Relevant bibliographies by topics / True West

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'True West'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "True West"

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Callens, Johan. "True West revisited." Documenta 29, no. 3-4 (April 7, 2019): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/doc.v29i3-4.10574.

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Raw, Laurence. "True West (review)." Theatre Journal 56, no. 1 (2004): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tj.2004.0029.

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Ronald, Ann, William R. Handley, and Nathaniel Lewis. "True West: Authenticity and the American West." Western Historical Quarterly 36, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25443157.

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Worster, Donald. "New West, True West: Interpreting The Region's History." Western Historical Quarterly 18, no. 2 (April 1987): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/969580.

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Stanziani, Alessandro, and Esther Kingston-Mann. "In Search of the True West." Le Mouvement social, no. 196 (July 2001): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3779648.

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Matysiak, Agnieszka. "Sam Shepard and the “True” West." Polish Journal for American Studies, no. 13 (Spring 2019) (October 15, 2019): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/pjas.13/1/2019.04.

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The theater of Sam Shepard has almost emblematically been considered the epitome of the American, particularly the Southwestern, myth of the frontier and, hence, the vastness and masculine expansiveness it traditionally symbolizes. However, Shepard’s theatre attains, I believe, its true potential only when approached in the perspective of the (Neo)Baroque paradigm. Therefore, this article will indicate an alternative manner of interpreting his dramatic thought; the manner, which, as I will argue, allows for re-contextualizing the position of Shepard on the American stage.
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Foto, M. "Presidential Address--Wilma West: A True Visionary." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 51, no. 8 (September 1, 1997): 638–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.51.8.638.

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Callens, Johan. "Bij True West Revisited. Het geval “Matt Wolf”." Documenta 30, no. 1 (April 11, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/doc.v30i1.10646.

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Joodak, Abdol Hossein. "A Postmodernist Reading of Sam Shepard’s True West." International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature 2, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.5p.201.

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Barik, Jyotiskona, and Soumyajit Chowdhury. "True mangrove species of Sundarbans Delta, West Bengal, eastern India." Check List 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.329.

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Varied opinions exist as to the species composition and ecological distinction of mangrove habitats of the Indian Sundarbans. Furthermore, distinction of true or major mangroves from mangrove-associate and minor species was left unresolved by past authors. The present study thus aimed to revise a species list of true mangroves in the Indian Sundarbans delta. An indexing of adaptive morpho-physiological characters of mangroves for the tidal-saline environment was conducted. The analysis illustrated 24 species of true mangroves in Indian Sundarbans, belonging to nine families. Of these, Rhizophoraceae showed maximum richness at each of the generic and specific categories assessed. The current study has highlighted the taxonomic richness and status of true mangrove from Indian Sundarbans, resolving the long debated distinction of true from minor and associate mangroves.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "True West"

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Toalson, Chris. "True west /." Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11619.

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Dyne, Sarah A. "A True and Lonesome West: The Spaces of Sam Shepard and Martin McDonagh." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/english_theses/142.

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In this project, I explore how Sam Shepard and Martin McDonagh treat concepts of space (both on stage and within a larger context that expands beyond the theatre), and I seek to identify how underlying anxieties about a mythologized past become manifest in the relationships between characters and landscapes by examining heterotopic and liminal elements in their scripts.
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Gunadi, Nikardi. "Potatoes grown from true seed under differing environments in West Java." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239168.

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Hisada, Toru. "Indigenous development and self-determination in West Papua : socio-political and economic impacts of mining upon the Amungme and Kamoro communities of West Papua /." Saarbrücken, Germany : VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008. http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/DCARead?standardNoType=1&standardNo=9783639031560:srcdbname=worldcat:fromExternal=true&sessionid=0.

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Tarhule, Andover, and Malcolm K. Hughes. "Tree-Ring Research in Semi-Arid West Africa: Need and Potential." Tree-Ring Society, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262542.

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High-resolution paleoclimatic data for West Africa are needed to provide context for contemporary climatic and ecological dynamics. Six hundred trees (22 botanical families, 43 genera and over 70 species) from semi-arid West Africa were evaluated for their suitability for dendrochronological research; specifically ring development. The samples were classified as 'potentially useful', 'problematic', or 'poor' based on the presence and distinctiveness of annual rings, ability to achieve crossdating between radii using skeleton plots on at least some samples, circuit uniformity, ring wedging, and variability of ring widths. Samples were classified as potentially useful if (a) they exhibited distinctive annual rings that could be identified and counted with little uncertainty and be independently verified by a second person with little or no error, (b) crossdating between radii could be successfully achieved, at least on some samples, (c) the rings were generally consistent throughout the stem cross section, (d) ring wedging was minimal (in the relative sense) or absent, and (e) the ring widths were variable, indicating the possibility of climatic sensitivity. Seven species, including five from the Caesalpiniaceae family (Cassia sieberiana, Cordyla pinnata, Daniella oliveri, Isoberlinia doka, Tamarindus indica), and one each from Mimosaceae (Acacia seyal) and Verbenaceae (Gmelina arborea) families, that most closely satisfied these criteria were classified as 'potentially useful'. The 'problematic' category includes those samples that satisfied some of the criteria but for which greater diligence is required to detect rings. Eight species from three families were classified in this category. Finally those samples on which ring detection appears futile given current methods and techniques were classified as 'poor'. Most of the samples classified as 'potentially useful' belong to three botanical families, Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosacae, and Verbenaceae. These results are consistent with the findings of other studies, and therefore support further investigation of the potential of West African trees for tree-ring analysis focusing on these families. Furthermore, inability to crossdate between trees and to explain several ring anatomical features underscores the pressing need for comprehensive field studies of cambial activity during the growing season, and for the identification of dormant seasons. This requirement, and other difficulties discussed suggest a need for increasing the local dendrochronological expertise in West Africa.
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Kaveh, Farzaneh [Verfasser]. "Wet bioadhesion in tree frogs / Farzaneh Kaveh." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058655930/34.

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Kochenderfer, Jeffrey Davis. "Herbicide Hardwood Crop Trees Release in Central West Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44187.

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Repeated partial cutting in the Appalachian hardwood region has often favored the development of tolerant species like American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) and stands with a high proportion of cull trees. Crop tree release is a widely recommended practice to improve species composition and growth rates in these unevenaged structured stands. Chemical control offers some distinct advantages from the standpoint of safety and residual stand damage, over mechanical methods. Control of American beech was the primary focus of this study. Beech is a low value timber tree, normally considered difficult to control. It is a major competitor to more valuable trees, especially on better sites in the Appalachians.

Research plots were established in hardwood stands at three sites in central West Virginia to evaluate the effectiveness of glyphosate (Accord), imazapyr (Arsenal AC and Chopper), and triclopyr (Garlon 3A and Garlon 4) using the hack-and-squirt application method and low volume basal spray treatments. In the injection treatments .051 fl oz (1.5 ml) of solution was used per inch of diameter (dbh). The basal spray treatments used 0.101 fl oz (3 ml) of solution per inch of diameter. The following concentrations were used: Accord (65.2%), Arsenal AC (7.5%), Garlon 3A (50%), Garlon 4 (26.25%), and Chopper (6.25% ). These concentrations were determined by using the highest costing injection and basal treatment at the lowest recommended labeled rate as standards, Garlon 3A and Chopper respectively. Eighteen 0.1 acre plots were systematically located at each study site where crop trees were present and to maximize the number of American beech on each plot. Crop trees, mostly black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) were chosen on a 0.025 acre subplot established at each plot center. All beech two inches and larger on the 0.1 acre plots and competing trees touching crop trees were treated in June 1998. The treatments were evaluated in September of 1998 and again in June of 1999. A numerical rating system ranging from 1-7, (0-100% crown affected), which utilized visual symptoms, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75 % crown control) or greater were considered controlled. The relationship between the kinds of herbicide, application method, and numerical rating were analyzed by means of one-way analysis of variance with an incomplete random factorial design.

The most effective treatments for the three month evaluations were the Accord and Garlon 3A injection treatments. Average beech crown control ranged from 95-99% for Accord to 96-99% for Garlon 3A across all study sites. The basal spray treatments were not effective. Average crown control ranged from 1-22%, across all study sites. Accord, Garlon 3A, and Arsenal AC were the most effective treatments for the 12 month evaluations, with average beech crown control ranging from 99-100% across all study sites. The imazapyr treatments (Arsenal Ac and Chopper) had adverse effects on the crop trees and are not recommended for hardwood crop tree release. The cost effectiveness based on treatment costs and the amount of basal area (BA) controlled were averaged for all study sites. The average treatment costs based on the 12 month evaluations expressed in dollars/ft2 BA controlled were as follows: Accord ($0.91), Garlon 3A ($1.04), Arsenal AC ($0.84), Garlon 4 ($15.09), and Chopper ($7.74). NE-TWIGS was used to predict future composition and value of the projected stands. The stem injection treatments decreased the amount of beech and increased the amount of black cherry sawtimber thereby dramatically increasing the future value of the stands. Real rates of return were calculated for the stem injection (8.81%) and low-volume basal spray (-0.81%).
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Emerson, Paul. "Growth and survival of eleven planted tree species on a reclaimed surface mine in West Virginia." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5582.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 84 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-84).
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Bayala, Jules. "Tree crown pruning as a management tool to enhance the productivity of parklands in West Africa." Thesis, Bangor University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247299.

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Dr, Weist Thorsten [Verfasser]. "Tree structures in the geometric representation theory of quivers / Thorsten Dr. Weist." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1119936748/34.

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Books on the topic "True West"

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Mather, Christine. True West: Arts, traditions, and celebrations. New York: C. Potter, 1992.

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True tales of the Wild West. Washington, D.C: National Geographic, 2002.

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Eight true maps of the west: Poems. Dublin: Dedalus Press, 2003.

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Kirby, V. S. Skinner. True buckaroo tales from the vanishing West. Baker, Or: V.S. Skinner Kirby, 1989.

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Homestead boy: True tales of the old West. Sonoma, Calif: Beardsley Enterprises, 1989.

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Clive Sinclair's true tales of the Wild West. London: Picador, 2008.

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Fearless scouts: True tales of the Wild West. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2012.

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Shadley, Mark. Haunted Deadwood: A true Wild West ghost town. Charleston, SC: Haunted America, 2012.

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American cowboys: True tales of the wild West. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2012.

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Savage, Jeff. Pioneering women: True tales of the Wild West. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "True West"

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Seguro, Maria Isabel. "McDonagh’s “True, Lonesome West”." In Perspectives on Contemporary Irish Theatre, 73–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59710-2_5.

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Orbison, Tucker. "Mythic Levels in Shepard's True West." In Essays on Modern American Drama, edited by Dorothy Parker, 188–202. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487577803-017.

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Cubitt, Catherine. "Introduction: Writing True Stories — A View from the West." In Cultural Encounters in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, 1–12. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.celama-eb.3.1537.

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Jaspert, Nikolas. "The True Cross of Jerusalem in the Latin West: Mediterranean Connections and Institutional Agency." In Cultural Encounters in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, 207–21. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.celama-eb.5.103078.

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Rabillard, Sheila. "Shepard’s Challenge to the Modernist Myths of Origin and Originality: Angel City and True West." In Rereading Shepard, 77–96. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22509-5_6.

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Rohr, Zita Eva. "True Lies and Strange Mirrors: The Uses and Abuses of Rumor, Propaganda, and Innuendo During the Closing Stages of the Hundred Years War." In Queenship, Gender, and Reputation in the Medieval and Early Modern West, 1060-1600, 51–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31283-5_3.

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Long, William J. "Buddha on Politics, Economics, and Statecraft." In A Buddhist Approach to International Relations, 35–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68042-8_3.

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AbstractThis chapter outlines doctrinal Buddhist political and economic theory including its notions about interstate relations, which are based on its unique understanding of the nature of reality. Some readers may be surprised to hear that there exists a theory of politics in Buddha’s teachings. But in fact, Buddha spoke extensively about politics, contrary to the assertion of Max Weber who famously asserted that Buddhism was “a specifically a-political and anti-political status religion.” Although the overriding goal of Buddha’s teachings is the liberation of individuals from pervasive suffering, Buddha considered politics as important, not so much for its intrinsic value, but because it created an external environment that can facilitate or impede an individual’s pursuit of happiness, defined as spiritual advancement and achievement of wisdom about the true nature of oneself and the world. Although best understood as an extension of his teachings on human liberation, Buddha was also an original social and a significant political philosopher. Buddha’s social teachings parallel modern democratic thought, mixed market economics, and cosmopolitan internationalism in the West. This chapter outlines Buddha’s political and economic theory, including his thoughts about statecraft and the possibilities for international order.
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Miwa, Kojiro. "Ensou and tree view therapy." In Jungian Psychology in the East and West, 118–26. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003168133-15.

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Mann, Richard P., Avinash P. Nayak, M. Saif Islam, V. J. Logeeswaran, Edward Bormashenko, Kerry Allan Wilson, and Frank Vollmer. "Wet Adhesion in Tree Frogs." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 2828. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9751-4_100887.

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"4. True West." In The Sun Never Sets, 91–120. Stanford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780804785648-006.

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Conference papers on the topic "True West"

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Liang, X., LeMing Wang, Peng P. Ho, and Robert R. Alfano. "True scattering coefficients of turbid media." In Photonics West '95, edited by Britton Chance and Robert R. Alfano. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.210022.

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Li, Richard L., Zhenhai Fu, and Ray T. Chen. "High-density broadband true-time-delay unit on a single substrate." In Photonics West '97, edited by Yoon-Soo Park and Ramu V. Ramaswamy. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.264226.

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Dolgoff, Eugene. "True-Depth: a new type of true 3D volumetric display system suitable for CAD, medical imaging, and air-traffic control." In Photonics West '98 Electronic Imaging, edited by Ming H. Wu. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.305528.

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Chen, Ray T., and Richard L. Li. "Holographic optical elements (HOEs) for true-time delays aimed at phased-array antenna applications." In Photonics West '96, edited by Ivan Cindrich and Sing H. Lee. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.239622.

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Bogolyubov, Vladimir, and Lyalya Bakhtieva. "Determining the Direction of True Meridian by Micromechanical Gyro." In 2020 IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ewdts50664.2020.9225154.

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Latypov, Rustam, and Evgeni Stolov. "A New Family of Controlled Ternary True Random Number Generators." In 2018 IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ewdts.2018.8524787.

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Gilliam, Mark, Phillip Wolfe, Jason Rulen, Jeff Smith, Robert McGuire, and Anthony Lyons. "NEW MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ON CONTINUOUS CASTING TUNDISHES AT STEEL OF WEST VIRGINIA PROVIDES TRUE STEEL RUNNING LEVEL AND INCREASES YIELD BY ACCURATE DRAIN CONTROL." In 46º Seminário de Aciaria - Internacional. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/1982-9345-26406.

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Andoniu, Alexandru, Jérôme de Lauzon, Remco Hageman, Pieter Aalberts, Didier L'Hostis, and Alain Ledoux. "Validation of Spectral Fatigue Assessment of a West-Africa FPSO Using Full-Scale Measurements." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31166-ms.

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Abstract In order to ensure structural integrity and safe operations, fatigue assessment of structural details is a key aspect of design and verification procedures for FPSOs. Spectral fatigue analysis is widely used in the offshore industry to assess damage induced by wave loading. However, the actual fatigue accumulation endured by units in operations usually differs from predictions due to the assumptions made at the design stage. One of the sources of uncertainty is the representation of the encountered sea states. The objective of this paper is to use in-situ measurements as a reference for evaluating the accuracy of spectral fatigue analysis and to investigate the influence of wave energy description on the fatigue assessment. Structural health monitoring systems have been increasingly used in the last decade in the offshore industry as they constitute a valuable source of information regarding the actual operating conditions, structural response, or encountered environmental conditions. This data can be used to update fatigue assessment in order to determine the remaining service life, understand how the structure is aging, or support for decision making regarding inspections, maintenance, or lifetime extension. The work presented is based on such information gathered during a measurement campaign performed on a spread-moored FPSO in West Africa. Measured strain time histories at several locations on the hull have been used to derive the actual fatigue damage endured by the unit. These damages are compared to the ones determined from spectral fatigue analysis using stress transfer functions obtained from frequency domain hydro-structure computations. Multiple analyses have been performed to evaluate the impact of different sources of statistical wave data and wave energy descriptions on the fatigue assessment. The wave conditions used originate from wave buoy measurements and hindcast data. Overall, the good agreement between full-scale measurements and calculations confirms the suitability of spectral methods for determining fatigue damage. When incomplete information is available, which is often true in the case of wave statistics, assumptions have to be made regarding parameters such as spectrum shape or wave spreading. However, using the full description of wave energy spectra, if available, can be a way of reducing uncertainties and removing unnecessary assumptions in such analysis. The results of this work show how fatigue assessment can be improved by gaining insight into the different sources of uncertainty, notably the sea state representation. With increasing focus on digital solutions, these results show realistic potential for virtual hull monitoring solutions based on accurate numerical models and realistic representation of wave conditions.
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Zhang, Jing, Xu Jiangwen, Hong Jiang, Tobias Judd, Yuan Liu, Hai Liu, and Juan Carlos Palacio. "Identification of Well Completion and Hydraulic Fracturing Performance Factors of Initial Development Wells within a Tight Oil Project in West China." In SPE Middle East Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-172981-ms.

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Abstract The early development of a systematic approach to well completion practices centralized around multistage hydraulic fracturing treatments is often the critical component to sustainable reservoir exploitation and development. Unfortunately, the exploitation of either exploratory or underdeveloped resources often has a number of issues that include the understanding of geological heterogeneity with different results observed within close proximity and the need to optimize completion techniques to offset the potential rapid decline in well productivity. For these cases, well completion and stimulation practices are of utmost importance with the optimization and evaluation of such designs to include and account for the integration of all reservoir and geomechanical parameters. Recent vertical well results from initial exploratory wells combined with single-well horizontal pilot wells has accelerated the development plans for the Jimusaer field located in the Junggar basin of western China. This field covers a surface area of 300,000 acres with the targeted reservoir being located between 2,300 to 4,255 m true vertical depth (TVD). The application of horizontal wells from multiwell pads with each well consisting of up to 23 hydraulic fracturing treatments was meant to exploit large volumes of hydrocarbon reserves that were previously thought unattainable. Operationally, the first four wells consisted of 62 hydraulic fracturing stages and were executed within a 28-day period. The project included the application of an integrated workflow including reservoir characterization along the length of the horizontal well lateral, deployment of novel multistage openhole completion techniques with dissolvable isolation technology, factory fracturing approach with all stages being monitored by microseismic monitoring, and application of chemical tracers on selected stages to identify zonal contribution during flowback and cleanup operations. This paper describes how the acquisition of crucial reservoir and fracturing data combined with operational performance can identify areas for improvement of future completions while strengthening existing ones.
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Liu, Xiaoben, Hong Zhang, and Yanfei Chen. "Strain Prediction for X80 Steel Pipeline Subjected to Strike-Slip Fault Under Compression Combined With Bending." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45173.

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Strike-slip fault is one main kind of PGD faced by long distance gas pipelines. Based on non-linear finite element method, a numerical model for buried pipeline under strike-slip fault was proposed. The model was proven to be reasonable by comparing the numerical results with previous researcher’s experiment results. By using the FE model, peak compressive strain of X80 steel pipeline subjected to strike-slip fault under compression combined with bending was studied. The sensitivities of the diameter, wall thickness, soil rigidity, fault displacement and crossing angle on the peak compressive strain of the pipeline are examined in detail. Furthermore, based on numerous numerical results, a regression equation for predicting peak compressive strain of X80 steel pipeline is proposed. The applicable range of the formula is given. 15 true design cases in the Second West to East pipeline Project in China were investigated to demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the proposed methodology by comparing the predicting peak compressive strain results with FEM results. The proposed method can be referred in the strain-based and reliability-based design for X80 steel pipelines subjected to strike-slip fault.
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Reports on the topic "True West"

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Vargas, Kelaine E., Gregory E. McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, and Qingfu Xiao. Interior West community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-205.

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Vargas, Kelaine E., E. Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson, Paula J. Peper, Shelley L. Gardner, and Qingfu Xiao. Temperate Interior West community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-206.

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Randolph, KaDonna C., and Mike T. Thompson. Descriptive statistics of tree crown condition in the United States Interior West. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-127.

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Randolph, KaDonna C., and Mike T. Thompson. Descriptive statistics of tree crown condition in the United States Interior West. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-127.

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Estey, S. D. Organic and TRU screening for 200 West Area SST interim stabilization activities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/470866.

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Dwight, C. C., K. P. Guay, J. C. Courtney, M. J. Connolly, and P. J. Higgins. Characterization of mixed CH-TRU waste at Argonne-West. A WIPP project update. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10175655.

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Wiemann, Michael C., Thomas M. Schuler, and John E. Baumgras. Effects of uneven-aged and diameter-limit management on West Virginia tree and wood quality. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rp-621.

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Handler, Stephen, Carrie Pike, Brad St. Clair, Hannah Abbotts, and Maria Janowiak. Assisted Migration. USDA Forest Service Climate Change Resource Center, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6893746.ch.

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Evidence suggests that species have responded individually during historic periods of dramatic climate change through geographic migrations to and from unique glacial refugia [1, 2, 3]. Recent research has demonstrated that many tree species are already undergoing distribution shifts in response to climate change, with different studies highlighting species that are moving poleward and higher in elevation [4], or moving east-west to track changes in moisture availability [5].
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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring at Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: 2011–2019. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284711.

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Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial celebrates the lives of the Lincoln family including the final resting place of Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Lincoln’s childhood in Indiana was a formative time in the life our 16th president. When the Lincoln family arrived in Indiana, the property was covered in the oak-hickory forest type. They cleared land to create their homestead and farm. Later, designers of the memorial felt that it was important to restore woodlands to the site. The woodlands would help visitors visualize the challenges the Lincoln family faced in establishing and maintaining their homestead. Some stands of woodland may have remained, but significant restoration efforts included extensive tree planting. The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network began monitoring the woodland in 2011 with repeat visits every four years. These monitoring efforts provide a window into the composition and structure of the wood-lands. We measure both overstory trees and the ground flora within four permanently located plots. At these permanent plots, we record each species, foliar cover estimates of ground flora, diameter at breast height of midstory and overstory trees, and tree regeneration frequency (tree seedlings and saplings). The forest species composition was relatively consistent over the three monitoring events. Climatic conditions measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index indicated mild to wet conditions over the monitoring record. Canopy closure continued to indicate a forest structure with a closed canopy. Large trees (>45 cm DBH) comprised the greatest amount of tree basal area. Sugar maple was observed to have the greatest basal area and density of the 23 tree species observed. The oaks characteristic of the early woodlands were present, but less dominant. Although one hickory species was present, it was in very low abundance. Of the 17 tree species recorded in the regeneration layer, three species were most abundant through time: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red bud (Cercis canadensis), and ash (Fraxinus sp.). Ash recruitment seemed to increase over prior years and maple saplings transitioned to larger size classes. Ground flora diversity was similar through time, but alpha and gamma diversity were slightly greater in 2019. Percent cover by plant guild varied through time with native woody plants and forbs having the greatest abundance. Nonnative plants were also an important part of the ground flora composition. Common periwinkle (Vinca minor) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) continued to be the most abundant nonnative species, but these two species were less abundant in 2019 than 2011. Unvegetated ground cover was high (mean = 95%) and increased by 17% since 2011. Bare ground increased from less than 1% in 2011 to 9% in 2019, but other ground cover elements were similar to prior years. In 2019, we quantified observer error by double sampling two plots within three of the monitoring sites. We found total pseudoturnover to be about 29% (i.e., 29% of the species records differed between observers due to observer error). This 29% pseudoturnover rate was almost 50% greater than our goal of 20% pseudoturnover. The majority of the error was attributed to observers overlooking species. Plot frame relocation error likely contributed as well but we were unable to separate it from overlooking error with our design.
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Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, Stacey L. Clark, Lisa O'Donnell, April Rose, Annamarie Rutledge, and Emily King. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.

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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.
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