase-1 dans le maintien de l'activité musculaire : étude d'un modèle lésionel pour la compréhension des altérations métaboliques caractéristiques de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921430.
Full textAllouch, Samar. "Modélisation inverse du système neuromusculosquelettique : application au doigt majeur." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2157.
Full textWith the need to develop an artificial organ replacing the human finger in the case of a deficiency and the need to understand how this physiological system works, an inverse physical model of the finger system for estimating neuronal activations from the movement, is necessary. Despite the large number of studies in the human hand modeling, almost there is no inverse physical model of the middle finger system that focuses on search neuronal activations. Al most all existing models have focused on the research of the muscle forces and muscle activations. The purpose of the manuscript is to present a neuromusculoskeletal model of the human middle finger system for estimating neuronal activations, muscle activations and muscle forces of all the acting muscles after movement analysis. The aim of such models is to represent the essential characteristics of the movement with the best possible realism. Our job is to study, model and simulate the movement of the human finger. The innovation of the proposed model is the coupling between the biomechanical and neurophysiological aspects to simulate the complete inverse movement chain from dynamic finger data to neuronal intents that control muscle activations. Another innovation is the design of a specific experimental protocol that treats both the multichannel sEMG and kinematic data from a data capture procedure of the movement
Pilon, Francine. "Impact des troubles musculosquelettiques sur les mécanismes du contrôle postural chez les adolescents-hockeyeurs de niveau élite et intervention en Reconstruction Posturale®." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11435.
Full textAdolescent hockey players can suffer from musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) resulting from excess muscle tension that can lead to dysmorphisms, muscle imbalances as well as inadequate standing posture. The consequences of these changes often lead to unnecessary overload of the musculoskeletal system (MSS), disturbances in postural control mechanisms and eventually the development of muscular and joint pain. Very few interventions are design to address MSD by rebalancing muscle tension. One of the clinically tested interventions is Postural Reconstruction® (PR). Our first objective was to identify the characteristics of postural control among a population of elite adolescent-hockey players when the somatosensory system is disturbed while standing in a quasi static position barefoot and on skates. Secondly, we assessed the impact of an intervention in PR on various clinical and biomechanical variables among a population of elite adolescent hockey players suffering from MSD. Sixty seven elite adolescent hockey players, 15 to 18 years of age participated in the study. The postural control of fifty seven players was assessed in standing using two force platforms, in eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) conditions barefoot on hard surface and on foam. From that group, thirty five players were also assessed on skates, EO and EC. Then, nine players suffering from MSD were selected to participate in the intervention protocol in RP consisting in the application of six therapeutic sessions held once a week for six consecutive weeks. Center of pressure (COP) movements under the feet was calculated in the antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) directions. To account for the performance of the postural control system, mean COP velocity and displacements as well COP range were used. The variables retained to account for the strategies used to maintain balance in the upright position were weight baring asymmetry, concordance of the COP trajectory as well as COPc for the contribution of the ankle strategy and COPv for the contribution of the hip strategy. Finally, the impact of PR intervention was assessed on pain level, functional capacity and postural biomechanical variables. Our results show that among elite adolescent hockey players, the performance of the postural control in standing in a quasi static position is more disturbed by changes somatosensory information in ML direction while in AP, the absence of visual information as well as changes in somatosensory information significantly affect the performance. In all experimental conditions, and in both directions, we observed a remarkably high mean velocity, ranging between 18 to 22 mm/sec. As for the strategies, independent of the experimental condition, we observed total dominance of the ankle strategy in AP while in ML, the hip strategy dominated with a 25 % contribution for the ankle strategy. On skates, in ML direction, no significant changes were observed in the performance. However, in AP, we observed a significant increase in the mean COP velocity, EO and EC, and significant increase in COP range, EO only. As for the strategies, we observed the same dominance but the contribution on the ankle strategy in ML was more modest, that is less than 12 %. For players suffering from MSD, our results show that six sessions of PR significantly improved the level of pain, functional capacity and body alignment in standing. Pre intervention in ML, we observed a significantly higher contribution of the ankle strategy to the control of the COPnet and post-intervention, a return to normal values. The impact of the PR intervention on postural control performance was not significant in ML and AP. In conclusion, our results show that in the early stage, a PR intervention has a greater impact on postural control stratégies rather than performance.
Duford, Marie-Claude. "Aménagement de l'habitacle de véhicule de patrouille : analyse ergonomique et élaboration d'outils et de recommandations pour prévenir les troubles musculo-squelettiques et améliorer le confort et l'efficacité des patrouilleurs." Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3783/1/M11833.pdf.
Full textOuellet, Sylvie. "Acquisitions d'habiletés motrices à la découpe de viande et prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques : apport de l'analyse ergonomique à la conception de formations." Thèse, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2474/1/D1821.pdf.
Full textVilleneuve, Suzanne. "La langue comme outil de prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques chez des interprètes français/langue des signes québécoise : analyse d'aménagements linguistiques, biomécaniques et temporels." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3506/1/M9659.pdf.
Full textCherni, Yosra. "Stratégies d’optimisation d’utilisation d’un exosquelette pour la réadaptation locomotrice des patients avec des troubles neuromoteurs : stratégies d’optimisation d’utilisation d’un exosquelette pour la réadaptation locomotrice des patients avec des troubles neuromoteurs." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24585.
Full textCerebral palsy is the leading cause of childhood gait limitations, affecting 2 to 3 children per 1000 births. It is defined as a movement and posture disorder that causes functional limitations due to the damage of the immature brain. Spasticity, excessive co-contraction, muscle weakness and bone deformities limit the autonomy of these children. Their walking is slower and more unstable compared to that of typically developing children. Recently, exoskeletons for gait rehabilitation (e.g., Lokomat®) have been shown to be effective in adults with neuromotor disorders. However, evidence supporting the effectiveness of such a training modality in children with cerebral palsy remains insufficient. In addition to its apparent relevance for gait rehabilitation, the Lokomat® offers the possibility of evaluating certain motor functions (i.e., muscle strength, spasticity). However, these tools are not used due to the lack of information on the reliability of its measurements. The objective of this thesis was to assess the relevance of the use of robotic orthoses « Lokomat® » for the assessment of motor functions and for gait rehabilitation in patients with neuromotor disorders, such as cerebral palsy. To respond to our general objective, three specific objectives have been defined in order to: (1) provide information on the applicability and effectiveness of robotic locomotor rehabilitation for improving gait parameters in children with cerebral palsy; (2) evaluate the psychometric qualities of the Lokomat® integrated tools measuring spasticity and isometric force in order to determine their suitability for regular clinical use; and (3) propose a systematic approach based on electromyography to personalize Lokomat's settings to promote optimal training for hip extensor strength. Carried out in a « Living Lab » context involving the patient, parents, clinicians and researchers, our 1st study established a realistic Lokomat® training protocol (2 sessions / weeks for 12 weeks) that can be easily transferred to the clinic. This intervention on 24-patients led to significant improvement in the lower limb isometric strength (25-74%) and walking capacities such as walking speed (+20%), step length (+14%) and endurance (+24%). Improvements in muscle strength and endurance had sustained when measured at a 6-month follow-up. In the same study, our results showed that robotic training had a positive effect on muscle strength and gait capacity whatever the level of severity (GMFCS levels II-IV). In the second and third studies, the reliability of the two integrated tools of the Lokomat® (L-FORCE and L-STIFF) assessing muscle strength and spasticity respectively was measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). The intra- and inter-tester reliability of the L-FORCE tool was good to excellent (ICC = 0,70 - 0,87 et SEM = 11,9 - 22,5%) for measuring isometric strength of hip and knee flexors and extensors in children with cerebral palsy. For the L-STIFF tool, the intra-tester reliability was moderate to excellent (ICC = 0.49 – 0.89, SEM = 7 – 16%) while the inter-tester reliability was acceptable to good (ICC = 0.32 – 0.70, SEM = 6 - 39%). These two tools have thus greater intra- and inter-tester reliability than conventional clinical tests for measuring isometric strength and spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Finally, our fourth study is a proof of concept of a systematic approach based on electromyography to personalize and optimize the Lokomat® settings that aim to maximize muscle activity of hip extensors in two post-stroke patients. We were able to set personalized parameters for a targeted Lokomat® training using an easily implementable protocol. It only took two test sessions to determine these settings. The two cases presented in the study showed a significant increase in muscle strength of the hip extensors (+43 and 114 %) as well as improvement in endurance (+37% and +150%) and mobility (from 4 to 7 on the Modified Functional Ambulation Classification). In conclusion, the results of our studies support the use of the Lokomat® robotic orthosis for gait rehabilitation in children with cerebral palsy. This approach provides a standardized training environment and allows an objective and mostly reliable assessment of changes in strength and spasticity of the lower limb. Finally, optimization of Lokomat® training appears to be feasible and easy to implement (i.e., based on electromyography and with only two additional Lokomat® training sessions).
Major, Marie-Ève. "Étude ergonomique du travail saisonnier et de ses impacts sur les stratégies et les troubles musculo-squelettiques de travailleuses d'usines de transformation du crabe." Thèse, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4379/1/D2212.pdf.
Full textCardoso, Ricardo Manuel Tavares. "Voice, posture and autonomic nervous system: relations and treatment." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/8943.
Full textA voz é a ferramenta de excelência para a comunicação verbal. Para os professores, a voz é o seu principal instrumento de trabalho, pois permite-lhes transmitir conhecimentos, assumindo primordial importância no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Quando usada incorretamente, a qualidade da voz pode sofrer grandes danos e levar a sérias consequências à saúde. O enquadramento teórico desta tese de doutoramento é composto por três artigos de revisão sistemática que abordam as associações entre postura, voz e disfonia (artigo 1), as associações entre função do sistema nervoso autónomo, voz e disfonia (artigo 2) e a efetividade da fisioterapia e das terapias complementares em distúrbios da voz (artigo 3). A tese integra ainda três artigos experimentais. O primeiro teve como objetivo verificar se existiam diferenças na postura, tensão muscular e voz entre professores com (n=13) e sem (n=11) queixas vocais (avaliadas por fotogrametria, tensão muscular por palpação, algometria, avaliação aerodinâmica da voz, análise acústica e perceptivo-auditiva da voz - artigo 4). O segundo analisou se existiam diferenças na função do sistema nervoso autónomo e voz entre professores com (n=13) e sem (n=11) queixas vocais (avaliadas pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, Protocolo de Disfunção Autonómica, avaliação aerodinâmica da voz, análise acústica e perceptivo-auditiva da voz - artigo 5). Finalmente, um estudo randomizado controlado que foi realizado para verificar os efeitos da libertação miofascial na postura, tensão muscular e voz de professores (n=12), comparados a um grupo controlo (n=12), é apresentado (avaliados pela fotogrametria, tensão muscular por palpação, algometria, avaliação aerodinâmica da voz, análise acústica e perceptivo-auditiva da voz - artigo 6). Com esta investigação, verificou-se que em professores e/ou noutras amostras existe uma estreita relação entre postura corporal, tensão muscular, musculatura laríngea, produção vocal, queixas vocais e disfonia, assim como que as disfunções autónomas se relacionam com a voz e com a disfonia, onde os participantes com disfonia tendem a apresentar mais sintomas de disfunção autónoma, concomitantes à ativação da musculatura laríngea (artigos 1, 2, 4, 5). Verificou-se também que a libertação miofascial em professores, bem como a massagem, estimulação elétrica transcutânea do nervo e acupuntura noutras amostras, parecem ser tratamentos eficazes para reduzir a tensão muscular, as queixas vocais e melhorar a qualidade da voz, apoiando a inclusão dessas terapias no tratamento de pacientes com perturbações da voz, promovendo uma ação transdisciplinar que pode otimizar a avaliação e o tratamento, a fim de proporcionar benefícios aos pacientes com problemas de voz (artigos 3, 6).
La voix est l'outil d'excellence pour la communication verbale. Pour les enseignants, la voix est leur principal instrument de travail, car elle leur permet de transmettre des connaissances et revêt donc une grande importance dans le processus enseignement-apprentissage. En cas d'utilisation incorrecte, la qualité de la voix peut être gravement endommagée et entraîner de graves conséquences pour la santé. Le cadre théorique de cette thèse de doctorat est composé de trois articles de revues systématiques couvrant les associations entre posture, voix et dysphonie (article 1), les associations entre le fonctionnement du système nerveux autonome, la voix et la dysphonie (article 2), et l'efficacité de la physiothérapie et des thérapies complémentaires dans les troubles de la voix (article 3). La thèse intègre également trois articles expérimentaux. La première visait à vérifier s’il existait des différences de posture, de tension musculaire et de voix entre les enseignants avec (n=13) et sans (n=11) plaintes vocales (évaluées par photogrammétrie, tension musculaire par palpation, algométrie, évaluation aérodynamique de la voix, analyse acoustique et auditiveperceptuelle de la voix - article 4). La seconde analysait les différences de fonctionnement du système nerveux autonome et de la voix entre les enseignants avec (n=13) et sans (n=11) plaintes vocales (évaluées par la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque, Le Questionnaire sur la Dysfonction Autonome, l’évaluation aérodynamique de la voix, l’analyse acoustique et auditive-perceptuelle de la voix - article 5). Enfin, un essai contrôlé randomisé mené pour vérifier les effets de la libération myofasciale sur la posture, la tension musculaire et la voix des enseignants (n=12) comparé à un groupe de contrôle (n=12), est présenté (évaluée par photogrammétrie, tension musculaire par palpation, algométrie, évaluation aérodynamique de la voix, analyse acoustique et auditive-perceptuelle de la voix - article 6). Cette recherche a montré que chez les enseignants et/ou d’autres échantillons, il existe une relation étroite entre la posture corporelle, la tension musculaire, la musculature laryngée, la production vocale, les plaintes vocales et la dysphonie, ainsi que les dysfonctionnements autonomes sont liés à la voix et à la dysphonie. Les participants atteints de dysphonie ont tendance à présenter davantage de symptômes de dysfonctionnement autonome concomitant à l'activation de la musculature du larynx (articles 1, 2, 4, 5). Il a également été constaté que la libération myofasciale chez les enseignants, ainsi que le massage, la stimulation nerveuse électrique transcutanée et l’acupuncture dans d’autres échantillons, semblaient être des traitements efficaces pour réduire la tension musculaire, les plaintes vocales et améliorer la qualité de la voix, favorisant ainsi l’inclusion de ces thérapies dans le traitement des patients souffrant de plaintes vocales, en promouvant une action transdisciplinaire permettant d'optimiser l'évaluation et le traitement afin de procurer des avantages aux patients présentant des problèmes de voix (articles 3, 6).