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Journal articles on the topic 'Truffa'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sinda, Thierry. "Valério Truffa, fondateur de la première école de cinéma du Bénin." Présence Africaine 170, no. 2 (2004): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/presa.170.0113.

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2

Colozza, Roberto. "Ferruccio Parri, la "legge truffa" e la nascita di Unitŕ popolare 1952- 1953." ITALIA CONTEMPORANEA, no. 263 (December 2011): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ic2011-263003.

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Il saggio ricostruisce le ragioni dell'uscita dal Partito repubblicano italiano (Pri) di Parri e il suo contributo alla creazione di Unitŕ popolare (Up), cartello elettorale di ascendenza azionista che uně le ali sinistre del Pri e del Partito socialista democratico italiano (Psdi), staccatesi da questi partiti. La genesi di Up ha radici nel dibattito sulla legge elettorale presentata dal governo De Gasperi e promulgata nel marzo 1953. Detta dagli oppositori "legge truffa", essa sollevň profondi contrasti intorno ai connotati della democrazia pluralista e agli strumenti per difenderne l'integritŕ, in particolare nella "terza forza", l'area laica che operava per strutturare una proposta politica alternativa alla logica dei blocchi delineatasi a livello geopolitico. Anticomunismo e antifascismo polarizzarono il confronto. Pur avversando il sistema proporzionale vigente, Parri temeva che la legge favorisse l'avvento di un nuovo fascismo sotto vesti clericali, giacché garantiva un consistente premio alla coalizione che avesse ottenuto la maggioranza assoluta. Alle elezioni del giugno 1953 nessuna forza ebbe perň la maggioranza assoluta, Up vinse la sua battaglia e avviň un'originale parabola politica di cui Parri sarebbe stato protagonista.
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3

Goretti, Leo. "Truman's bombs and De Gasperi's hooked-nose: images of the enemy in the Communist press for young people after 18 April 1948." Modern Italy 16, no. 2 (May 2011): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2011.557222.

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With the elections of 18 April 1948, for Italian Communists the prospect of coming to power in the short term vanished. In the aftermath of the elections, the sustained confrontation of the Cold War at the international level and the unfavourable political context in Italy deeply shaped the tone and content of the Communist press, including the educational magazines for young militants. This article deals with the representations of the political enemies in the press for young Communists between 18 April 1948 and the electoral campaign against the legge truffa in 1953. Attention is paid to how the Communist press portrayed, in particular by visual means, the different subjects that made up the ruling anti-Communist bloc: the US government; Christian Democrats; the Catholic Church; and, finally, the Italian business world. In particular, the analysis underlines the relevance that a ‘nation-’ and ‘gender-’ related discourse had in the construction of political enemies.
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4

Chassard-Bouchaud, C., Ch Galle, and E. Lopez-Rabereau. "Bioaccumulation d'aluminium chez la truite Salmo truffa fario soumise au retombées des pluies acides : étude structurale, ultrastructurale et microanalytique." Revue des sciences de l'eau 5, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705119ar.

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Des études microanalytiques ont été menées sur des truites Salmo trutta fario, âgées de deux ans, récoltées dans une rivière des Vosges soumise aux retombées des pluies acides et sur des truites témoins récoltées dans une rivière d'Auvergne, non soumise aux pluies acides. La rivière des Vosges est caractérisée par un pH de 5,42 et par une concentration en aluminium de 200 µg/L-1. Notre but étant de déterminer les tissus, cellules et organites cibles de bioaccumulation éventuelle de l'aluminium, nous avons analysé rein, foie, branchie et tractus digestif. Deux méthodes microanalytiques ont été utilisées pour localiser l'aluminium à l'échelle cellulaire et subcellulaire et connaître les éléments avec lesquels il peut être associé; ce sont la spectrométrie de masse par émission ionique secondaire (microscope ionique associé à un système informatisé de traitement d'images) et la spectrométrie des rayons X (microsonde électronique de Castaing associée à un microscope électronique à transmission). La microanalyse des rein, foie, branchie et tractus digestif montre l'existence de deux processus conduisant à la bioaccumulation de l'aluminium. Le premier, classiquement connu pour d'autres métaux, met en évidence une insolubilisation de l'aluminium sous forme de phosphate, dans des organites limités par une membrane : les lysosomes et les granules pigmentaires des mélanocytes. Le second, démontre la formation de volumineux dépots extra-cellulaires, atteignant 100 µm de long et entraînant la destruction du tissu. Aucune bioaccumulation significative d'aluminium n'a été observée chez des truites témoins, récoltées dans le centre de la France, où l'eau à pH 7.9 est dépourvue d'aluminium.
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5

Santoriello, Ciro. "Caso Sea Watch ovvero la truffa delle etichette : è politica la decisione che non si condivide (o che non si comprende)…" Archivio penale, no. 1 (2020): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12871/97888331807313.

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6

Newell, James L. "La legge truffa. Il fallimento dell'ingegneria politica Maria Serena Piretti Bologna, Il Mulino, 2003 254 pp., ISBN: 8 8150945 3 9 (€18.00)." Modern Italy 11, no. 2 (June 2006): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1353294400009340.

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7

Ferrari, Paolo. "Il duce.. Vero o presunto Intervista a Mimmo Franzinelli." ITALIA CONTEMPORANEA, no. 265 (June 2012): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ic2011-265005.

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La sezione si compone di tre contributi. Dal primo, Il duce.. vero o presunto, intervista di Paolo Ferrari a Mimmo Franzinelli (autore di Autopsia di un falso. I Diari di Mussolini e la manipolazione della storia), emergono sia i molti elementi che dimostrano la falsitŕ dei diari di Mussolini editi da Bompiani, sia le ragioni e le modalitŕ del tentativo, da parte di chi ne ha promosso la pubblicazione, di accreditare un'immagine pubblica ‘emendata' del dittatore, puntando a una sua ‘riabilitazione', alla costruzione di un fascismo "immaginato", privato dei suoi aspetti liberticidi, guerrafondai e razzisti: una vicenda culturale di lungo periodo che ha avuto inizio subito dopo la fine della dittatura. Il secondo, Il Discorso della Corona e i falsi diari di Lucio Ceva, illustra e commenta una nuova prova della loro non autenticitŕ. Infatti, mentre in essi, alla data 23 marzo 1939, il preteso Mussolini critica e dileggia i contenuti del Discorso della Corona, pronunciato nel 1939 da Vittorio Emanuele III, questo discorso, secondo gli usi e come confermato dal documento autografo pubblicato in appendice e conservato presso l'Archivio centrale dello Stato (ACS), era stato scritto proprio dal duce. Conclude la sezione la Perizia grafico-grafologica di Nicole Ciccolo, che compara i testi pubblicati da Bompiani sia con gli autografi di Mussolini conservati presso l'ACS sia con gli autografi di Amalia Panvini, giŕ condannata nel 1960 per falso e truffa in quanto creatrice e venditrice di falsi diari di Mussolini, giungendo alla conclusione di attribuire a quest'ultima anche la stesura dei Diari pubblicati da Bompiani, e confermando cosě, da una diversa angolazione di analisi, la tesi formulata da Franzinelli.
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8

Carsillo, Rocco. "Alasdair MacIntyre: Persona e Personalismo." Pensando - Revista de Filosofia 6, no. 11 (November 6, 2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.26694/pensando.v6i11.1413.

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MacIntyre è il grande avversario lottatore contro modernità e post-modernità. Egli scopre, ed argomenta, che all'origine della affermazione "moderna" c'è una grande truffa fondata sulla presunzione di liberarsi dalla soggezione alla storia, intesa sia come Tradizione sia come metodo con una sua epistemologia per comprendere l'uomo e il suo operare. L'epilogo di tale pretesa è sotto gli occhi: un razionalismo autoreferenziale che non ha più contatto con la realtà e che proprio per questo si riduce a delirio di onnipotenza o di potenza decaduta per resistenza indebita di storia e tradizioni "portatrici solo di oscurantismo!". La realtà porta, invece, a scoprire l'identità dell'uomo come «io» contestualizzato, che nasce da una storia, una storia di amore, e si realizza in un contesto di condizioni e condizionamenti, con cui bisogna sempre fare i conti se si desidera essere lealmente attenti a cogliere le notizie che da essa provengono per comprendere chi è questo essere speciale e particolare. Anche altri filosofi hanno risposto alla "pretesa modernista", però spesso o con un atteggiamento di «falso irenismo», teorizzando un dialogo con cui, prendendo a prestito il metodo illuministico, si è cercato di asserirne "dialetticamente" la falsità, cercando di trattenerne, invece, "le cose buone"; oppure ponendosi come pensatori alternativi al pensiero "comunista" distruttore della «comunità» e della «persona». Secondo MacIntyre, l'errore di questi è nel non aver inteso che la falsità "moderna" è proprio nel suo metodo che ha posto come a-priori non negoziabile, in ogni riflessione e ricerca, il rifiuto della storia, della concretezza, del particolare, della tradizione, propugnando che solo la "spersonalizzazione", la "universalizzazione", insomma: solo il regno della "ragion pura" e auto-purificatasi ha ragione e dignità di essere l'a-priori per eccellenza nella ricerca filosofica. Il «personalismo», nella versione europea, non raramente è incorso in questa confusione.
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9

García Vega, Ana, Francisco Javier Sanz Ronda, Juan Francisco Fuentes Pérez, Francisco Javier Bravo Córdoba, and Pedro Manuel Leunda Urretabizkaia. "Influencia del régimen de caudales en los movimientos reproductivos de la trucha común en la Península Ibérica." Cuadernos de la Sociedad Española de Ciencias Forestales 45, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31167/csecfv0i45.19505.

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La trucha común (Salmo trutta) es una especie ampliamente distribuida a lo largo del mundo y de gran importancia social y económica. En general, el descenso de la temperatura del agua y el aumento de caudal estimulan su migración reproductiva. Por lo tanto, alteraciones antropogénicas de estos factores pueden causar impactos negativos en sus poblaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es entender las consecuencias de alteraciones artificiales en el régimen de caudales sobre la migración de la trucha común. Para ello, se comparan las capturas de trucha en escalas para peces (puntos obligatorios de paso para la migración) en dos ríos de la Península Ibérica sometidos a diferentes regímenes hidrológicos (atlántico y mediterráneo) y bajo diferentes escenarios de regulación de caudales. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que el aumento del caudal estimula los movimientos e influye significativamente en el inicio y mantenimiento de la migración reproductora. Además, los diferentes regímenes de caudales provocan diferencias en las fechas medias de migración. Conocer los factores que influyen en la migración de la trucha común será muy útil para definir estrategias para su conservación y manejo (e.g. definición de caudales ecológicos, funcionamiento de pasos para peces, períodos y cupos de pesca, etc.).
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10

Manzano Rodríguez, Alejandro, Ricardo García Díaz, and Diego García de Jalón Lastra. "Capacidad de salto de la trucha común para remontar barreras transversales en tres ríos del centro de la península ibérica." Cuadernos de la Sociedad Española de Ciencias Forestales 45, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31167/csecfv2i45.19521.

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Resumen Este estudio aborda el problema de las alturas de barrera infranqueables para las poblaciones de trucha común (Salmo trutta). La capacidad para superar dichas barreras viene determinada por la velocidad máxima de natación que pueden desarrollar los peces. Se han seleccionado los siguientes métodos para estimar el valor de la velocidad máxima de natación: WEAVER (1963), BEACH (1984), VIDELER (1993), protocolo HIDRI de la Agència Catalana de l’Aigua (2006) y CASTRO-SANTOS et al. (2013). Estos métodos tienen como parámetros de estimación: la temperatura, la especie y el tamaño del pez. Los métodos seleccionados han sido aplicados a las poblaciones de truchas comunes maduras sexualmente de los ríos Cega, Tormes y Lozoya, teniendo en cuenta la temperatura del mes de noviembre. Las alturas obtenidas en la estimación se han calculado para los ángulos de ataque de 60° y 80°. Posteriormente a la comparación de los resultados obtenidos con los distintos métodos de cálculo se concluye que la estimación propuesta por CASTRO-SANTOS et al. (2013) es la más apropiada para establecer las alturas franqueables en los tres ríos seleccionados. Palabras clave: migración de peces, permeabilidad de ríos, escalas piscícolas, fragmentación de hábitat, velocidad de natación.
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11

Truffaut, François. "Proyecciones: Del libro Le cinéma selon Hitchcock, de François Truffaut, Edition Robert Laffont, 1966." Cuadernos de Cine Documental, no. 11 (December 28, 2017): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/ccd.v0i11.7043.

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Ciclo «Hitchcock & Truffaut». Capítulo 13El miércoles 5 de abril de 2017 comenzó el ciclo de Proyecciones «Hitchcock & Truffaut». Comenzó con el documental Hitchcock/Truffaut, dirigido por Kent Jones, que narra la relación de Alfred Hitchcock y François Truffaut. Esa relación ha producido uno de los libros imprescindibles para quien se interese en el cine: El cine según Hitchcock, de François Truffaut. En el ciclo se vieron, además, films de Hitchcock y de Truffaut.
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12

Oliach, Daniel, Enrico Vidale, Anton Brenko, Olivia Marois, Nicola Andrighetto, Kalliopi Stara, Juan Martínez de Aragón, Carlos Colinas, and José Antonio Bonet. "Truffle Market Evolution: An Application of the Delphi Method." Forests 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091174.

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Background: The objective of this study was to analyze the current situation of the truffle sector in the main producing countries of the Mediterranean area. Additionally, we identified the challenges for the future and the priority actions to develop the truffle sector in the region. Methods: We used a Delphi process approach, and we selected a total of 17 expert panelists in different positions within the supply chain of the target countries (Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, and Greece). Results: The results obtained allowed us to have a complete description of the current truffle supply chain. We confirmed an evolution of the sector due to the cultivation success of several Tuber species. The maturity of the sector has produced shifts in the roles that form the traditional truffle supply chain operators. We confirmed the trend of a decrease of collectors that hunt truffles in the wild and sell to small travelling buyers, whilst truffle hunters that collect for farmers and specialty wholesalers are emerging. However, a trend of truffle price decrease in the last few years has alerted the sector. Conclusions: As production increases due to truffle cultivation, it will be necessary to promote truffle consumption. We identified actions to develop the truffle sector: (a) strengthen the link between truffles, tourism, and gastronomy; (b) increase the effort at European level for the recognition of truffle production, helping to develop truffle culture and marketing; (c) increase the awareness and consumption of truffles among consumers; and (d) develop tourism workshops for truffle farmers.
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13

Jacquet, Dominique. "Truffes." Le journal de l'école de Paris du management 108, no. 4 (2014): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jepam.108.0046.

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14

Berry, Michel. "Truffes." Le journal de l'école de Paris du management 115, no. 5 (2015): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jepam.115.0048.

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15

Falini, Leonardo B., Gian M. Benucci, Mattia Bencivenga, and Domizia Donnini. "Mycorrhization level in truffle plants and presence of concurrent fungi." Acta Mycologica 47, no. 2 (December 23, 2013): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2012.020.

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In Italy, to improve good practices for truffle cultivation, some regional governments require specific certification of mycorrhization level and plant quality for marketing, out-planting and establishment of truffle orchards. The Department of Applied Biology at the University of Perugia has dealt with certification of truffle plants since the 1980’s. Here we show the mycorrhization analysis of different host species previously inoculated with truffle spores by an Italian commercial nursery.
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16

Schelm, Stefanie, Melanie Siemt, Janin Pfeiffer, Christina Lang, Hans-Volker Tichy, and Markus Fischer. "Food Authentication: Identification and Quantitation of Different Tuber Species via Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Real-Time PCR." Foods 9, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9040501.

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Truffles are hypogeous fungi mainly found in Europe and Asia. Due to their special aroma and taste, some truffle species are sold on the international market at an extremely high price. Among the economically relevant species, the white Alba truffle (Tuber magnatum) and the black Périgord truffle (T. melanosporum) are the most appreciated species. The fruiting bodies of the Asian black truffle are morphologically very similar to T. melanosporum, and those of the Bianchetto truffle (T. albidum Pico) are similar to T. magnatum, but are of little economic value. Highly valued species are adulterated with cheaper ones, especially. Because of this problem, the aim of this study was the development of methods for detecting possible admixtures to protect consumers from fraud. This study is based on seven different truffle species (117 fruiting bodies) from different growing regions. Additionally, selected truffle products were included. Using this material, a real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay allowing the detection and quantitation of Asian black truffles in T. melanosporum up to 0.5% was developed. In addition, a capillary gel electrophoresis assay was designed, which allows the identification and quantitation of different species. The methods can be used to ensure the integrity of truffle products.
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Rosa-Gruszecka, Aleksandra, Dorota Hilszczańska, and Giovanni Pacioni. "Virtual Truffle Hunting—A New Method of Burgundy Truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) Site Typing." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091239.

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The aim of this study was to enable searches for truffles (Tuber spp.), particularly the Burgundy truffle (T. aestivum Vittad.), to be carried out in forests based on a method that has been constantly developed since 2007 by the Forest Research Institute. The method is termed “Virtual Truffle Hunting” and it takes 12 parameters into account: bedrock, soil pH, Ca+ and CaCO3 content in soil, C/N ratio, soil structure, altitude of terrain, type of forest site, forest structure, the Burgundy truffle host trees, and the presence of particular species including orchids and insects. A simple “Virtual Truffle Hunting” software has also been developed, which makes the use of the method easy, fast, and effective. This method is to ascertain the truffle potential for all areas in which digital maps are not available. In 2015, the method was tested in 20 sites, representing forests in 5 Polish macroregions. Hunting for hypogeous fungi was conducted from June to October with the help of trained dogs. Thanks to this method, 14 new truffle sites were found. The knowledge of environmental conditions conducive to the Burgundy truffle growth enabled us to form an effective tool in order to identify new sites of truffle presence.
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18

Maldonado-Márquez, Alan, Javier Rendoll-Cárcamo, and Tamara Contador. "Resolviendo una discusión y un misterio sobre la trucha marrón, Salmo trutta (Linnaeus, 1758) en isla Navarino, Magallanes, Chile." Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia 48, no. 2 (2020): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-686x2020000200043.

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19

renowden, gareth. "Truffle Wars." Gastronomica 8, no. 4 (2008): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2008.8.4.46.

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Chinese truffles, close relatives of the French black truffle, arrived on world markets in the middle of the 1990s. Available in quantity at low prices, they were eagerly snapped up by traders facing a steep decline in European production. Despite having less intense flavour, they have captured a large part of world trade in truffles, and their harvest has brought significant economic benefits to rural communities in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces of southern China. In parallel, the development of artificial truffle flavouring has led to an explosion in ersatz ““truffle”” products, and the practice in many restaurants of boosting the flavour of inferior truffles with artificial truffle oils. However, recent expansion of truffle growing in North America and the arrival of southern hemisphere producers from New Zealand and Australia is extending both the quantity of truffle available and the season.
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20

Marjanović, Žaklina, Ali Nawaz, Katarina Stevanović, Elmira Saljnikov, Irena Maček, Fritz Oehl, and Tesfaye Wubet. "Root-Associated Mycobiome Differentiate between Habitats Supporting Production of Different Truffle Species in Serbian Riparian Forests." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091331.

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Balkan lowlands bordering with the Pannonia region are inhabited by diverse riparian forests that support production of different truffle species, predominantly the most prized white truffle of Piedmont (Tuber magnatum Pico), but also other commercial species (T.macrosporum Vitt., T. aestivum Vitt.). Surprisingly, little is known about the native root-associated mycobiome (RAM) of these lowland truffle-producing forests. Therefore, in this study we aim at exploring and comparing the RAMs of three different truffle-producing forests from Kolubara river plane in Serbia. Molecular methods based on next generation sequencing (NGS) were used to evaluate the diversity of root-associated fungal communities and to elucidate the influence of environmental factors on their differentiation. To our knowledge, this is the first study from such habitats with a particular focus on comparative analysis of the RAM in different truffle-producing habitats using a high-throughput sequencing approach. Our results indicated that the alpha diversity of investigated fungal communities was not significantly different between different truffle-producing forests and within a specific forest type, while the seasonal differences in the alpha diversity were only observed in the white truffle-producing forests. Taxonomic profiling at phylum level indicated the dominance of fungal OTUs belonging to phylum Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with very minor presence of other phyla. Distinct community structures of root-associated mycobiomes were observed for white, mixed, and black truffle-producing forests. The core mycobiome analysis indicated a fair share of fungal genera present exclusively in white and black truffle-producing forest, while the core genera of mixed truffle-producing forests were shared with both white and black truffle-producing forests. The majority of detected fungal OTUs in all three forest types were symbiotrophs, with ectomycorrhizal fungi being a dominant functional guild. Apart from assumed vegetation factor, differentiation of fungal communities was driven by factors connected to the distance from the river and exposure to fluvial activities, soil age, structure, and pH. Overall, Pannonian riparian forests appear to host diverse root-associated fungal communities that are strongly shaped by variation in soil conditions.
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Urban, Alexander, Marija Kataržytė, Susanne Schickman, Katharina Kräutler, and Tony Pla. "Is small mammal mycophagy relevant for truffle cultivation?" Acta Mycologica 47, no. 2 (December 23, 2013): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2012.016.

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The role of small mammal mycophagy as vectors of hypogeous fungi is well established. However, little is known about dispersal of gourmet truffle species by mammal vectors, or about the potential role of mycophagy in truffle plantations. We hypothesize that small mammal mycophagy contributes to the productivity of truffle plantations by providing inoculum for truffle mycelium establishment and mating. Spread of non-desired competitors of gourmet truffles is a potential adverse effect of small mammal mycophagy.
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22

Hu, Shang Qin, Xin Yang, Wei Wei, and Xia Guo. "Study on the Ecological Environmental Conditions of Truffle with Analysis of Biomaterials." Advanced Materials Research 648 (January 2013): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.648.389.

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In order to clarify the initial growth of the truffle environmental conditions, the use of PDA plus rich liquid medium, shaking method, its growth temperature, pH, humidity, moisture, illumination and the several other ecological factors is tested. The results show that the optimum temperature of the growth stage is 22-24 °C,Mycelium biomass is 1.45-1.56 g•L-1 .but the latter part of truffle formation temperature can be appropriately higher, at 25-30 °C, which is consistent with the natural temperature. PH at 6.8-7.5 in conditions is comparetively suitable for truffle growth , Mycelium biomass is 1.57-1.58 g•L-1,but alsobetter in the slightiy alkaline conditions than in the acidic environment ,which is different from the other fungi.It is suitable for its growth at about 35% moisture content and humidity of 80-85% mycelium growth is 90.1% , too much water is not conducive to truffle growth and development, so the truffle needs to loose and slightly moist soil in the growth and development. Truffle needs not too much illumination a day, 2h scattering light is enough, mycelium growth is88.7%, too long ilumination , especially in direct sunlight is not conducive to truffle growth. . And citric acid and glucose as the carbon sources, urea and tartaric acid as the nitrogen sources, the amenit of truffle growth, is respectively2.92 g•L-1、2.61 g•L-1，2.35g•L-1、2.26 g•L-1. This further research on the development as well as artificial truffle cultivation provides a theoretical reference.
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23

Vahdatzadeh, Maryam, Aurélie Deveau, and Richard Splivallo. "The Role of the Microbiome of Truffles in Aroma Formation: a Meta-Analysis Approach." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 20 (July 17, 2015): 6946–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01098-15.

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ABSTRACTTruffles (Tuberspp.) are ascomycete subterraneous fungi that form ectomycorrhizas in a symbiotic relationship with plant roots. Their fruiting bodies are appreciated for their distinctive aroma, which might be partially derived from microbes. Indeed, truffle fruiting bodies are colonized by a diverse microbial community made up of bacteria, yeasts, guest filamentous fungi, and viruses. The aim of this minireview is two-fold. First, the current knowledge on the microbial community composition of truffles has been synthesized to highlight similarities and differences among four truffle (Tuber) species (T. magnatum,T. melanosporum,T. aestivum, andT. borchii) at various stages of their life cycle. Second, the potential role of the microbiome in truffle aroma formation has been addressed for the same four species. Our results suggest that on one hand, odorants, which are common to many truffle species, might be of mixed truffle and microbial origin, while on the other hand, less common odorants might be derived from microbes only. They also highlight that bacteria, the dominant group in the microbiome of the truffle, might also be the most important contributors to truffle aroma not only inT. borchii, as already demonstrated, but also inT. magnatum,T. aestivum, andT. melanosporum.
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Hall, I., and M. Hance-Halloy. "La Truffe, la Terre, la Vie." European Journal of Soil Science 51, no. 3 (September 2000): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00334-10.x.

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Minter, Dave. "Annual truffle hunt (truffle hunt goes west)." Mycologist 1, no. 2 (April 1987): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(87)80060-5.

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Zarivi, Osvaldo, Antonella Bonfigli, Patrizia Cesare, Fernanda Amicarelli, Giovanni Pacioni, and Michele Miranda. "Truffle thio-flavours reversibly inhibit truffle tyrosinase." FEMS Microbiology Letters 220, no. 1 (March 2003): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00065-x.

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Gažo, Ján, Marián Miko, Martin Miko, and Juraj Chlpík. "Assessing genetic resources of summer truffle in Slovakia." Acta Mycologica 47, no. 2 (December 23, 2013): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2012.023.

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A study of summer truffle genetic resources, their description and evaluation of economically important traits in Slovak natural truffiéres started since 2005. Draft of national descriptor list has been developed to manage truffle genetic resources collected in the information system "Tuber Aestivum/ Uncinatum Phenotype Data" (TAUPD). Revision was performed in TAUPD to increase effectiveness of truffle breeding process.
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Zambonelli, Alessandra, Pamela Leonardi, Mirco Iotti, and Ian Hall. "ECOLOGICAL AND GENETIC ADVANCES IN THE CULTIVATION OF TUBER SPP." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 40, no. 4 (December 8, 2017): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2017.4.371-377.

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Recent advances on the ecology and genetics of true truffles (Tuber spp.) are reported and their impact on truffle cultivation is discussed. New insights have been gained on truffle soil ecology and interrelationships of truffles with associated microorganisms in the soil. For instance, some bacteria seem to play a key role in truffle fruiting body formation and maturation. However, the most important advance in truffle genetics over the past 20 years has been the sequencing of the Tuber melanosporum genome and the discovery that truffles, like other Pezizalean fungi, are heterothallic. This finding has had a significant impact on research on truffles and many studies have been devoted to better understanding the distribution of the mating types in soil in natural and cultivated truffières. The characterization of the mating type idiomorphs of several Tuber species has led to the possibility of selecting mycelial strains for truffle cultivation in particular sites.
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rittersma, rengenier c. "Industrialized Delicacies: The Rise of the Umbrian Truffle Business." Gastronomica 12, no. 3 (2012): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2012.12.3.87.

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This article deals with the emergence of the Umbrian truffle business in the period between 1860 and 1918, paying special attention to the Franco-Umbrian connection in truffle affairs. The central question is how and why the French truffle sector, which during the whole nineteenth century completely dominated the global truffle market, could cede its hegemonic position to a handful of Umbrian companies. Thematically, the focus is on the role of technical expertise in this commercial exchange, especially on the mutual transfer of packaging techniques. It is argued that the advances made by Umbrian companies in food preservation were closely linked with local industrial activity and that this technological knowledge turned out to be one of the key factors in the rise of Umbrian truffle commerce. From a cultural point of view, this article also illustrates the role of truffles in the gastronomic rivalry between France and Italy.
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Bateman, Brooke L., Sandra E. Abell-Davis, and Christopher N. Johnson. "Climate-driven variation in food availability between the core and range edge of the endangered northern bettong (Bettongia tropica)." Australian Journal of Zoology 59, no. 3 (2011): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo11079.

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The endangered northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) occurs in four disjunct populations in far north Queensland, Australia, at a high density only in its range core (RC). A recent study suggested that B. tropica populations are sparse at the northern and southern range edges (SRE) due to more severe droughts and variable climatic conditions causing fluctuations in the availability of their principal food resource, truffle-like fungi. Truffle availability in the Australian tropics is affected by climate, specifically seasonality of precipitation. We aimed to determine whether the differences in weather patterns between the RC and SRE could be translated to actual differences in truffle availability. Truffle density was consistently lower on the SRE although biomass was slightly higher there due to dominance by drought-tolerant truffle taxa that produce few but large truffles. Lower densities of truffles on the SRE could explain why B. tropica is also less abundant there and why they may be less resilient to competition from the more generalist rufous bettong (Aepyprymnus rufescens). Increasing temperatures and, more importantly, harsher droughts predicted for this region as a result of climate change, may have further detrimental impacts on truffle availability and thus population densities of B. tropica and other mycophagous species.
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Temple, Michael, Diana Holmes, and Robert Ingram. "Francois Truffaut." Modern Language Review 95, no. 2 (April 2000): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3736202.

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32

Loire, Robert. "Les truffes." Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon 71, no. 2 (2002): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/linly.2002.13371.

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33

Mrozewicz, Leszek. "Trudna stabilizacja…" Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, no. 20 (July 9, 2020): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2019.20.7.

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34

Chauhan, Om Prakash, Vani Vijay, Arun Kumar Pandey, and Anil Dutt Semwal. "Biochemical and Health Properties of Truffles." Defence Life Science Journal 6, no. 3 (July 27, 2021): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.6.15659.

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Truffles are the most expensive edible mushrooms refer to genus tuber which grows symbiotically in plant roots such as oaks and hazels. Truffles are underground mushrooms also known for their characteristic earthy flavor which is the major reason for their special place in the culinary. Their characteristic intense aroma helps them in reproduction by attracting small animals. Truffles can survive in a wide range of environments such as deep forests as well as deserts. The most expensive varieties of truffles include Tuber melanosporum (Black truffle), Tuber magnatum (White truffle), Tuber aestivum (Burgundy truffle), Tirmania nivea, and Terfezia chlaveryi (Dessert truffles). Truffles vary in their composition and flavor profile from species to species. The major volatile components which are responsible for truffle aroma are aldehydes, ketones, sulfur compounds, alcohols, and esters. Truffles are highly nutritious, rich in antioxidants, and have therapeutic properties such as antimicrobial activity, antiviral activity, antimutagenic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, hepatoprotective activity, etc. The major active components present in truffle are tuberoside, phenolics, anandamide, and ergosterol.
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Han, Gai Ning, and Yong Feng Li. "Analysis and Implementation of TrueFFS Based on VxWorks System." Advanced Materials Research 411 (November 2011): 584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.411.584.

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In an embedded system, a large amount of high real-time data processing is required. A TrueFFS method on the embedded VxWorks system is put forward to improve the data access speed and saving storage space of the embedded system. In this paper, the TrueFFS structure is analyzed, its establishing process is realized based on VxWorks. As an embedded operating system's main storage medium to build the TrueFFS, flash can improve system access speed and facilitate the upgrade of follow-up procedures.
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Siebyła, Marta, and Dorota Hilszczańska. "Diversity of soil bacteria complexes associated with summer truffle (Tuber aestivum)." Folia Forestalia Polonica 62, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2020-0012.

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AbstractThis paper describes the quantitative and qualitative composition of bacteria isolated from soil in the selected sites in the Nida Basin, in places where mycorrhizae and ascocarps of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) were found, and in a control soil (without truffle). A classic growth culture method was used with Sanger DNA sequencing to obtain quantitative and qualitative measures of bacterial cultures. The obtained results showed differences in bacteriome composition between the case samples, in which summer truffle fructification was observed, and the control samples. Seven classes of bacteria were identified: Actinobacteria, Bacilli, Deinococci, Flavobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. The most numerous bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (class Gammaproteobacteria) – 33%, Streptomyces (class Actinobacteria) – 29% and Bacillus (class Bacilli) – 15%. This research broadens the understanding of individual groups of bacteria accompanying truffles and their potential impact on the formation of summer truffle ascocarps.
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Kurhalyuk, N., H. Tkachenko, and K. Pałczyńska. "Resistance of erythrocytes from Brown trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.) affected by ulcerative dermal necrosis syndrome." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10181-011-0065-0.

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Resistance of erythrocytes from Brown trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.) affected by ulcerative dermal necrosis syndrome In the present work we evaluated the effect of ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) syndrome on resistance of erythrocytes to haemolytic agents and lipid peroxidation level in the blood from brown trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.). Results showed that lipid peroxidation increased in erythrocytes, as evidenced by high thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels. Compared to control group, the resistance of erythrocytes to haemolytic agents was significantly lower in UDN-positive fish. Besides, UDN increased the percent of hemolysated erythrocytes subjected to the hydrochloric acid, urea and hydrogen peroxide. Results showed that UDN led to an oxidative stress in erythrocytes able to induce enhanced lipid peroxidation level, as suggested by TBARS level and decrease of erythrocytes resistance to haemolytic agents.
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Segelke, Torben, Stefanie Schelm, Christian Ahlers, and Markus Fischer. "Food Authentication: Truffle (Tuber spp.) Species Differentiation by FT-NIR and Chemometrics." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070922.

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Truffles are certainly the most expensive mushrooms; the price depends primarily on the species and secondly on the origin. Because of the price differences for the truffle species, food fraud is likely to occur, and the visual differentiation is difficult within the group of white and within the group of black truffles. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a reliable method for the authentication of five commercially relevant truffle species via Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy as an easy to handle approach combined with chemometrics. NIR-data from 75 freeze-dried fruiting bodies were recorded. Various spectra pre-processing techniques and classification methods were compared and validated using nested cross-validation. For the white truffle species, the most expensive Tuber magnatum could be differentiated with an accuracy of 100% from Tuber borchii. Regarding the black truffle species, the relatively expensive Tuber melanosporum could be distinguished from Tuber aestivum and the Chinese truffles with an accuracy of 99%. Since the most expensive Italian Tuber magnatum is highly prone to fraud, the origin was investigated and Italian T. magnatum truffles could be differentiated from non-Italian T. magnatum truffles by 83%. Our results demonstrate the potential of FT-NIR spectroscopy for the authentication of truffle species.
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Fu, Yu, Xiaolin Li, Qiang Li, Haowei Wu, Chuan Xiong, Qi Geng, Honghu Sun, and Qun Sun. "Soil microbial communities of three major Chinese truffles in southwest China." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 62, no. 11 (November 2016): 970–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0139.

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Tuber pseudoexcavatum, Tuber sinoaestivum, and Tuber indicum are the 3 most important truffles growing in southeast China; however, their cultivation is still inefficient owing to the lack of understanding regarding the composition and function of the bacterial and fungal communities from the soils around the fruit bodies and the ectomycorrhiza of these truffles. The aim of this study was to disclose the microbial communities in truffle-producing soils in Huidong County, Sichuan, China, by using barcoded pyrosequencing. Approximately 350 000 quality-controlled sequences were obtained and grouped into 14 025 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 4385 fungal OTUs, which included 29 bacterial and 7 fungal phyla, respectively. The bacterial genus Acidobacterium and fungal genera Modicella, Pseudogymnoascus, and Mortierella were significantly more abundant in the control soils than in the truffle-producing soils (P < 0.05), while the bacterial genus Sphingomonas (Alphaproteobacteria) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal genus Glomus were significantly enriched in truffle-producing soil than in the control (P < 0.05), indicating their different roles within truffle grounds. Notably, some nonfungal organisms detected by 18S rDNA pyrosequencing were of high abundance, among which Cercozoa and Ochrophyta were significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant in truffle soils than in control soils, indicating their interactions with truffles.
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Claridge, Andrew W., David J. Paull, and Ross B. Cunningham. "Oils ain’t oils: can truffle-infused food additives improve detection of rare and cryptic mycophagous mammals?" Australian Mammalogy 38, no. 1 (2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15015.

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We tested whether an artificial food additive, truffle oil, improved detection of mycophagous mammals when added to a standard bait type of peanut butter and rolled oats used with camera traps. Sixteen mammalian taxa were subsequently recorded, the most common being antechinus, bush rat (Rattus fuscipes), swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta) as well as the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) and southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus). The only species for which detection rate was improved by the addition of truffle oil to standard bait was the ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), a species that has never been recorded eating fungi. In contrast, the total number of detections of all species at any given site was significantly higher, on average, using standard bait without truffle oil, as was the average number of detections of the partially mycophagous bush rat. Time to first detection of bush rats and swamp wallabies was significantly shorter using the standard bait type, compared with one with truffle oil added. Overall, the use of the truffle oil additive did not improve the chance or rate of detecting mycophagous mammals. To maximise the number of detections of mammals at camera traps the use of a standard bait type of peanut butter and rolled oats is recommended.
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41

Tsiaras, Stefanos, and Athanasios Dragoslis. "Selection of the Most Suitable Tree Species for Truffle Cultivation Using Fuzzy VIKOR and Fuzzy AHP." International Journal of Environmental Sustainability and Green Technologies 11, no. 1 (January 2020): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijesgt.2020010105.

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Truffle cultivation is considered to be a very profitable agricultural activity; it is however strongly demanding, with a highly uncertain yield. The selection of an appropriate site and host tree species is challenging, because truffles have very specific edaphoclimatic and topographic requirements. The aim of this article is to select the optimum tree species for truffle cultivation in Greece, by examining the most common host tree species under criteria that affect truffle productivity, thus pointing to new paths for forest policy planning. A combination of fuzzy AHP and fuzzy VIKOR was applied in two different scenarios, using equal and different criteria weights. Oak, hornbeam and pine trees were identified as the most suitable tree species for truffle cultivation in Greece. The findings could help mitigate uncertainty and improve productivity. They are also useful in Forest Policy planning, offering incentives for the reforestation of less favoured areas and the conversion of marginal or abandoned agricultural land.
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42

Popa, Gina-Oana, Andreea Dudu, Doru Bănăduc, Angela Curtean-Bănăduc, Alexandru Burcea, Dorel Ureche, Ramona Nechifor, Sergiu Emil Georgescu, and Marieta Costache. "Genetic analysis of populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) from the Romanian Carpathians." Aquatic Living Resources 32 (2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2019021.

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The Carpathian Mountains are one of the most complex orogenetic areas of Europe, with unique fauna, including the brown trout (Salmo trutta). In this study we performed population genetic analysis of 12 different S. trutta populations using two types of molecular markers: nine microsatellites and mitochondrial D-loop sequences. The following working hypothesis was considered: the Romanian Carpathians and their surrounding lowlands can be key relief units based on which the S. trutta genetic diversity, spread, distribution, connectivity, relative isolation and genetic divergence can be at least partially explained. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of sequences were grouped in the Danubian clade. The high haplotype diversity of the 12 analyzed brown trout populations can be explained by the high nucleotide diversity. The microsatellite analysis revealed an inbreeding event for all the loci and for the populations analyzed. The Romanian Carpathians' shape and geographic orientation play a zoogeographical key role driving force in respect to the S. trutta populations.
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43

Lkabous, Mohamed, and Jean-François Renaud. "A VaR-Type Risk Measure Derived from Cumulative Parisian Ruin for the Classical Risk Model." Risks 6, no. 3 (August 24, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks6030085.

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In this short paper, we study a VaR-type risk measure introduced by Guérin and Renaud and which is based on cumulative Parisian ruin. We derive some properties of this risk measure and we compare it to the risk measures of Trufin et al. and Loisel and Trufin.
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44

Canpolat, Özgür, and Metin Çalta. "Keban Baraj Gölü Ağın ve Örencik Bölgelerinden Yakalanan Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) Populasyonlarının Üreme Biyolojilerinin Karşılaştırılması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v2i1.6-12.18.

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In this study, it was aimed to determine reproduction biology of Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) obtained from Ağın and Örencik region of Keban Dam Lake. For this purpose, fish samples were monthly collected during a year and their sexes were determined. The maturation age for female Capoeta trutta caught from Ağın region was determined as 2 while it was 3 for females from Örencik regions. Maturation age was found to be 2 for male C. trutta for all regions. The Gonadosomatic Index Value (GSI) reached to the highest in May for both sexes and reproduction period for the fish was estimated between May and June.
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Pyare, Sanjay, and William S. Longland. "Mechanisms of truffle detection by northern flying squirrels." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 1007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-069.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate how northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) locate truffles (Gautieria monticola), a subterranean and ephemeral but primary food source. Thus, we evaluated the importance of three factors to the foraging behavior of northern flying squirrels: (i) olfactory chemicals that emanate from truffles; (ii) the presence of coarse woody debris (decaying logs), which are often associated with fungi; and (iii) we explored the potential role animal memory could play in truffle detection as well. In a foraging arena, squirrels successfully retrieved buried truffles that lacked aboveground cues in 19 of 30 trials and failed to search near treatments that lacked truffles altogether, confirming the importance of olfaction to squirrel foraging. However, squirrels also retrieved truffles that were associated most frequently with surface logs (27 of 30). In addition, the initial detection rate of the truffle + log treatment was significantly greater than the truffle-only treatment. Thus, although squirrels search for truffles primarily using olfaction, they may also benefit by searching near coarse woody debris on the forest floor as an aboveground cue to truffle locations. In addition, because 82% of Sierra Nevada truffle-fruiting locations that were marked in 1996 yielded truffles again the following 2 years, mycophagous animals like northern flying squirrels may benefit by memorizing fruiting locations and foraging at these same locations from year to year.
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46

Meyer, Marc D., Malcolm P. North, and Douglas A. Kelt. "Short-term effects of fire and forest thinning on truffle abundance and consumption by Neotamias speciosus in the Sierra Nevada of California." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-032.

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In many western North American forests, prescribed burning and mechanical thinning are widely used to reduce fuels and restore stand conditions after a century of fire suppression. Few studies have followed the relative impacts of these treatments on the production and consumption of truffles in forest ecosystems, particularly in the Sierra Nevada of California. Using a full-factorial completely randomized design, we examined the short-term impacts of prescribed burning (no burn and burn), mechanical thinning (no thin, light thin, and heavy thin), and combinations of these treatments on the production of truffles and their consumption by lodgepole chipmunks (Neotamias speciosus Merriam) in a mixed-conifer forest of the southern Sierra Nevada of California. Truffle frequency, biomass, and species richness were lower in thinned or burned plots than controls, as was the frequency and generic richness of truffles in the diet of N. speciosus. Truffle frequency, biomass, and species richness, and truffle consumption by N. speciosus were lower in heavily thinned and thinned and burned plots than in those exclusively burned. These results suggest that either thinning or burning can reduce short-term truffle production and consumption, and potentially the dispersal of ectomycorrhizal spores by small mammals. Moreover, truffles decreased with treatment intensity, suggesting heavy thinning and higher burn intensity, particularly when applied together, can significantly affect short-term truffle abundance and small mammal consumption.
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47

Stanaitis, Juozas. "Trumpa herniologijos istorija." Lietuvos chirurgija 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lietchirur.2004.1.2384.

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Juozas StanaitisVilniaus universiteto Bendrosios chirurgijos centras,Vilniaus greitosios pagalbos universitetinė ligoninė,Šiltnamių g. 29, LT-2043 VilniusEl paštas: juozas.stanaitis@mf.vu.lt Trumpai apžvelgiama išvaržų gydymo istorija pasaulinėje praktikoje ir Lietuvoje. Apžvelgiamas aloplastinių medžiagų atsiradimas ir naudojimas herniologijoje. Trumpai pristatoma laparoskopinės hernioplastikos istorija. A short history of the herniology Juozas Stanaitis Short historical review about surgical hernia treatment in the world and in the Lithuania. History about most popular aloplastic materials in surgical treatment of groin hernia. Short history of a start in laparoscopic hernia treatment.
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Pietrasiak, Małgorzata. "Indochiny – trudna integracja." Azja-Pacyfik 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2006): 190–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ap200610.

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49

Minter, Dave, and Bin-cheng Zhang. "Annual truffle hunt." Mycologist 2, no. 3 (July 1988): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(88)80097-1.

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50

Gottlieb, Sidney. "Hitchcock on Truffaut." Film Quarterly 66, no. 4 (2013): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2013.66.4.10.

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