Relevant bibliographies by topics / True costs

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'True costs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "True costs"

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Reid, Robert L. "Assessing Infrastructure’s True Costs." Civil Engineering Magazine Archive 87, no. 3 (March 2017): 56–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0001175.

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Pelosse, Hélène. "The true costs of conventional energy." UN Chronicle 46, no. 4 (April 17, 2012): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/6f97b844-en.

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Banister, David. "The true costs of road transport." Cities 14, no. 4 (August 1997): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-2751(97)82704-7.

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Rye, Tom. "The True Costs of Road Transport." Journal of Transport Geography 5, no. 2 (June 1997): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6923(97)84105-1.

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Arnold, Aaron. "The True Costs of Financial Sanctions." Survival 58, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2016.1186981.

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Guynup, Sharon, Chris R. Shepherd, and Loretta Shepherd. "The True Costs of Wildlife Trafficking." Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 21, no. 1 (2020): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gia.2020.0023.

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Laczniak, Gene. "The Hidden Costs of Hidden Costs." Journal of Macromarketing 37, no. 3 (May 31, 2017): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146717712362.

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This brief comment expands on the “long macro view” observation of Prof. Robert Lusch that human choices, including market choices, have massive and unseen costs. It is argued here that a central challenge for macromarketing scholars is to make transparent the hidden costs embedded in macromarketing systems and sub-systems so that their true complexity and heterogeneity are better understood. Distributive Justice demands such consideration.
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Noblick, Julie A., Melissa R. Monson, Jennifer L. Bires, and Lorenzo Norris. "The True Financial Costs of Cancer Care." Psychiatric Annals 41, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20110829-09.

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Murphy, Sophia, and Karen Hansen-Kuhn. "The true costs of US agricultural dumping." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 376–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170519000097.

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AbstractAgricultural commodity ‘dumping’ is the practice of exporting commodities at prices below the cost of production. Dumping cheats farmers of a fair return for their work. It cheats both the farmers in the USA who are paid below cost, and the farmers abroad whose crops compete with US exports in markets distorted by dumping. And dumping shortchanges the ecosystems upon which humanity depends for its survival. Neo-classical economics holds that when prices are low, suppliers will produce less. The persistence of dumping in the US agricultural commodity sector defies that assumption. In trade circles, where the problem is acknowledged to an extent, dumping is explained as a result of government subsidies. The authors argue that the dumping numbers provided by the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy suggest this explanation is at best partial. They look at definitions of dumping, and explanations for how it arises and why it persists, in defiance of expectations that markets are self-correcting.
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Losada, Sebastian, and Pierre Terras. "Sea-bed mining — count the true costs." Nature 557, no. 7703 (May 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05016-0.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "True costs"

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Becker, Udo J., Thilo Becker, and Julia Gerlach. "The True Costs of Automobility: External Costs of Cars Overview on existing estimates in EU-27." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-216656.

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Mobilität und Verkehr, insbesondere der Verkehr mit PKW, sind unverzichtbare Bestandteile des Lebens. PKW erbringen ohne Zweifel große private Nutzen. Daneben erzeugen PKW aber auch sog. externe Effekte: Kosten, die die Fahrenden eigentlich unbeteiligten Dritten aufbürden. Dies sind Kosten durch Lärm und Abgase, durch ungedeckte Unfallkosten, durch die entstehenden Klimaschäden, durch "up- and downstream" - Effekte und durch sonstige Umweltkosten. Diese Kosten werden nicht vom Nutzer getragen, sondern von anderen Menschen, anderen Ländern und anderen Generationen. Letztlich führt dies dazu, dass die Kosten der Autonutzung in der EU-27 zu niedrig sind. Damit erge-ben sich ökonomisch zwingend ineffiziente Wahlentscheidungen: PKW werden häufiger genutzt als bei effizienten Allokationen. Auch deshalb gibt es in unseren Städten so viel Stau, so hohe Abgas- und Lärmemissionen, so hohe Steuern für die Kompensation der Schäden und so hohe Krankenkassenbeiträge. In der Untersuchung wurden, basierend auf allen vorliegenden Studien sowie auf der Methodik des „handbooks“ der EU-Kommission ("IMPACT") Schätzungen für die ungedeckten Kosten der 27 Mitgliedsländer der EU erarbeitet. Kostensätze für Lärm, Luftverschmutzung, Unfälle und up-/downstream Effekte wurden analog zu den Studien von CE Delft, Infras and Fraunhofer (2011) übernommen. Die Methodik ist im Text beschrieben und entspricht dem Stand des Wissens; im Bereich der Klimaschäden wurde ein höherer Ansatz und eine Bandbreite (low scenario: 72 €/t CO2; high scenario: 252 €/t CO2) gewählt.
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Becker, Udo J., Thilo Becker, and Julia Gerlach. "The True Costs of Automobility: External Costs of Cars Overview on existing estimates in EU-27." Technische Universität Dresden, 2012. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30084.

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Mobilität und Verkehr, insbesondere der Verkehr mit PKW, sind unverzichtbare Bestandteile des Lebens. PKW erbringen ohne Zweifel große private Nutzen. Daneben erzeugen PKW aber auch sog. externe Effekte: Kosten, die die Fahrenden eigentlich unbeteiligten Dritten aufbürden. Dies sind Kosten durch Lärm und Abgase, durch ungedeckte Unfallkosten, durch die entstehenden Klimaschäden, durch 'up- and downstream' - Effekte und durch sonstige Umweltkosten. Diese Kosten werden nicht vom Nutzer getragen, sondern von anderen Menschen, anderen Ländern und anderen Generationen. Letztlich führt dies dazu, dass die Kosten der Autonutzung in der EU-27 zu niedrig sind. Damit erge-ben sich ökonomisch zwingend ineffiziente Wahlentscheidungen: PKW werden häufiger genutzt als bei effizienten Allokationen. Auch deshalb gibt es in unseren Städten so viel Stau, so hohe Abgas- und Lärmemissionen, so hohe Steuern für die Kompensation der Schäden und so hohe Krankenkassenbeiträge. In der Untersuchung wurden, basierend auf allen vorliegenden Studien sowie auf der Methodik des „handbooks“ der EU-Kommission ('IMPACT') Schätzungen für die ungedeckten Kosten der 27 Mitgliedsländer der EU erarbeitet. Kostensätze für Lärm, Luftverschmutzung, Unfälle und up-/downstream Effekte wurden analog zu den Studien von CE Delft, Infras and Fraunhofer (2011) übernommen. Die Methodik ist im Text beschrieben und entspricht dem Stand des Wissens; im Bereich der Klimaschäden wurde ein höherer Ansatz und eine Bandbreite (low scenario: 72 €/t CO2; high scenario: 252 €/t CO2) gewählt.
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Forslind, Maja. "Finding the Dollar Language : Drivers and rationales for monetising corporate environmental and social impacts– practices in counting the true value of business operation from ecosystem services perspective." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-85855.

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The thesis explores how monetisation of corporate externalities, can be carried out in order to provide investors, policy makers and consumers with accurate pictures of the true costs and benefits of business operations from a resilience and ecosystem services perspective. By drawing conclusions from company cases, and previous research – methods, drivers and monetary values of impacts such as carbon dioxide, water usage, pollutants and land use are analysed. The findings reflect opportunities that open up with monetisation, in terms of tools for guidance and support in internal corporate decision making, by making the actual impacts visualised and understandable. Findings from company cases, show that monetisation of corporate effects has potential to contribute to visualising impacts – and add knowledge that may close information gaps internally as well as externally. It can guide and facilitate strategic choices at corporate level. It may also have a role in bridging information asymmetries in the picture of a firm’s operation, to consumers and investors. Monetising effects may facilitate identification of risks arising from ecosystem services dependencies, visualising the actual impacts by, assed costs in losses in ecosystems’ production (yields e.g.) caused by corporate harm.Providing relevant information to policy makers, on obstacles and where regulative incentives are needed, and investors and consumers with guidance, monetisation of impacts potentially can play a part in bridging market information gaps toward better incentive structures and possibly facilitating effective market transformation in favor of sustainable production and consumption patterns.
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Nesbitt, Tess Alexandra. "Cost-sensitive tree-stacking learning with variable prediction error costs /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=2026906691&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Sandmann, F. G. "The true cost of epidemic and outbreak diseases in hospitals." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2018. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4648208/.

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Background: Outbreaks of infectious diseases may result in bed pressures, which are often mitigated by delaying new admissions due to beds being unavailable. This painfully illustrates to policy makers and the public what is meant by the economic notion of “opportunity costs”: The value of the next-best alternative forgone, or in this situation: The value of the beds for the displaced patients. These opportunity costs need to be captured adequately in economic analyses. Methods: Suitable approaches for estimating the opportunity costs of healthcare beds from the perspective of health-maximising decision makers were searched for in a literature review. Lack of adequate methods drove the development of a novel approach. Differences among approaches were explored using, as a case study, hospitalisations for norovirus-associated gastroenteritis. Its hospital burden was quantified nationally for England using statistical modelling. Afterwards, a stochastic mathematical model of hospital wards was built to explore the additional bed pressures on occupancy levels due to transmission-dynamic norovirus outbreaks. Results: Health-maximising decision makers should approximate the opportunity costs of healthcare beds by considering the net benefit of the second-best admissions forgone. This novel approach estimated a loss of 6,300 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) annually in England and economic costs of £190−£298 million due to norovirus, roughly 2−3 times higher than the financial expenditures incurred of £108 million. During norovirus outbreaks, additional bed pressures arise 83.0% of the time, preventing a mean of 6.8 (range 0−44) new admissions that could have been admitted had there been no outbreak. Conclusions: Owing to market imperfections, the true value of healthcare beds differs from the value calculated using pragmatic conventions. In this thesis, these opportunity costs were estimated for the first time by explicitly including the wider health impact for other patients awaiting admission. The higher values obtained may impact the outcome of economic analyses.
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Empett, Brian Wilfred. "Towards a true cost of security for an electrical supply system." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248403.

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Kassim, M. E. "Elliptical cost-sensitive decision tree algorithm (ECSDT)." Thesis, University of Salford, 2018. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/47191/.

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Cost-sensitive multiclass classification problems, in which the task of assessing the impact of the costs associated with different misclassification errors, continues to be one of the major challenging areas for data mining and machine learning. The literature reviews in this area show that most of the cost-sensitive algorithms that have been developed during the last decade were developed to solve binary classification problems where an example from the dataset will be classified into only one of two available classes. Much of the research on cost-sensitive learning has focused on inducing decision trees, which are one of the most common and widely used classification methods, due to the simplicity of constructing them, their transparency and comprehensibility. A review of the literature shows that inducing nonlinear multiclass cost-sensitive decision trees is still in its early stages and further research could result in improvements over the current state of the art. Hence, this research aims to address the following question: 'How can non-linear regions be identified for multiclass problems and utilized to construct decision trees so as to maximize the accuracy of classification, and minimize misclassification costs?' This research addresses this problem by developing a new algorithm called the Elliptical Cost-Sensitive Decision Tree algorithm (ECSDT) that induces cost-sensitive non-linear (elliptical) decision trees for multiclass classification problems using evolutionary optimization methods such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithms (GAs). In this research, ellipses are used as non-linear separators, because of their simplicity and flexibility in drawing non-linear boundaries by modifying and adjusting their size, location and rotation towards achieving optimal results. The new algorithm was developed, tested, and evaluated in three different settings, each with a different objective function. The first considered maximizing the accuracy of classification only; the second focused on minimizing misclassification costs only, while the third considered both accuracy and misclassification cost together. ECSDT was applied to fourteen different binary-class and multiclass data sets and the results have been compared with those obtained by applying some common algorithms from Weka to the same datasets such as J48, NBTree, MetaCost, and the CostSensitiveClassifier. The primary contribution of this research is the development of a new algorithm that shows the benefits of utilizing elliptical boundaries for cost-sensitive decision tree learning. The new algorithm is capable of handling multiclass problems and an empirical evaluation shows good results. More specifically, when considering accuracy only, ECSDT performs better in terms of maximizing accuracy on 10 out of the 14 datasets, and when considering minimizing misclassification costs only, ECSDT performs better on 10 out of the 14 datasets, while when considering both accuracy and misclassification costs, ECSDT was able to obtain higher accuracy on 10 out of the 14 datasets and minimize misclassification costs on 5 out of the 14 datasets. The ECSDT also was able to produce smaller trees when compared with J48, LADTree and ADTree.
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Foreman, James Sterling. "Reducing transportation costs and inventory shrinkage in the Washington State tree fruit industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53050.

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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-95).
Perishability and stock-outs are two sources of inventory inefficiency in the Washington State tree fruit industry. This thesis measures the size of these inefficiencies in terms of dollars per box, and describes five solutions, four qualitative and one quantitative, that seek to address them. To establish the magnitude of the inefficiencies, I regress various fruit characteristics on a set of sales data, thereby ascertaining the relationship between a fruit's price and its age. I find that the industry loses 5% to 12% of potential revenue due to perishability and propose four qualitative policies designed to reduce these losses. Next, I develop an operational management tool in the form of a mixed-integer optimization model which can be used to make optimal sourcing decisions during stock-out events. I find that the potential savings from improved sourcing decisions are between $0.01 and 0.02 per box. These results confirm that the costs and foregone revenue associated with inventory management are significant and merit the tree fruit industry's attention.
by Jame Sterling Foreman.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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MARQUES, DANIEL DOS SANTOS. "A DECISION TREE LEARNER FOR COST-SENSITIVE BINARY CLASSIFICATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=28239@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Problemas de classificação foram amplamente estudados na literatura de aprendizado de máquina, gerando aplicações em diversas áreas. No entanto, em diversos cenários, custos por erro de classificação podem variar bastante, o que motiva o estudo de técnicas de classificação sensível ao custo. Nesse trabalho, discutimos o uso de árvores de decisão para o problema mais geral de Aprendizado Sensível ao Custo do Exemplo (ASCE), onde os custos dos erros de classificação variam com o exemplo. Uma das grandes vantagens das árvores de decisão é que são fáceis de interpretar, o que é uma propriedade altamente desejável em diversas aplicações. Propomos um novo método de seleção de atributos para construir árvores de decisão para o problema ASCE e discutimos como este pode ser implementado de forma eficiente. Por fim, comparamos o nosso método com dois outros algoritmos de árvore de decisão propostos recentemente na literatura, em 3 bases de dados públicas.
Classification problems have been widely studied in the machine learning literature, generating applications in several areas. However, in a number of scenarios, misclassification costs can vary substantially, which motivates the study of Cost-Sensitive Learning techniques. In the present work, we discuss the use of decision trees on the more general Example-Dependent Cost-Sensitive Problem (EDCSP), where misclassification costs vary with each example. One of the main advantages of decision trees is that they are easy to interpret, which is a highly desirable property in a number of applications. We propose a new attribute selection method for constructing decision trees for the EDCSP and discuss how it can be efficiently implemented. Finally, we compare our new method with two other decision tree algorithms recently proposed in the literature, in 3 publicly available datasets.
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Roberts, Jhanneu. "The True Cost of Our Entertainment: An Inside Look to Modern Method Acting and its Consequences." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1322.

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This goal of this thesis is to examine the physical and emotional cost associated with modern and personal interpretations of Strasberg-based method acting. Although many method actors have created excellent award-winning performances, many were left with emotional and physical harm to their body. In this thesis I will argue that there are actors that can deal with the after effects however, the risks associated with Strasberg-based method often pose both mental and physical health risks to the actor that outweigh the benefit they contribute to the production. To understand what Strasberg-based method acting is I will examine the practices of Stanislavski, the founder of the original “method,” and teacher and actors Stella Adler and Sanford Meisner, and their methods to creating a character. Strasberg, Adler, and Meisner, who are believed to have created their methods based off the Stanislavski Acting System, had many disagreements about Stanislavski’s method. What many now call method acting, incorporates certain techniques created by Stanislavski that actors then use to create their own method.
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Books on the topic "True costs"

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Kendall, Nancy, Denise Goerisch, Esther C. Kim, Franklin Vernon, and Matthew Wolfgram. The True Costs of College. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53861-3.

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Kapp, Karl M. Assessing the true cost of implementing an ERP System. Alexandria, VA: APICS Educational & Research Foundation, 2000.

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Harney, Alexandra. The China price: The true cost of Chinese competitive advantage. New York: Penguin Press, 2008.

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Harris, Chris. Lean supplier development: Establishing partnerships and true costs throughout the supply chain. New York, NY: Productivity Press, 2010.

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Swezey, Blair G. The true cost of renewables: An analytic response to the coal industry's attack on renewable energy. Golden, Colo: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1995.

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The true cost of toys. London: Wayland, 2013.

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Gemmill-Herren, Barbara, Lauren E. Baker, and Paula A. Daniels, eds. True Cost Accounting for Food. New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in food, society and the environment: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003050803.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia, ed. Sticker shock: What's the true cost of federal long-term care insurance : joint hearing before the Special Committee on Aging and Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, Washington, DC, October 14, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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Central Florida community tree guide: Benefits, costs, and strategic planting. Albany, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2010.

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Hawaii. Legislature. Office of the Legislative Auditor. Fiscal accountability audit of the Department of Education: The public and the schools need to know the true costs of education : a report to the Governor and the Legislature of the State of Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii (465 S. King St., Rm. 500, Honolulu 96813): The Auditor, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "True costs"

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Ashmore, Barry, and Dave Eastbury. "Acceleration – the true costs." In The Streetwise Subbie, 57–58. Fourth edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018. | Revised edition of: The streetwise subbie : how to survive the contracts jungle / Jack Russell ; illustrations by Dave Eastbury. 2nd ed. Oxford ; Boston : Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351047203-22.

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Kendall, Nancy, Denise Goerisch, Esther C. Kim, Franklin Vernon, and Matthew Wolfgram. "The True Costs of Academics." In The True Costs of College, 31–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53861-3_3.

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Kendall, Nancy, Denise Goerisch, Esther C. Kim, Franklin Vernon, and Matthew Wolfgram. "Introduction." In The True Costs of College, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53861-3_1.

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Kendall, Nancy, Denise Goerisch, Esther C. Kim, Franklin Vernon, and Matthew Wolfgram. "Assumptions About Higher Education and the American Dream." In The True Costs of College, 17–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53861-3_2.

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Kendall, Nancy, Denise Goerisch, Esther C. Kim, Franklin Vernon, and Matthew Wolfgram. "The True Costs of Living Expenses." In The True Costs of College, 63–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53861-3_4.

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Kendall, Nancy, Denise Goerisch, Esther C. Kim, Franklin Vernon, and Matthew Wolfgram. "The True Costs of Student Fees." In The True Costs of College, 91–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53861-3_5.

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Kendall, Nancy, Denise Goerisch, Esther C. Kim, Franklin Vernon, and Matthew Wolfgram. "Conclusion." In The True Costs of College, 123–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53861-3_6.

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Andersson, Edward, Diane Warburton, and Richard Wilson. "The True Costs of Public Participation." In Re-Energizing Citizenship, 138–62. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230206915_8.

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D’Orlando, Fabio, Francesco Ferrante, and Albertina Oliverio. "The true costs of economic change." In Economic Change and Wellbeing, 56–80. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003018230-4.

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Maddison, David. "The True Cost of Road Transport in the United Kingdom." In Social Costs and Sustainability, 357–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60365-5_22.

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Conference papers on the topic "True costs"

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Lowe, David, Michel de la Villefromoy, Kemi Jona, and LaReine Yeoh. "Remote laboratories: Uncovering the true costs." In 2012 9th International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation (REV). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rev.2012.6293109.

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Elkind, Edith. "True costs of cheap labor are hard to measure." In the 6th ACM conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1064009.1064021.

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Kindleysides, S., and J. Kopecky. "Exploding the myths - the true costs of road user charging schemes." In IET Conference on Road Pricing 2008. IET, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2008.0713.

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Ruihu, Kuang. "Do Construction Costs Reflect the True Information in the Real Estate Markets." In AASRI International Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (IEA 2015). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iea-15.2015.147.

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Everett, John G. "True Costs of Construction Accidents: Hidden Incentive for Construction Automation and Robotics." In 12th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/isarc1995/0004.

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Law, Karen H., Michael J. Chan, and Michael D. Jackson. "Societal Costs of Transportation Fuels: Enabling a True Comparison of Alternatives to Conventional Fuels." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91465.

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Petroleum-based conventional fuels dominate the transportation sector due to simple economics. Per unit of energy, few fuels can rival gasoline and diesel in terms of total cost of ownership to the consumer. While some fuels, such as natural gas and electricity, offer lower fuel costs and/or higher vehicle efficiencies than conventional fuels, the fuel price differentials may not be sufficient to offset the higher initial costs of the vehicles, especially if petroleum prices are low. Even when total costs of ownership are similar or slightly lower for alternative fuels than conventional fuels, differences in attributes, such as vehicle range, fueling time, cargo space, vehicle availability, and fuel availability, and consumer loss aversion suggest that more substantial differences in costs are required before consumers are willing to adopt the alternatives. In order for the transportation sector to achieve greater energy sustainability, the traditional economic paradigm for the vehicle purchase decision must expand to incorporate the true benefits of alternatives to conventional fuels, namely the societal benefits of increased energy security, lower criteria pollutant emissions, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. These benefits are not purely economic and yet are crucial to the future of transportation. To capture these benefits in the economic scheme, the societal costs of transportation fuels to the U.S. have been monetized according to measurable impacts. For energy security, the costs are tied to decreased economic output, loss of national gross product, economic strain and volatility, oil supply shocks and price spikes, supply disruption, and import costs. For criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, the costs are tied to human health impacts, property damage, loss of agricultural productivity, and destruction of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These societal costs then applied to the use of specific fuels in two representative market segments, representing distinct applications, duty cycles, fuel consumption, and vehicle lifetime. Incorporating the monetized societal costs of transportation fuels in the total costs of ownership enables a fair comparison that reflects the benefits of alternatives to conventional fuels. As a result, these societal costs provide a justifiable framework for a real discussion on incentives and the direction of energy policy, beyond the mere objective of low fuel prices that has pervaded policy discussions to date.
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Allessie, David, Maciej Sobolewski, and Lorenzino Vaccari. "Identifying the true drivers of costs and benefits of blockchain implementation for public services." In dg.o '18: 19th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3209281.3209405.

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Craig, Phillip A., and David Godfrey. "Reductions in Acquisition Costs for State of the Art Fabrication of CFCC Turbine Engine Combustor Liners." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-352.

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Through work in two U.S. Department of Energy cooperative programs with industry, the confidence level for utilization of ceramic composite SiC/SiC combustor liners has risen from a prototype curiosity to serious planning and addressing of hurdles for commercialization. One of the most significant hurdles for true commercialization is affordability of the ceramic composite combustor liners. To study the manufacturing costs for CFCC liners, a study was conducted to identify cost items and relationships. This report describes the effort, identifies the high impact areas of manufacturing costs, and recommends potential approaches to reducing the manufacturing costs.
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Demetriou, Dustin W., Vinod Kamath, and Howard Mahaney. "Understanding the True Total Cost of Ownership of Water Cooling for Data Centers." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48152.

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The generation-to-generation IT performance and density demands continue to drive innovation in data center cooling technologies. For many applications, the ability to efficiently deliver cooling via traditional chilled air cooling approaches has become inadequate. Water cooling has been used in data centers for more than 50 years to improve heat dissipation, boost performance and increase efficiency. While water cooling can undoubtedly have a higher initial capital cost, water cooling can be very cost effective when looking at the true lifecycle cost of a water cooled data center. This study aims at addressing how one should evaluate the true total cost of ownership for water cooled data centers by considering the combined capital and operational cost for both the IT systems and the data center facility. It compares several metrics, including return-on-investment for three cooling technologies: traditional air cooling, rack-level cooling using rear door heat exchangers and direct water cooling via cold plates. The results highlight several important variables, namely, IT power, data center location, site electric utility cost, and construction costs and how each of these influence the total cost of ownership of water cooling. The study further looks at implementing water cooling as part of a new data center construction project versus a retrofit or upgrade into an existing data center facility.
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Singh, Amandeep, Zissimos P. Mourelatos, and Efstratios Nikolaidis. "An Importance Sampling Approach for Time-Dependent Reliability." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47200.

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Reliability is an important engineering requirement for consistently delivering acceptable product performance through time. The reliability usually degrades with time increasing the lifecycle cost due to potential warranty costs, repairs and loss of market share. Reliability is the probability that the system will perform its intended function successfully for a specified time. In this article, we consider the first-passage reliability which accounts for the first time failure of non-repairable systems. Methods are available which provide an upper bound to the true reliability which may overestimate the true value considerably. The traditional Monte-Carlo simulation is accurate but computationally expensive. A computationally efficient importance sampling technique is presented to calculate the cumulative probability of failure for random dynamic systems excited by a stationary input random process. Time series modeling is used to characterize the input random process. A detailed example demonstrates the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed importance sampling method over the traditional Monte Carlo simulation.
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Reports on the topic "True costs"

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De Vine, Ronald J. A Study to Develop and Apply a Model for Determining the True Costs of Performing a Specific Clinical Procedure at Naval Hospital Great Lakes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada238147.

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Mercer-Blackman, Valerie, and Shiela Camingue-Romance. The Impact of United States Tax Policies on Sectoral Foreign Direct Investment to Asia. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200388-2.

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Using panel data at the country and sector level spanning almost 15 years, this paper shows that the corporate income tax rate does not affect the United States’ inward foreign direct investment once market size, costs, openness, and the business environment, are taken into account. This is true for United States foreign direct investment bound to developing Asia and across most sectors.
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Ghislandi, Simone, Raya Muttarak, Markus Sauerberg, and Benedetta Scotti. Human costs of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the major epicentres in Italy. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2022.res2.1.

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Deaths from COVID-19 can be miscounted due to under-reporting and inaccurate death registration. Mortality is often reported at the national level, which can result in the underestimation of the true scale of the impact of the pandemic since outbreaks tend to be localised. This study exploits all-cause daily death registration data provided by the Italian Statistical Office (ISTAT) from 1 January to 31 October to estimate the excess mortality and the corresponding changes in life expectancy during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on the five most severely hit provinces in Italy (Bergamo, Brescia, Cremona, Lodi and Piacenza), we calculate the excess mortality in 2020 compared to the average mortality of the years 2015 to 2019. Moreover, we estimate the excess mortality in the first quadrimester of 2020, and the annual life expectancy at birth. The estimated excess deaths show that during this period, mortality was significantly higher than the official mortality statistics for COVID-19. According to our estimates for the first quadrimester, life expectancy in the five provinces declined by 5.4 to 8.1 for men and by 4.1 to 5.8 years for women. In addition, we find that annual life expectancy decreased by 2.4 to 4.1 years for men and by 1.9 to 2.8 years for women compared to the 2015–2019 average. Thus, we conclude that the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial impact on population health in the hardest hit areas in Italy.
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Blocker, Alexander, Laurence Kotlikoff, and Stephen Ross. The True Cost of Social Security. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14427.

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McPherson, E. Gregory, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Scott E. Maco, Shelley L. Gardner, Shauna K. Cozad, and Qingfu Xiao. Midwest community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-199.

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McPherson, E. Gregory, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, Kelaine E. Vargas, Scott E. Maco, and Qingfu Xiao. Piedmont community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-200.

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McPherson, E. Gregory, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, Kelaine E. Vargas, and Qingfu Xiao. Northeast community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-202.

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Vargas, Kelaine E., Gregory E. McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, and Qingfu Xiao. Tropical community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-216.

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McPherson, E. Gregory, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, Kelaine E. Vargas, Scott E. Maco, and Qingfu Xiao. Coastal plain community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planning. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-201.

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Vargas, Kelaine E., Gregory E. McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, and Qingfu Xiao. Interior West community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-205.

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